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Genus Ruellia: Pharmacological and Phytochemical Importance in Ethnopharmacology

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Genus Ruellia: Pharmacological and Phytochemical Importance in Ethnopharmacology Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica ñ Drug Research, Vol. 72 No. 5 pp. 821ñ827, 2015 ISSN 0001-6837 Polish Pharmaceutical Society REVIEW GENUS RUELLIA: PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL IMPORTANCE IN ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY KHURRAM AFZAL1*, MUHAMMAD UZAIR1, BASHIR AHMAD CHAUDHARY1, ASHFAQ AHMAD2, SAMINA AFZAL1 and MALIK SAADULLAH1 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan 2School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Penang, Malaysia Abstract: Ruellia is a genus of flowering plants commonly known as Ruellias or Wild Petunias which belongs to the family Acanthaceae. It contains about 250 genera and 2500 species. Most of these are shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few species are dis- tributed in temperate regions. They are distributed in Indonesia and Malaysia, Africa, Brazil, Central America and Pakistan. Some of these are used as medicinal plants. Many species of the genus has antinociceptive, antioxidant, analgesic, antispasmolytic, antiulcer, antidiabet- ic and anti-inflammatory properties. The phytochemicals constituents: glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids and triterpenoids are present. The genus has been traditionally claimed to be used for the treatment of flu, asthma, fever, bronchitis, high blood pressure, eczema, and dia- betes. The objective of this review article is to summarize all the pharmacological and phytochemical evaluations or investigations to find area of gap and endorse this genus a step towards commercial drug. Hence, further work required is to isolate and characterize the active compounds responsible for these activities in this plant and bring this genus plants to commercial health market to serve community with their potential benefits. Keywords: phytochemical constituents, biological, Ruellia, Acanthaceae Plants are being used as medicines since the species, distributed in tropical and temperate regions beginning of human civilization; healing powers are of both the hemispheres, which is also present in reported to be present in plants and therefore, it is Pakistan by 5 species, of which 3 are native (3). assumed that they have medicinal properties. The Present review paper summarizes all the infor- flora of Pakistan due to its diverse climate, soil con- mation relating to biological, phytochemical con- ditions and many ecological regions is very rich in stituents and folk medicinal uses of genus Ruellia. medicinal plants. According to a survey of Pakistan, These are popular ornamental plants. Some of them about 6000 species of flowering plants have been are used as medicinal plants. One of the species, existing, out of 6000 about 400-600 are medicinally Ruellia tuberosa has been extensively used as diuret- important species (1). From near past, it has been ic, anti-diabetic, antipyretic, analgesic, antioxidant discovered that properties of medicinal plants are (4), anti-hypertensive, gastroprotective (5) and to due to its active chemical compounds (2). The dis- treat gonorrhea (3). The phytochemical properties of covery of drugs from medicinal plants started from Ruellia tuberosa has been investigated revealing the the era when the isolation of drugs such as digitox- presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, saponins, sterols in, quinine, cocaine, and codeine has begun. The and flavonoids (6). Ruellia asperula was used in family Acanthaceae (Acanthus family) is a taxon of bronchitis, asthma, flu, fever and uterus inflamma- dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost tion (7). Ruellia prostrate leaf is used in the treatment 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most of these of chronic rheumatism, eczema, facial paralysis, are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are cephalgia and hemiplegia. Leaf juice is an efficient epiphytes. Only a few species are distributed in tem- remedy in colic of children (8). The fresh leaf of the perate regions. Indonesia, Malaysia, Africa, Brazil plant Ruellia patula is pounded and then soaked in and Central America are the main producers. Ruellia water until the solution turns black. It is decanted and is a genus of flowering plants commonly known as the solution applied to the ear (9). Ruellia hygrophi- Ruellias or wild petunias (1). It is a genus of 250 la has antispasmodic, analgesic activity. * Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] 821 822 KHURRAM AFZAL et al. Taxonomy induced gastric lesion of rats. The extract also had The family Acanthaceae, Class Eudicots and a mild erythropoietic and moderate analgesic order Lamiales includes 250 genera and 2500 activity. It was concluded from the data that species (10). In Pakistan it is represented by 18 gen- Ruellia tuberosa root extracts have gastroprotec- era and 60 specific and infra specific taxa, of which tive activity (6). 