FINAL REPORT 31 MARCH 2021 The International Space Station must manoeuvre away from a possible space debris collision 1 to 3 times per year on average

What is space debris? Any human-made object in orbit that does not serve a purpose is considered space debris. For example, components of a spacesuit, retired satellites, spent rocket bodies and fragments of satellites resulting from Space debris collisions and break up events. moves with high velocity in the range of 8km per second spacePRESERVING FUtureFOR THE FRONT COVER: EOS Space Research Centre debris tracking telescope. OUR MISSION

The Space Environment Research Centre (SERC) was established in 2014 to develop technologies to reduce the threat to space-based infrastructure from space debris.

170 million Over the funding period, SERC consolidated formerly- pieces too small independent research efforts to achieve a critical mass to track are also in and form a platform for new investment, through orbit 30,000 providing: softball-sized and larger pieces are currently • a transparent framework for international research orbiting Earth collaboration, ensuring equity for all collaborators regardless of nationality or whether a private or public entity; • access to state-of-the-art space research programs and infrastructure; • new funds for consolidating research program synergies and investigating new avenues; and • exemplary management of research, consistent focus and strategic leadership.

OUR VISION

Our Vision was that:

• SERC technology play a key role in practical global 500,000 efforts for space debris management, mitigation and marble-sized pieces removal, and currently orbiting Earth • SERC collaboration extend beyond the lifetime of SERC and that compatible national, international and commercial efforts to address issues arising from space debris continue.

This report has been prepared in accordance with the Cooperative Research Centres (CRC) Program Final Report Guidelines and is submitted to comply with the requirements of Section 4 of the Guide.

The CRC for Space Environment Management was administered by the Space Environment Research Centre Limited (SERC).

Space Environment Research Centre AITC2, Mount Stromlo Observatory Weston Creek ACT 2611 PO Box 4204, Weston Creek ACT 2611

T + 61 425 275 159 E [email protected] W www.serc.org.au www.facebook.com/serc.aus @serc_aus ACHIEVEMENTS

1. Executive Summary 9 1.1. Achievements 10 1.2. Key Contributors 14 1.3. Performance Against Activities 21 1.4 Activities Status 36 1.5. Education and Training 40 1.6. Intellectual Property 47 1.7. Communications 47 1.8. Governance – Board, Committees and Key Staff 51 1.9. Participants 60

EXIT REPORT

2.1. Exit Report 63 2.2. Snapshot Summary 72

APPENDICES

3.1. Glossary of Terms 75 3.2. SERC Publications 77

4 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 5 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Report from the CHAIR

As Chair of the Space Environment Research Centre Limited (SERC), I am pleased to report that the CRC for Space Environment Management has accomplished a great deal over the past six years on research to improve the accuracy of orbital debris tracking. We are now embarking on the final and highly critical phase of SERC’s activities to lay the groundwork for a manoeuvre demonstration of orbital debris using photon pressure from high-power lasers.

I am particularly proud of the achievements of our PhD students. Their commitment to excellence has been rewarded through prizes, fellowships, and great jobs. SERC delivered seventeen PhDs against a target of ten. As with many CRCs, a skilled workforce will be one of the enduring legacies of SERC.

SERC’s members include two universities: the Australian National University and RMIT University; three industry partners: EOS Space Systems, Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company (USA) and Optus Satellite Networks; and one international public sector research agency, the Japanese National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). I thank all the members for their ongoing support and commitment to SERC.

I would also like to thank all the researchers involved in the CRC, my fellow directors and all those who joined them in making our Board subcommittees work so effectively, previous CEOs, Ben Greene and David Ball, and the SERC management team capably led by the current CEO Steve Gower.

As we move into the final phase of SERC, participants and researchers remain fully committed to our research objectives and maximising our contributions towards better tracking and management of orbital debris.

Mary O’Kane Chair

5 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 HIGHLIGHTS REPORTING PERIOD: 2014-2021

GUIDE In a world first, SERC Participants will use the STAR GSL to correct for atmospheric distortions in light travelling in both directions (from the (GSL) ground to the space object and from the LASER space object back to the ground.

SPACE OBJECT CATALOGUE SERC SOC IS COLLECTING DATA FROM OVER 1,000 SPACE OBJECT TRACKS NIGHTLY

SERC GEO TRACKER TELESCOPE Collects and feeds automated space object track data into the SERC SOC

LASER COMBINING World record for spectral combining efficiency of BEAM high-power lasers

6 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 7 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 REPORTING PERIOD: 2014-2021 SERC HOSTED THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON LASER RANGING

SERC hosted delegates from international space agencies, research institutions, observatories and other space industry DELEGATES professionals in Canberra in 2018 192 21 COUNTRIES

PHD SUBMISSIONS

With a further three submissions anticipated 17 in 2021

SERC RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS TO 31 DECEMBER 2020 503+ 1027 SERC RESEARCH CITATIONS PUBLICATIONS

19 TELEVISION INTERVIEWS 29 RADIO INTERVIEWS 145 PRINT MEDIA ARTICLES 750 FACEBOOK STORIES 145 LINKEDIN FOLLOWERS 100,000+ WEBSITE VISITS

7 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Report from the CEO

SERC set out to address the issue of space debris by bringing together Australian and international expertise in measurement, monitoring, analysis and management of space debris to develop technologies to preserve the space environment.

SERC’s journey started in 2012. The first CRC grant application was not successful. We regrouped, sharpened our pencils and resubmitted a more focused application. An application with very ambitious research goals.

We have achieved many of the things we set out to do. Our research programs are mostly complete. Our education program exceeded its goals and has contributed to the growing pool of expertise in the Australian space sector. A key goal of the CRC.

Since opening our doors in 2014, SERC and its Participants have come a long way together. However, the world has also changed. Earth orbit is now more congested with debris and active satellites. In July 2014, there were approximately 3800 payloads in orbit. As of November 2020, this number had increased by 60% to 6080. The total number of trackable objects in November was 21,293 with more than 15,200 objects classified as debris. SpaceX alone has launched more than 1,000 Starlink communications satellites as a part of its mega constellation. Anti-satellite tests by state-based actors have also contributed greatly to the debris on orbit. The space debris problem is getting worse.

In collaboration with our Participants, SERC has developed technology to better detect space debris. Better detection means better tracking. The enhanced tracking capability developed within SERC allows for better orbit prediction. These predictions, along with active debris and optical tracking have led to the development of a sovereign Australian Conjunction and Threat Warning system. This system protects Australian space assets from collisions with debris.

SERC is now entering its wind-up phase and will cease activities in 2021. SERC is conducting on-sky experiments early in 2021 after which the organisation will be formally wound up.

I would like to thank our Participants, researchers, students and SERC staff for their commitment and dedication towards advancing the objectives of SERC. It is pleasing to see how much has been achieved by the CRC since its establishment in 2014.

I would also like to extend my thanks to Prof Mary O’Kane and the Board of Directors for their invaluable support and guidance during my time as CEO.

In addition, I would also like to express my gratitude to the dedicated team at the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources for their encouragement and proactive engagement. Without the CRC Program and the support of the Department and Ministers, the achievements of SERC would not have been possible.

Dr Steve Gower Chief Executive

8 SERC ANNUAL REPORT 2017-2018 8 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 9 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The CRC for Space Environment Management, operated by the Space Environment Research Centre (SERC), was funded through the Department of Innovation Industry and Science’s CRC Program as well as through Participant contributions.

The strategic objectives included:

• Identification and exploitation of synergies between the research efforts of Participants so that the research objectives were collectively more advanced than would have been the case without SERC; • Establishment of efficient, equitable and transparent processes for combining resources from a wide range of collaborating entities; and • Development of new technologies to preserve the space environment and extend the benefits of space to future generations.

SERC’s purpose has been to pursue and promote world-class research and education addressing the mounting risk of space collisions between satellites and debris. This risk threatens individual spacecraft and ultimately the viability of the entire space environment.

Falcon 9 launch carrying M1 satellite with SERC payload

9 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 BBQ at Mt Stromlo Observatory, Canberra, during IWLR2018 November 2018.

1.1. Achievements

There have been many highlights and achievements during the International Workshop on Laser Ranging (IWLR2018) lifetime of SERC including the following: SERC hosted the 21st International Workshop on Laser Ranging in November 2018. The event was attended by Australian Space Awards 192 delegates from international space agencies, research SERC was a finalist in two categories (Research and institutions, observatories and space industry professionals Development Business of the Year and Research Organisaiton from 21 countries. of the Year) in the inaugural Australian Space Awards 2020. Participating organisations included the European Space Research Programs (RP) Agency (ESA), the Japanese Aerospace Exploration SERC Research Program highlights and achievements Agency (JAXA), the National Aeronautics and Space included: Administration (NASA), the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT, Japan), the Korean • a sovereign conjunction and threat warning system Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), the Technical (CATW). University of Munich, the Polish Air Force Academy, the • a space object catalogue and telescope network which National Astronomical Observatories China and the Austrian collects over a 1000 space object tracks each night. Academy of Sciences. • a guide star laser with more than 20W output power. An Australian first. International Workshop on Space Debris Management and • a guide star laser launch telescope with beam transfer Mitigation optics. SERC hosted the International Workshop on Space Debris • the ability to spectrally combine multiple high-power Management and Mitigation in association with IWLR2018. lasers with high efficiency Through combining the two events, SERC was afforded • two separate adaptive optics systems. the opportunity to deliver workshops on each of the four • a refined mass density model of Earth’s atmosphere research programs to an international space audience, gaining • a legacy of more than 500 relevant publications. traction and recognition for SERC research and technology developments in the field.

10 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 11 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Clockwise from left: GSL enclosure and electronics racks being lifted into the 1.8m telescope, Mt Stromlo Observatory taken during the facilities tour at IWLR2018, SERC Guide Star Laser prototype and SERC researchers with the Robotic Optical Observatory Telescope - ROO.

Atmospheric Mass Density Model (AMD) Laser Beam Combination and Beam Directors Significant progress has been made on the development of SERC has successfully used spectral combining to achieved the SERC AMD with the inclusion of neutral and ion density a beam combination efficiency of 98.7% for two high-power information into the model and drag equation. Ion contribution beams and 97.5% for three beams. These are believed to be to the overall atmospheric mass density can be as high as 30% world record efficiencies. at orbits of 1000 km. SERC Hosted Payload SERC Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Tracker Telescope The SERC sensor and beacon assembly payload developed The SERC 0.7m GEO Tracker Telescope is now in routine for the Faraday 1 mission is being used by researchers on a operation in support of RP1 and RP3 research programs. The UK satellite called Prometheus 2. SERC Participants will use telescope is collecting space object track data in support of this payload to calibrate the adaptive optics system when conjunction analysis and the on-sky experiments. Prometheus 2 is launched in late 2021.

Guide Star Laser SERC Space Object Catalogue (SOC) EOSSS has developed a new type of laser as a part of its The SERC SOC stores over a thousand space object tracks each collaboration with SERC. The new laser, known as a guide night collected by SERC and EOSSS sensors. The SOC has also star laser (GSL), is used to excite sodium atoms in the Earth’s been routinely running orbit determination and post processing upper atmosphere. The excited atoms glow like a star allowing of catalogue data for two years. scientists to use this artificial starlight to correct for atmospheric distortions. In a world first, SERC Participants will use the GSL to correct for atmospheric distortions in light travelling in both directions (from the ground to the space object and from the space object back to the ground.

The ANU has built a laser launch telescope that directs the guide star laser beam onto the sky for SERC on-sky experiments.

11 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Participant Collaboration International Astronautical Congress (IAC) SERC Research Programs were interdependent and involved SERC showcased its research to an international audience at collaboration between all SERC Participants at research, the International Astronautical Congress (IAC) in Adelaide education and end-user levels. For example, Research Program in September 2017. SERC exhibited at IAC as part of the 3 (RP3) collaborated with RP1 and RP4 on the characterisation Department of Industry, Innovation and Science exhibition of space objects to identify the catalogue objects which will be booth. The Congress is the world’s largest interdisciplinary suitable candidates for photon pressure experiments. meeting for space professionals, researchers, corporations, space agencies, government, students and the media. IAC2017 The SERC high-rate photometry detector, Lumini, was was attended by over 4500 delegates. developed by RP3 Researcher Daniel Kurcharski. This detector was used in space object characterisation for the remote Australian Space Agency (ASA) manoeuvre experiment. The SERC CEO sits on the Australian Space Agency’s Space Situational Awareness Technical Advisory Group (SSA TAG). The Lumini detector was tested on the NICT telescope in Japan The SSA TAG consists of industry experts and key thought and collaborations with Switzerland, Stromlo, Texas, Poland and leaders from the space community. It’s role is to assist in the Austria are underway. development of Road Maps across various space segments including sensors, space traffic and debris management, space Daniel is now based at the University of Texas in Austin as a weather, data aggregation and near earth object tracking. visiting research fellow. Daniel is working with UT to develop a global network of sensors to support debris characterisation Industry Advocacy / Leadership experiments. SERC CEOs participated in a number of Space Industry Advisory Groups and Committees to advocate and provide Research Collaboration with with the Korean Space Agency leadership for the Australian space sector including: (KASI) • SmartSat CRC Steering Committee Member Under the MoU with KASI, a visiting PhD candidate was • CSIRO Space Future Science Platform Chair hosted by SERC for a six month period in 2019. During his • Space Industry Association of Australia Chair time at SERC, the PhD candidate contributed to the SERC RP3 • Australian Space Agency SSA Technical Advisory Group research program including improving orbit determination and • Australian Space Agency International Space Investment propagation of near-Earth objects, detecting and resolving Initiative, Selection Panel Member space object manoeuvres (for the SERC on-sky experiment) and optical and laser ranging data fusion. Publications During the reporting period SERC research was published more Industry Placement than 503 times across formal and other publication categories Pilot Officer Harry Leonard from the Australian Defence Force including 118 refereed journal articles and 66 conference Academy undertook a six week summer industry placement presentations with SERC students as first authors. with SERC during January and February 2018. Harry made valuable contributions towards RP3 research goals during his Citations time with SERC. SERC recorded 1027 citations during the lifetime of the organisation. Of these documents, 15 have been cited at least Conjunction and Threat Warning (CATW) Capability Pilot 15 times to give an h-index of 15. Through publications and SERC researchers undertook a CATW system trial with Optus citations, SERC built brand awareness and a reputation for Satellite Systems. The aim of the trial was to determine delivering world class research and education, and for making the efficacy and accuracy of the system, and optimise the a significant contribution towards global space debris conjunction data messaging (CDM) component to fully satisfy management and mitigation. end-user requirements. The trials were also designed to demonstrate conjunction assessment capabilities to potential PhD Scholarships end-users. SERC has exceeded its education milestones. At 31 December 2020 17 PhD candidates had submitted their thesis. It is The conjunction assessments generated from the different data anticipated that the remaining three PhD Candidates funded by sources were generally in good agreement with each other SERC will submit their thesis in 2021 which will bring the final in terms of identified conjunctions, miss distances and times number of SERC supported PhD submissions to 20. of closest approach. A random sample of conjunctions was compared to CDMs generated for Optus by Space Track and PhD Candidate Highlights was found to be in good agreement. • SERC PhD candidate Joe O’Leary was a finalist in the CRC Association Early Career Researcher Awards. Joe Conference Attendance and Presentations was also invited to give a TED Talk entitled “Our looming SERC has received significant national and international inter-generational, space-based traffic jam”. This TED Talk exposure through participation in technical meetings and can be viewed via the following link: https://youtu.be/ delivery of more than 200 research papers at 85 national and vjxInet55x4. international conferences and symposia. The conferences • In addition, Joe was the runner up in the best student talk included the International Laser Ranging Workshop, (Maryland, at the Australian and New Zealand Industrial and Applied Riga, Latvia and Canberra), the Advanced Maui Optical and Mathematics (ANZIAM) Conference Space Surveillance Technologies Conference, (Maui, USA), • Joe O’Leary has also been awarded both the International the 5th European Workshop on Space Debris Modelling and Astronomical Union (IAU) PhD prize in Division A: Remediation (Paris, France - invited keynote), the International Fundamental Astronomy and the Michael Miller Medal Astronautical Congress (IAC) (Adelaide and Paris) and the 15th from the University of South Australia. Annual CubeSat Developers Workshop (San Luis Obispo, USA). • SERC PhD candidate Samantha Le May was Interviewed A full list of conference papers is available at Appendix 3.1. for expert comment on the threat of space debris to global

12 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 13 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 broadband constellations in media article ‘Tech giants Media SpaceX, Amazon and OneWeb want to launch thousands SERC gained significant media attention during the operational of satellites. How safe are they from space junk?’ published period including: in ABC Science, 17 April 2019. Sam is also the only • 19 television interviews including live interviews with Australian member of the IAA Permanent Committee on Merean Hond (Al Jazeera) and CNBC Universal and Space Debris (with membership since September 2017), interviews with SBS World News with Anton Enus, ABC and the IAF Committee on Space Security. News 24, Sunrise and The Project. • SERC PhD candidate Samuel Stennett was the runner up • Scimex (science news platform) online science briefing. at the University of Queensland (UQ) School of Mechanical • 29 radio interviews. and Mining Three Minute Thesis Competition and won the • 3 print media stories (The Canberra Times and Maui best Student Paper Award at 31st International Symposium Times). on Shock Waves. • 8 feature articles • PhD candidate Hansani Thanippuli was a grand finalist • 1 TED talk in the University of South Australia Three Minute Thesis • 145 print articles and web stories about SERC activities (Poster) Competition. • Joseph O’Leary delivered a TED Talk on his thesis topic in SERC Facebook page 2019. 750 stories were posted to the SERC Facebook page during • Samantha LeMay was invited to join the International the reporting period resulting in a reach of 16,000. Academy of Astronautics Permanent Committee on Space Debris and the IAF Committee on Space Security. She SERC Website is the only Australian member of the former prestigious SERC website traffic generated more than 100,000 views since committee. Samantha was also awarded a Fullbrite establishment. Scholarship in 2019. • Michael Copeland was awarded best paper at the 2019 AMOS Conference in Maui

Further student highlights are presented in section 1.1 of this report.

13 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 1.2. Key Contributors

Professor Craig Smith is the CEO and Dr Steve Gower is the Chief Executive technical director of EOS Space Systems Officer for SERC and also the research (EOSSS). He leads a multi-disciplinary program co-leader for RP1 and RP4. Dr team of science and engineering Gower received his PhD in plasma physics innovators developing lasers, beam and high power microwave engineering directors, precision timing systems, from the University of Wollongong. Prior sensors, and control systems for the laser to joining SERC he held various senior tracking products. Professor Smith has research management roles in universities, also held positions within EOS as CEO government laboratories and the private PROF CRAIG EOS Technologies (the US subsidiary of DR STEVE sector. Whilst at RMIT University, as Director SMITH EOS) and Head of R&D. Prior to joining GOWER of Research Collaborations and Partnerships RP1 PROGRAM EOS Professor Smith was a Senior CHIEF EXECUTIVE Steve was responsible for the establishment CO-LEADER Research Fellow at the Australian Defence OFFICER of major research partnerships with CRCs, RP4 PROGRAM Force Academy. There he developed RP1 PROGRAM ARC and NHMRC Centres of Excellence; CO-LEADER novel techniques for imaging-polarimetry CO-LEADER bringing together industry, academia and (FROM MAY 2019) and spectro-polarimetry at thermal Infra- RP4 PROGRAM government in collaborative research red wavelengths. These remote sensing CO-LEADER initiatives. Prior to RMIT, Dr Gower was techniques are able to provide materials (FROM MAY 2019) responsible for the establishment and characteristics from the thermal signature operation of all external facing partnerships EOSSS of an object. Professor Smith has lectured with the Australian Synchrotron as Head of in Physics and Electronics and Military External Relations. Steve’s research interests Ballistics and is an Adjunct Professor at SERC span surface analytical sciences and RMIT University. He obtained Bachelors industrial automation. and PhD degrees in Physics from the University of Melbourne.

Professor Yue Gao is the Principal Scientist and Dr François Rigaut obtained his PhD Head of Research & Development for EOSSS. from Paris Diderot University (Paris 7) Professor Gao is responsible for the research, in 1992 on the first Adaptive Optics development, design, and project management (AO) system for astronomy, COME-ON, of different type of solid state lasers and then developed in Europe and used Electro-Optic devices for scientific and military at the ESO La Silla observatory. Since applications. Prior to joining EOSSS, Professor then, Dr Rigaut has been involved Gao held a Postdoctoral Research position at the in the technological and theoretical Australian National University in the Laser and PROFESSOR developments and promotion of Adaptive PROFESSOR Optical Spectroscopy Group, Research School Optics at several institutes, the Canada of Chemistry where he worked on spectroscopic FRANCOIS France Hawaii Telescope, the European YUE GAO PRINCIPAL studies of transition metal ions in solid state RIGAUT Southern Observatory and the Gemini inorganic compounds and other crystalline ADAPTIVE OPTICS Observatory; and through various SCIENTIST & HEAD and amorphous materials. Professor Gao was instruments: PUEO, NAOS, Altair and OF RESEARCH & appointed as an Adjunct Professor to the ANU ANU lately the Gemini multi-conjugate AO DEVELOPMENT in 2011. Professor Gao received his Bachelor system, the first and only Laser Guide Star of Engineering degree in laser physics, and Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics system. EOSSS laser technologies from Tianjin University, China Dr Rigaut is the Adaptive Optics and his PhD in physics from the University of Principal Scientist at the ANU Research Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, concentrating on two main projects: the design of a Ground Layer AO system for Céline d’Orgeville joined the ANU RSAA the Subaru Japan national telescope, the Adaptive Optics (AO) group in 2012 to Laser Tomography AO system for the lead Laser Guide Star (LGS) activities at the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) and an Advanced Instrumentation and Technology AO prototype for conditioning of laser Centre (AITC), Mount Stromlo, Canberra. beams used in space debris tracking, Céline was appointed AO Group Manager nudging and de-orbiting. in July 2016 and is also the AITC Student Convenor. Prior to moving to Australia, Céline worked at the Gemini Observatory where she led the design, fabrication and PROFESSOR commissioning of the Gemini North LFG CELINE facility in Hawaii (1999-2006), and the D’ORGEVILLE Gemini South LGS facility in Chile (2007- ADAPTIVE 2011). The Gemini South AO system, GeMS, OPTICS is the only Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics facility in the world. The GeMS LGS facility is ANU also unique in creating not just one but five sodium LGS to prove the atmosphere and enable GeMS to restore the diffraction-limit of the Gemini South 8-metre telescope over a 2 arcminute field of view.

