Best Practices for Aerial Application
I 11111, . Pesticide Spray Drift Series—3 Parts
• March 15, 2018 webinar: “Strategies for Managing Pesticide Spray Drift” – Presented by Dr. Greg Kruger, University of Nebraska-Lincoln – Covers fundamentals of pesticide spray particle drift management – Materials available: https://www.epa.gov/reducing-pesticide-drift/strategies-managing- pesticide-spray-drift-webinar-materials
• Today’s webinar: “Best Practices for Aerial Application” – Presented by Br. Bradley Fritz, United States Department of Agriculture – Dr. Greg Kruger will join for the Q+A discussion
• October 25, 2018 webinar: “Best Practices for Ground Application” – Presented by Dr. Greg Kruger, University of Nebraska-Lincoln – Register at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/register-oct-25-webinar-best-practices- pesticide-ground-application – Dr. Bradley Fritz will join for the Q+A discussion
4 Co-moderator
Greg Kruger, Ph.D. • Weed science and pesticide application technology specialist • University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture • Director of the Pesticide Application Technology Laboratory • Areas of research: droplet size and efficacy, spray drift deposition and canopy penetration, influence of nozzle type, orifice size, spray pressure, and carrier volume rate on spray droplet size
5 Presenter
• Bradley Fritz, Ph.D • Agricultural engineer and Research Leader, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture • Research areas: examining the role of spray nozzles, spray solutions, and operational settings in resulting droplet size of spray; exploring the transport and fate of applied spray under field conditions • Numerous publications: https://www.ars.usda.gov/people- locations/person?person-id=33323
6 Best Practices for Aerial Application Presenter: Bradley Fritz Research Leader and Agricultural Engineer USDA ARS Aerial Application Technology Research Unit College Station, Texas 77845 [email protected] Disclaimer
The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this presentation is for the information and convenience of the viewer. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the United States Department of Agriculture or the Agricultural Research Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.
8 Aerial Application in the U.S.
• More than 1300 aerial application services and 4000+ aircraft in the U.S.; • Accounts for ~25% of all applied crop protection products on commercial farms • ~100% of forest protection products • 71 million acres treated aerially. • Public health application for control of insects vectoring diseases. • Wildfire/forest fire suppression.
9 Aerial Applications - Crops
• While aerial applications are made on nearly all US agricultural crops, based on an industry survey, the 5 most predominate crops are: – Corn – Wheat/barley – Soybeans – Pastures/Rangelands – Alfalfa
10 Aerial Equipment in the US
• 88% Fixed-Wing • 12% helicopter • 67% turbine, 33% piston • Industry standards: GPS, flow control, aerial specific nozzles, AIMMS
11 Aerial Applicators in the US
• Average applicator has over 21 years experience. • Commercial pilot and applicator license. • Participation in annual system testing and other training programs.
Aer;a/ ~'-"Appl;cat:ion 12 - Technologv Spray Droplet Sizing – Understanding the Basics Scale of Measurement - Micrometer
Raindrops 500 to 4000 um
Agricultural Sprays Human Hair 50 to 2500 um 20 to 180 um
Bacterium 1 to 10 um
er;a/ 14 ppl;cat:ion chnologv Droplet Diameter
D 1 D = droplet diameter V = -TID3 6 V = droplet volume
A droplet of ½ D, = 1/8 the Volume of D. V1 Df 13 1 ------8 V2 - 0.5Df - 0.53 - 0.125 - 8X the Droplets to get the same Volume
15 Droplet Volume in the Spray Cloud
One 400 µm drop
16 Droplet Volume in the Spray Cloud
8 - 200 µm drops
17 Droplet Volume in the Spray Cloud
64 - 100 µm drops
18 Total Spray Volume
Characteristics of total spray volume.
Volume Distribution to account for A.I.
19 Droplet Size Definitions
• From ASABE Standard S327.4 - Terminology and Definitions for Applications of Crop or Forestry Production and Protective Agents
• DV0.5 or Volume Median Diameter (VMD) • Droplet diameter at which 50% of the total spray volume is in droplets of smaller diameter
• DV0.1 and DV0.9 • Droplet diameters at which 10% and 90%, respectively of the total spray volume is in droplets of smaller diameter • Using some measurement system, these data are determined.
