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62048168005.Pdf Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química ISSN: 1665-2738 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa México Raddatz-Mota, D.; Pérez-Flores, L.J.; Carrari, F.; Insani, M.; Asis, R.; Mendoza-Espinoza, J.A.; Díaz de León-Sánchez, F.; Rivera-Cabrera, F. CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF THE PIGMENT EXTRACTION YIELD OF SEVEN MEXICAN ACCESSIONS OF Bixa orellana Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, vol. 15, núm. 3, 2016, pp. 727-740 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=62048168005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Vol. 15, No. 3 (2016) 727-740 Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATIONCONTENIDO AND QUANTIFICATION OF THE PIGMENT EXTRACTION YIELD OF SEVEN MEXICAN ACCESSIONS OF Bixa orellana ´ ´ ´ CARACTERIZACIVolumen 8, ONnúmero QU 3,IMICA 2009 / Volume Y CUANTIFICACI 8, number 3, 2009ON DEL RENDIMIENTO DE EXTRACCI ON´ DE PIGMENTO EN SIETE ACCESIONES MEXICANAS DE Bixa orellana D. Raddatz-Mota1, L.J. Perez-Flores´ 1, F. Carrari2, M. Insani2, R. Asis3, J.A. Mendoza-Espinoza4, F. D´ıaz de 213 Derivation and application of the Stefan-Maxwell equations Leon-S´ anchez´ 1, F. Rivera-Cabrera1* 1 Departamento de Ciencias(Desarrollo de y laaplicación Salud, Universidad de las ecuaciones Aut´onomaMetropolitana-Iztapalapa. de Stefan-Maxwell) Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186 Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340, M´exicoD.F. Stephen Whitaker 2Instituto de Biotecnolog´ıa,Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog´ıaAgropecuaria (IB-INTA). PO Box 25, B1712WAA Castelar, Argentina. 3Facultad de Ciencias Qu´ımicas,Universidad Nacional de C´ordoba. C´ordoba, Argentina. Av. Haya de la Torre s/n. Biotecnología / Biotechnology 4Departamento de Biolog´ıaHumana, Universidad Aut´onomade la Ciudad de M´exico.Calzada Ermita Iztapalapa 4163, Col. 245 Modelado deLomas la biodegradación de Zaragoza, en Del. biorreactores Iztapalapa, de C.P. lodos 09620, de hidrocarburos M´exicoD.F. totales del petróleo Received March 19, 2016; Accepted June 30, 2016 intemperizados en suelos y sedimentos Abstract (Biodegradation modeling of sludge bioreactors of total petroleum hydrocarbons weathering in soil Achiote (Bixa orellanaand sediments)) is a plant used for obtaining a natural dye rich on carotenoids (mainly bixin and norbixin); it is also the plant species with the highest content of tocotrienols in nature. In the present work, the pigment extraction yield of S.A. Medina-Moreno, S. Huerta-Ochoa, C.A. Lucho-Constantino, L. Aguilera-Vázquez, A. Jiménez- seven Mexican accessions of Bixa orellana was quantified. Also color parameters and content of tocotrienols, tocopherols, González y M. Gutiérrez-Rojas norbixin, bixin, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were evaluated in the corresponding annatto extracts. The highest percentage259 Crecimiento, of pigment sobrevivencia extraction yyield adaptación was obtained de Bifidobacterium with KOH infantis (4.84%). a condiciones Accessions ácidas 43 (L* = 4.01 ± 0.79, C*= ± ± ± ± ± 7.33 1.07, h= 25.76(Growth,6.35) survival and and 50 (L*adaptation= 3.17 of Bifidobacterium0.64, C*= 6.81 infantis0.53, to h acidic= 26.41 conditions)4.41) had the lowest color values, meaning these accessions had a darker and redder color. Four accessions showed the highest content of bixin: accession L. Mayorga-Reyes, P. Bustamante-Camilo, A. Gutiérrez-Nava, E. Barranco-Florido y A. Azaola- 48 (3.1%), 45 (2.6%) 43 (2.4%) and 47 (2.2%). Accession 50 had showed the highest content of total phenolic compounds and of tocotrienolsEspinosa (T3), mainly the isoform δ-T3 (5.03 ± 0.64 mg g−1 Seed Dry Weight), as well as the highest antioxidant capacity. 265 Statistical approach to optimization of ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Keywords: annatto extracts, pigment yield, norbixin, bixin, phenolic compounds. presence of Valfor® zeolite NaA Resumen El achiote (Bixa orellana(Optimización) es una estadística planta utilizada de la fermentación para obtener etanólica un colorante de Saccharomyces natural rico cerevisiae en carotenoides en presencia (principalmente de bixina y norbixina);zeolita adem Valfor®as,´ es la zeolite especie NaA) vegetal con el mayor contenido de tocotrienoles. En este trabajo, se determino´ el rendimiento deG. extracci Inei-Shizukawa,on´ de pigmento H. A. Velasco-Bedrán, de siete accesiones G. F. Gutiérrez-López mexicanas de andBixa H. orellanaHernández-Sánchez. Tambien´ se evaluaron los parametros´ de color y el contenido de tocotrienoles, tocoferoles, norbixina, bixina, compuestos fenolicos´ totales y la capacidad antioxidante en extractos de annato. El mayor porcentaje de rendimiento de extraccion´ de pigmento fue obtenido Ingeniería de procesos / Process engineering con KOH (4.847905%). Las accesiones 43 (L*= 4.01 ± 0.79, C*= 7.33 ± 1.07, h= 25.76 ± 6.35) y 50 (L*= 3.17 ± 0.64, C*= 6.81 ± 0.53,271 hLocalización= 26.41 ± 4.41) de