14 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 15 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Dr James Webb is an instrument scientist, Dr Yanjie Wang has over 20 years research where he applies a diverse range of and development experience in lasers, skills accumulated over more than 20 optics and nonlinear optics. His expertise years in numerous defence, academic, includes the design, prototyping and commercial and industrial R&D roles. manufacture of high power and high energy After a period with the RAAF and lasers, mode-locked and Q-switched lasers, graduation as an electronics engineer, he single frequency lasers, fiber lasers and founded and worked in a series of start- nonlinear frequency conversion devices. Dr ups developing high speed inkjet printers, Wang holds a PhD in laser physics from the DR JAMES smart card readers, image compression ANU. WEBB and cryptographic utilities. Following DR YANJIE GUIDE STAR further studies in explosives, adaptive WANG LASER SCIENCE and quantum optics he spent time as a researcher with UNSW, then in Hawaii SENIOR LASER as an electronics engineer at the United SCIENTIST EOSSS Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) and JCMT telescopes. Upon returning EOSSS to Australia, James resumed consulting in the areas of medical and security product development and defence communications while employed as an R&D engineer in the field of high accuracy positioning.

Amy Chan is the senior design engineer Dr Doris Grosse is an early career research for EOSSS, specialising in the Opto- scientist specialising in adaptive optics Mechanical area. Amy has more than 26 with the AITC at ANU Research School of years’ experience with EOSSS where she Astronomy and Astrophysics. Dr Grosse was designed the opto-mechanical structures awarded an engineering graduate degree for the development of various products with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering including night vision, laser ranging, and Information Technology of the Ruhr- solid-state laser and single-frequency University Bochum in Bochum, Germany. seed source technologies. Amy also On completion of her engineering degree, AMY CHAN designed opto-mechanical structures for DR DORIS Dr Grosse was appointed to the Photonics SENIOR DESIGN a variety of other laser products including GROSSE and Terahertz Technology research group ENGINEER - Picosecond pulse width laser oscillator, POSTDOCTORAL at the Ruhr-University Bochum, where she Picosecond regenerative feedback RESEARCH completed a PhD in the area of three- EOSSS amplifier, Nanosecond high-energy FELLOW dimensional imaging with digital and laser system, including pre-amplifier, photorefractive holography. Doris joined the power amplifier, Continuous Wave Adaptive Optics group at the ANU in 2016 (CW) high power (> 4000W) book piece ANU as a postdoctoral researcher to develop an laser and water-cooled frame (kW-class adaptive optics system as part of the SERC high-power continuous, pulse laser). collision risk mitigation system. Amy holds a bachelor of Engineering in Optical Instrument degree from Tianjin University, China and a Graduate diploma in Computing Science from the University of Canberra.

Dr Francis Bennet obtained a first class Jesse is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the honours degree at the Australian National Advanced Instrumentation Technology University (ANU) in Physics and was Centre (AITC) at ANU, working as an awarded a PhD from the ANU in 2011. adaptive optics control specialist on MAVIS. Dr Bennet’s current research interests Jesse’s Thesis topic was predictive control include adaptive optics, astrophotonics, schemes for AO systems with the aim to laser physics, and optical design. reduce servo-lag error, particularly in the Dr Bennet is developing AO technologies case of wind-dominated turbulence such as for SERC to support the remote LEO satellite tracking. Jesse has developed DR FRANCIS manoeuvre of space object(s) using JESSE CRANNY a predictive control scheme for the SERC BENNET ground-based lasers. POSTDOCTORAL adaptive optics system. Jesse obtained a INSTRUMENTATION RESEARCH Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Electrical at ENGINEER He is also undertaking research and FELLOW UoN in 2015. ADAPTIVE OPTICS developing AO to facilitate high performance laser communication. ANU ANU

15 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Dr Visa Korkiakoski obtained his PhD from David Brodrick joined the ANU RSAA’s the Helsinki University of Technology in Computer Section as a Senior Software 2008, after an internship in the European Engineer in March. David’s honours project Southern Observatory, on the topic of was with the Cooperative Research Centre optimizing the control adaptive optics for Satellite Systems at the Queensland systems. Since then, he has continued University of Technology, developing the line of work in international software for Australia’s FedSat satellite. research institutes such as the Institut David then joined CSIRO Astronomy and de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique Space Science where he was involved DR VISA de Grenoble, Leiden Observatory, DAVID in control system development for the KORKIAKOSKI Delft University of Technology and the BRODRICK Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), POSTDOCTORAL Netherlands Organisation for Applied SENIOR Parkes and Mopra radio observatories. RESEARCH Scientific Research. His work has involved SOFTWARE David later contributed to the architecture FELLOW the theoretical and numerical aspects of ENGINEER and implementation of the control system adaptive optics in various contexts, most for the Australian Square Kilometre Array ANU importantly modelling the performance Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope. Most of the high-contrast systems intended ANU recently, David was employed by the for the next generation extremely large European Spallation Source ERIC, a research telescopes and conceiving novel control consortium building the world’s most algorithms to deal with the challenges brilliant neutron research facility near Lund, the future systems will confront. Since Sweden, where he led the work package April 2016, Dr Korkiakoski has worked at to develop the controls for ESS’s suite of the ANU Research School of Astronomy fifteen neutron research instruments. and Astrophysics as a Research Fellow concentrating on the adaptive optics for space situational awareness: improving the tracking of space debris and pushing it with high-power lasers.

Dr Marcus Lingham completed a Michael is a postdoctoral fellow at the Bachelor of Science (Photonics) and a Advanced Instrumentation and Technology Bachelor of Science (Optronics & Lasers) Centre (AITC), Australian National University (Honours) at Swinburne University (ANU). Michael is working on applying of Technology in Melbourne. He adaptive optics techniques used for then completed his PhD in the field astronomy for space situational awareness. of ultracold quantum gases, also at Michael was a SERC PhD candidate for Swinburne University. He then spent 2 three and a half years. His PhD involved years manufacturing and developing designing and building an adaptive optics semiconductor lasers for a small system for satellite and debris imaging for DR MARCUS company called MOGLabs based in MICHAEL object characterisation and high precision LINGHAM Melbourne. He has since been working COPELAND tracking. Prior to commencing his PhD POSTDOCTORAL as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow POSTDOCTORAL Michael worked as a systems engineer at RESEARCH for SERC and the Australian National RESEARCH the AITC where he worked on the GMTIFS FELLOW University to assist the development of FELLOW instrument under development by the ANU the Adaptive Optics for Tracking and ANU for the Giant Magellan Telescope. Michael Pushing Space Debris project. obtained a Bachelor of Engineering (Hons)/ ANU Science from the ANU in 2015.

Associate Professor Tony Travouillon joined the ANU Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics (RSAA) AO group in 2018 to work on large telescope instrumentation and lead the Antarctic Astronomy group. Prior to joining the ANU, Tony worked for 14 years at the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) as a systems scientist, focusing in part on the development of high-risk components of ASSISTANT the telescope’s adaptive optics system PROF TONY such as its deformable mirrors and TRAVOUILLON environmental sensors. He carried out INSTRUMENTATION the site testing for the project, measuring SCIENTIST several atmospheric parameters key to the observatory performance and design drivers to the AO system. He obtained ANU his PhD from UNSW in 2005 studying the Antarctic Atmosphere and its suitability for astronomical observations.

16 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 17 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Dr Robert Norman is a Senior Research Dr Brett Carter received a BSc in Space Fellow and member of the Satellite Physics with First Class Honours from La Positioning for Atmosphere, Climate Trobe University before completing a and Environment (SPACE) Research PhD specialising in high frequency radar Centre, and the Satellite Positioning backscatter from plasma irregularities in and Navigation (SPAN) Laboratory at the high-latitude, auroral and sub-auroral Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology latitudes. Dr Carter’s main specialisation is (RMIT) University. Prior to joining RMIT, in ionospheric plasma instabilities, which is Dr Norman held research positions at important for many real-world applications. La Trobe University before moving on to DR BRETT DR ROBERT UK defence research agency QINETIC CARTER Recently Brett has turned towards NORMAN to work in the area of high frequency ATMOSPHERIC understanding the interactions between the RP2 PROGRAM beyond line of sight communications. MASS DENSITY charged particles and neutrals in the upper LEADER Robert then returned to Australia to atmosphere due to the important role they take up another research position at La RMIT UNIVERSITY play in understanding atmospheric drag on Trobe involving Telstra and Lockheed objects in low-Earth orbit. RMIT UNIVERSITY Martin subsidiary RLM, working on the Jindalee Over the Horizon radar project (JORN). Dr Norman’s current research interests are in laser signal propagation using geometrical optics and atmospheric density modelling using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation. In addition to leading the SERC research team at RMIT, Robert is primarily responsible for the atmospheric density modelling and ray tracing research streams.

Dr Ronald Maj joined the SPACE Research Dr Emma Kerr joined the RMIT Research Centre at RMIT in April 2019 after team in February 2018. Emma has a PhD completing his PhD degree in Space in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Physics at the University of Sydney. His and a Masters in Aero Mechanical PhD work was in investigating the use Engineering both from the University of of antenna-based instrumentation on Strathclyde. Emma’s research has been CubeSats as a means of quantifying the in orbit lifetime analysis. The aim of this Earth’s space environment - namely the research was to develop an accurate plasma parameters of the ionosphere general perturbation tool for orbit lifetime and its dust content. He is currently analysis including an analytical time- DR RONALD working on Research Program 2 helping DR EMMA KERR variant and non-spherically-symmetrical MAJ to assess the Atmospheric Mass Density POSTDOCTORAL atmospheric density model and an analytical POSTDOCTORAL (AMD) model and researching modelling RESEARCH solar activity model. Emma is continuing RESEARCH using data assimilation with physics- FELLOW her atmospheric mass density work within FELLOW based models such as the Thermosphere RP2. Emma presented at the SERC Research Ionosphere Electrodynamics General RMIT UNIVERSITY Colloquium on Atmospheric Mass Density – RMIT UNIVERSITY Circulation Model (TIE-GCM). Empirical Model.

Dr Yang Yang received his PhD from the Dr Julie Currie joined the RMIT SPACE School of Astronautics, Northwestern Research Centre in March 2017 following Polytechnical University, China. the completion of her PhD at the University of Newcastle. Julie’s PhD research was Dr Yang is leading the Orbit on the high latitude ionosphere using Determination Work Package for Research High Frequency radar data. Since joining Program 2 “Orbit Determination and RMIT her research has centred around Predicting Behaviours of Space Objects”. space weather with particular focus on the properties of equatorial plasma bubbles DR YANG YANG His current research interests include DR JULIE in the ionosphere and adverse impacts on POSTDOCTORAL space debris tracking, orbit determination CURRIE GPS applications. This research has been RESEARCH & prediction, nonlinear and non-Gaussian POSTDOCTORAL conducted in collaboration with the Bureau FELLOW estimation/filtering, and GNSS-based RESEARCH of Meteorology. Julie has since joined the LEO satellite orbit determination. FELLOW RMIT SERC research team to investigate RMIT UNIVERSITY the impact of physics-based modelling of RMIT UNIVERSITY the upper atmosphere and ionosphere on atmosphere mass density modelling and satellite drag.

17 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Dr James Bennett has over six years Dr Michael Lachut completed his PhD in experience in Astrodynamics and over Applied Mathematics at the University 10 years’ experience in industrial applied of Melbourne, applying numerical and mathematics. Dr Bennett was awarded analytical methods to solve differential a PhD in Applied Mathematics from equations.Dr Lachut has applied his RMIT University in 2008. Dr Bennett is a expertise to a broad range of fields, member of the International Laser Ranging most notably in the field of micro/nano- Service (ILRS) Governing Board and a mechanical sensing devices, and in the last DR JAMES member of the ILRS Western Pacific Laser two years in astrodynamics. He is currently Tracking Network (WPLTN). Dr Bennett is DR MICHAEL working on improving drag and solar BENNETT the SERC Research Program Leader for LACHUT radiation force models in orbit determination RP3 PROGRAM Research Program 3 and is responsible RESEARCH and propagation, object characterisation and LEADER for the delivery of the SERC Space Object FELLOW catalogue maintenance. Michael has played Catalogue and Conjunction Threat Warning ORBIT an instrumental role in the development of EOSSS Service. His research interests include orbit DETERMINATION the SERC Space Object Catalogue which determination and prediction, conjunction & PREDICTION will provide highly accurate ephemeris data assessments, applied mathematics, (object position/velocity) to facilitate sensor debris object characterisation, optical and EOSSS object acquisition, conjunction analysis laser tracking, and singular and regular services to satellite operators and ground- perturbation methods. based laser manoeuvres.

Dr Marek Möckel studied Computer Dr Sven Flegel studied Mechanical Science at Braunschweig University of Engineering at the Technische Universität in Technology while gaining his first hands- Braunschweig, Germany, prior to aerospace on experience within the Linux and open where he specialised in space studies. source software community. Before joining Sven’s thesis “Multi-Layer Insulation as SERC, Dr Möckel worked on space debris Contribution to Orbital Debris”, studied environment models and fast orbital the mechanisms behind how insulating foils propagation at the Institute of Space from spacecraft could separate to become Systems in Braunschweig. He credits his part of the debris environment and how DR MAREK work in developing video games in the DR SVEN their orbits could evolve over time. Sven MÖCKEL open source community to contributing to FLEGEL worked at the Institute of Space Systems RESEARCH the practical skills he now applies to space RESEARCH where he upgraded a suite of space debris FELLOW research. Marek was inspired to work for FELLOW cataloguing software for the European HIGH SERC as it afforded him an opportunity NON-LINEAR Space Agency (ESA). He subsequently PERFORMANCE to put his research to practical use whilst COVARIANCE worked as a Research Scientist at the Fraunhofer Institute for High Frequency COMPUTING working in a field that ensures the safe use PROPAGATION of one of the Earth’s natural resources. Physics and Radar Techniques, where he developed software for the simulation of SERC SERC radar measurements. Sven also performed an extensive analysis of the potential benefits of performing debris detection campaigns wherein objects with orbit Dr Daniel Kucharski studied mechatronics inclinations below 50° could be observed. at Warsaw University of Technology, with This led to the first debris detection a particular focus on the use of laser campaign of the Tracking and Imaging technology for nano-scale measurements Radar system in December 2015.He is of surface properties. Dr Kucharski went currently working on the prediction of space on to study a joint PhD program with object state uncertainties and collision the Polish and Austrian Academies of risk for the SERC Conjunction and Threat Science, specialising in Satellite Laser Warning System. Ranging (SLR) and spin determination of artificial satellites. Through his studies at DR DANIEL the SLR stations Borowiec (Poland),The KUCHARSKI Space Research Institute in Graz (Austria), RESEARCH Hitotsubashi University (Japan) and the FELLOW Korean Astronomy and Space Science SATELLITE SPIN Institute (South Korea), Daniel developed DYNAMICS new methods for attitude and spin determination of the laser tracked objects. UNIVERSITY His work at SERC is devoted to the spin analysis and object characterisation from OF TEXAS AT the light curve measurements. AUSTIN

18 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 19 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 James Allworth is currently undertaking Joseph O’Leary graduated from the a PhD through the University of Sydney, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland in collaboration with EOS Space in 2014 with a degree in mathematical Systems, where he is studying machine sciences. Joseph received the Hamilton learning applications to space object Award in Mathematics by Sir Roger characterisation.Through his research, Penrose in penultimate year of his James is working with SERC researchers undergraduate degree. Joseph was to develop algorithms to automatically awarded scholarships by the University extract and analyse light curves from optical of South Australia to study relativity in JAMES observations of space debris. JOSEPH O’LEARY space based satellite systems and a ALLWORTH GRADUATE supplementary scholarship with SERC James has also developed a high-fidelity RESEARCH to research orbit prediction models GRADUATE light curve simulator using blender for ASSISTANT using the theory of relativity. He RESEARCH the purposes of training machine learning submitted his PhD thesis in July 2019 ASSISTANT & algorithms to classify shapes and models EOSSS and is currently working as a Graduate EOSSS PHD from light curves with the future goal of Researcher for EOSSS. CANDIDATE applying this method to real data collected by EOSSS and SERC to classify space debris. Prior to the commencement of EOSSS his studies in 2018, James was employed at EOSSS where he undertook orbit determination and propagation research for SERC as well as working on an automated sensor scheduling algorithm.

Jeffrey Wardman graduated from the Australian National University with a Bachelor of Science (mathematics & chemistry) and is currently undertaking postgraduate studies in applied data analytics and research in galaxy redshift estimation. Jeffrey joined SERC in August 2018 after previously consulting as a data scientist. His research focuses on utilizing machine learning and computer vision JEFFREY methods to detect and track near-Earth WARDMAN objects and debris in all orbital regimes GRADUATE for varying frame rates in real-time. RESEARCH Jeffrey has incorporated his current work ASSISTANT into light curve estimation and object characterisation. SERC

19 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Dr Benjamin Sheard has a Bachelor Mr Matt Bold is a Principle Researcher of Engineering, a Bachelor of Science with the Lockheed Martin Space Systems and a PhD from the Australian National Company Advanced Technology University. After completing his PhD he Center in Palo Alto, California, USA. His worked at the Albert-Einstein-Institute undergraduate studies were in physics and in Hanover, Germany for three years mathematics at the University of Dayton as a post-doctoral scientist working on and graduate studies in high energy laser interferometry for space based particle physics at Arizona State University. gravitational wave detection and for Since 1996 Matt has been studying the DR BENJAMIN five years as a research scientist working MR MATTHEW propagation of high energy lasers through SHEARD on next generation geodesy missions, BOLD the atmosphere with particular interest in the RP4 PROGRAM including the Gravity Recovery And PRINCIPAL modelling of atmospheric optical turbulence LEADER Climate Experiment (GRACE) Follow- RESEARCHER and the performance modelling of adaptive (TO MAY 2019) On Laser Ranging Interferometer. optics systems. For the last ten years Matt Before joining EOS Space Systems. LOCKHEED has been involved in the space situational SERC Ben worked for two and half years MARTIN awareness research efforts at the UKIRT as a systems engineer on instrument Telescope in Hawaii and the Lockheed performance and analysis as well as Martin Space Object Tracking (SPOT) control systems engineering for satellite telescopes in Santa Cruz California. He is optical instruments at OHB System AG involved with the SERC Remote Manoeuver near Munich, Germany. He developed an research project assisting with system instrumented satellite payload to support engineering and performance modelling and testing of the adaptive optics corrected simulation. laser system being developed by SERC.

Mike Petkovic is the Test Facilities Mr Liam Smith is a Research Scientist Manager at the ANU Research School with the Lockheed Martin Space Systems of Astronomy and Astrophysics (RSAA) Company Advanced Technology Center where he is responsible for managing (ATC) in Palo Alto, California, USA. His astronomical hardware projects and the studies were in aerospace engineering at development of terrestrial and space California Polytechnic State University San instrumentation. Mike has a wealth of Luis Obispo where he was awarded an space hardware development experience undergraduate and graduate degree. and has held senior positions on the Since 2015 Liam has been studying the MR MIKE FedSat satellite mission and in the MR LIAM SMITH effects of high energy lasers on perturbing PETKOVIC development of focal plane arrays and RESEARCH orbital debris in Low Earth Orbit. AITC TEST optics for the advanced along track SCIENTIST Liam has been involved in the space FACILITIES scanning radiometer (AATSR) and along situational awareness research efforts at MANAGER track scanning radiometer 2 (ATSR2) LOCKHEED the UKIRT in Hawaii and the Lockheed instrument and the Endeavour Space MARTIN Martin SPOT telescopes in Santa Cruz ANU Telescope. He also led the mechanical California. Liam is also involved in trajectory assembly, integration and test (AIT) teams optimization and machine learning research on the Systeme Pour l’Observation de la at the ATC. Liam is also involved with the Terre 3 (SPOT3) and European Remote SERC Remote Manoeuvre research project Sensing Satellite (ERS2) spacecraft, assisting with system engineering and whilst on secondment in Europe, and performance modelling and simulation. worked on a number of defence projects whilst with Auspace and earlier with the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation. Mike was awarded an engineering degree from Deakin University in 1982.