20 4008 @ 30 psi and 130 mph – Herbicide Mix
c umulative d istribution xo/ m J/. xo/ m ~ Xo/M_m Xt/M_m 9 . 00 0.00 37.00 0.15 150 . 00 4 . 19 610.00 5. 41 11.00 o.oo 43 . 00 0.18 180.00 6.38 730 .00 2.23 13.00 0 . 00 50 . 00 0.26 210 . 00 7. 89 870 .00 0 .28 15.00 0.01 60.00 0.48 250 .00 12.06 1030 .00 o.oo 18.00 0 . 03 75 . 00 1.02 300 . 00 15.30 1230 . 00 o.oo Example output from 22.00 0.06 90.00 1.37 360.00 15.82 1470.00 0 .00 26 . 00 0.07 105. 00 1.70 430 . 00 13.24 1750 .00 o.oo Sympatec HELOS laser 31.00 o. 11 125.00 2.72 510.00 9.03 diffraction measurement DvlO= 135.95 +/· 0.00 µm Dv50= 286.95+/· 0.00 µ m Dv90= 491 .SJ+/. 0.00 µm Relative Soan =1 .2~ %Less75um = 237 system. ------? ?5 100 I I l-H I • l+I ,,.,., I I l- 'I 1 1,.- n_,·, •1 -, ~ l---' i-. H I ' 1+ ' "'' "I = -•- 90 - 11 ,"1 _ ' -==_ 2.00 ++<~+++ - t--+--+-+-+-+-<>++-++-<-- -- ■ - w ----t-4-+----+-1-1-1--+-+-+--l-+-l1++1++..... I V I\ - I I I M :::t:~i:~:::t:~=~~~~t~lt~~==:t.:-t,f:;r1-~1-._:t~ ~t,t,tt:t,mmt==-- ~~= 1.1s ~ Cl 70 >- Distribution data and plot. .:: I.SO C ·i 60 ~ =- ,5Q D ~ ---t--1-1--+-++-l-+-li++I# --+----t.....-i....+-+-""""r+++++-t-----+-· 1 -~ I ":' 1.25 :g ·5 50 - ---+-1-1-1--+-+-l--l-+-ll++I++ t1 ~ I I I I 1 I ,. ;;; ~ 1- :;; ., 40 >- L 1•- : 1.00 -~ ] ~ ~~----+--+--t-t+H-t+ttttt , ,- ~ _ {_ 0,75 ~ ::, 5 II ,- t-+.....- t- - 0 E 20 - ---+-t--l-l-t-++-l-+-ll++I++ I"= II r----+-3 0 ,50 a - t---t--t-+-t ++,'"+"I.. 111 r L • ,. ,__1>-+_.1_..1 I I I 1...-- :: r _...,.-_.,. ,• H r ' =o .25 ii • ~ , 1 :--1 1 T l ,.. , , •-=--=-1 ~ 0 0.00 I 5 10 so 100 500 1000 p Ml icle size / ,,m
21 Relative Span
D − D RS = V0.9 V0.1 DV0.5
An indicator of the width of distribution.
22 0.9 ~------VMD = 300µm
0.s L------~ .k------
RS = 0.67
o. 6 L------+--- 1----- t------ RS = 1.4
RS = 2.2
D D DV90 DV90 V10 DV10 V10 DV90 90 µm 165 µm200 µm 400 µm435 µm 510 µm
Aerial 23 Applicat:ion Tec·h ,nology ANSI/ASAE S572.2 JUL2018 Approved July 2018 as an American National Standard
VF/F Spray Nozzle Classification by Droplet Spectra
Developed by the ASAE Pest Control and Fertilizer Application Committee; approved by the Power and Machinery Division Standards Committee; adopted by ASAE August 1999; reaffirmed February 2004; revised March 2009; approved as an American National Standard March 2009, reaffirmed by ASABE December 2013, reaffirmed by ANSI January 2014; Corrigendum issued January 2014; reaffirmed by A SABE and ANSI December 2017; revised and approved by ASABE and ANSI July 2018. F/M Keywords: Chemicals, Drop size, Droplet, Fertilizer, Nozzle, Spray
1 Purpose and Scope
1.1 This Standard defines droplet spectrum categories for the classification of spray nozzles, relative to specified referenoe fan nozzles discharging spray into static ai r or so that no stream of ai r enhances atomization. The purpose of classification is to provide the nozzle user with droplet size information pri marily to indicate off M/C site spray drift potential and secondarily for application efficacy. 1.2 This Standard defines a means for relative nozzle comparisons only based on droplet size. Other spray drift and application efficacy factors, such as droplet discharge trajectory, height, and velocity, ai r bubble inclusion; droplet evaporation; and impaction on target are examples of factors not addressed by the current Standard.