44 are native (11). The first palynological study was investigated few taxa (12). However, forthcoming Anti-ulcer activity studies (13) carried out detailed study and recog- Preliminary ethyl acetate extract of Ruellia nized for the first time 11 pollen types within the tuberosa was studied for the acute oral toxicity, family Acanthaceae. according to the economic cooperation and develop- ment guidelines, based on which two doses were Folk medicinal uses of genus Ruellia selected, 250 mg/kg (low dose) and 500 mg/kg (high The whole parts of genus Ruellia are used in dose). Ranitidine was used as the standard drug (20 bladder stones and in bronchitis. Paste of leaves is mg/kg). The ethyl acetate extract showed significant also used for skin diseases and boils. Roots are used decrease in gastric volume, total acidity and free as anthelmintic. Syrup is used for whooping cough. acidity. There was a significant (p < 0.01) increase Tuber powder is used for stomach ache. Ruellia in gastric pH only at high dose (500 mg/kg), when tuberosa has been extensively used for the treatment compared to control group. The value of ulcer index of emesis, analgesia, nociceptive pain, inflamma- decreased in a dose dependent manner, when com- tion, renopathy and syphilis (14). Ruellia tuberosa is pared to control group (17). used in stomach cancer. In folk medicine and Ayurvedic medicine the In vitro purgative and cholinergic activity genus Ruellia has been used as diuretic, anti-diabet- Methanolic, ethyl acetate and aquous extracts ic (15) antipyretic, analgesic, antioxidant (4) anti- of Ruellia tuberosa produced contractions on electri- hypertensive, gastroprotective (8) agent and was cally induced contracted ileum tissue strip at the also used to treat gonorrhea (16). dose of 30 µg/mL. Methanolic extract of Ruellia tuberosa was investigated on uterus and gestation by Scientific studies of genus Ruellia using 350 mg/kg/day and was found to increase the Antioxidant activity number of implantation (8). This study demonstrat- The antioxidant activity of different extracts of ed that estrogenic effect may be due to flavonoid stem of Ruellia tuberosa were investigated by vari- and sterol while cholinergic effect may be due to iri- ous in vitro methods like 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhy- doid glycosides. drazyl (DPPH), free radical-scavenging assays and the hydrogen peroxide induced luminol chemilumi- Antimicrobial activity nescence assay. The methanol extract and its four The antibacterial activities of n-hexane, fractions of water, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n- dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts hexane were evaluated for antioxidant activity. The of Ruellia tuberosa were explored against Gram pos- results revealed that Ruellia tuberosa possesses itive and Gram negative bacteria. The ethyl acetate potent antioxidant activity (4). and methanol fractions exhibited the highest rates of It has been reported by other authors that the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus aerial parts of plant Ruellia prostrata showed antiox- and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18). idant potential. Different concentrations of methanolic extract and n-butanolic fraction were Anticancer activity subjected to antioxidant assay by DPPH method, The methanol extract of aerial part of herb nitric oxide scavenging activity and reducing power Ruellia tuberosa possessed cytotoxicity. The minimum assay. Both the n-butanolic and methanolic extract inhibitory concentration (IC50) for methanol extract showed the antioxidant potential but the antioxidant was found to be 3.5 and 1.9 µg/mL in H460 and MDA- potential of n-butanolic fraction is far higher than MB231 cancer cells, respectively. Tylocrebrine was the methanolic extract (5). isolated from Ruellia tuberosa through bioassay direct- ed column chromatography and elucidated its anti- Gastroprotective and analgesic activity cancer and anti-inflammatory potential (19). It was reported that aqueous extract of Ruellia tuberosa roots showed a strong and dose Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity dependent gastroprotective activity in alcohol- The ethanol extract of Ruellia tuberosa was Genus Ruellia: Pharmacological and phytochemical importance in ethnopharmacology 823 evaluated for its antinociceptive and anti-inflam- Phytochemical constituents of Ruellia genus matory properties in experimental mice and rat Preliminary phytochemical screening models. In the hot plate test, the group that Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethyl received a dose of 300 mg/kg for mice showed acetate extract of Ruellia tuberosa reveals the pres- maximum time needed for the response against ence of saponins, tannins, and flavonoids, which thermal stimuli and maximum possible analgesic may be responsible
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