20 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 1.3 Performance against activities

SERC research is organised around four interdependent research programs, including:

RP1: TRACKING, CHARACTERISATION & IDENTIFICATION OF SPACE OBJECTS Development of space debris-tracking hardware and adaptive optics-based solutions for reliable and accurate tracking of space objects

RP2: ORBIT DETERMINATION & PREDICTING BEHAVIOURS OF SPACE OBJECTS Developing tools to improve the accuracy and reliability of orbit predictions for low Earth orbit (LEO) objects

RP3: SPACE ASSET MANAGEMENT Creating algorithms, databases and techniques to improve conjunction prediction and prevent collisions in space

RP4: SPACE SEGMENT Apply knowledge gained and technologies developed to manoeuvre space objects using ground-based lasers

21 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 TRACKING, CHARACTERISATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SPACE OBJECTS

Program Co-Leaders: Professor Craig Smith & Dr Steve TRACKING, Gower

CHARACTERISATION This RP is developing innovative techniques of active and passive object tracking to provide sufficient accuracy for AND IDENTIIFICATION orbit propagation and conjunction prediction. OF SPACE OBJECTS The Active Track in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) research IN ORBIT program is investigating and developing non-terminator acquisition and tracking of debris objects. The research is also developing new techniques to detect and provide precision orbit determination for new (currently un- catalogued) objects.

6 PROJECTS

4 PARTICIPANTS

PROJECT PARTICIPANTS 35 RESEARCHERS

• Australian National University • EOS Space Systems • Lockheed Martin 5 STUDENTS • National Institute for Information and Communications Technology (Japan)

RESEARCH SNAPSHOT APRIL 2014 - 31 MARCH 2021 R1.1 Develop Passive and Active Track Sensors R1.2 Develop a Database for Historical Recall of Observations and Object Characterisation R1.3 Debris Characterisation by High Resolution Imagery R1.4 Development of Adaptive Optics R1.5 Develop Adaptive Optics Astrometry Capabilities R1.6 Develop High Power Lasers and Phased Laser Beam Combining

22 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 23 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Lumini Detector mounted on the SERC GEO tracker telescope

R1.1 Camera specifications (primary Nasmyth port): DEVELOP PASSIVE AND ACTIVE TRACK • Finger Lakes ProLine 4240 • Mid-band, back-illuminated scientific CCD SENSORS • 2048 x 2048 pixels, giving 0.61 arcseconds per pixel (1/2 degree FOV, without focal reducer) or 0.88 arcseconds per Project lead: EOS Space Systems pixel (1/3 degree Field of View, with focal reducer) Researchers: Mark Blundell, Craig Smith, Daniel Kucharski, • Thermoelectric cooling plus plumbed liquid cooling with James Bennett heat exchanger Participants: EOS Space Systems, SERC • Mechanical shutter • Remotely controllable filter wheel R1.1 has met its stated objectives of designing and developing • EOSSS precision timing system (referenced to GPS time) passive and active track sensors for objects in GEO. This includes technologies for telescopes, beam directors, Lumini High Rate Photodetector: detectors, lasers, timing systems, optical systems and • Optical sensor Hamamatsu PMT H11901 command & control software. • Spectral response 230-920 nm • Cathode peak sensitivity at 630 nm; luminous sensitivity The SERC GEO tracker telescope at Mt Stromlo is now in 500 µA/lm routine operation in support of the RP1 and RP3 programs. • Sampling rate 50-100 kHz The SERC GEO tracker telescope is collecting space object • GPS time server track data in support of CATW and on-sky experiments. A • Mounted with a 5x focal reducer high-speed photometry system (Lumini) has been integrated • Linux operating system into the telescopes and control systems across the EOSSS Space Situational Awareness (SSA) network to enable spin Photon Counting Detector: characterisation of space objects of interest. A photon • Optical sensor Hamamatsu Micro-PMT H12406 counting detector has also been developed and will be rolled • Spectral response 300-850 nm out across the network. This detector will replace the Lumini • Dark count rate 45 counts-per-second detector system due to its higher sensitivity and superior signal • Pulse-pair resolution 20 ns to noise ratio. • GPS time server • Linux operating system The specifications and capabilities of SERC GEO tracker telescope and detectors are provided below: EOSSS control system: • Fully automatic, unattended operations with automatic Telescope specifications: protection from weather, sun, power loss, etc • PlaneWave Instruments Corrected Dall-Kirkham (CDK) 700 • Remotely controllable via the Internet • 0.7m primary mirror • Able to integrate with other telescopes and sites in the • Dual Nasmyth ports EOSSS Space Surveillance Network • Steerable tertiary mirror for port selection • Tracking of satellites and debris (with integration with • Independent focusers and derotators for each Nasmyth SERC SOC), sidereal Right Ascension/Declination (RA/ port DEC), or deep space (RA/DEC track), plus weather • 15 degree/s maximum velocity (note: practically limited balloons in azimuth by dome maximum slew rate, which is 4 • Automatic mount pointing error correction via astrometry degrees/s) software

23 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 R1.2 Scintillation Detection and Ranging (SCIDAR) To maximise the performance of the adaptive optics imaging DEVELOP A DATABASE FOR HISTORICAL (AOI) system, a SCIDAR has been designed and built. The RECALL OF OBSERVATIONS AND OBJECT generalised SCIDAR is used to characterise the atmospheric CHARACTERISATION turbulence above Mount Stromlo. This information is then used to optimise the various AO systems developed by SERC Project lead: EOS Space Systems researchers. To overcome the design limitation of this first Researchers: David Kooymans, James Bennett, Alex Pollard, generation SCIDAR, the system is being redesigned using Michael Lachut optical ray-tracing software to decrease off-axis aberrations; Participants: EOS Space Systems, SERC increase the sensitivity of the system and increase the available field of view (FOV) from 5 arc seconds to 20 arc seconds.

The SERC SOC is fully operational. Tracks of over 1000 space Adaptive Optics Imaging (AOI) objects of relevance to SERC are routinely being collected by the The AOI system is designed to capture high-resolution SERC and EOSSS sensors and stored in the SERC SOC. diffraction-limited images of satellites and space debris. High- resolution images give a smaller space object centroid which The system is routinely running TLE orbit determinations (OD) allows for a more precise orbit determination of the object. Two and using the results to characterise an initial state of regular imaging modes are available via a flipper mirror. The flipper ODs. The results are also being used as an input to the post changes the effective FOV of the system from 75 arc seconds processing of optical observations to maintain consistency with (acquisition mode) to 24-30 arc seconds (high resolution imaging the observations. mode). To optimise the performance of the AOI system, the Coudé path of the 1.8 m telescope has been realigned and AOI Multiple upgrades to the SOC database architecture and system aligned to the Coudé path. On-sky imaging using natural hardware have been implemented to improve speed and ease of guide stars is underway and closed loop correction has been use. Some of the improvements include: demonstrated.

• Addition of a dashboard server. The dashboard server Specifications of the AOI system and detectors are provided permits the user to see the number of observations or below: tracks received. The dashboard server also permits the user to determine how effectively the observations are being AOI System: correlated and corrected. • Design considerations: designed for 2 arc second seeing, • Automation of the mount model correction allowing for altitude 600 km and above, compatible with natural guide continued tracking of the telescope mount stability. The star (NGS) and laser guide star (LGS) modes, 15 arc second correction is based on astrometric observations. FOV • SOC and server upgrades. These upgrades allow a greater • ALPAO Deformable Mirror (DM277) 277 actuator number of post processing and orbit determination nodes. deformable mirror The upgrades have improved throughput and robustness of • NUVU Hnu 512 electron-multiplied CCD (EMCCD) imaging the data in the SOC. camera • Improvements to the SOC user interface to provide a more • OCAM2k EMCCD camera seamless micro-services architecture. This update has • Microlens array wave front sensor (WFS) (16x16 array, 300um allowed browsers such as Chrome to use the interface. The pitch, 8mm focal length, 1.55 arc second/pix plate scale, upgrade has also allowed for smarter behaviour of the user total WFS field of view with 12x12 pixels per subaperture interface (UI) to detect when some applications are failing. 18.6 arc second) • Framework upgrades to speed up the SOC database. • 589 nm calibration laser source This has involved the creation of a connection pool that is managed internally allowing for a database transactions to Beam expander: be executed in milliseconds rather than seconds. This has • f/5.3 parabolic primary with 2 custom collimating lenses significantly sped up the SOC and its associated servers. • Elliptical secondary 50 x 35 mm In addition, the test suite now runs in half the time it had previously allowing for a faster release cycle. Filters: • 589+-10nm bandpass filter for LGS WFS R1.3 • 594+-12nm notch filter for broadband calibration source • Neutral Density filters for the calibration and alignment laser DEBRIS CHARACTERISATION BY HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGERY AO Supervisory Server: The AO supervisory server has been tested and operates Project lead: ANU within specifications. All critical performance metrics such Researchers: Francis Bennet, Michael Copeland, as calibrations, telemetry collection and system analysis are Visa Korkiakoski confirmed to be functioning within specifications. Participants: ANU

This output draws on SERC adaptive optics and sensor developments to obtain high resolution (diffraction limited images) of satellites and space debris. Having information about geometry, stability and surface condition allows much better estimation of orbit parameters in RP2 and RP3.

24 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 25 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 R1.4 the artificial star created by the GSL is collected by the 1.8 m DEVELOPMENT OF ADAPTIVE OPTICS telescope. Specifications of the LLT are provided below: Project lead: Australian National University Researchers: Doris Grosse, Marcus Lingham, Celine d’Orgeville, • Primary mirror: 360 mm diameter with clear aperture of 340 Matthew Bold, Yue Gao, Mark Blundell, Andrew Gray mm, 500 mm focal length, laser damage threshold 1 W per Participants: Australian National University, EOS Space Systems, square centimetre Lockheed Martin • Secondary mirror: 23 mm diameter with clear aperture of 22 mm, 25 mm focal length, laser damage threshold 500 W per This research program has developed world leading AO square centimetre capabilities that allow high intensity laser beams to be propagated through the atmosphere and is an enabling Guide Star Laser (GSL) technology to support the remote manoeuvre experiment. The GSL design is based on the sum frequency generation The Adaptive Optics Tracking and Pushing system (AOTP) of 1342 nm and 1050 nm wavelength lasers. The GSL output components have been fabricated and testing and integration is frequency locked to the sodium D2 line (589.6 nm) using are underway. a sodium cell. The laser optics have been mounted on three carbon fibre breadboards and placed into their final Laser Launch Telescope (LLT) configuration in the laser thermal enclosure mounted on the The LLT has been designed, constructed, aligned and has been telescope. The control electronics for the GSL have been installed on the 1.8 m telescope at Mount Stromlo. The LLT is manufactured and are undergoing testing. Installation and piggy-back mounted to the main telescope and its function commissioning on the 1.8 m telescope took place in the fourth is to project, or launch, the GSL beam into space. Light from quarter of 2019.

Left top: Off-axis beam expander surface configuration

Left bottom: Spectral properties of the DM coating

Top right: AOI imaging flipper mirror CAD model

25 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Left: Test fit of the GSL enclosure on the 1.8m telescope

Top: Remote manoeuvre diagram

Deformable Mirror (DM) that higher accuracy astrometric solutions can be made to The AOTP system uses a 177 actuator Xinetics deformable mirror determine the absolute position on the sky of the GEO target. with integrated tip-tilt stage to correct for atmospheric distortion This required development of high performance AO systems, and allow propagation of the high power laser during the photon sensors, calibration systems and algorithm development. pressure manoeuvre experiments. R1.5 is closely linked to developments undertaken in R1 .3 as Prior to application of the high power coating to the DM they use the same AO hardware. R1.5 is using the GEO Global surface, test coatings are being done on sample substrates to Astronomic Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA) catalogue, a ascertain whether the coating has the necessary reflectivity (R) 3D catalogue of stars, as a natural guide star references. at the requisite wavelengths, and to measure the laser damage threshold. SERC researchers have developed cold coating The method, concept, and expected performance of the GEO techniques which will allow the DM surface to be coated GAIA method has been developed. End to end modelling and whilst still attached to the actuators. The final coating is a pure simulation of the AO system, uplink and target engagement dielectric coating and contains more than 29 layers. performance has been completed.

The spectral properties of the coating are: Lockheed Martin (LM) has provided additional data tables to other Participants. AO models have been upgraded to account • Average R = 99.98% @ 1045 – 1100 nm for thermal blooming. • R = 99.46% @ 589 nm • Average R = 75.20% @ 450 – 570 nm R1.6 • Average R = 80.27% @ 610 – 750 nm • Average R = 81.33% @ 750 – 850 nm DEVELOP HIGH POWER LASERS AND • Total thickness – 3.99 µm PHASED LASER BEAM COMBINING

Beam Expanders (BX) Project lead: EOS Space Systems Integral to the AOTP system is an off-axis beam expander. The Researchers: Yue Gao, Yanjie Wang, Amy Chan, Matthew Bold, BX consists of a primary and secondary mirror and its function James Mason, Greg Madsen is to increase the diameter of the high power laser output beam Participants: EOS Space Systems, Lockheed Martin from less than 10 mm to more than 250 mm. This research program has developed high power laser technologies and techniques to combine and phase multiple R1.5 lasers for increased power, beam shaping and beam control for DEVELOP ADAPTIVE OPTICS ASTROMETRY use in the on-sky experiments. CAPABILITIES SERC High Power Laser (HPL) The SERC HPL is comprised of four IPG Photonics YAM-2000- Project lead: Australian National University SM fibre 2 kW amplifier modules, corresponding seed amplifiers Researchers: Francis Bennet, Celine d’Orgeville, Michael and associated beam combination optical components. The Copeland, Liam Smith individual 2 kW beams are combined spectrally using hybrid Participants: Australian National University, Lockheed Martin sandwiched volume Bragg gratings (VBG). SERC researchers have set a world record 2-beam combination efficiency of 98.7%, This program is set out to develop an AO system that can reduce and 3-beam of 97.5%, with a seed oscillator spectral linewidth the point spread function of stars and targets (diffraction limit) so

26 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 27 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Top: Adaptive Optics image modelling

Top right: Guide Star Laser in the lab

Bottom right: GSL from Mount Stromlo

of 0.05 nm without the need for forced air or helium cooling threshold. SERC researchers have developed cold coating of the VBGs. A seed oscillator linewidth of 0.1 nm would only techniques which will allow the DM surface to be coated provide a spectral combination efficiency of 85%. This increased whilst still attached to the actuators. The final coating is a pure efficiency translates into a 10% increase in the final laser output dielectric coating and contains more than 29 layers. power. The spectral properties of the coating are: The HPL optical table layout and incorporation of the LM 10 kW fibre laser has been completed. • Average R = 99.98% @ 1045 – 1100 nm • R = 99.46% @ 589 nm Lockheed Martin 10 kW laser • Average R = 75.20% @ 450 – 570 nm SERC Participant Lockheed Martin has provided their IPG YLS- • Average R = 80.27% @ 610 – 750 nm 10000 ytterbium fibre laser system to SERC as a part of their in- • Average R = 81.33% @ 750 – 850 nm kind contribution. This laser will provide 10 kW of fibre-fed laser • Total thickness – 3.99 µm power for spatial combination with SERC’s HPL. Following a range of coating problems and COVID related The chiller for the 10kW laser has been installed on the new delays, a final coating to the DM surface is scheduled to take platform and electrical upgrades completed at the 1.8m place in 2021. telescope cleanroom. The laser itself was relocated to the telescope laser lab from the AITC along with some other Beam Expanders (BX) equipment (guide star laser) in October 2019. Integral to the AOTP system is an off-axis beam expander. The BX consists of a primary and secondary mirror and its function The output collimator for the LMC 10 kW fibre laser has been is to increase the diameter of the high power laser output beam designed and built. VBGs and sandwich windows are used to from less than 10 mm to more than 250 mm. combine the LMC 10 kW output beam with the SERC HPL output beam. The additional windows have been procured and coated with anti- reflective coating. The spectral linewidth of the LM laser will necessitate spatial combining with the SERC HPL.

Laser – Telescope Control System Integration Work on integrating the operating software for the high power lasers into the telescope control system has been completed.

Deformable Mirror (DM) The AOTP system uses a 177 actuator Xinetics deformable mirror with integrated tip-tilt stage to correct for atmospheric distortion and allow propagation of the high power laser during the photon pressure manoeuvre experiments.

Prior to application of the high power coating to the DM surface, test coatings are being done on sample substrates to ascertain whether the coating has the necessary reflectivity (R) at the requisite wavelengths, and to measure the laser damage

27 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 ORBIT DETERMINATION AND PREDICTING BEHAVIOURS OF SPACE OBJECTS

ORBIT Program Leader: Dr Robert Norman

DETERMINATION To predict future collisions between space objects, orbital predictions need to account for AND PREDICTING the variable space environment, e.g. the Earth’s gravity field, atmospheric drag, solar magnetic BEHAVIOURS OF disturbances and other perturbing forces.

SPACE OBJECTS The primary objective of RP2 is to develop advanced high precision orbit propagators and atmospheric mass density models to enable better modelling of the complex space environment.

2 PROJECTS

2 PARTICIPANTS

15 RESEARCHERS PROJECT PARTICIPANTS • RMIT University • National Institute of Information and 8 STUDENTS Communications Technology (Japan)

RESEARCH SNAPSHOT APRIL 2014 - 31 MARCH 2021

R2.1 Develop Intelligent Systems for Real-Time Precision Orbit Determination (POD) for ‘Controlled’ Satellites R2.2 Development of Reliable Orbit Determination (ROD) Algorithms and Software

28 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 29 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Ray Tracing based on Geometrical optics The 3-D ray tracing software is designed to simulate the laser signal traversing the atmosphere to the target location. This new ray tracing technique simulates a flux tube having the characteristics and dimensions of the laser beam. The signal strength and cross section shape of the laser signal at the target (satellite/debris) can be determined. A new homing-algorithm was developed which accurately predicts the simulated laser signal direction to hit the desired target location. R2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF RELIABLE ORBIT DETERMINATION (ROD) ALGORITHMS AND SOFTWARE.

Project lead: RMIT University Researchers: Yang Yang, Tetsuharu Fuse Participants: RMIT University, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (Japan)

This program has developed an advanced ROD platform for R2.1 ‘uncontrolled’ space objects and a new semi-analytic orbit DEVELOP INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS propagator for fast and accurate orbit information for RP3. FOR REAL-TIME PRECISION ORBIT Reliable Orbit Determination (ROD) DETERMINATION FOR ‘CONTROLLED’ The ROD software platform comprises versatile orbit SATELLITES determination algorithms that employ data from a variety of different sources; e.g. satellite laser ranging (SLR) and angular observation processing. The ROD software was tested and Project lead: RMIT University validated using Mt Stromlo datasets as well as RMIT’s Optical Researchers: Robert Norman, Emma Kerr, Brett Carter, Julie Observatory (ROO) telescope datasets. Currie, Ronald Maj, Toshihiro Kubo-oka Participants: RMIT University, National Institute of Information The ROD software contains the following Batch Least Squares and Communications Technology (Japan) (BLS) filter when dealing with sparse observational data as well as following sequential filters: A new advanced real-time POD software platform that incorporates attitude modelling of ‘controlled’ satellites orbiting • Unscented Karlman Filter (UKF) at a range of altitudes has been developed as well as new • Augmented Unscented Karlman Filter (AUKF) atmospheric mass density and drag models. The improved • Gaussian Mixture Unscented Karlman Filter (GMUKF) estimation of orbit parameters allows for improved collision assessments for RP3. The ROD software estimates the latency of the telescope error for calibration of time stamps attached to optical observations Precise Orbit Determination (POD) for GEO and LEO objects. The newly developed GNSS POD software platform has the capability to process GPS two-frequency (L1/ L2) pseudo-range Semi-analytic Satellite Theory (SST) and carrier phase measurements for precise orbit determination This new innovative SST uses the Heterogeneous Multi-scale of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. The software provides Method (HMM) to deal with the problem of having multiple accurate (>10cm) ephemeris data for LEO satellites having scales. The introduction of the HMM introduces a kernel GNSS receivers on-board. This software is also being used to function that approximates the small variations in the finite time validate the new and improved atmospheric mass density and scale leading to more accurate outcomes in the integration drag model in terms of orbit prediction. step of the longer timescales. The new technique is suited for short and longer arc computations. The performance of this Atmospheric Mass Density (AMD) new technique has been compared against the performance of The new AMD model includes models for both the neutral current orbit propagators and has consistently been found to be and ion densities in the low earth orbit atmosphere. The ion computationally quicker and more accurate. (predominately O+) density and complex dynamics have been included in the model and drag equation. Above altitudes of 500 km the ion contribution to the overall atmospheric mass density becomes significant and at heights of 1000 km can be as much as 30% of the total mass density.