Refe:r,ence Re·feren,ce F1low Rate2 Operating Pressu re3 C/VC Clals, sification N,ozzle Sp ray An,gle Catego:ry Thresho Id (0) (g1pm), (Ll'Rl·in) ,(gpm) (kP.a) (p,s·), XF/ VF IP-164, 30 0.12 0.032: 0.03,6 0.010 550 79.8 VF / IF 110 0.38 0.10 0.48 0.13 450 65.3 F/ M 110 1.14 0.30 1.18 0.31 300 43.5, VC/XC MI C 1 0 2.27 0.60 1.93 0.5 200 29. 0 C / VC 80 3.03 0.80 2.88 0.76 250 36 .3 VC / XC 65 3.78 1.00 3.22 0.85 200 29.0 24 -tion XG / UC 65 5.68 1.50 4.22 1, 12 150 21 .7 ogv 900 -r------Reference Nozzle Curves 800 -j------,...... --""'-, -I~l~II~
0 100 -i------~~~@~M~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ - ~ :..__~~~~~
-E 600 :l -'- - VF/F QJ ..,QJ 500 E - F/M ta ·- ffi!A] ~ [Q) ~ (UJ ~ - M/C C.., 400 QJ - C/VC -C. 0 - VC/XC C'- 300 [Fm~~ 200
100
0 --t------,------,------DVlO DVSO DV90 25 Take Home
• At equal volume: – Halving the diameter creates 8X droplets – Quartering creates 64X droplets • The smaller the diameter, the greater the number of droplets, and the less control you have over them. • Volume Distribution corresponds to available product and efficacy
– DV0.1, DV0.5 (VMD), DV0.9, RS • Droplet Size Classification provides a relative size rating of a spray.
26 Aerial Application Nozzles and Droplet Size Trends Standard Nozzle Types • Hydraulic Nozzles – Flat Fans – Straight Streams – Anvil Impaction • Rotary Atomizers – Air driven – Electrical driven
28 Hydraulic Nozzles - Airspeed
VMDs for a 4015 at 40 psi and O deflection 700
600
500
_400 E As airspeed 2. 0 :lo increases, droplet > 300 size decreases. 5 200
100
0 so 60 70 80 90 100 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 Airspeed ( mph) 29 Hydraulic Nozzles - Pressure
VMDs for 4015 at 140 mph
390
380 1
370
360 As pressure e:, o 350 ::i: increases, droplet > 340 size increases. 3 330
320 -1------310 L ______
30 40 so 60 70 80 90 Pressure (psi) 30 Hydraulic Nozzles - Orifice
Changes in Orifice Size 500 466 -455 450 445 435 "-4-2~ ~ of'- 400 l ~ S7 5 350
300 2 Droplet size e::, 0 250 versus orifice size ::; > - 4015 - 0015 200 – Nozzle type
150 dependent.
100
50
0 4 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 Orifice Size 31 Hydraulic Nozzles - Deflection
VMDs - 4015, 40 psi, 140 mph: Changes in Orientation Angle 400
350 3
300
250 As deflection e:, -200 angle increases, Q :; > 4 droplet size 150 decreases.
100 -1------
so -1------
O J______
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 Orientation Angle (Degrees) 32 Rotary – AU5000 – Blade Angle 55º
140 7000
... -- - 120 ... .,. -- 6000
100 5000
80 4000 "l As airspeed 0 2 > 0.. 0 a:: increases, rotational 60 3000 - Dv0.5 -- RPM velocity increases 40 2000 and droplet size decreases 20 1000
0 0 120 130 140 150 160 166 Air Speed (mph)
33 Rotary – AU5000 – Constant RPM
140 4150
120 4100
100
------4050 Blade angle can be 80 ------67º LI) ------65º 0 --- adjusted to maintain > --- 63º 0 --- 58º 60º 60 55º rotational velocity with 4000 changing airspeed, 40 reducing changes in - DVSO RPM -- Linear (RPM) 3950 droplet size. 20
0 3900 120 130 140 150 160 166 Air Speed (mph) Aerial 34 Applicat:ion Technologv Adjuvants Resource for Adjuvants
PURDUE PPP·10 7 EXTENSI O N
Adjuvants and the https://ppp.purdue.edu/wp- Power of the content/uploads/2016/08/PPP-107.pdf Spray Droplet A google search for Purdue Extension PPP-107 will return the web link.
Improving the Perfonnance of Pesticide Applications 36 What is an Adjuvant?
ASTM Standard E1519: “Standard Terminology Relating to Agricultural Tank Mix Adjuvants”
“A material added to a tank mix to aid or modify the action of an agrichemical, or the physical characteristics of the mixture.”