una presentaron planta industrial: los valores Revisión mas´ bajoscrítica dey losadecuación parametros´ de los de criterios color, lo empleados que significa en que estas accesiones tuvieronesta un decisión color m as´ oscuro y mas´ rojo. Cuatro accesiones mostraron el mayor contenido de bixina: accesion´ 48 (3.1%), 45 (2.6%) (Plant 43 site (2.4%) selection: and 47 Critical (2.2%). review La accesi and adequationon´ 50 mostr criteriao´ el mayorused in contenidothis decision) de compuestos fenolicos´ totales −1 y de tocotrienolesJ.R. (T3), Medina, principalmente R.L. Romero la y isoforma G.A. Pérezδ-T3 (5.03 ± 0.64 mg g Peso Seco), as´ı como tambien´ la mayor capacidad antioxidante. Palabras clave: extractos de annato, rendimiento de pigmento, norbixina, bixina, compuestos fenolicos.´ * Autora para la correspondencia. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Tel. +52 (55) 55 58 04 46 00 ext. 3656, Fax: (52) 55 58 04 47 27. Publicado por la Academia Mexicana de Investigacion´ y Docencia en Ingenier´ıa Qu´ımica A.C. 727 Raddatz-Mota et al./ Revista Mexicana deIngenier ´ıaQu ´ımica Vol. 15, No. 3 (2016) 727-740 1 Introduction widely used in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries as it does not alter flavor and it is practically Achiote (Bixa orellana L.) or annatto is a plant native non-toxic (Michelangeli et al., 2002; Smith 2006; to tropical America. It is a perennial tree that can reach Lourido and Mart´ınez, 2010). nine meters in height with white or pink flowers and The natural dye obtained from Bixa orellana is rich fruits with the form of globular ovoid capsules. Each on the carotenoids bixin (dark red color) and norbixin capsule may contain from 30 to 45 ovoid or cone- or orelline (yellow color) which are mainly used to shaped seeds covered by a thin red-orange layer or develop attractive colors in dairy products (cheeses, viscous aril (Fonnegra and Jimenez,´ 2007). Natural margarine, and butter), meats, ice creams, cosmetics, dyes obtained from the seeds of achiote plant have condiments, ceramic, paint, hair colors, soaps, nail been used since pre-Hispanic times. Annual world polish, varnish, lacquer, fabric colors, among others production of achiote seeds is approximately 14, 500 (Devia and Saldarriaga, 2003). Bixin represents tons (dry weight). Latin America produces 60% of the approximately 80% of the total carotenoids content total world production. The main producers are Peru, present in the dye obtained from achiote (mainly in Brazil and Mexico. At present, at least 67 accessions its 9-cis configuration with low amounts of trans- have been collected from the Yucatan Peninsula in bixin) (Smith, 2006). Other apocarotenoids present in Mexico in order to preserve and propagate the genetic lower amounts are norbixin, bixin dimethyl ester and material of this plant species, although only a few byproducts of lycopene degradation (Cardarelli et al., of them have been characterized. An accession is 2008). On another hand, it has been documented that a sample of a distinct germplasm, where germplasm achiote (Bixa orellana L.) contains important amounts is defined as the set of genes expressed in the of tocotrienols, tocopherols, terpenes and flavonoids distinctive phenotype; therefore, collection of different both in the seeds and in the leaves (Rodrigues et al., accessions and its preservation in germplasm banks 2007; Chiste´ et al., 2011). is very important for conservation of genetic diversity Vitamin E is an essential micronutrient in human and its potential commercial usage. and animals diets due to its biological activity and its Annatto is the name given to the crude pigment powerful antioxidant capacity (Cano-Sarmiento et al., extract obtained from achiote, which contains bixin, 2014). Vitamin E is the generic name given to all norbixin and other carotenoids in varying proportions. compounds that exerts the biological functions of α- While bixin is liposoluble, norbixin is hydrosoluble, tocopherol (Frank et al., 2012). However, vitamin E and the possibility of obtaining both water-soluble is a family of lipophilic compounds which includes and oil-soluble colorants depending on the type of four tocotrienols (T3) and four tocopherols (Ts) (α, β, extraction used as well as the solvent and temperature γ, δ) (Aggarwal et al., 2010). The structure of these applied has converted achiote into one of the most two types of compounds is very similar; but, while interesting sources of plant colorants (Toledo de tocopherols have a saturated phytol tail, tocotrienols Oliveira et al., 2004). possess an isoprenoid tail with three unsaturated Currently, the use of artificial colorants such as residues (Das et al., 2007; Almeida et al., 2011). tartrazine (E102), allura red (E129) or sunset yellow While Ts are present in seeds and leaves of most FCF (E110) in food products have been severely plants, T3 are only present in a small fraction of questioned in developed countries, since there are them (Patacsil et al., 2012).
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