Top: Percentage of ion mass density with low solar activity

Right: Angles-only orbit determination

29 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 RESEARCH THREEPROGRAM

SPACE ASSET MANAGEMENT Systems that allow Program Leader: Dr James Bennett This RP is developing techniques, algorithms multi-national and databases to predict and avoid potential collisions. This will provide a transparent and contributions rational means to make decisions about asset management and how best to optimise assets to space object and preserve the space environment. catalogues A major focus is the development of systems that allow multi-national contributions to space and a global object catalogues and a global distribution of distribution of asset asset management. management

2 PROJECTS

PROJECT PARTICIPANTS 3 PARTICIPANTS

• SERC • EOS Space Systems 10 RESEARCHERS • Optus Satellite Systems

NON-PARTICIPANT 4 STUDENTS COLLABORATIONS

• University of Texas • Graz Observatory, Austria • Zimmerwald Observatory, Switzerland

RESEARCH SNAPSHOT APRIL 2014 - 31 MARCH 2021

R3.1 Develop a special Satellite Object Catalogue R3.2 Develop Conjunctions Analysis and Threat Warning (CATW)

30 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 31 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 R3.1 • Methods for corrected object magnitude generated from RESEARCH DEVELOP A SPECIAL SPACE OBJECT light curves. CATALOGUE (SOC) • Improved object identification that is independent of flat and dark frame collection. PROGRAM Project lead: SERC • Improved multi-object tracking with astrometric and Researchers: James Bennett, Daniel Kucharski, Michael Lachut, photometric correction enabled for all detected objects in Marek Möckel, Sven Flegel, Alex Pollard, David Kooymans, the image. James Allworth • Includes streaking Resident Space Objects (RSO). Participants: SERC, Optus Satellite Systems, EOS Space • Magnitudes down to 17.8 have been identified in GEO. THREE Systems This is an ongoing area to detect and identify faint objects. RSOs in all orbital regimes are able to be tracked in burst- Non Participants: Graz Observatory, Zimmerwald Observatory • mode with the SERC GEO tracker telescope Zyla camera which gives fast frame imagery for object characterisation. The core function of this RP is to develop a SOC database Improved astrometric correction (within pipeline, rather containing space objects of interest. • than during the post-processing stage). Significantly more stars are mapped per track (order of 1-3 Optus space object ephemeris data, range data and manoeuvre • magnitudes) more than existing methods. data is automatically retrieved and stored in the SOC. The Increased astrometric correction robustness for larger ephemeris data is used in the conjunction assessment process • mount model errors. allowing SERC to provide conjunction assessments which Astrometric correction has been verified using Consolidated include Optus’ satellite manoeuvre plans. Currently Optus use • Prediction Formats (CPF) for calibration objects. data provided by CSpOC, however, testing of the SERC system A visualisation tool has been developed to demonstrate the is underway. • object tracking in the post-processing stage. EOSSS tracking data is automatically stored in the SOC. When The pipeline has been tested and refined by: sufficient data has been stored, automatic ephemeris generation is triggered which performs an orbit determination using Parallelising the image processing pipeline to increase the numerical integration of a complete force model. A complete • processing speed. force model provides the best accuracy. This produces a state Investigating the detection limitations and determine the and covariance for use in scheduling, conjunction assessments • uncertainty in the characterisation of faint objects. (or refinements) and conjunction probability estimation. The Comparing the astrometric correction capabilities which states and covariances are also used to estimate the time when • are now in use with the correction performed at the the orbital state error becomes non-Gaussian (ie: not a normal observation post-processing stage. distribution). The connection between the database and the CATW system has been made so the state and covariance can be sent automatically for conjunction assessment. R3.2 DEVELOP CONJUNCTION ANALYSIS AND The conjunction information is then returned to the database for storage and viewing. The conjunction information is THREAT WARNING (CATW) CAPABILITY autonomously provided to Optus by automatic email transfer. Project lead: SERC The catalogue pushes the object states and covariances to Researchers: James Bennett, Marek Möckel, Sven Flegel, the conjunction assessment system for automated conjunction Daniel Kucharski, Michael Lachut, Jeffrey Wardman, Andrew analysis. The resulting conjunction data message is returned to Edwards the database and an interface has been set up to monitor the Participants: SERC, Optus Satellite Systems, EOS Space conjunctions. Systems

Innovative research and technologies have resulted from the SERC has developed a conjunction analysis system for all object characterisation work that demonstrate the application of objects (all-on-all conjunction analysis) in the SOC which can complex methods of science, hardware and software: provide actionable conjunction alerts to subscribers. The SERC conjunction system also distributes priority tasking to sensors in • Photon pressure force on space debris TOPEX/Poseidon the SOC network to provide increased tracking and updating for (T/P) measured by satellite SLR and photometry. The potential collisions which are considered serious. combined photometric and SLR data collected over the 11-year time span indicate that T/P is continuously gaining rotational energy since being decommissioned in January 2006. The physical analysis of the satellite’s rotational dynamics makes it possible to determine the amount of the solar photon pressure force that is exerted on the object and perturbs its orbital motion. The results of this research have been published in the American Geographical Union Earth and Space Science, 2017: http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/2017EA000329 • Development of the High-rate photon counter: extremely low noise of 45 dark counts-per-second, max count rate of 50 million counts-per-second, data storing rate: 50,000 count rate samples per second. • Voltus – post-processing software for charged-coupled device (CCD) imagery analysis, light curve extraction and spin determination.

The following techniques using machine learning have been developed to improve the correlation of tracked objects, designed for reliable object identification or use in the laser manoeuvre campaign: Conjunction Data Message visualisation

31 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 An Information-Gain based scheduler, which distributes the to SERC and not provided by CSpOC for the TLEs or Special tasking of sensors by maximising the information gain, has been Perturbations (SP). developed and optimised in C++ to allow for a larger network of sensors. The software has been tested and the scheduler used in The CATW system has been set up as a server so multiple the lead up to the on-sky experiments. conjunction assessments tasks can be queued for execution. A client front-end interface has also been developed to allow the The conjunction assessment system has been validated in test user to run and view the conjunction assessments. scenarios running on SERC’s own catalogued objects as well as on special perturbations, and ephemeris data provided by Several historical close approach scenarios have been used to Optus. Results have been validated and are in agreement with validate the results of the SERC CATW system. One example of CSpOC conjunction threat warnings. this is the close approach between Optus 10 and a Block DM-SL rocket body on 26th November 2018. Currently the conjunction system allows for: This is a particularly interesting case due to the highly eccentric • Whole catalogue all-on-all TLE conjunction assessments orbit of the piece of space debris. • TLE vs TLE • Multi-TLE versus multi-TLE The SERC CATW collision prediction and the JSpOC (JSpOC has • Multi-SP versus Multi-SP, eg CSpOC been renamed CSpOC) results are provided in the figure below. • SERC SP state vector versus SERC SP state vector • SERC SP versus operator ephemeris The SERC SP vs Optus ephemeris results compare well with • Combinations of the above, eg CSpOC SP vs SERC SP the JSpOC results in this historical close approach and is part of the validation process of the SERC SP vs Optus ephemeris The CATW system can fuse data from the EOSSS sensor network generation and conjunction assessment method. to improve collision predictions. State error information is generated during the SERC ephemeris generation allowing the CATW trials undertaken at Optus demonstrated the SERC CATW probability of conjunction, and the time until the error becomes System produces actionable results to satellite operators. non-Gaussian, to be calculated. This information is unique

Clockwise from top: Optus Visit 7 June 2019, SCRAP graphical user interface, CATW validation results, EMU visualisation.

SCRAP graphical user interface CATW validation results.

32 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 33 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 SPACE SEGMENT

Program Leader: Dr Benjamin Sheard (to 10 May 2019) Program Co-Leaders: Professor Craig Smith and Dr Steve Gower (from 11 May 2019)

The aim of RP4 was to apply knowledge gained and technologies developed in RPs 1-3 to manoeuvre space objects using ground-based lasers.

Preservation RP4 focused on opportunities to include secondary payloads on third party cubesats to measure laser of the Space irradiance on-orbit. Hosted payloads are a cost- effective risk mitigation strategy which will negate the necessity for Environment SERC to launch dedicated satellites.

System engineering, payload development, bus and payload integration was completed for two hosted payloads. The first payload was integrated into the RAAF Mission 1 (M1) satellite which was subsequently launched in December 2018. The second payload has been integrated into the In-Space Missions Limited (UK) Faraday-1 cubesat and was launched by RocketLab in July 2020.

5 PROJECTS

PROJECT PARTICIPANTS • ANU 3 PARTICIPANTS • EOS Space Systems • Lockheed Martin

9 RESEARCHERS NON-PARTICIPANT COLLABORATIONS • UNSW Canberra • In-Space Missions Limited 4 STUDENTS • The Solution Centre

RESEARCH SNAPSHOT APRIL 2014 - 31 MARCH 2021

R4.1 System Engineering R4.2 Payload Development R4.3 Demonstration of Remote Manoeuvre of Space Debris and Photon Pressure R4.4 Bus and Payload Integration R4.5 Launch and Operations

33 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Top: SERC payload undergoing vibrational testing

Left: Falcon 9 launch carrying M1 satellite with SERC payload

R4.1 One of the limitations of the M1 payload was that it relied on SYSTEM ENGINEERING the RAAF M1 OBC for operation; limiting its usability to only the M1 satellite. To remove this constraint, SERC developed a Project lead: SERC payload with its own OBC for the Faraday-1 payload. Researchers: Benjamin Sheard, Liam Smith, Mike Petkovic, Andrew Bish The Faraday-1 payload, consisting of the SERC Payload Participants: SERC, Lockheed Martin Interface Board (SPIB) with integrated payload computer, IMU Non Participants: UNSW Canberra, The Solution Centre and temperature sensors, as well as the Sensor and Beacon Assembly (SBA) successfully passed vibration and environmental The system engineering work for the M1 payload resulted in testing. A block diagram of the payload is given in the figure on the development of a prototype sensor and beacon assembly the following page. which successfully passed vibration testing. Improvements to the design were identified and implemented, and the project moved towards the manufacture, assembly, integration and test R4.3 phase for the flight payload. DEMONSTRATION OF REMOTE The system engineering for the Faraday-1 payload has MANOEUVRE OF SPACE DEBRIS AND resulted in a stand-alone payload computer to interface with PHOTON PRESSURE the Faraday-1 satellite on-board computer, and a sensor and beacon assembly. The payload consists of beacon assembly to Project lead: SERC enable tracking and assessment of the adaptive optics system; Researchers: Benjamin Sheard, Matthew Bold, Craig Smith, Yue and a pair of photodiodes to measure laser irradiance on-orbit. Gao, James Mason, Hiroo Kunimori Participants: SERC, EOS Space Systems, Lockheed Martin, National Institute for Information and Communications R4.2 Technology (Japan) PAYLOAD DEVELOPMENT This program combines the outputs of active tracking, orbit Project lead: SERC computation and beam propagation through the atmosphere to make small but measureable changes to the orbit of a Researchers: Benjamin Sheard, Mike Petkovic, Andrew Bish, space object. The aim of the program was the demonstration Participants: SERC of a practical active collision avoidance system using photon Non Participants: UNSW Canberra, The Solution Centre pressure.

The M1 payload, consisting of a main PC-104 card with SERC has developed a high-rate single photon counting analogue to digital converter (ADCs) and inertial measurement detector for characterisation of debris objects to facilitate unit (IMU) successfully passed vibration and environmental manoeuvre detection. This detector is a follow-on development testing with no critical issues identified. Flight payload software to overcome some of the limitations of the Lumini detector to interface the SERC payload to the M1 on-board computer system. The photon counting detector system is being (OBC) was finalised in preparation for launch. replicated for location across a telescope network extending from Europe, Asia, North America and Australia. The flight sensor and beacon assemblies were completed with spectral calibration of the photodiodes undertaken at the The UNSW team failed to make contact with the M1 cubesat National Measurement Institute in Sydney in preparation for the after launch. Despite repeated attempts to communicate with planned M1 solar calibration experiments.

34 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 35 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 the cubesat, the cubesat remained unresponsive and the mission Similarly, the SERC payload was integrated into the Faraday-1 was terminated. Unfortunately, the RocketLab launch with the cubesat and successfully passed vibration and environmental Faraday-1 mission failed to reach orbit. This was the first failure testing with no critical issues identified as previously mentioned. for RocketLab after 12 successful launches. Photodetector and beacon assemblies also passed acceptance testing. SERC held discussions with NICT regarding the use of the optical communication satellite, RISESAT, as a backup should Faraday-1 also fail. Though not designed specifically for photon R4.5 manoeuvre, AO and laser system calibration, RISESAT does LAUNCH AND OPERATIONS have a detector with sufficient quantum efficiency at the laser wavelength. Project lead: SERC Researchers: Benjamin Sheard, Mike Petkovic, Andrew Bish On-sky experiments with RISESAT began in Q4 2020. Given the Participants: SERC lack of an on-board beacon to assist with tracking, illumination Non Participants: UNSW Canberra, The Solution Centre was timed to coincide with terminator mode. However, equipment issues prevented tracking of LEO objects, including The M1 satellite with the SERC hosted payload was launched on RISESAT. Further attempts are planned post-SERC when the 3 December 2018 by SpaceX as a part of a dedicated rideshare satellite is visible. mission, SSO-A SmallSat Express. Operations did not commence as the satellite failed on-orbit. R4.4 SERC has been recognised as a Scientific/educational BUS AND PAYLOAD INTEGRATION organisation for the purpose of the Act for an Overseas Launch Certificate. SERC was granted the overseas launch certificate Project lead: SERC necessary for the launch of the Faraday-1 mission. Researchers: Benjamin Sheard, Mike Petkovic, Andrew Bish Participants: SERC Faraday-1 was integrated by InSpace Missions Limited from Non Participants: UNSW Canberra, The Solution Centre the UK for a planned launch by RocketLab from New Zealand. The launch for this mission took place in July 2020 however After integration of the SERC payload into the M1 CubeSat the rocket failed to reach orbit. Calibration experiments for the the payload was tested for its spatial response and successfully AO and laser system were planned to commence after the post passed a thermal vacuum (TVAC) test campaign. The spacecraft launch spacecraft checkout had been completed. with the SERC payload underwent a successful acceptance vibration test and operation of the photodetectors and light emitting diodes (LEDs) were confirmed.

Top left: Smallsat Express Mission Patch

Top right: SERC Payload Beacon Assembly in vibration mount

Bottom left: Block diagram of the SERC Payload

35 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 1.4 Activities status

The status of all milestones and outputs at the conclusion of the protracted wind-up period are provided in the following table:

Outputs / milestones Status at the end of the wind-up period (completed / terminated / transferred)

R1.1 Develop Passive and Active Track Sensors

R1.1.1 Analysis completed and specifications determined for new Completed hardware/software developments. R1.1.2 Design for new hardware/software developments Completed completed. R1.1.3 Manufacture of prototype hardware/software components Completed commenced. R1.1.4 Manufacture of prototype hardware/software components Completed completed. R1.1.5 Testing and evaluation of prototype hardware/software Completed components completed. R1.2 Develop a Database for Historical Recall of Observations and Object Characterisation R1.2.1 Completion of the design, development standard and Completed archive format to acquire data. R1.2.2 Implementation of archive system for data storage and Completed retrieval commenced. R1.2.3 Implementation of archive system for data storage and Completed retrieval completed. R1.2.4 Commence acquiring track data to support research Completed programs 2, 3 and 4 in entering data into new database. R1.2.5 Complete acquiring track data to support research Completed programs 2, 3 and 4 in entering data into new database.

R1.3 Debris Characterisation by High Resolution Imagery R1.3.1 Analysis completed and specifications developed for new Completed hardware/software developments. R1.3.2 Design for new hardware/software developments Completed completed. R1.3.3 Manufacture of prototype hardware/software components Completed completed. R1.3.4 Testing and evaluation of prototype hardware/software Completed components completed. R1.3.5 Designs refined and Technology Readiness Level improved Completed (TRL) for commercialisation. R1.4 Development of Adaptive Optics R1.4.1 Wave front sensor (WFS) and deformable mirror (DM) Completed analysis completed and specifications developed for new hardware/software. R1.4.2 Sodium (Na) Guide star laser analysis completed and Completed specifications developed for new hardware/software. R1.4.3 Real Time Control analysis completed and specifications Completed developed for new hardware/software. R1.4.4 WFS and DM design completed for new hardware/software Completed developments. R1.4.5 Guide star design completed for new hardware/software Completed developments. R1.4.6 Real time control design completed for new hardware/ Completed software developments. R1.4.7 Manufacture prototype hardware/software components Completed procurement - AO System components in manufacture.

36 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 37 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Outputs / milestones Status at the end of the wind-up period (completed / terminated / transferred) R1.4.8 Manufacture prototype hardware/software components Completed procurement Guide Star Laser components in manufacture. R1.4.9 Manufacture prototype hardware/software components Completed procurement Real Time Control components in manufacture. R1.4.10 Assembly and test of prototype hardware/software Completed components assembled and testing started. R1.4.11 Prototype hardware/software components assembled and Completed tested. R1.4.12 System performance evaluated: Demonstration of a Not Completed practical active collision avoidance system using photon pressure undertaken. R1.4.13 Report on capabilities prepared and submitted for Completed publication if approved for public distribution. R1.5 Develop Adaptive Optics Astrometry Capabilities R1.5.1 Analysis completed and specifications finalised for new Completed hardware/software developments. R1.5.2 Design for new hardware/software developments Completed completed. R1.6 Development of High-Power Lasers and Phased Laser Beam Combining R1.6.1 10kW continuous wave (CW) laser analysis completed and Completed specifications developed. R1.6.2 10kW pulsed laser analysis completed and specifications Completed developed. R1.6.3 Beam Forming and Phasing analysis completed and Completed specifications developed. R1.6.4 10kW CW laser design completed for new hardware/ Completed software developments. R1.6.5 10kW pulsed concept design completed for new hardware/ Terminated* software developments. R1.6.6 Beam Forming and Phasing systems design completed for Completed new hardware/software developments. R1.6.7 10kW CW laser manufactured or procured. Completed R1.6.8 10kW pulsed laser preliminary design completed. Terminated R1.6.9 Design Beam Phasing prototype. Completed R1.6.10 Prototype hardware/software components for CW laser and Completed beam forming systems assembled and tested. R1.6.11 Assembly and test of Prototype hardware/software Completed components assembled and tested. R1.6.12 System performance evaluated. Completed R1.6.13 Report on capabilities prepared and submitted for Completed publication if approved for public distribution. R2.1 Develop Intelligent Systems for Real-Time Precision Orbit Determination (POD) for ‘Controlled’ Satellites. R2.1.1 Analysis and specifications for new hardware/software Completed developments completed. R2.1.2 Algorithm design and development of theory and software Completed commenced. R2.1.3 Algorithm design and development of theory and software Completed completed. R2.1.4 Accuracy of developed algorithms and techniques Completed evaluated and reports prepared.

37 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Outputs / milestones Status at the end of the wind-up period (completed / terminated / transferred) R2.1.5 Designs for end user applications and model extension Completed refined and updated. R2.2 Development of Reliable Orbit Determination (ROD) Algorithms and Software R2.2.1 Data formats and techniques for sensor data integration Completed analysed. R2.2.2 Design for software developments commenced. Completed R2.2.3 Design for software developments completed. Completed R2.2.4 Data source independent software packages implemented. Completed R2.2.5 Software package designs refined and commercialisation Completed feasibility investigated. R3.1 Develop a Special Satellite Object Catalogue R3.1.1 Initial analysis of the accuracy of different data sources Completed completed. R3.1.2 Analysis of data formats and sensor data integration Completed completed. R3.1.3 Calibration and data quality metrics. Completed R3.1.4 Special Object Catalogue database in development. Completed R3.1.5 Observation based assessment of data quality. Completed R3.1.6 Improved SERC orbital elements and orbit propagations Completed tested against highly accurate orbital ephemerides. R3.1.7 SOC database populated with data from CRC participants. Completed R3.2 Develop Conjunctions Analysis and Threat Warning (CATW) R3.2.1 Analysis of conjunction prediction algorithms and Completed probability distribution modelling completed. R3.2.2 Algorithms for conjunctions analysis and optimised sensor Completed tasking in development. R3.2.3 CATW database development underway with regular Completed conjunction assessments for CRC participant assets. R3.2.4 Protocols and procedures for automated distribution of Completed conjunction warnings and sensor tasking developed and distributed to trial participants. R3.2.5 Trial conjunction analysis and sensor tasking with lead-in Completed customers (CRC participants) completed. R4.1 System Engineering R4.1.1 Mission and Payload Requirements Review. Completed R4.1.2 Completion of the satellite concept of operations plan. Completed R4.1.3 Mission and Payload Preliminary Design Review. Completed R4.1.4 Modelling and simulation of satellite operations Completed performance against RP1-4 mission needs. R4.1.5 Mission and Payload Critical Design Review. Completed R4.2 Payload Development R4.2.1 Completion of all payload drawings and bill of material. Completed R4.2.2 Tracking retros procured, verified and ready for integration. Terminated* R4.2.3 Photonic measurement for uplink characterization procured, Completed verified and ready for integration.

38 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 39 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Outputs / milestones Status at the end of the wind-up period (completed / terminated / transferred) R4.2.4 Precision accelerometer procured, verified and ready for Terminated* integration. R4.2.5 Deployable shape changing mechanism procured, verified Terminated* and ready for integration. R4.2.6 Develop and test payload control software. Completed R4.2.7 Final payload integration. Completed R4.2.8 Payload testing and checkout. Completed R4.3 Demonstration of Remote Manoeuvre of Space Debris by Photon Pressure. R4.3.1 Specifications for AO, lasers, tracking developed. Target Completed populations for suitable candidates analysed. R4.3.2 Orbit manoeuvre options analysed Components specific to Completed photon pressure experiment designed. R4.3.3 Components specific to photon pressure experiment Completed manufactured. R4.3.4 Integrate components specific to photon pressure Completed experiment. System integration and test commenced. R4.3.5 Demonstration of remote manoeuvre of one or more high Not Completed area mass ratio (HAMR) objects performed. R4.4 Bus and Payload Integration R4.4.1 Launch planning completed. Completed R4.4.2 Bus payload integration. Completed R4.4.3 Satellite checkout, testing and verification. Completed R4.5 Launch and Operations R4.5.1 Launch planning completed. Completed R4.5.2 Satellite launch vehicle. Completed R4.5.3 Satellite launch. Completed R4.5.4 Satellite initialization and checkout completed. Completed R4.5.5 Satellite operations. Completed R4.5.6 Satellite end of life completed. Completed

*Terminated Milestones were not technically feasible within the budget & timeframe available, and were removed in a Variation to the Grant Agreement.

39 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 1.5 Education and training

SERC undertook to enrol 24 postgraduate students with 10 submissions for graduation over the five - year CRC funding period.

SERC exceeded student enrolment commitments by awarding 26 SERC PhD scholarships to outstanding candidates.