37 Adjuvant Usage and Benefits • Improve performance by overcoming issues with: – Water quality and other properties; – Plant structure and makeup; – Spray system limitations; – Environmental conditions in field. • Adjust pH to maintain pesticide efficacy; • Reduce fine droplet formation; • Reduce evaporative losses; • Improve rainfastness; • Increase plant absorption and uptake; • Increase retention and spread; • Etc… 38 300 4008 – DV0.1 @ 60 psi
200 VERY COARSE -+-Gly only -E ~ Gly+COC :1. COARSE -1.... so -1----~ - ~ ~...,..._-~ ~~------l======------:::-rt ly + Pl ci > COC, ME, ~ ly+ME C MEDIUM MSO _., ly+MSO 100 ~--'------.-=--+', ly + Si FINE -1-Gly + P2 Gly, Si, P1, P2 so VERY FINE
0 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Aerial 39 Airspeed (mph) Application Technologv 600 4008 – DV0.5 @ 60 psi 500 VERY COARSE 400 COARSE -+-Gly only -E -4-Gly + COC ::1. -300 i.n P1, P2 -rGly + Pl ci MEDIUM > ~ Gly+ME C ~ Gly+MSO 200 ....._Gly + Si FINE -1-Gly + P2
100 VERY FINE
0 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 40 Airspeed (mph) Aerial Application - Technologv 1200
4008 – DV0.9 @ 60 psi 1000
VERY COARSE 800
-+-Gly only -E ~ Gly+COC ::1. COARSE P1, P2 600 -en -rGly + Pl ci > ~ Gly+ME C MEDIUM ~ Gly+MSO 400 ------...... G ly + Si FINE -1-Gly + P2
200 ------I VERY FINE 0 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Airspeed (mph) Aerial 41 Application - Technologv 20
18 4008 – %Vol<100µm -~ -I.. 16 a, @ 60 psi +,I a, E ·-ta 14 C Gly, Si, §_ 12 COC, -+-Gly only 0 P1, P2 ~ Gly+COC 0 FINE ME, t"-4 10 V -rGly + Pl a, MSO E ~ Gly+ME ::::, 8 - MEDIUM ~ Gly+MSO ~ ...... G ly + Si a, 6 Q0 ta -1-Gly + P2 +,I C a, u 4 I.. a, COARSE Q. 2 VERY COARSE
0 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Airspeed (mph) Aerial 42 Application - Technologv AU4000– @ 40 psi
45.0 120.0 -r------1 Water, Water, Gly, P2 Gly, P2
80.0
-E ~ Water ~ Water "[ 25.0 ::1. +--=::~====~=t::::::::::~~~;;;;~~::::::::-- 60.0 ---Gly only ---Gly only -U'I ci -... 20.0 +------a-Gly + ME > -a-Gly + ME 0 C 6 ~ Gly+MSO ~ Gly+MSO 15.0 +------1------ME, ---1--- --l!E-Gly + P2 40.0 ME, --l!E-Gly + P2 MSO MSO 20.0 -+------
0.0 +---~--~--~-~--~-~--~--~-~-~ 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 Airspeed (mph) Airspeed (mph)
Aerial 43 Applicat:ion Technologv General Trends • Different nozzle/adjuvant combinations may have different effects. – Formulation of the active product will change droplet size. • Air shear is the dominant factor with solution effect lessening past 140 mph. • Adjuvant type: – Oils tend to slightly increase size or have no effect. – Thickening type adjuvants tend to increase Relative Span, creating more droplets in the larger and smaller size range. • Nozzle selection has greatest impact on droplet size. – Proper nozzle selection should always be your starting point when setting up an application.
44 Aircraft Setup Setting up a System for an Application
• Pesticide product selected based on pest/application needed, grower, producer or crop consultant requirements – Label Requirements • Droplet Size • Weather conditions • Tank Mix modifiers • Mixing requirements • Spray Rate – Nozzle and Boom setup – Swath Uniformity and Effective Swath Width
46 Spray System Setup
Application Airspeed Both a Factor of Droplet Size Nozzle type, orifice size, orientation Spray Rate Spray Pressure Number of Nozzles (Spray Rate only)
• Changes to factors alter both droplet size and spray rate. • Iterative Process
Number of nozzles Both a Factor of Effective Swath Width Boom setup Uniform Spray Pattern Application height Aircraft type
• At this stage and applicator would do an initial boom setup and have their pattern assessed and adjusted.
47 Pesticide Labels = Law
ATTENTION:
: F! llfnW'i\R:f,.':: •:(fl ~il>t.',t! H ~•;· i; mun. of a particular product. Applicators must ,,.! fl'll.fl'n ,'l'~•W-:•11 , t1 ~ · •!· •·•••.a! It:- •,■)',l'l':l, ~, r.,·0 1 l-ll l ff,,) !l!•l'l )J<.I ~rt.\'I) 1:i<,1 o) u tr •~ ft',.'Jc\ "• 1JofO follow guidance provided on product 3.0PRECW TIONAIIYS TATEIIENTS 3.1H mrd$lo Humanlind 0ofl9>tio labels. Anim1ls r,, Kftp cut cf 1eachcf chi1:lren ~~· CAU TION! ( ,'.!~ r )):J)'tlt'tl W.\ i: •, Jpeffil'l)'km!Wft'\1 M h • " ,,., ,.... . , o f h , to, ioundt,p ~ fdy•;rops RIJUJ).f o > .,,.,...... • •• •" '•' ~' •' '-"' ' " •• 1 llli ll ••• 1.. . \•»•"•••...,,. •~ttn ><» • •,. •i h n I ,. ... ,11.:• I rhk:. Application Method, ..~... ··,·.·,,·..,\.. ... ·-~. ,,.. .., ...... " " , ...... , r : •:»ll • ••• • ft :01o • o ►t O U • Complete Directions for Use • h •◄>-. o • • ••tvt, . ,. fu • folf ,,•1 , 0 1>• •11.,.l • i,+,~.c ,u .-::,o l.l>J"lt'Ol•h ,..,~, .... , ,., , ~ ... ~., Nozzle types, l?"'lt; ,',H 1•• • t <- 1>••• •• ..• .. ~ " ••l * " •c h ..., -. ; ...... ~ ,...... 1•• •i • .,. • ••t••·· •• ,;.~ ,.~t.. lu•~•c:l>n,-.. .f ••• •l'a•hr.,.-,,. ., :,-~ s•.:r.u'9',• ~,1::• 1,-.x·.:t, J:,:l'k;h' ••~~:•:-.ro ·i •hnc~ •• :< xt.,. tus :l(:1·n 1tsl<:•n :l~•• l·t . ... . , l • ,. ••••u0<• • t , 010,\ 11 " • • • • •"'" ' ••ot U -t., o ,&,.., ..,,.~,.••1>"""'" ,;,:,v i ,: ·,n x, c:u ·.:o -.:·,11 •: if:t:n· ,c,:,:: 'll 1: w.-'-"' ,:.n. ••••I , l< o lo► • • • "·' l>h •• >t ~u •••••• ,i)1•,.•• ~• ••• ~ ...... :,..,. ..., ~ Droplet Size, ,, r,1u . • u ·,~ ...t " " " • c-- ,, , .-.•.,.,. I \lc -c ll t1 r.'X1$~ti.! )I( itri.:l r.-; ;:,1 k 1· I:,:,: ll n - IX )11'):t ...... , .... . '.T:n:'< :t1t11 '( 1'll l'f.l~ ll': l:•;,;kll(~l.c, .:,t1:,o:'ict'<: ll1t:c i..~..,- •• t1•.1>i,a >J, •J •v ..•..,. .. .. ,., • • ••• l'f ~f ..~ lt:. l •~t>UWt I• H • ■ I < 1 < •■II •• ... • •~• • h •n~-ol Apply only as a medium or coarser spray (ASAE standard 572) or a volume mean diameter of 300 microns or greater IMPORTANCE OF DROPLET SIZE The most effective way to reduce drift potential is to apply large droplets(> 150 microns). The best drift management strategy is to apply the largest droplets that provide sufficient coverage and control. The presence of sensitive species nearby, the environmental conditions, and pest pressure may affect how an applicator balances drift control and coverage. Use sufficient carrier volume and appropriate equipment set-up to fo~ droplets large erno11gh to avoid drift potential. Coarse dropl 1ets In the 300 to 500 (VMD) micron range are r,ecommended. Coarse sprays are less llikely to drift; therefore, do not use nozzles or nozzle configurations which dispense spray as fine spray droplets. Do not angle nozzles forward into the airsueam and do not increase spray vollume by increasing nozzle pressur,e. Aerial Application: Poor coverage win result in reduced weed control!. For optimal weed con~rd, apply Ut>erty 280 SL Herbicide in a minimum of 1o gallons per acre. Appiy Liberty 280 SL Herbicide using nozzJes and pressures that generate MEDIUM (about 300 to 400 microns) spray droplets catego,y as reported by the nozzle manufacturer and in accordance to ASABE S 572 based upon the selected air speed. Do not use nozzles arnd pressures that result in COARSE sprays. FINE sprays should also be avoided to minimize spray drift risk. See the Spray Drift Management 1 section of this labeI for additional info1mation ,on pro p erapp lication of Ube rty1 280 SL Herbicide. 