At 31 January 2021, 17 PhD candidates had submitted their thesis. This exceeds the total number of submissions required under the Grant Agreement. It is anticipated that the remaining 3 SERC supported PhD candidates will submit by 31 December 2021 which will bring the total number of PhD graduates to 20.

SERC also awarded three undergraduate scholarships to high-caliber students undertaking their Honors year. Two of these students went on Left: SERC PhD candidate Michael Copeland presentation at AMOS 2018 to become SERC PhD candidates at the conclusion Right: SERC PhD candidate, Sam Le May presenting at ASRC of their undergraduate degree.

STUDENT 17 26 20 178 PHD SUBMISSIONS IN PHD CANDIDATES SERC SUPPORTED PHD SERC STUDENT HIGHLIGHTS: THE FUNDING PERIOD AGAINST A TARGET SUBMISSIONS IN TOTAL AUTHORED OF 24 PUBLICATIONS IN TOTAL

STUDENT INVOLVEMENT IN SERC A full list of conference attendance and papers is provided at Appendix 3.1. ACTIVITIES Student Publications SERC’s education priorities included building capability and SERC students were listed as authors on 117 publications to Dec technical expertise in the space industry sector; providing 2020. A full list of SERC publications is provided at Appendix 3.1. professional development and industry placement opportunities for SERC PhD candidates and creating opportunities for knowledge PhD Candidate Research Collaborations transfer and research collaboration within the space industry sector. SERC facilitated a number of PhD research collaborations over the lifetime of SERC. In November 2018, SERC PhD candidate SERC provided a range of education and training opportunities Samantha Le May was hosted in Canberra to work on a number for SERC PhD candidates including presentation opportunities of research projects with UNSW and SERC and advance her PhD at international industry conferences, research collaborations candidacy. The collaboration focused on reducing the delays in nationally and internationally and participation in professional identifying small satellites after they had been launched as part of a development symposia. multi-payload launch.

Presentations at Industry Conferences The collaboration involved Fleet Space Technologies and High SERC students received, as part of their scholarship award, a Performance Space Structure Systems (HPS GmBH), companies that discretionary fund of $3,000 per annum to attend and present at had payloads on the 11 November 2018 RocketLab Electron launch. national and international conferences, meetings and professional The collaboration connected multiple data types, including optical development symposia. This afforded students the opportunity to observations, information from the operator and launch provider network with international space industry professionals and gain and data scraped from the web to help associate Two Line Elements experience presenting and discussing their research with national (TLEs) with the true identity of each spacecraft. This collaboration and international audiences. implemented a graph database that Sam is developing for her PhD project. SERC students presented more than 76 papers at national and international conferences over the lifetime of SERC. Conferences A further PhD candidate research collaboration was conducted included the Advanced Maui Optical Society (AMOS) conference under the MoU with KASI, a visiting Korean PhD candidate was in Hawaii, the International Astronautical Congress in Bremen, hosted by SERC for a six-month period in 2019. During his time at the First International Orbital Debris Conference in Texas and the SERC, the PhD candidate contributed to the SERC RP3 research 26th International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics in Japan. program including improving orbit determination and propagation In addition, SERC supported a PhD Candidate to attend the of near-Earth objects, detecting and resolving space object International Astronautical Spring meetings in Paris to participate as manoeuvres (for the SERC on-sky experiment) and optical and laser a member of the International Astronautical Association Committee ranging data fusion. on Space Debris.

40 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 41 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 SERC PHD CANDIDATE PROFILES

Dr Lyle Roberts received his PhD from the Dr Samuel Francis graduated with a PhD from Australian National University in December the Australian National University in December 2016 for his research on optical phased array 2017. Dr Francis’ research focused on the technology. Lyle’s PhD centered around simplification of the optical design of inter- the design, construction and experimental satellite laser links. Samuel designed an optical demonstration of a scalable high-power fibre interferometer to move the optical design compatible optical phased array—a complexity into digital signal processing. This technology used to coherently combine achievement has contributed to SERC RP1 high-power lasers. The project was motivated research in the area of optical phased array and by the desire to enable ground- based space continuous wave laser ranging projects. Sam has LYLE debris laser ranging systems to remotely SAMUEL relocated to the USA and is currently working manoeuvre orbital debris via radiation at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory as an ROBERTS pressure. Lyle also supported research led FRANCIS optical engineer supporting the operation of the Thesis topic: Internally by Shasidran Raj to develop coherent laser Thesis topic: A Robust GRACE Follow-On laser ranging interferometer. Sensed Optical Phased ranging techniques for ground-based space Laser Interferometer Sam also contributes towards the space-based Arrays debris ranging systems. for Multiplexed gravitational wave detector LISA. Measurements of Graduation date: Lyle is continuing his research into optical Optical Path Lengths “The SERC annual meetings and being part of the 14 December 2016 phased arrays and coherent light detection large SERC contingent at the AMOS conference were highlights of my time spent as a PhD and ranging (LiDAR) at the Australian Graduation date: candidate. These events gave me an opportunity National University and works part-time for 15 December 2017 a Canberra based start-up company, Liquid to interact with industry and academic heavy- Instruments. weights on a global stage.”

Dr Timothy Kodikara studied the structure Dr Pierpaolo Toniato graduated from the and dynamics of the Earth’s upper University of Queensland in 2019. Dr Toniato atmosphere. The research revealed the investigated the experimental performance of fidelity of physics-based air density estimates high Mach number scramjets at fully-replicated for satellite orbit prediction and also flight conditions. With his work, he has significant model biases that need to be demonstrated that expansion tubes are capable addressed in forecasting applications. His of generating the flight conditions of a Mach 12 work adds new insights to our understanding ascent trajectory. Most importantly for the first of the Earth’s upper atmosphere through time successful operations of a Mach 12 engine the use of state-of-the-art models and both have been shown. TIMOTHY space and ground-based observations. PIERPAOLO KODIKARA He presented for the first time, a detailed Pierpaolo has relocated to Europe and is numerical demonstration of the relationship TONIATO following a challenging project to make and Thesis topic: Physical between mass density-temperature synchrony launch rockets. Understanding and across multiple seasons and solar and Thesis topic: Free-jet Forecasting of the geomagnetic activities. Tim is currently Testing of Mach 12 Thermospheric working as a research fellow at the Deutsches Scramjet in an Expansion Structure and Dynamics Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (German Tube AerospaceCenter) Graduation date: Graduation date: 17 June 2019 “The journey to the Mount Stromlo 12 April 2019 Observatory was not a simple journey, but a beautiful one in the grand journey of my PhD.”

Alpha Bah’s research focused on improving the Han Cai’s thesis looked at developing novel bandwidth and scan range of antenna arrays methods of tracklet association and statistical while reducing their profiles and weight. A figure multi-target tracking and multi-sensor tasking to of merit value that takes into account all these improve the capability and capacity of the space parameters was calculated and compared to object cataloguing. Han developed new optical- existing designs. His design has the highest based statistical methods for effective and currently known figure of merit in the literature. efficient space object cataloguing. The research Typical applications of these antennas include results in improved tracklet association methods use in next generation radio telescopes such for reliable initial orbital state determination, as the square kilometre array (SKA) and in and multi- sensor multi-target tracking methods multifunctional antennas where a single antenna for the refinement of orbital state estimation and ALPHA can replace a multitude of antennas. There have HAN CAI optimisation of sensor resources. been tremendous achievements on the project Thesis topic: OSMAN BAH Optical Han has accepted a Post-doctoral research so far with a very high likelihood of progress Based Statistical Space Thesis topic: to the next phase.Following the submission of position at the University of Texas at Austin (UT), Object Tracking for USA, where he will develop new uncertainty Metasurface Enhanced his thesis, Alpha took up a Research Associate Catalogue Maintenance Ultra-wideband position at University of Technology Sydney quantification methods and explore its applications in space research for space debris Multifunctional Antenna (UTS) to commercialise his research through a Graduation date: tracking, sensor tasking, and data fusion. Han Arrays and Fabry-Perot DSTG Next Generation Technology Fund Project 31 October 2019 Antennas Due to security requirements of the project, intends to continue to collaborate with SERC publication has been restricted, however, Participants on this research following the wind- Graduation date: Alpha has submitted a conference paper to the up of SERC. 12 November 2019 Australian Symposium on Antennas to be held on the 17th February 2021.

“Attending the SERC colloquium very early in my PhD journey was extremely useful in giving me a clear picture of my future career path. It was a great platform to connect with some of the finest minds in Australia with similar aspirations. SERCs professional development funding also allowed me to attend several personal development and technical courses both in Australia and in the Netherlands and France”

41 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 SERC PHD CANDIDATE PROFILES

Changyong He investigated thermospheric Joseph O’Leary is expected to graduate with a mass density modelling methodologies using PhD in applied mathematics from the University of low-Earth-orbit satellite-based accelerometer South Australia later this year. measurements. The advanced artificial Joseph’s PhD focused on the dynamics of near- neural network technique was incorporated Earth objects in the framework of general relativity. into the modelling process and significant His research has contributed to several fields improvement was demonstrated. including general relativistic celestial mechanics, post-Newtonian dynamics and the development of The new knowledge enhances our capability a general relativistic orbit determination software. and capacity of orbit prediction in low-Earth- Joseph currently works for EOS Space Systems as CHANGYONG orbit and management of the near Earth JOSEPH a research fellow. environment. Changyong is currently working O’LEARY HE as a post-doctoral researcher at the Institut Achievements: Thesis topic: Precise Géographique National (IGN) in Saint-Mandé, Thesis topic: General • University of South Australia Three Minute Thermospheric Mass France in the field of satellite altimetry. Relativistic and Post- Thesis grand finalist - 3rd place (2018), 1st Density Modelling for Newtonian Dynamics place (2017) Orbit Prediction of Low for Near-Earth Objects • Australian and New Zealand Industrial and Earth Orbiters and Solar System Applied Mathematics Conference (ANZIAM) Bodies. conference - best student talk - runner up Graduation date: (2019) Finalist in the CRC Association Early Career 18 December 2019 Graduation date: • Researcher awards (2019) 20 December 2019 • Delivered a TED Talk entitled “Our looming The main research focus of Shasidran’s PhD inter-generational, space-based traffic jam”. was to develop an alternative laser ranging This TED Talk can be viewed via the following method using a continuous-wave laser that link: https://youtu.be/ vjxInet55x4. would be compatible with SERC’s space debris manoeuvring concept. His thesis also looked at overcoming some of the “I owe a debt of gratitude to the SERC PhD program. At every stage of challenges current space debris ranging my PhD, I was supported by the amazing professional staff and guided methods faced to improve the ranging in the right direction by world-renowned technical experts. I had several accuracy and precision. opportunities to travel and disseminate my research at both national and international conferences, meet like-minded people and create lasting Achievements include presentations friendships and collaborative networks. My involvement with SERC has SHASIDRAN between 2013 & 2017 at AMOS, ANZCOP taught me the importance of applying theoretical frameworks to real-world RAJ and AIP conferences. problems and as a result, I’m now employed as a Research Fellow with SERC partner EOS Space Systems. I wholeheartedly recommend that all HDR Thesis topic: students across Australia reach out to their respective CRC and get involved Shasidran has relocated to Northern in any way possible.” Matched Template Ireland and is currently working at Ulster Signal Processing of University and is working on publications for Continuous Wave submissions The drive for improved flexibility and reusability in Laser for Space Debris satellite launch systems has brought a resurgence in Ranging the popularity of scramjet- assisted access-to-space launch vehicle concepts. Hypersonic airbreathing Graduation date: vehicles typically require 50+ design parameters 7 October 2020 to capture the geometric detail of the engine- airframe integrated system. Furthermore, the complex flow phenomena that engulfs the vehicle “My PhD candidacy was one of the most challenging periods in my external and internal flow-paths are only captured career. Looking back, it is also my most cherished experience. I am to a sufficient level of accuracy using solutions proud to have succeeded in overcoming technical challenges and also of the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) my fond memories of the SERC cohort and colleagues who helped me KYLE DAMM equations. Current design optimisation methods through those challenges. I will always hold a special place for all the based on local search techniques scale poorly people I came in contact with in my PhD both at ANU and at SERC – Thesis topic: Adjoint- thank you.” for this type of problem. The adjoint method is a based Aerodynamic state of the art gradient evaluation technique that Design Optimisation in scales more favourably for problems that require Hypersonic Flowvehicle many parameters. This work aims to explore the Jesse is a PhD candidate at the University application of the adjoint method, coupled within Graduation date: of Newcastle, NSW. Jesse’s Thesis topic is a gradient- based shape optimisation framework, predictive control schemes for AO systems with 2 March 2020 to the aerodynamic design of vehicle subsystems in the aim to reduce servo-lag error, particularly hypersonic flows. in the case of wind-dominated turbulence such as LEO satellite tracking (using the satellite as the reference object). Jesse is in the final year Andong’s area focused on developing novel of his PhD, and anticipates submitting his thesis empirical models for the topside ionosphere prior to December 2019. Upon graduation, based on neural network using multi-source Jesse continued his work on astronomical measurement. The short/long-term trends JESSE AO systems as a post-doctoral researcher discovered by the implementation of these with the Australian National University. He is models have been regarded by the space industry CRANNEY currently engaged as an adaptive optics control as making a significant contribution to space specialist. weather, GNSS positioning and aerospace. Thesis topic: Predictive Control Andong is currently working as a postdoc in ANDONG HU Multiscale Dynamic Group, Centrum Wiskunde & of Adaptive Being a SERC student was a unique Informatica (CWI), Amsterdam, Netherlands. Optics Systems for opportunity to become involved in Observations and something that I otherwise wouldn’t have Thesis topic: Tracking of Space dreamed of. I am overwhelming grateful Development of New Objects and Debris for the people in SERC who allowed me to Ionospheric Models have this chance, which has steered my life Using Multi-source “My time as a PhD candidate with SERC Graduation date: and career in a direction that I couldn’t be Measurements and was very valuable and provided excellent happier about. 30 March 2021 Neural Networks academic and industry connections.” Graduation date: 31 March 2020

42 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 43 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 SERC PHD CANDIDATE PROFILES

Michael Copeland is set to complete his Samuel Stennett graduated from the University PhD at the Australian National University in of Queensland working with the University’s November 2019. Michael’s project is based Centre for Hypersonics. Sam’s research around the design and build of an adaptive focusses on operating condition design for the optics system for high resolution imaging of new large-scale X3R reflected shock tunnel facility at UQ, an alternate operating mode of satellites and debris. the existing X3 free-piston expansion tube. X3R’s unique geometry, stemming from its This will enable improved understanding of origin as an expansion tube, requires careful the characteristics of objects in space and selection of an appropriate driver gas mixture, MICHAEL provide a method to track geostationary SAMUEL and tuned operation of the free-piston driver orbit satellites with high accuracy. to provide long- duration test flows. Sam COPELAND STENNETT developed a condition design procedure, Michael was awarded a post-doctoral Thesis topic: which can be used to develop operating Thesis topic: conditions capable of generating these target fellowship with the Australian National Development of an Satellite and Debris test flows, and commissioned the facility using University on completion of his PhD Extended Test Time Characterisation using these newly-designed conditions. Sam is now Operating Mode for a Adaptive Optics candidacy. working as a post- doctoral research fellow on Large Reflected Shock the X3R facility following his graduation. Graduation date: Tunnel Facility 21 December 2020 Graduation date: Achievements: Runner Up at University of Queensland The study seeks to make effective use 4 February 2020 • of space science education as a means (UQ) School of Mechanical and Mining to inspire the next generation of space Three Minute Thesis Competition (June 2017). enthusiasts through teaching and learning. • Best Student Paper Award at 31st It is anticipated the study will present an International Symposium on Shock Waves opportunity to use space for education and (July 2017). also education for space to create awareness and to inspire the take-up of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics ANDOH (STEM) space related subjects in the hope of ensuring a cohort of qualified space Timothy Cullen’s research focus is on the design and implementation of a high MICHAEL like-minded people for a future workforce resolution surface temperature measurement AFFUL in Australia. A significant part of the study is system for use in high enthalpy expansion to shed more light on the broadening roles, tunnels. These facilities are the only kind in Thesis topic: Space benefits accrued and the importance of space the world that can accurately reproduce the Science Education: in society to ignite interest in space leading to full aerothermodynamic environment seen Inspiring the 21st fundamental interest in STEM. by a spacecraft entering the atmosphere of Century Space Explorers a planet or moon at velocities in excess of through Teaching and 40,000 km/h. Measurements are difficult to Learning Andoh is currently working as a research assistant at the School of Engineering, RMIT obtain in these replicated environments; this TIMOTHY work will enhance the quality of the data Graduation date: University, Melbourne. CULLEN gathered during experimentation and will 15 September 2020 allow a more thorough understanding of the Achievements: Thesis topic: High heating experienced by these craft. • Australia Space Research Conference resolution optical heat (ASRC)- Runner-up Best Postgraduate transfer measurements During his PhD candidacy, Tim has Student Presentation, 2019 in high enthalpy impulse presented at the following symposia: • Space Industry Association of Australia facilities • International Symposium of Shock (SIAA) – Industry Development Project Waves 2017, Nagoya, Japan Grant, 2018 Anticipated submission • International Symposium of Shock date: Waves 2019, Singapore • Member, IAF Space Education and 8 January 2022 • Centre for Hypersonics Seminar 2017, Outreach Committee (SEOC) 2018, and 2019 • Presentation to Dr Hideyuki Tanno “I want to thank SERC for the support from the Japan Aerospace Exploration throughout my PhD studies.” Agency (JAXA). • During the final year of his doctorate, Timothy is working as a research officer in the Centre for Hypersonics at the Paul Sibley is a PhD Student at the University of Queensland. Australian National University studying the development of optical phased array technology for the combination of high- power lasers. Paul’s research has focused on digital signal processing used to I initially viewed my PhD as a project between myself and my measure the length of many optical fibers supervisor(s), however, I was pleasantly surprised to realise that simultaneously. This research enables a my most significant and interesting outcomes have without a doubt come from working with my colleagues and friends larger number of potential combined lasers PAUL SIBLEY in the lab. I would also say that the most development I have for improved optical phased array systems. had as a researcher has also come from discussing things that I Thesis topic: Scaling have difficulties with or things that I have recently learned with Optical Phased Arrays Paul is currently working at, Liquid my lab mates, along with helping the newer (and even older) Instruments, a Canberra space start-up, people in the lab with their own projects and problems. Be a Graduation date: contributing to the development of test strong part of the research community, especially your own lab community, you’ll thank yourself for it! xx July 2021 and measurement technology.

43 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 SERC PHD CANDIDATE PROFILES

The aim of Sam’s thesis project is to develop a graph database which connects diverse data types to enhance our knowledge of space activities. Sam’s work is a foundational piece of data engineering and curation that is the first to link space policy data with traditional space situational awareness data types. The graph database framework supports big data analytics, knowledge extraction, quantification and assessment, with applications in both space operations and international space governance.

Sam has expressed her gratitude for the career guidance and mentorship provided through the SERC project (and in particular by Dr Steve Gower), and she is confident that the opportunities she has been afforded throughout her PhD as a SERC scholarship student have made her a highly competitive applicant for future postdoctoral opportunities.

Sam is currently working as a research assistant at RMIT University, Melbourne. SAM LE MAY Achievements: • Emerging Space Leaders Grant recipient (International Astronautical Federation, 69th IAC), October 2018 Thesis topic: Graph • 3AF Edmond Brun Silver Medal (International Student Competition, 68th IAC), September 2017 Databases to Support • Invited talk at the 30th International Summer Symposium on Science and World Affairs, 10 July 2018, with travel funded Space Situational by the Union of Concerned Scientists Awareness and Space • Interviewed for expert comment on the threat of space debris to global broadband constellations in media article Traffic Management ‘Tech giants SpaceX, Amazon and OneWeb want to launch thousands of satellites. How safe are they from space junk?’ published in ABC Science, 17 April 2019 Submission date: • Sam is currently the only Australian member of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) Permanent Committee 20 January 2021 on Space Debris (with membership since September 2017), and IAF Committee on Space Security (since April 2018).

“My time as a student with SERC has been a great opportunity that has shaped the beginning of my career in research and enabled me to form a valuable global network that will be critical for my future success in space research. I have truly enjoyed the camaraderie of the SERC family, and I look forward to reconnecting with SERC students as we each continue along our unique trajectories in space research into the future.”

Richard’s thesis is investigating novel Hansani’s PhD aims to develop a methods for better determining near-earth mathematical model for predicting satellite object characteristics to improve space collision probability for short-encounters. object custody. Maintaining near-earth Collision probability determination object custody is an essential requirement relies on different assumptions and her for orbital collision avoidance. Maintaining research focus on 3 dimensional Gaussian custody means that orbital propagation distribution for the position uncertainty methods will sufficiently predict the of the satellite in an inertial coordinate position of the object for the period in system at the time of closest approach. between direct observation opportunities. Hansani is exploring the ability to form the However, a poor understanding of an probability of collision given non- normal RICHARD objects’ physical characteristics, such as HANSANI position uncertainties for short time- mass, size, shape and radiation-reflective frames during which relative motion is SAMUEL properties too often results in a loss of THANIPPULI linear and position uncertainty is assumed object custody. Frequently, there are more constant. Her research introduces a more Thesis topic: A new than one thousand near-earth orbiting KANKANAMALAGE general representation for the uncertainty method of refining objects for which custody is lost for longer Thesis topic: Collision which is capable to incorporate outliers in near-earth object than thirty days. There are no other modelling and is a novel contribution. methods for simultaneously extracting probability modelling for characteristics and short satellite encounters behaviours using physical and behavioral characteristics Achievements: from non-observational data. Awards: Joan University of South Australia three differential correction • Duffield Special Award Anticipated submission minute thesis (3MT) grand finalist – date: Divisional winner, poster (2019) Anticipated submission September 2021 • Australian and New Zealand Industrial date: “NERF is the word (apologies and Applied Mathematics Conference 1 April 2021 to Frank Valli)” (ANZIAM) conference – nominated for best student talk

“I feel privileged to get into the space field through my PhD as a SERC scholarship student and have the opportunity to contribute to the field with my statistical knowledge by deriving a novel model for satellite collision probability. I was thrilled working at SERC for two weeks, and that was my first ever industrial experience after migrating to Australia. I am trying my best, till the end of my PhD to contribute more to the field. I am honoured to be one of the recipients of the SERC top-up Scholarship. I am deeply appreciative of your generous unconditional support from SERC (particularly from the academic perspective, to Dr Sven Flegel). My thanks go to all at SERC for providing me with financial comfort as well as emotional support. Thanks for taking care of me!”