49 Labeling Issues INIFORIM!ATIO:N ON DROPLET SIIZE:: The most eff - · - - . llarge droplets. The best drift management strateg Volume _Median Diame.ter (VMID) - The VIMD value• is the mediian sufficient coverage and control. Applryingi !larger drople! size•of _the spray· pattern. The optimum Rage he~ioide VMD is prevent dirift if applications are made improperly, o· 450 m1orons wiilh fewer than 10% of the dropl•ets b~inQ 200 microns or (see Wind, Temperature and Humidity, and Tempe les~. Use sprayer nozzles that me.el these VMD gu1delmes. CONTROLLIING DRO ·. . s produce larger drop 1le·ts .. • Volume_ Use lh i:g AJ~RIAL APPUC~TfONS: apply the h"gnest practical with higher rated fl Uniformly ap ly with pro "ufacturer's. "3oommenaled pressure produoes larger d, use•h'.gher flow rate noz- • produces larger S iginif1i cant deflecti • • Nozzle Type - Us nozzlle types, nan • Nozzle lheight above•ground must be a maximum of 1o feet. nozzlles _ So Iid stre • Nozzfes must lbe pointed 1oward the rear of the airoraft. The down llowest drift. ward angle of the nozzle should not be greater than 20 degr:ees. • To minimize wing-tip vortex roll, n les or spray boom must not be located any closer to end of wing or ro or ~ha:n three-fourths the dis- Coarse ?prays ar~ l'ess likely to drift· therefore do not use nozzles or nozzle conf urations which dispense spray as fine spray droplets. Do not ang le nozzles forward into the a1rstr.eam an o not increase spray vo ume y mcreasmg nozz e pressure. Aerial _ __,_,,,.. Applicat:ion 50 Technologv Example – RoundUp PowerMax AERIAL SPRAY DRIFT MANAGEMENT The following drift management requirements must be followed to minimize off-target drift movement during aerial application. • 1. The distance of the outermost nozzles on the boom must not exceed 3/4 the length of the wingspan or rotor. • 2. Nozzles must always point backward, parallel with the air stream and never be pointed downwards more than 45 degrees. Where states have more stringent regulations, they must be followed. 51 Example – RoundUp PowerMax Importance of Droplet Size • The most effective way to reduce drift potential is to apply large droplets. The best drift management strategy is to apply the largest droplets that provide sufficient coverage and control. Applying larger droplets reduces drift potential, but will not prevent drift if the application is made improperly, or under unfavorable environmental conditions, such as in windy, high temperature with low humidity, and/or inversion conditions as described below. 52 Example – RoundUp PowerMax Controlling Droplet Size • Volume: Use high flow rate nozzles to apply the highest practical spray volume. Nozzles with the higher rated flows produce larger droplets. • Pressure: Operate at a sprayer pressure towards the lower end of the range listed for the nozzle. Higher pressure reduces droplet size and does not improve canopy penetration. When higher flow rates are needed, use higher flow rate nozzles instead of increasing the pressure. • Number of nozzles: Use the minimum number of nozzles that provide uniform coverage. • Nozzle orientation: Orienting nozzles so that the spray is released backwards, parallel to the air stream, will produce larger droplets than other orientations. Significant deflection from the horizontal will reduce droplet size and increase drift potential. • Nozzle type: Use a nozzle type that is designed for the intended application. With most nozzle types, narrower spray angles produce larger droplets. Consider using low-drift nozzles. Solid stream nozzles oriented straight back produce larger droplets than other nozzle types. • Boom length: For some use patterns, reducing the effective boom length to less than 3/4 of the wingspan or rotor length could further reduce drift without reducing swath width. • Application height: Application must be made at a height of 10 feet or less above the top of the largest plants unless a greater height is required for aircraft safety. Making the application at the lowest height that is safe reduces the exposure of the droplets to evaporation and wind. 53 Example – RoundUp PowerMax • Annual Weeds: – Aerial: 3 – 5 gallons per acre • Typical fixed-wing aircraft with the following operational characteristics: – Typical application airspeeds - 130-150 mph – 60-70’ swath • Based on label we will select nozzles and settings to achieve both a MEDIUM and a COARSE spray application. 54 Aerial Spray Models • A set of droplet sizing models were developed by USDA ARS to assist applicators with this process. http://tiny.cc/DropletSizeModels • Detailed descriptions and instructions on website. 55 Aerial Application Technology Select nozzle type Orifice Size Nozzle Angle Pressure Airspeed Acceptable Ranges: 2 to 30 0 to 90 3r o 90 ri 120 to 180 MPH Enter operational ~==------·I 15 ~,___ l_o_l ______4_o ____1_1_4o_l -- CAUTION lo not enter or clear data in the cells in this boxl Dvo.1 = 147 µm · Droplet size such that 10% of the spray volume is In droplets smaller than 0\/0.1• settings Dvo.s = 339 µm · Volume median diameter. Droplet size such that 50% of the spray volume is in droplets smaller than OV0.5. Dvo.9 = 627 µm · Droplet size such that 90% of the spray volume is In droplets smaller than O\/0.,. RS= 1.42 %V<1001-1m = 1.27 % · Percentage of spray volume In droplets smaller than 100 µm diameter. %V<200µm = 19.48 % · Percentage of spray volume In droplets smaller than 200 µm diameter. DSCvo.1 = MEDIUM · Droplet Spectra Classification based on 0\/0.1• DSCvo.s = MEDIUM . Droplet Spectra Classification based on Ova.~ DSCvo.9 = COARSE HE Ow., CLASSIFICATION SHOWN IS FOR REFERENCE ONLY, DOES NOT IMPACT DSC RATING. DSC= MEDIUM DISCLAIMER: Nozzle numbers provided do not imply swath uniformity or coverage. Applicators are encouraged to attend an Operation S.A.F.E. Clinic. STEP 3: ENTER SPRAY RATE AND SWATH WIDTH 3 GPA ENTER DESIRED SPRAY RATE IN GALLONS PER A CRE (GPA) Enter spray rate and 70 ~oo♦ ENTER DESIRED SWATH WIDTH IN FEET 59.4 GPM otal Boom Flow Rate swath width 1.49 GPM per Nozzle Flow Rate at Selected Operating Conditions 40 Nozzle! otal Number of Nozzle Needed Aer;al l 56 Applicat:ion Technologv Aerial Applicat:ion Technology Orifice Size Nozzle Angle Pressure Acceptable Ranges: 2 to 30 Oto 90 31 to 90 ri I 1s I Cu 40 CAUTION: Do not enter or clear data In the cells in this boxl Dvo.1 = 165 µm = Droplet size such that 10% of the spray volume is in droplets smaller than Dvo.1• Dvo.s = 379 µm = Volume median diameter. Droplet size such that 50% of the spray volume is in droplets smaller than DV0.5. Dvo.9 = 690 µm = Droplet size such that 90% of the spray volume is in droplets smaller than Dvo.,. RS= 1.39 = Relative Span %V<100µm = 0.45 % = Percentage of spray volume In droplets smaller than 100 µm diameter. %V<200µm = 12.38 % = Percentage of spray volume In droplets smaller than 200 µm diameter. DSCvo.1 = COARSE = Droplet Spectra Classification based on Dvo.1- DSCvo.s = COARSE DSCvo.9 = COARSE HOWN IS FOR REFERENCE ONLY, DOES NOT IMPACT DSC RATING. DSC = COARSE ctra Classlflcatlon ed do not imply swath uniformity or coverage. Applicators are encouraged to attend an Operation S.A.F.E. Clinic. STEP 3: ENTER SPRAY RATE AND SWATH WIDTH 3 GPA ENTER DESIRED SPRAY RATE IN GALLONS PER ACRE (GPA) 70 Feet ENTER DESIRED SWATH WIDTH IN FEET 53.0 GPM Total Boom Flow Rate 1.49 GPM Per Nozzle Flow Rate at Selected Operating Conditions 36 Nozzles Total Number of Nozzle Needed Aer;al 57 -"'~ Applicat:ion Technologv Aerial Application Technology Orifice Size Nozzle Angle Pressure Acceptable Ranges: 2 to 12 O to45 31 to 90 ri I 1 I ~ 40 CAUTION: Do not enter or clear data in the cells in this boxl Dvo.1 = 180 µm = Droplet size such that 10% of the spray volume is in droplets smaller than Dva.1• Dvo.s = 418 µm = Volume median diameter. Droplet size such that 50% of the spray volume is In droplets smaller than DV0.5. Dvo.9 = 747 µm = Droplet size such that 90% of the spray volume is in droplets smaller than Dva.,- RS= 1.36 = Relative Span %V<100µm = 3.21 % = Percentage of spray volume In droplets smaller than 100 µm diameter. %V<200µm = 14.18 % = Percentage of spray volume In droplets smaller than 200 µm diameter. DSCvo.1 = COARSE = Droplet Spectra Classification based on Dva.1- DSCvo.s = COARSE DSCvo.9 = VERY COA OWN IS FOR REFERENCE ONLY, DOES NOT IMPACT DSC RATING. DSC= COARSE do not imply swath uniformity or coverage. an Operation S.A.F.E. Clinic. STEP 3: ENTER SPRAY RATE AND SWATH WIDTH 3 GPA ENTER DESIRED SPRAY RATE IN GALLONS PER ACRE (GPA) 70 Feet ENTER DESIRED SWATH WIDTH IN FEET 63.6 GPM Total Boom Flow Rate 1.41 GPM Per Nozzle Flow Rate at Selected Operating Conditions 45 Nozzles Total Number of Nozzle Needed Aer;al 58 -"'~ Applicat:ion Technologv Mobile App Formats ••••• AJ&T M-Cell -.,. 