VISITING PHD CANDIDATE - COLLABORATION

Under the MoU with the Korean Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), Simon Kim, a visiting PhD candidate was hosted by SERC for a six month period from February to August 2019. Simon’s research looks at improving debris orbit prediction accuracy using SERC and EOSSS lasers. Simon’s research has contributed to SERC RP3 research program including improving orbit determination and propagation of near-Earth objects, detecting and resolving space object manoeuvres (for the SERC laser manoeuvre experiment) and optical and laser ranging data fusion. Simon is continuing his studies at KASI’s National Space Situational Awareness Centre.

SIMON KIM The legacy of SERC will be through the continuation of the SERC research programs through Participant collaboration, new knowledge gained and disseminated through academic and end-user publications; and through a skilled workforce Thesis topic: supported by CRC trained researchers and students/ graduates. This transfer of knowledge will support the growth of the Debris Orbit Prediction Australian space industry sector and raise its profile across the international space community. Accuracy Verification and Improvement from Different SERC will be wound-up at the end of the protracted wind-up period and deregistered in accordance with the Laser Tracking Stations. requirements specified in the SERC Grant and Participant Agreements and the SERC Constitution.

Anticipated submission The wind-up will be conducted in accordance with the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission (ACNC) and Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) requirements for the orderly wind-up of an entity. date: September 2019

44 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 1.5.1 SERC Scholarship Students

The following table provides details about SERC PhD candidates and Honours scholarship students including graduation date, submission date or expected submission date.

NAME OF RP START DATE GRADUATION HOST TYPE COUNTRY PROJECT TITLE STUDENT DATE RESEARCH OF ORIGIN INSTITUTION DOCTORAL GRADUATIONS Lyle Roberts RP2 05/01/2015 14/12/2016 ANU HDR Australia Internally Sensed Optical Phased Arrays Samuel RP4 08/01/2015 15/12/2017 ANU HDR Australia A Robust Laser Interferometer Francis for Multiplexed Measurements of Optical Path Lengths Alpha Bah RP1 01/02/2016 12/11/2019 UTS HDR Sierra Leone Metasurface Enhanced Ultra- wideband Multifunctional Antenna Arrays and Fabry-Perot Antennas Han Cai RP2 12/09/2016 31/10/2019 RMIT HDR China Optical Based Statistical Space Object Tracking for Catalogue Maintenance Timothy RP2 01/01/2016 17/06/2019 RMIT HDR Sri Lanka Physical Understanding Kodikara and Forecasting of the Thermospheric Structure and Dynamics Changyong RP2 01/01/2016 18/12/2019 RMIT HDR China Precise Thermospheric Mass He Density Modelling for Orbit Prediction of Low Earth Orbiters Joseph RP3 07/09/2016 20/12/2019 UniSA HDR Ireland General relativistic and post- O'Leary Newtonian dynamics for near- Earth objects and solar system bodies Andong Hu RP2 05/01/2016 31/03/2020 ANU HDR China Development of New Ionospheric Models Using Multi-source Measurements and Neural Networks Shasidran Raj RP1 05/01/2016 07/10/2020 ANU HDR Malaysia Matched Template Signal Processing of Continuous Wave Laser for Space Debris Ranging Jesse Cranney RP1 02/05/2016 30/03/2021 ANU HDR Australia Predictive control of adaptive optics systems for observations and tracking of space objects and debris Michael RP1 14/04/2016 21/12/2020 ANU HDR Australia Satellite and debris Copeland characterisation using adaptive optics Samuel RP4 01/01/2016 04/02/2020 UQ HDR Australia Development of an Extended Stennett Test Time Operating Mode for a Large Reflected Shock Tunnel Facility Pierpaolo RP4 01/01/2016 12/04/2019 UQ HDR Italy Free-jet Testing of Mach 12 Toniato Scramjet in an Expansion Tube Kyle Damm RP4 01/01/2016 02/03/2020 UQ HDR Australia Adjoint-based Aerodynamic Design Optimisation in Hypersonic Flow

45 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 NAME OF RP START DATE SUBMISSION HOST TYPE COUNTRY PROJECT TITLE STUDENT DATE RESEARCH OF ORIGIN INSTITUTION POST DOCTURAL SUBMISSIONS PRIOR TO 31 MARCH 2021

Paul Sibley RP1 22/06/2016 11/11/2020 ANU HDR Australia Scaling Optical Phased Arrays Andoh RP2 01/01/2016 15/09/2020 RMIT HDR Ghana Space Science Education: Michael Afful Inspiring the 21st Century Space Explorers through Teaching and Learning Samantha Le RP2 12/07/2017 20/01/2021 RMIT HDR Australia Graph Databases to Support May Space Situational Awareness and Space Traffic Management NAME OF RP START DATE ANTICIPATED HOST TYPE COUNTRY PROJECT TITLE STUDENT SUBMISSION RESEARCH OF ORIGIN DATE INSTITUTION POST DOCTURAL SUBMISSIONS ANTICIPATED AFTER 31 MARCH 2021 Richard RP3 1/10/2017 01/04/2021 ANU HDR Australia A new method of refining Samuel earth object characteristics and behaviors using differential correction Hansani RP3 23/01/2018 01/11/2021 UniSA HDR Sri Lanka Collision probability modelling Perera for short satellite encounters Timothy RP3 08/01/2016 08/01/2022 UQ HDR Australia High resolution optical heat Cullen transfer measurements in high enthalpy impulse facilities NAME OF RP START DATE GRADUATION/ HOST TYPE COUNTRY PROJECT TITLE STUDENT SUBMISSION RESEARCH OF ORIGIN DATE INSTITUTION

UNDERGRADUATE GRADUATIONS Anna Zovaro RP1 01/01/2016 31/12/2016 ANU U/grad Australia Simpler Adaptive Optics using a Single Device for Processing and Control Samantha Le RP4 01/01/2016 31/12/2016 RMIT U/grad Australia Modelling the Future Evolution May of the Orbital Debris Population Alexander RP1 14/04/2016 31/12/2016 ANU U/grad Australia Design, Construction & Stuchbery Testing of a Camera Latency Measurement Device NAME OF RP START DATE GRADUATION/ HOST TYPE COUNTRY PROJECT TITLE STUDENT SUBMISSION RESEARCH OF ORIGIN DATE INSTITUTION FORMER STUDENTS Anna Zovaro RP1 14/04/2016 28/02/2016 ANU HDR Australia Adaptive Optics for Space Debris Manoeuvring and Astronomy Yang Zhao RP1 20/01/2015 19/01/2018 RMIT HDR China Two-line Element Data Quality Control and its Application in Space Situational Awareness Elliott Thorn RP1 14/04/2016 14/04/2019 ANU HDR Australia Design of SERC Adaptive Optics Laser Guide Star Facility Alea Yeasmin RP2 12/09/2016 12/09/2019 RMIT HDR Bangladesh Monitoring, Mapping and Modelling Atmospheric Density Using the Swarm Mission Chandana RP3 9/01/2018 8/01/2021 UniSA HDR Sri Lanka Relaxing the Spherical Samarasinghe Cannonball assumption in orbit predictions Adam Harris RP2 28/06/2016 12/09/2020 RMIT HDR USA Precise Orbit Determination and Advanced Astrodynamics Research for Application in Satellite Positioning and Tracking.

46 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 1.6 Intellectual Property SERC employed industry best practice in the management of • Made all Centre IP openly accessible through licencing IP as detailed in the National Principles of Intellectual Property arrangements which provided exclusive opportunities to Management for Publicly Funded Research. undertake commercial exploitation. • Provided support to researchers in identifying, developing In support of IP management, SERC: and protecting Centre IP whilst upholding the academic requirement to publish. • Adhered to the Australian Code for the Responsible • Provided guidance in relation to potential conflicts Conduct of Research. concerning IP management, ownership, promotion, • Had clear policies and procedures in relation to the dissemination, exploitation and, where appropriate, ownership and associated rights for all IP generated protection of IP. through Centre activities (Centre IP). • Provided guidance on the licensing of copyright, in • Had clear policies relating to the exploitation of IP particular, the criteria for publishing under the terms of generated through Centre activities. open access licences. 1.7 Communications

SERC communication activities focused on: achievable unless all Participants, located in geographically diverse locations, worked together as a cohesive team to • Strengthening and supporting internal collaboration achieve the research milestones. Corporate communication, during integration and lead up to the on-sky experiments; engagement and initiatives that built cross-organisational • Strengthening external brand recognition and promoting collaboration were therefore imperative. The colloquia were SERC achievements to the national and international the platform for members, responsible for different aspects of space sector; the program, to network with colleagues, share ideas, present • Supporting international collaborations with SERC MOU updates and advance technical integration. It was also an organisations and expanding networks within the national opportunity to identify issues, develop contingencies, and and international space communities. build ‘’shared vision’’. The initiation of the colloquia enabled SERC to shape a cohesive team, build collaboration, manage INTERNAL expectations and deliver outcomes. LinkedIn COMMUNICATION SERC maintained a LinkedIn profile to keep in touch and track the careers of SERC Scholarship students and post- SERC Newsletter doctoral researchers. The SERC newsletter, SERCular, was published quarterly Quarterly Reports and distributed to Participants, students and stakeholders Participants submitted reports on their progress against to strengthen internal communication and collaboration. milestones on a quarterly basis. Participant reports were then The newsletter featured articles about research progress, compiled into a whole of SERC progress report which was publications, awards and accolades, researcher profiles, circulated to Participants twice annually. upcoming events and informed participants about SERC activities and opportunities. Meetings with Participants EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION SERC management met regularly with Participants to foster SERC has been successful in meeting the strategic objective communication and ensure all aspects of the CRC ran as of raising awareness of the space debris problem, the need efficiently as possible. This was especially important with for enhanced Australian SSA capabilities and the necessity of Participants who were not located in the same physical global space traffic management protocols. location. The Australian Space Agency The SERC CEO met with senior representatives from each end- The ASA identified SSA and space debris monitoring as one of user Participant organisations to ensure that SERC research the seven National Civil Space Priorities in the Australian Civil addressed their needs and requirements. In addition, the CEO Space Strategy 2019-2028. and General Manager Research participated in fortnightly research and integration meetings to track progress against SERC participated in a number of ASA industry consultations the Master Schedule and identify any issues as they arose so and contributed to discussions on the Space Activities Act and that appropriate mitigation measures could be taken. the International Space Investment (ISI) Initiative. SERC also SERC Research Colloquia assisted with the development of the ASA SSA roadmap. SERC held annual research colloquia throughout the lifetime of SERC. The research colloquia were an important ‘whole SERC Conjunction and Threat Warning System (CATW) of organisation’ communication vehicle and an essential SERC conducted a demonstration of the SERC CATW software component of the SERC internal communications strategy. suite at the Optus Satellite Facility in Belrose in June 2019. The interdependency of the SERC research programs The demonstration was extremely well received and the meant that it was important to develop a shared vision system commenced commercial trials in late 2020. and a commitment to achieving milestones, from program inception through to delivery. This would not have been

47 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Clockwise from top left: SERC and EOSSS booth at AMOS on the front page of the Maui News, SERC Executive and RP3 Researchers visit Optus Belrose for CATW demonstration, Dr Steve Gower’s poster presentation at AMOS, SERC poster at AMOS presented by Dr Michael Lachut, and the SERC and EOSSS stand at AMOS.

Industry Advocacy and Leadership Traffic Management at the Satellite 2019 Conference in Extensive liaison and collaboration meetings were held with Washington DC in 2019 external organisations and key international agencies to Industry Liaison and Conference Attendance amplify the issue of space debris mitigation, create partnering SERC successfully built brand awareness and promoted opportunities and advance SERC research activities. In research success through participation at national and addition, SERC advocated for the sector and SERC research international space industry events, meetings and conferences. activities through participation in strategic space industry fora including: From April 2014 to March 31 2021:

• Chair and Treasurer of the Space Industry Association of • SERC supported researchers and students to attend Australia (SIAA) technical meetings, conferences and symposia to deliver • Chair, CSIRO Space Future Science Platform more than 200 technical papers and posters. • Member, Australian Space Agency Space Situational • SERC was represented at more than 85 national and Awareness Technical Advisory Group international events. Highlights include: • Member, SmartSat CRC Steering Committee » Professor Craig Smith was invited to present a • Emerging Disruptive Technology Assessment Symposium keynote address at the 5th European Workshop on • Chair, Satellite Industry Forum 2019 in Singapore Space Debris Remediation in Paris in June 2018 • Panel moderator, CASBAA Satellite Industry Forum 2019 » Professor Smith was also invited to present a paper in Singapore and a further paper in St Petersburg Russia. • Panel member, Space Situational Awareness/ Space • Dr Jerome Daquin gave an Invited presentation,

48 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Clockwise from top left: SCIMEX News Briefing article, SERC PhD Candidate Joe O’Leary delivers a edXT talk, ABC Live interview from Parliament House, The Project – Space Junk interview.

“Resonances, chaos and transport in terrestrial orbits” SERC was strongly represented at AMOS with a physical at the Department of Aerospace and Mechanical presence at the trade exhibition as well as several oral and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson poster presentations at each conference. SERC PhD candidate, • Dr Daquin was also invited to present two papers at Michael Copeland won an award for best presentation in his Dynamics Days 2018 in Denver, Colorado. session at the 2019 event. • The article by J. Daquin, A.J Rosengren, E.M Alessi et al, “The dynamical structure of the MEO region: long-term International Workshop on Laser Ranging (IWLR2018) stability, chaos, and transport”, CMDA (2016) awarded As part of the milestones under the Grant Agreement , SERC during the CELMEC VII conference (3-9 September 2017 was required to deliver workshops to communicate SERC in Italy) for the best original research paper on Celestial research outcomes and amplify collaboration opportunities. Mechanics and Astrodynamics. • Dr Robert Norman gave an invited talk at the Australian SERC bid for and won the opportunity to host the International Bureau of Meteorology at their annual 2016 meeting. Workshop on Laser Ranging to communicate SERC research • Dr Jerome Daquin gave an invited presentation on outcomes to a targeted international space audience and “Multiscale Problems; Algorithms, Numerical Analysis generate traction for the SERC research outcomes within the and Computation” to the Physics Department of Aristotle community. IWLR2018 was hosted by SERC from 4-9 November University, Thessoloniki, Greece and the Hausdorff 2018 at the John Curtin School of Medical Research which is Trimester Program in Bonn Germany in 2017. located at the main ANU campus in Canberra. • Dr Ben Greene delivered a presentation at The Shine Dome for the Australian Academy of Science in 2017. His The event was attended by 192 delegates from international presentation informed attendees about the SERC mission space agencies, research institutions, observatories and space to develop and commercialise technologies to reduce the industry professionals from 21 countries. Representative threat to space-based infrastructure from space debris. organisations included ESA, NASA, JAXA, NASA, NICT, KASI, The presentation has been loaded on YouTube and has Technical University of Munich, Polish Air Force Academy, received 210 views. To view the presentation please visit National Astronomical Observatories China and the Austrian https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JN8GqveU1Q8 Academy of Sciences.

Advanced Maui Optical Society (AMOS) Conference SERC presented 17 oral presentations and eight posters at SERC exhibited at the 19th and 20th annual AMOS Conference the full day workshop. The workshop concluded with a tour of in Maui in September 2018 and 2019. AMOS attracts up the SERC and EOSSS facilities at Mount Stromlo, providing a to 2000 space industry professionals from 23 countries and practical demonstration of SERC capabilities to complement brings together representatives from government, industry, the technical presentations delivered at the workshop. and academia to discuss the rapid changes in SSA and Space Traffic Management (STM). Presentations and posters address The event was covered by various national and international issues such as the growing number of space operators, the media providing TV, print and radio coverage. Of note are two move to commercial activities in space and the importance of interviews with Al Jazeera, ABC News 24, ABC Radio Sydney balancing commercial innovation with national security and Focus with Sarah MacDonald and an on-line media briefing with international relations. SCIMEX.

49 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Clockwise from top left: IWLR2018 Tour – SERC Deep Space Telescope, IWLR2018 posters, IWLR2018 delegation, IWLR2018 Plenary Session.

Community Outreach LinkedIn SERC expanded its reach into the community through selective The SERC LinkedIn profile was further developed during the sponsorship and support of STEM activities. During the course reporting period and is gaining recognition and credibility within of operations, SERC sponsored the Australian Science Teachers the space industry. Association STEM X Academy for the three consecutive years. STEM X is a five-day residential professional learning program Press and Radio Coverage for primary and secondary teachers of science, technology, SERC issued a number of press releases which resulted in engineering and mathematics. This innovative professional significant media coverage including: development program delivers access to resources, networks and • 19 television interviews including live interviews with Merean methods and empowers teachers to structure their classrooms as Hond (Al Jazeera) and CNBC Universal and interviews with laboratories for STEM authentic problem solving to develop and SBS World News with Anton Enus, ABC News 24, Sunrise and inspire the next generation of space scientists. The Project; • Scimex (science news platform) online science briefing; International Workshop on Space Debris Management and • 29 radio interviews; Mitigation • 3 print media stories (The Canberra Times and Maui Times) The International Workshop on Space Debris Management and • 145 print articles and web stories about SERC activities Mitigation was held in conjunction with IWLR2018. The workshop • 1 TED talk presented new technologies and advancements in space debris • 8 feature articles tracking, orbit determination, avoidance of collisions in space as well as innovative management and mitigation techniques for SERC Facebook page space debris and space traffic management. 750 stories were posted to the SERC Facebook page during the reporting period resulting in a reach of 16,000. Website The SERC website informed Participants, students, space industry SERC Website stakeholders and the public about SERC objectives and research SERC website traffic generated more than 100,000 views since activities. Content covered space industry news and SERC establishment. activities and achievements. The website received over 100,000 views over the course of SERC. SERC has created a legacy website Publications and Citations which will be available at serc.org.au. SERC research was presented more than 503 times across formal and other publication categories and the total number of SERC Facebook citations reached 1027 citations. Of these documents, 15 have The SERC Facebook page continues to attract readership. Posts been cited at least 15 times to give an h-index of 15. Through have highlighted SERC events and activities as well as space publications and citations, SERC is building brand awareness, debris stories of interest. SERC maintained an average of three developing a reputation for delivering world class research and posts or reposts per week which has resulted in 800 likes from 750 education, and gaining acknowledgement for making a significant posts to the SERC Facebook page. SERC Facebook posts had a contribution towards global space debris management efforts. reach of 16,000 users.

50 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 1.8 Governance – board, committees and key staff

SERC is an Australian Public Company, Limited by Guarantee and was endorsed by the ATO as a registered charity.

The SERC Board of Directors was established, on 10 April 2014, with three Independent Directors. An Industry Participant Director and a Research Participant Director were elected to the Board on 18 November 2014.

MEETINGS OF DIRECTORS

The number of Directors’ meetings and number of meetings attended by each of the Directors of the Company over the lifetime of SERC are listed on the table below.

NUMBER OF BOARD MEETINGS ELIGIBLE TO ATTEND NUMBER OF BOARD MEETINGS ATTENDED DIRECTOR 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 Professor Mary O’Kane 9 5 9 6 5 8 6 9 5 9 6 5 8 6 (Chair) 9 4 8 6 5 8 6 Dr Brett Biddington 9 5 9 6 5 8 6 8 5 9 5 5 8 6 Ms Elizabeth Whitelaw 9 5 9 6 5 8 6 7 3 Dr Steve Gower 7 3 6 5 8 3 Mr Rod Drury 7 5 9 3 2 9 3 Professor Matthew Colless 2 3 3 5 8 5 Dr Ben Greene 3 5 8 6 3 3 Professor Min Gu 3 3 1 7 3 Professor Russell Crawford 1 8 3 2 Professor Calum Drummond 3

Meetings of Directors over the lifetime of SERC

51 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 SERC BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Professor Mary O’Kane is Principal of Dr Brett Biddington founded a Canberra- O’Kane Associates, a Sydney-based based consulting firm in 2010 that focuses company specialising in major government on space and cyber-space policy, security and research reviews. She is Chair of the and industry development matters. Dr New South Wales Independent Planning Biddington led the team that delivered Commission and a company director, being the International Astronautical Congress Chair of the boards of Aurora Energy and (IAC) in Adelaide in 2017. He is Chair of a Director of the Innovative Manufacturing the Advisory Committee of the Victorian CRC. She was New South Wales Chief Space Science Education Centre (VSSEC) Scientist & Engineer from 2008-18 and in Melbourne and he holds an Adjunct Vice-Chancellor of the University of Adelaide Professiorial appointment in the Security PROFESSOR MARY from 1996-2001. She was formerly Chair of Research Institute at Edith Cowan University the Australian Centre for Renewable Energy DR BRETT in Perth. Between 2002 and 2009 he was O’KANE AC and is a former member of the Australian BIDDINGTON a member of the Global Space Team of INDEPENDENT Research Council, the CRC Committee, the AM Cisco Systems. This followed a 23-year DIRECTOR, CHAIR Tax Concession Committee, the board of INDEPENDENT career in the Royal Australian Air Force CHAIR, the CSIRO and the board of F.H. Faulding DIRECTOR where he specialised in intelligence, security NOMINATION AND & Co Ltd. She is a Fellow of the Academy and capability development. In 2012 Dr of Technology and Engineering and an CHAIR, AUDIT AND REMUNERATION Biddington was admitted as a Member of Honorary Fellow of Engineers Australia. RISK COMMITTEE the Order of Australia for services to the COMMITTEE space sector.

Ms Elizabeth Whitelaw is a former senior Dr Ben Greene is the Group Chief Executive partner of law firm Minter Ellison. She is Officer of Electro Optic Systems (EOS). an experienced board member, having Dr Greene is internationally recognised performed both Chair and non-executive for his expertise in space research and Director roles for government-owned the development and commercialisation corporations, partnership boards, advisory of innovative solutions in the tracking, bodies and not-for-profit organisations. Ms monitoring and management of space Whitelaw was a member Minter Ellison’s debris. He is also the author of numerous National Partnership Board, Canberra patents and the architect of a number of Chair of Partners, a National Government international space tracking systems. Industry group leader and leader of the Canberra Infrastructure and Finance team. MS ELIZABETH Ms Whitelaw was also Minter Ellison’s DR BEN GREENE WHITELAW board representative on the National Risk INDUSTRY Assessment and Management Committee. INDEPENDENT PARTICIPANT DIRECTOR DIRECTOR CHAIR, CONTRACTS CHAIR, RESEARCH AND LICENCES MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE COMMITTEE

Professor Russell Crawford is the Executive Professor Calum J. Drummond AO is Dean of RMIT’s School of Science. Russell RMIT Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research has a Master of Science and a PhD. His and Innovation. He is an active research previous roles include Dean of Science, professor and has published over 250 Dean of the Faculty of Life & Social articles and patents in the area of advanced Sciences and Head, School of Biophysical materials. He has a PhD and DSc from Sciences and Electrical Engineering at The University of Melbourne. Professor Swinburne University of Technology. He Drummond joined RMIT University in has also held the position of President, 2014 from CSIRO where he was Group Australian Council Deans of Science. His Executive for Manufacturing, Materials and research is in the broad area of surface Minerals. Earlier, he was Chief of CSIRO PROFESSOR science, with his early work focusing on the PROFESSOR Materials Science and Engineering. He RUSSELL surface chemistry of mineral flotation and CALUM is a Fellow of the Australian Institute of CRAWFORD the removal of heavy metals from aqueous DRUMMOND Company Directors (FAICD). He has been environments. His more recent research an Australian Research Council Federation RESEARCH investigates the ways in which biological RESEARCH Fellow and the inaugural Vice President PARTICIPANT organisms interact with solid substrate PARTICIPANT Research at CAP-XX. He is an Officer of the DIRECTOR (TO 16 surfaces, particularly those used in the DIRECTOR (FROM 16 Order of Australia (AO). OCTOBER 2020) construction of medical implants, with a OCTOBER 2020) view to developing implant surfaces that resist or prevent bacterial attachment.

52 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 FORMER BOARD DIRECTORS

Professor Mary O’Kane is Principal of Mr Rod Drury is Vice President, Australia Professor Matthew Colless is Director of O’Kane Associates, a Sydney-based and New Zealand for Lockheed Martin the Research School of Astronomy and company specialising in major government Space. In this role he is responsible for Astrophysics at the Australian National and research reviews. She is Chair of the the execution and growth of LM Space’s University (ANU). He was previously, for New South Wales Independent Planning portfolio of products and services across nine years, the Director of the Australian Commission and a company director, being Australia and New Zealand. Mr Drury Astronomical Observatory (AAO). He Chair of the boards of Aurora Energy and has significant experience in the global obtained his BSc at Sydney, his PhD at a Director of the Innovative Manufacturing aerospace sector, where he has held various Cambridge, and has held positions at CRC. She was New South Wales Chief levels of responsibility including strategy, Durham, Kitt Peak and Cambridge as well as Scientist & Engineer from 2008-18 and AAO and ANU. Professor Colless is a Fellow governance, business development, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Adelaide of the Australian Academy of Science, an government relations, program management from 1996-2001. She was formerly Chair of Honorary Fellow of the Royal Astronomical PROFESSOR MARY MR ROD DRURY and research and development activities. the Australian Centre for Renewable Energy PROFESSOR Society, an ISI Citation Laureate and a O’KANE AC and is a former member of the Australian CSC Mr Drury is a former Chair of the Board of MATTHEW former Vice-President of the International INDEPENDENT Research Council, the CRC Committee, the INDUSTRY the Space Industry Association of Australia COLLESS Astronomical Union. He is a member and a member of the South Australian Space DIRECTOR, CHAIR Tax Concession Committee, the board of PARTICIPANT RESEARCH of the ANU Council, the ANU’s Founder CHAIR, the CSIRO and the board of F.H. Faulding DIRECTOR Council. representative for the Giant Magellan PARTICIPANT NOMINATION AND & Co Ltd. She is a Fellow of the Academy (FROM 9 NOV 2014 - Telescope (GMT) project, and the Australian of Technology and Engineering and an DIRECTOR astronomer on the European Southern REMUNERATION 11 DEC 2017) Honorary Fellow of Engineers Australia. (FROM 24 DEC 2015 Observatory Council. COMMITTEE – 26 OCT 2017)

Ms Elizabeth Whitelaw is a former senior Professor Min Gu is Distinguished Professor Dr Steve Gower was previously Director – partner of law firm Minter Ellison. She is and Associate Deputy Vice-Chancellor at Research Collaborations and Partnerships at an experienced board member, having RMIT University and was a Laureate Fellow RMIT University and responsible for liaisons performed both Chair and non-executive of the Australian Research Council. He is with key stakeholders, including state and Director roles for government-owned an author of four standard reference books federal governments, industry, universities, corporations, partnership boards, advisory and has over 450 publications in nano/ CRCs and research organisations, both bodies and not-for-profit organisations. Ms biophotonics. He is an elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science as well domestic and international. Dr Gower Whitelaw was a member Minter Ellison’s as the Australian Academy of Technological was responsible for the establishment National Partnership Board, Canberra Sciences and Engineering. He is also an of international research laboratories, Chair of Partners, a National Government elected Fellow of the Australian Institute research contracts, intellectual property and Industry group leader and leader of the of Physics, the Optical Society of America, commercialisation; and has served on many Canberra Infrastructure and Finance team. the International Society for Optical boards and committees. He resigned his Ms Whitelaw was also Minter Ellison’s MS ELIZABETH PROFESSOR MIN Engineering, the Institute of Physics (UK), position with the SERC Board to take up the board representative on the National Risk WHITELAW GU FAA, FTSE and the International Institute of Electric and DR STEVE role of SERC General Manager in January Assessment and Management Committee. Electronic Engineers. He was Present of the INDEPENDENT RESEARCH 2016. International Society of Optics within Life GOWER DIRECTOR PARTICIPANT Sciences and Vice-President of the Bureau of RESEARCH CHAIR, CONTRACTS DIRECTOR the International Commission of Optics (ICO) PARTICIPANT AND LICENCES (FROM 13 DEC 2017 (Chair of the ICO Prize Committee, Galileo DIRECTOR COMMITTEE - 21 FEB 2019) Galilei Award Committee) and a Director of (FROM 18 NOV the Board of the Optical Society of America. 2014 – 24 DEC Professor Gu left RMIT in February 2019 to 2015) take up an appointment with the University of Shanghai, China.

superseded by the Audit and Risk Committee. The principal SERC COMMITTEES function of the Risk Management Committee was to monitor and manage risks by making inquiries of management and the The SERC Board was advised by the following Board auditors about risks or exposures and assess the steps taken by Committees. management to minimize risk and make recommendations to the SERC Board. Audit Committee (2014-2016) Audit and Risk Committee (From September 2016) The Audit Committee was a Committee of the Board from 28 May 2015 to 9 September 2016. In September 2016 the Audit The Audit and Risk Committee is a Committee of the Board and Committee was superseded by the Audit and Risk Committee. assists on matters pertaining to financial reporting, audit and The principal function of the Audit Committee was to ensure risk management including: that the appropriate controls and processes were in place to identify all risks relating to financial reporting and that these Financial Reporting: Review accounting policies, statutory risks were effectively monitored and managed. The Audit financial statements, structure and format of management Committee also reviewed the SERC audited Financial Statement financial reports and monitor any developments likely to affect and made recommendations to the Board regarding adoption financial reporting. of the Financial Report.

Audit: Review audit plans, results and reports of the external Risk Management Committee (2014-2016) audit and satisfy itself that management’s response to audit recommendations is adequate. Evaluate the independence The Risk Management Committee was a Committee of the and effectiveness of the external auditors and recommend to Board from 09 February 2015 to 9 September 2016. In the Board any changes that may be required. Responsible for September 2016 the Risk Management Committee was

53 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 ensuring that internal control policies and procedures are in and providing recommendations to the Board on utilisation, place in relation to safeguarding assets and the maintenance of intellectual property and commercialisation issues. reliable and detailed financial records. The Committee provides expert advice to the Board on the Risk: Review the SERC Risk Management Policy and framework scope and effectiveness of research activities; whether the and recommend it to the Board. Monitor risks by making program is on target to meet research objectives; and assists inquiries of management and the auditors about risks or in identifying worldwide developments in relation to space exposures and assess the steps taken by management to technologies and space debris mitigation. minimise risk. Maintain the Risk Register and ensure it is provided regularly to the Board, highlighting areas where The principal function of the ResMC is to: the residual risk is considered high. Review the schedule of insurances annually. 1. evaluate the merits of proposed research activities; 2. advise the Board on the conduct and nature of research Synergy was retained as the SERC independent auditor during undertaken by SERC; the reporting period. 3. ensure the research undertaken is scientific in nature and is, or may prove to be, of value to Australia; and Contracts and Licences Committee 4. administer the SERC Research Fund to determine how philanthropic funds received are applied to research The Contracts and Licences Committee (CLC) is a Committee purposes. of the Board and assists with the identification, disclosure and management of actual, apparent or perceived conflicts of The Committee has representation from international research interest. Participants, end-user Participants, SME Participants and independent subject matter experts. During this reporting SERC Directors, SERC Committee Members, SERC CEO, period, ResMC members attended the SERC 2018 Research Company Secretary and Research Program Leaders complete Colloquium and whole of Research Program meeting to and update conflict of interest forms annually (and as required) review progress against the SERC Master Schedule, identify and the information is maintained as a register of declared impediments to achieving research outcomes and make personal interests. recommendations to update the Research Master Schedule to include integration interdependencies. Where an actual, apparent or perceived conflict of interest exists, the CLC reviews a referral providing details of the contractual arrangement or licence proposed and consi der any actual, apparent or perceived conflict of interest and the application of the Corporations Act, SERC Constitution, and Conflict of Interest Policy to the arrangement. SERC management refers any contractual arrangement or licence falling within the Committee’s Terms of Reference of the Committee for consideration.

A monthly report outlining any contract or expenditure cumulatively over $10,000 (with any supplier, over a rolling12- month period) is compiled by management, checked against the conflicts of interest register and made available to the Committee for review on request.

Nomination and Remuneration Committee

The Nomination and Remuneration Committee (NRC) is a Board Committee with the principal function of ensuring that appropriate controls and processes are in place to identify all risks relating to nomination and remuneration and that these risks are being effectively monitored and managed. The NRC considers the appointment/reappointment of Board and Committee members and makes recommendations to the Board accordingly. The Committee also considers the appointment and remuneration of the SERC CEO.

Research Management Committee

The Research Management Committee (ResMC) is a Board committee which advises the Board on decisions relating to the SERC Research Program, including setting research priorities, identifying education and student development opportunities

54 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 NUMBER OF AUDIT COMMITTEE NUMBER OF MEETINGS ATTENDED DIRECTOR MEETINGS ELIGIBLE TO ATTEND 2014/15 2015/16 2014/15 2015/16 Dr Brett Biddington (Chair) 1 1 1 1 Dr Steve Gower 1 1 1 1 Mr Rod Drury 1 1 1 0 Ms Jane Tisdall 1 1

NUMBER OF RISK MANAGEMENT NUMBER OF MEETINGS ATTENDED DIRECTOR COMMITTEE MEETINGS ELIGIBLE TO ATTEND 2014/15 2015/16 2014/15 2015/16 Ms Elizabeth Whitelaw (Chair) 2 1 2 1 Dr Ben Greene 2 1 2 1 Mr Rod Drury 2 1 2 1

NUMBER OF AUDIT AND RISK COMMITTEE MEETINGS ELIGIBLE NUMBER OF MEETINGS ATTENDED DIRECTOR TO ATTEND 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 Dr Brett Biddington 4 2 4 5 2 4 2 4 5 2 (Chair) Ms Elizabeth 4 2 4 5 2 4 2 4 5 2 Whitelaw Mr Rod Drury 4 1 4 1 5 Ms Jane Tisdall 4 2 4 2 3 2 4 2

NUMBER OF NOMINATION AND REMUNERATION COMMITTEE NUMBER OF MEETINGS ATTENDED DIRECTOR MEETINGS ELIGIBLE TO ATTEND 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 Professor Mary 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 O’Kane (Chair) Dr Brett Biddington 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 Ms Elizabeth 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 Whitelaw

NUMBER OF CONTRACTS AND LICENCES COMMITTEE NUMBER OF MEETINGS ATTENDED DIRECTOR MEETINGS ELIGIBLE TO ATTEND 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 Ms Elizabeth 5 3 2 8 3 2 1 5 3 2 8 3 2 1 Whitelaw (Chair) Professor Mary 5 3 2 8 3 2 1 5 3 2 8 3 2 1 O’Kane Dr Brett Biddington 5 3 2 8 3 2 1 5 3 2 8 3 2 1

NUMBER OF RESEARCH MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE NUMBER OF MEETINGS ATTENDED DIRECTOR MEETINGS ELIGIBLE TO ATTEND 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 Dr Ben Greene (Chair) 2 3 2 2 0 0 2 3 1 2 0 0 Associate Professor 2 3 2 2 0 0 2 3 1 2 0 0 Moriba Jah Mr Rod Drury 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 Dr Fumihiko Tomita 2 3 2 2 0 0 2 3 2 2 0 0 Professor Craig Smith 2 3 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 Mr Andrew Edwards 2 3 2 2 0 0 2 3 2 2 0 0 Professor Elaine 1 3 2 2 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 Sadler Mr Matthew Bold 2 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 Dr Mark Skinner 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 Mr David Ball 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0

55 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 SERC COMMITTEE MEMBERS

NAMES AND SPECIAL RESPONSIBILITIES EXPERIENCE AND KEY SKILLS

MS JANE TISDALL Ms Tisdall is the founder of Bonitas Business Consulting, a virtual CFO services firm providing on-demand accounting and taxation services to the micro and SME Independent Member sectors and not for profit organisations. Prior to commencing her own practice, Audit and Risk Ms Tisdall worked in the corporate and not for profit sector for almost 20 years. Committee She spent 12 years working in public practice providing accounting, taxation (2014-2021) and business services to a diverse range of clients ranging from servicing client public unlisted companies, not for profit organisations, SMEs, self- managed Principal, Bonitas superannuation funds and individual taxpayers. Ms Tisdall was Financial Business Consulting Controller of DMTC Ltd from September 2011 to March 2018 and held the position of Company Secretary for 5 years. Ms Tisdall holds a Bachelor of Business/Arts (Japanese) from Swinburne University, is a CPA, Chartered Accountant, registered tax agent and an Associate Member of the Governance Institute of Australia and Member of the Institute of Community Directors. PROFESSOR Moriba Jah is the director for Computational Astronautical Sciences and MORIBA JAH Technologies (CAST), a group within the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences at The University of Texas at Austin. He is also the Independent Lead for the Space Security and Safety Program at the Robert Strauss Center for Member of Research International Security and Law. Moriba came to UT Austin by way of the Air Force Management Research Laboratory and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory prior to that, where he Committee was a Spacecraft Navigator on a handful of Mars missions. (2015-2021) Moriba is a Fellow of multiple organizations: TED, American Institute of Director for Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), American Astronautical Society (AAS), Computational International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS), Royal Astronautical Sciences Astronomical Society (RAS), and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). He has and Technologies, The University of Texas served on the US delegation to the United Nations Committee On Peaceful Uses at Ausitn of Outer Space (UN-COPUOS), is an elected Academician of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), and has testified to congress on his work as related to Space Situational Awareness and Space Traffic Management.

He is an Associate Editor of the Elsevier Advances in Space Research journal, and serves on multiple committees: IAA Space Debris, AIAA Astrodynamics, IAF Astrodynamics, and IAF Space Security. MR ANDREW Mr Andrew Edwards has over 30 years’ experience in Satellite Operations and EDWARDS Orbit Dynamics. He is currently manager of the team which is responsible for the spacecraft engineering, orbit dynamics and computer equipment for current and Member of Research future Optus operated spacecraft. Andrew has supported mission analysis, station Management keeping, propulsion subsystem and fuel life estimation for all five generations of Committee Optus’s spacecraft. (2015-2021) Manager, Satellite Support, Optus Satellite Systems

PROFESSOR Elaine Sadler is Professor of Astrophysics in the School of Physics at The University ELAINE SADLER, of Sydney, and ATNF Chief Scientist at CSIRO. She was Director of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO) from AO 2014-18. Professor Sadler’s research focuses on galaxy evolution and aims to understand how galaxies form and change over billions of years of cosmic time. Independent Member of Research Management Much of her research involves the analysis of data from large-area optical Committee and radio surveys of the sky. She has designed and undertaken several major (2016-2021) astronomical surveys over the years, and currently leads the ASKAP-FLASH project, using the new Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope in Western Professor of Australia to learn about the amount and distribution of neutral hydrogen gas in Astrophysics, very distant galaxies. Professor Sadler was elected as a Fellow of the Australian School of Physics at Academy of Science in 2010, and is currently the Academy’s Foreign Secretary. The University of Sydney She has served as President of Division VIII (Galaxies and the Universe) of the International Astronomical Union (2009-2012), Chair of the National Committee for Astronomy (2010-2012), and Chair of the CSIRO ATNF Steering Committee (2016-2018). In 2019, she was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for distinguished service to science as an astrophysicist, in the field of galaxy evolution, and to gender equality.

56 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 57 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 NAMES AND SPECIAL RESPONSIBILITIES EXPERIENCE AND KEY SKILLS

DR FUMIHIKO Dr Fumihiko “Tom” Tomita is responsible for research strategy at the National TOMITA Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) Japan. Dr Fumihiko is also a member of the Telecommunication Technology Committee Member of Research responsible for future ICT innovation projects. He was awarded a BS degree in Management physics and MS and PhD in geophysics by the Tohoku University of Japan. After Committee an appointment as Assistant Professor of Tohoku University, he joined the Radio (2015-2021) Research Laboratory (RRL) which later became NICT. He has been supervising various research strategies and programs in NICT including the Space Weather R&D Advisor, Forecast Program and is currently the R&D Adviser, Research and Strategy Officer National Institute of NICT. of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) Japan PROFESSOR Professor Craig Smith is the CEO and technical director for EOS Space Systems. CRAIG SMITH He leads a multi-disciplinary team of science and engineering innovators developing lasers, beam directors, precision timing systems, sensors, and control Member of Research systems for the laser tracking products. Professor Smith has also held positions Management within Electro Optic Systems (EOS) as CEO EOS Technologies (the US subsidiary Committee of EOS) and Head of Research and Development. Prior to joining EOS Professor (2015-2021) Smith was a Senior Research Fellow at the Australian Defence Force Academy where he developed novel techniques for imaging-polarimetry and spectro- CEO and Technical polarimetry at thermal IR wavelengths. Professor Smith obtained Bachelors and Director, EOSSS PhD degrees in Physics from the University of Melbourne.

MR MATTHEW Mr Matt Bold is a Principle Researcher with the Lockheed Martin Space BOLD Systems Company Advanced Technology Center in Palo Alto, California, USA. His undergraduate studies were in physics and mathematics at the University Member of Research of Dayton and graduate studies in high energy particle physics at Arizona Management State University. Since 1996 Matt has been studying the propagation of high Committee energy lasers through the atmosphere with particular interest in the modelling (2017-2021) of atmospheric optical turbulence and the performance modelling of adaptive Principle Researcher optics systems. For the last ten years Matt has been involved in the space situational awareness research efforts at the UKIRT Telescope in Hawaii and Lockheed Martin the Lockheed Martin Space Object Tracking (SPOT) telescopes in Santa Cruz California. He is involved with the SERC Remote Manoeuver research project assisting with system engineering and performance modelling and simulation.

DR MARK Dr Mark Skinner is internationally recognised as a researcher in space object SKINNER characterisation and commercial space situational awareness. He is currently leading The Aerospace Corporation’s effort to support the transition of space Independant traffic management (STM) from the Defence realm to the Civil. For almost two Member of Research decades he supported research efforts at the AMOS facility on Maui, Hawaii, Management and now supports STM in Washington, DC. For the last six years, he has served Committee on the US delegation to UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (2017-2021) (COPUOS), as an expert on space debris and Space Situational Awareness. Senior Project Leader for Space Traffic Management. The Aerospace Corporation MR DAVID BALL Mr David Ball has 25 years’ experience in the Defence, space and telecommunications sectors with a significant portion of his career spent Member of Research specialising in satellite communications. David has held senior positions with Management several satellite operators, including Intelsat and PanAmSat, Committee with roles encompassing sales management, business development, systems (2017-2021) engineering and space systems development. David also led communications projects for the Australian Department of Defence (through Envista Pty Ltd) SERC CEO (2017-2020) during 2016 and 2017. Earlier in his career, David was a commissioned officer in the Royal Australian Air Force and was responsible for the engineering management of Defence communications systems with his final posting focused on military satellite communications systems. David holds a Bachelor of Engineering in Communications Engineering and a Graduate Diploma in Management. David was the Chair and Treasurer of the Space Industry Association of Australia. David is a Graduate Member of the Australian Institute of Company Directors.