7:53 AM A ERIAL SPR A y ~ - S:..11beons Aer;a/ . 59 --- Appl;cat:,on - Technologv Micron Group ••• 0 :: AU50:•0 .\tcmi:::~ r :: X (i) www.mcrongro1.p.com/dropletSJ 110% ·•• C, * ~ » MICR0NAIR AU5000 ATOMISER Droplet Size Prediction Model http://www.microngroup.com/ Ca!rulete now per atomiser? YP.~ droplets/models.php Application rate 2 PREDICTED DROPLET Number of atomis-er3 A SIZE (µm) Sign up for a user account to Trad< S}acing 66 feet D [v,D.11 5G I/MD 167 access the models. Ca1001e1ec:1 trow per atomiser 4• .1 D [v,0.91 317 Formulation \11/ater t:l Rel. Span 1.58 Air sptt•d 120 mph Is RPM transducar frtte,.:S? Ne .:I l'.;liiii M :,!'I~ t:!'!1 1~ lt'I ~l'!lft"l f.f')lil':'1-'I l:mor <1010 in grey OCIG Blade ongle 65 COQf00$ Blac• type EX1772/2 Standa·d A:omisor rotational speed (spraying) 2890 RPM Cal:u!ate 60 Boom Setup and Nozzle Positioning Field Streaking 62 Nozzle and Boom Positioning ·- = The effect of propwash on spray recovery. \!'\ling tip vortices affAr.finri spray pattern. 63 Pattern Measurement - Aer;a/ 64 Appl;cat:ion - Technologv Best Practices to Consider for Drift Mitigation What Factors Cause Drift? • Spray Characteristics – Droplet Size (formulation, nozzle, operational settings, airspeed) – Evaporation Rate (formulation, weather) • Aircraft – Application Height – Wing-tip Vortices (nozzle positioning) • Weather – Wind – Temperature and Humidity – Inversions 66 Droplet Size and Wind Speed • Using AGDISP let’s consider: – AT-602 – 75’ swath – 65% boom width – 80º F at 50% TH – 20 spray passes – Fine, Medium, Coarse and Very Coarse – 5, 10, 15 and 20 mph 67 Droplet Size vs Wind Speed 5 mph 20 mph 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 "O - Fine "O - Fine QJ QJ ~0.4 - Medium ~0.4 - Medium 0.1 o L _ --::::::::::::~-=-===i:~~~;;;;;;;;;_ ;;~~ 100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 Distance Downwind (ft) Distance Downwind (ft) 68 1 1 0.9 t 0.9 + t 0.8 0.8 t =u- =u- - 5mph .9! 0.7 + t .9! 0.7 t C. C. C. - 5mph C. - 10mph <( <( 6 0.6 - lOmph t- t- 'o 0.6 - 15 mph t C FINE C MEDIUM 0 - 15 mph 0 - 20mph B o.5 t- + "-B 0.5 ~ - 20mph ~ ~ ~ § 0.4 t- + § 0.4 t :;:; ·;::; "vi ·.;; 0 0 a} 0.3 t ai-o.3 t 0 0 0.2 + 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 0 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 Distance Downwind (ft) Distance Downwind (ft) 1 1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 =u- - 5mph -0 .9! 0.7 .9! 0.7 + C. C. - 5mph C. - 10 mph C. <( COARSE <( VERY 6 0.6 - 15 mph 6 0.6 - lOmph t C C 0 - 20 mph 0 - 15 mph B o.5 "-B 0.5 COARSE ~ ~ - 20mph LL ~ § 0.4 § 0.4 + ·;::; :;:; ·.;; ·.;; 0 0 a} 0.3 a} 0.3 t 0 0 0.2 t- 0.2 t 0.1 0.1 t 0 Aerial 69 0 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 Applicaf:ion Distance Downwind (ft) Distance Downwind (ft) Technologv Nozzle Position on Booms Farthest nozzle <75% of Wing A ,_ Span • . • ~ I □ 7 ,7 I ' •• '\, ,. ,. I '1 70 Downwind Edges • The majority of off-target movement comes from the downwind edges of the field. – Spray when wind speed is lower, or when wind direction changes. – Modify application to adjust droplet size or nozzle position. • Reduced airspeed – 2 or 3 lower airspeed passes can reduce total off target movement by up to 10% • ½ boom shutoffs to reduce entrainment from downwind wing 71 Evaporation Speed ~ Off-Target IIIIIIIIICHeight ,;Application _• l>S: Atomizatiori'a -h~~ -a m-, 1 flt- ctD ~~-~tD QJ ..:...J c:::~ 3 ::::, rt- -• r A PIP--, <::::, tD ~ -• ~ VI '--' I-..- tD rt-:, n -r,O O rA tD ...... tD ,.... ;-- 0 ::::, ::::, VI IIIIIJIIIII! C. "' ""I c 3 C '--'Species 72 -• 'z3 :!. tD-, Ill tD Health C: a' ::::, s V, ~~""I !.tD pray ~== -cn,o· ~- Stewardship ~m~ ~"' :::,~ Crop Safety ""I ,... :::r ~Droplet Mixi [ :,Boom -· AirspeedTempe~a~ure :::, Depos1t1on .Public -: Effect1vewind ~size solution http://tiny.cc/AATRU Aerial Application _ Technolo9y THANK YOU - FOR PARTICIPATING A&rlsl Al)l)llea;lon Technology Reeearctl unn Teem https://www.ars.usda.gov/ USDA RESOURCES 73 t:ion '------======------==-=:.--- -.--.=...... --lfogv ? w whe" who . ?- who 7 how whe~e· l• who i it~y wh~-t l whe ow 80