57 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 SERC EXECUTIVE TEAM

NAMES AND SPECIAL RESPONSIBILITIES EXPERIENCE AND KEY SKILLS DR STEVE GOWER Dr Steve Gower is the Chief Executive Officer for SERC and also the research program co-leader for RP1 and RP4. Dr Gower received Chief Executive Officer his PhD in plasma physics and high power microwave engineering from the University of Wollongong. Prior to joining SERC he held Co-Leader various senior research management roles in universities, government Research Program 1 & laboratories and the private sector. Research Program 4 Whilst at RMIT University, as Director of Research Collaborations and Partnerships Steve was responsible for the establishment of major research partnerships with CRCs, ARC and NHMRC Centres of Excellence; bringing together industry, academia and government in collaborative research initiatives. Prior to RMIT, Dr Gower was responsible for the establishment and operation of all external facing partnerships with the Australian Synchrotron as Head of External Relations. Steve’s research interests span surface analytical sciences and industrial automation. MS MICHELLE FULTON Ms Michelle Fulton is the Business Manager for SERC. Michelle has over 25 years’ experience in business and industry development, Business Manager stakeholder engagement, project initiation and management, corporate governance and compliance. Prior to joining SERC, Michelle held various public and private sector appointments in the information technology, space, communication and tourism sectors. Michelle holds a Bachelor of Arts (Management) from the University of Canberra.

MR ROBERT Mr Robert Brown is SERC’s Finance Manager and has a Bachelor BROWN of Business (Accounting/Business Management) from Charles Sturt University and is a member of CPA Australia and Associate Member of CPA AGIA ACIS Governance Institute of Australia.

Robert has practiced continuous improvement by implementing Finance Manager new core operating systems and restructured the general ledger to improve financial service delivery in those organisations.

STRATEGIC PLAN

The SERC Strategic Plan, outlines the mission, vision, core values and strategic objectives for the organisation. SERC’s strategic objectives include:

• Identifying and exploiting synergies between the research efforts of initial participants so that the research objectives are collectively more advanced than would have been the case without SERC; • Establishing efficient, equitable and transparent processes for combining resources from a wide range of collaborating entities; and • Developing new technologies to preserve the space environment and extend the benefits of space to future generations KEY STAFF

The SERC team is led by Chief Executive Officer, Dr Steve Gower. Dr Gower is also research program co-leader for RP1 and RP4.

Former SERC CEO’s:

• Dr Ben Greene (2014-2017) • Mr David Ball (2017 – April 2020)

58 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 59 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 NAMES AND SPECIAL RESPONSIBILITIES EXPERIENCE AND KEY SKILLS SERC ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE DR STEVE GOWER Dr Steve Gower is the Chief Executive Officer for SERC and also the research program co-leader for RP1 and RP4. Dr Gower received Chief Executive Officer his PhD in plasma physics and high power microwave engineering from the University of Wollongong. Prior to joining SERC he held Co-Leader various senior research management roles in universities, government SERC BOARD Research Program 1 & laboratories and the private sector. Prof Mary O’Kane AC (Chair) Research Program 4 Ms Elizabeth Whitelaw Whilst at RMIT University, as Director of Research Collaborations COMPANY SECRETARY Dr Brett Biddington AM and Partnerships Steve was responsible for the establishment of Mrs Sally Vardy Dr Ben Greene major research partnerships with CRCs, ARC and NHMRC Centres of Prof Calum Drummond Excellence; bringing together industry, academia and government in collaborative research initiatives. Prior to RMIT, Dr Gower was responsible for the establishment and operation of all external facing partnerships with the Australian Synchrotron as Head of External CEO Relations. Steve’s research interests span surface analytical sciences Dr Steve Gower and industrial automation. MS MICHELLE FULTON Ms Michelle Fulton is the Business Manager for SERC. Michelle has over 25 years’ experience in business and industry development, Business Manager stakeholder engagement, project initiation and management, BUSINESS MANAGER FINANCE MANAGER corporate governance and compliance. Prior to joining SERC, Ms Michelle Fulton Mr Robert Brown Michelle held various public and private sector appointments in the information technology, space, communication and tourism sectors. Michelle holds a Bachelor of Arts (Management) from the University of Canberra.

PROGRAM 1 PROGRAM 2 PROGRAM 3 PROGRAM 4 CO-LEADERS: LEADER LEADER CO-LEADERS: Prof Craig Smith (EOSSS) Dr Robert Norman (RMIT) Dr James Bennett Prof Craig Smith (EOSSS) MR ROBERT Mr Robert Brown is SERC’s Finance Manager and has a Bachelor Dr Steve Gower (SERC) (EOSSS) Dr Steve Gower (SERC) BROWN of Business (Accounting/Business Management) from Charles Sturt RESEARCHERS University and is a member of CPA Australia and Associate Member of CPA AGIA ACIS RESEARCHERS INCLUDE: RESEARCHERS RESEARCHERS Governance Institute of Australia. INCLUDE: Dr Brett Carter INCLUDE: INCLUDE: A’Prof Celined’Orgeville Dr Yang Yang Dr Marek Möckel Mr Matthew Bold Robert has practiced continuous improvement by implementing Dr James Webb Dr Hiroo Kunimori Dr Daniel Kucharski Mr Liam Smith Finance Manager new core operating systems and restructured the general ledger to Prof Yue Gao Dr Emma Kerr Mr James Allworth Dr Chris Moore improve financial service delivery in those organisations. Ms Amy Chan Dr Michael Lachut Dr Sven Flegel Mr Andrew Bish Dr Yanjie Wang Dr Julie Currie Dr Michael Lachut Prof Yue Gao Dr Francis Bennet Dr Ronald Maj Mr Andrew Edwards Dr Doris Grosse Mr Jeffery Wardman Dr Visa Korkiakoski Mr Alex Pollard Mr David Kooymans Dr Marcus Lingham

RESEARCH STAFF & STUDENTS

59 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 1.9 Participants

SERC partnered with world leading organisations and research institutions with strong track records in scientific discovery and space technology development.

EOS SPACE SYSTEMS AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL RMIT UNIVERSITY ABN 11 008 587 451 UNIVERSITY ABN 49 781 030 03 • Essential Participant ABN 52 234 063 906 • Essential Participant • Publically listed company • Essential Participant • University participant • SME • University Participant • End-User Participant The ANU Research School of Astronomy The RMIT SPACE Research Centre is EOS Space Systems specialises in the internationally recognised in the areas of design, development and production of and Astrophysics (RSAA) is internationally recognised in the research astrodynamics, GPS tracking, atmospheric satellite and space tracking technologies density modelling, space weather and and the provision of space-based services. and development of astronomical instrumentation and construction of ionospheric research. RMIT SPACE has EOS Space Systems technologies are considerable expertise in developing applied to a variety of space surveillance precision instruments for astronomy. In particular, RSAA has considerable models for reliably propagating orbits applications in the aerospace and defence in the variable space environment. In a industries globally and have generated expertise in the field of adaptive optics, a technique that corrects the effects of successful Australian Space Research of $400m in exports for Australia. EOS Program collaboration, RMIT SPACE was Space Systems has extensive optical turbulence in the atmosphere to un-blur telescopic images instrumental in developing improved orbit tracking infrastructure and highly regarded determination algorithms, providing a expertise in locating and tracking space platform for continued SERC research. debris.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OPTUS SATELLITE SYSTEMS LOCKHEED MARTIN OF INFORMATION AND ABN 15 091 789 945 • Other Participant (International) • Industry and End-User Participant COMMUNICATIONS • Other Participant • Industry and End-User Participant TECHNOLOGY (NICT) • Other Participant (International) • Research and End-User Participant Optus Satellite Systems has been Lockheed Martin is one of the world’s NICT is charged with promoting the providing satellite services for more than largest aerospace organisations. It is Japanese ICT sector as well as research 30 years and is the only network provider both a potential end-user for SERC and development in ICT, to drive in Australia to own and operate a fleet technologies and service provider. economic growth and create an affluent, of satellites. Since 1985, Optus has Lockheed space business exceeds US$8 safe and secure society. NICT has a successfully launched ten satellites and billion annually. Lockheed Martin brings a strong space mandate because ICT is operated thirteen spacecraft. The Optus wealth of technology and space research heavily dependent on space assets. Satellite fleet currently consists of five expertise and international networks to In collaboration with Australia, NICT geostationary satellites providing services SERC. has deployed multiple optical laser across Australia and New Zealand, and to tracking facilities throughout Japan and McMurdo Sound in the Antarctic. is considered a global leader in optical space tracking and orbital science relating to high precision orbits.

60 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 61 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 MEMORANDA OF UNDERSTANDING

International collaboration was supported through the establishment of strategic Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) with leading space research institutions including the University of Arizona (USA), the Space Research Institute in Graz (Austria), the Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), the Korean Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Korea) and the University of Texas at Austin (USA).

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN

SERC strengthened its international collaboration efforts after SERC signed an MOU with Aerospace Engineering and signing an MOU with the University of Arizona (UA), USA. Engineering Mechanics, Cockrell School of Engineering, The UA’s Space Object Behavioral Sciences (SOBS) mission is to University of Texas at Austin on 14 August 2017. The school assemble and lead the world’s top multi-disciplinary science is currently ranked world number eight for graduates and and technology research and development talent and focus undergraduates in aerospace engineering and the fourth most it to solve problems requiring rigorous and comprehensive influential scientific research institution in aerospace from capabilities in assessing, quantifying, and predicting the 2004-14. The school has a research budget of US$15.2 million behavior of objects in space, both man-made and natural. and is interested in research and STEM collaboration with SERC. UA SOBS also aims to imagine, identify, develop and deliver new space object behavior capabilities; make expertise on space object behavior available to a variety of stakeholders including all branches of government, private industry, academia, and international entities; and help guarantee the University of Arizona’s leadership in the area through education, excellence, innovation and practicality in space object behavioral sciences and related fields. POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The MOU established a framework for scientific collaboration between the two organisations that resulted in the combining The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polish: Polska Akademia of the organisation’s research expertise to achieve scientific Nauk, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored institution of higher goals whilst developing common specialised knowledge and learning. Headquartered in Warsaw, it is responsible for effective use of facilities. The MOU also opened the door to spearheading the development of science across the country the exchange of scientific personnel including students in by a society of distinguished scholars and a network of addition to opportunities for joint research and development. research institutes. SERC signed an MOU with the Academy’s Space Research Centre to facilitate scientific exchange and collaborative research.

THE SPACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN GRAZ KOREA ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCE SERC signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with INSTITUTE the SLR Observatory of the Space Research Institute, Graz, Austria. The MOU signals a marked increase in collaboration The Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) is the efforts between our two organisations. national research institute in astronomy and space science of South Korea and is funded by the South Korean Government. The Space Research Institute in Graz is one of the largest KASI’s areas of research include optical astronomy, radio Institutes of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. The institute astronomy, space science, and theoretical astronomy. KASI focuses on physics and exploration of the solar system, collaborated with SERC in the area of space debris laser covering the whole chain of research needed in its fields: ranging and object characterisation. SERC hosted a KASI from developing and building instruments such as the SLR, PhD candidate for six months for research collaboration on to analysing and interpreting the data returned by these orbit determination and propagation of near-Earth objects, instruments, with support from theoretical studies. SERC detecting and resolving space object manoeuvres and optical collaborated with the Space Research Institute in Graz, and laser ranging data fusion to assist in predicting and thus Austria, to combine northern and southern hemisphere data avoiding collisions in space. on laser and optical observations of space debris including high-area-to-mass ratio objects and defunct satellites, spin dynamics analysis of observed targets, and determination of space debris optical properties for characterisation purposes.

61 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 62 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 63 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 2.1. Exit report

63 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 More than $1 trillion worth of space These collisions can be avoided by repositioning a satellite infrastructure is at risk from an ever increasing to safety, but this is only possible when debris orbits can be amount of space debris. accurately determined.

Globally, space infrastructure delivers essential and highly The CRC for Space Environment Management, operated by efficient services including communications, navigation, the Space Environment Research Centre (SERC), is funded resource management, earth observation and climate change through the Department of Industry, Science, Energy & monitoring. Accurate tracking and prediction of space objects Resource’s CRC Program as well as through Participant is essential for the safeguarding of this infrastructure. contributions to address this significant global issue.

Orbiting the earth at speeds in excess of 7.8 km/sec, space SERC was established in 2014 to develop and commercialise debris ranging in size from spent rocket stages as large as a technologies to reduce the threat to space-based bus, to flakes of paint measuring only 5mm, easily damage infrastructure from space debris. Over the reporting period, or destroy space infrastructure in the event of a collision. SERC consolidated formerly-independent research efforts Several satellites are damaged each year, potentially adding to achieve a critical mass and form a platform for new to the debris population and increasing the risk of an investment. This collaboration will continue through bilateral avalanche of collisions. agreements after SERC has wound up.

SERC has been a collaboration vehicle of choice for national, international and commercial efforts to address issues arising from space debris. This collaboration will continue after the wind-up of SERC and the technology developed during the funding term will play a key role in the practical global effort towards space debris management, mitigation and removal in the future.

SERC research centred around four interdependent Research Programs, per the diagram below:

SERC RESEARCH PROGRAMS

RP1: TRACKING, RP2: ORBIT DETERMINATION CHARACTERISATION & & PREDICTING BEHAVIOURS IDENTIFICATION OF SPACE OF SPACE OBJECTS OBJECTS Developing tools to improve Development of space debris- the accuracy and reliability of tracking hardware and adaptive orbit predictions for low Earth optics-based solutions for orbit (LEO) objects reliable and accurate tracking of space objects

RP3: SPACE ASSET RP4: SPACE SEGMENT MANAGEMENT Apply knowledge gained and Creating algorithms, databases technologies developed to and techniques to improve manoeuvre space objects using conjunction prediction and ground-based lasers prevent collisions in space

64 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 65 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 SERC Achievements

SERC’s research achievements are built on the back of Participant expertise and intellectual property and can be broadly categorised into two streams; instrumentation, and data collection and analysis.

INSTRUMENTATION ACHIEVEMENTS into a single beam using hybrid volume Bragg grating technology. Combining multiple laser sources allows for 1. Adaptive Optics Systems and Components system redundancy, scalability and cost savings through the SERC researchers have designed and constructed three use of lower cost laser sources compared to the cost of higher adaptive optics systems to support the on-sky photon pressure power sources. manoeuvre demonstration. The adaptive optics imaging system and SCIDAR (scintillation detection and ranging) SERC has supported the development of the EOS Space systems are operational and collecting data. The adaptive Systems’ guide star laser for use with the AO systems and optics imaging system is generating high-resolution images of manoeuvre demonstration experiments. This sovereign space objects such as satellites and debris for the purpose of designed and built laser has applications across both civilian characterisation and orbit determination. SCIDAR is measuring and defence sectors and will position SERC Participants to bid the atmospheric turbulence above Mount Stromlo. for tenders after SERC has wound up.

This data feeds into the laser propagation models for the 3. Sensor Systems manoeuvre demonstration experiments. The AO track and SERC researchers have built a space object tracking telescope push (AOTP) system is undergoing final integration prior to (GEO tracker) on Mount Stromlo and retrofitted the control testing and operation. The AOTP system is used to shape the system to one compatible with the EOS Space Research outgoing high power laser beam to ensure maximum light Centre telescope network. The inclusion of the GEO tracker reaches the target space object. telescope in the network takes the total number of telescope sensors to seven with four located at Learmonth in Western An integral part of the AOTP system is the high power Australia and three at Mount Stromlo. deformable mirror. This mirror “shapes” the high power laser beam based on inputs from the AO system wavefront sensor. To enable efficient tasking of the telescopes across the SERC researchers have developed a technique to cold-coat network, SERC oversaw the development of an information the reflective layer on the mirror. This is a major achievement gain based multi-sensor scheduling application. This and will contribute to expanding the applications of high scheduler has been implemented to reduce sensor idle power laser electro-optic systems. time, automatically maintain the space object catalogue and maximise sensor utility. The scheduler will automatically hand 2. Laser Systems off a tracking task to another telescope if there are visibility SERC researchers have developed, implemented and tested issues, for example clouds, at a particular site. techniques to efficiently combine high-power laser beams

65 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Importantly, the scheduler has allowed more than a thousand 4. Conjunction and Threat Warning System space objects tracks to be stored in the SERC Space Object SERC researchers have developed an end-to-end conjunction Catalogue each night. and threat warning system (CATW). The CATW system propagates the orbits of all objects in the public catalogue to SERC has designed and constructed two light detector determine when a close approach will occur between objects. systems for use with the GEO Tracker telescope. These If the object is an active satellite then the satellite operator detector systems can collect and store light at rates greater can be sent a message warning of the close approach, than 100 kHz for use in object spin characterisation to otherwise known as a conjunction. SERC CATW system can support the manoeuvre experiments. work with traditional and non-traditional data sources and mixtures of both to give the most accurate assessments of To enable characterisation of the AO and telescope as time of closest approach. In addition to the 800% speed a system, SERC developed two cubesat payloads for increase for the all-on-all conjunction analysis previously characterising the laser beam on-orbit. The payloads mentioned, SERC is able to provide an assessment of the consisted of high intensity LED beacons to allow for tracking actual risk of collision through the probability of collision. outside terminator, and two infra-red detectors to detect the This provides operators with alerts which can be acted upon laser projected from the ground. when the probability of collision is greater than the operator’s threshold for action. Knowledge of laser intensity with the AO system turned on and off will provide data for force modelling to be used for ECONOMIC BENEFIT the manoeuvre demonstration experiments. Economic benefits resulting from direct CRC activities sum to DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS $57.9 million. Of this $57.9 million, approximately $6 million ACHIEVEMENTS of activity was by international Participants directed towards CRC activities in Australia. The remaining 89.5% of funding 1. SERC Space Object Catalogue was directly invested in Australia to stimulate the economy, SERC researchers have developed a Space Object Catalogue support SME activities, and contribute to space industry (SOC) as an integral part of a conjunction and threat warning sector skills growth through the provision of education system. As previously mentioned, the SOC is now in routine and training to students and researchers. operation and data from over a thousand telescope tracks per night are stored in the catalogue. These tracks are used IMPACT OF THE CRC ON INDUSTRY for orbit determination and conjunction analysis. COLLABORATION

2. Atmospheric Mass Density Models The CRC for Space Environment Management has Atmospheric drag is the dominant factor when it comes been a catalyst for industry collaboration within the to providing accurate predictions for the orbits of space space sector. This is evidenced through, for example, objects in low earth orbit. SERC researchers have taken a CRC Essential Participants committing to continue the two-pronged approach to providing better atmospheric research component of SERC through bi-lateral and tri- models. The first is a physics-based model which uses the lateral agreements. Overall, there have been eighteen known laws of physics to model the behaviour of ions and collaborations between participants and industry over molecules in the atmosphere with external heat and light the five-year funding term of the CRC. Nine of these sources. The second model is an empirical model. This collaborations have been with international partners. model uses experimental measurements to inform a model of the atmosphere. Testing of these models has shown improvements over existing models due to the inclusion of variable ion density at different altitudes.

3. Orbit Determination and Propagation SERC has developed its own orbit determination and propagation software suite to enable parallelisation of the code and the plug-in of different force models and orbit propagators. The resulting code runs 800% faster than non-parallelised code. This enables an all-on-all conjunction analysis for space objects to be done hourly. Modularisation of the code allows for different force models, atmospheric mass density models, and propagators to be implemented as plug-ins which greatly enhances the utility of the software suite. SERC orbit determination and propagation code is now used routinely in operations.

66 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 67 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 INDUSTRY COLLABORATION: END USER CASE STUDY

Optus Satellite is a SERC Participant and end user, Optus has been an active member of the Research and owns a fleet of five communications satellites Management Committee and has provided in geostationary orbit. high-accuracy ephemeris data for their satellite fleet. The ephemeris data has been critical to Services to manage the fleet are procured from the development of the Research Program 3 overseas suppliers. Optus would like a cost conjunction and threat warning system. effective, Australian alternative to overseas services suppliers. A capability demonstration of the system was held at the Optus Belrose facility in June Over the lifetime of SERC, Optus has worked 2019. Operational trials of the system at Optus closely with SERC to define the specific commenced in December 2020. requirements of a satellite operator end user.

67 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 INFLUENCING THE UPTAKE OF NEW KNOWLEDGE, PRODUCTS OR PROCESSES: CASE STUDY

The SERC education program encouraged PhD committee, and alongside continued mentorship through candidate participation in national and international the SERC management committee, she was invited to workshops, as well as conferences and symposia, and present her research at the UCS Summer Symposium on enabled students to network with international space Global Security in 2018, the 4th Australian/New Zealand industry professionals and gain experience presenting Workshop on Space Situational Awareness, and the to international audiences. Women in Space Forum hosted by the South Australian Space Industry Centre. Guided by the mentorship and support from Associate Professor Moriba Jah (SERC Research Management Further, SERC quarantines a full day at its annual Research Committee), SERC student Samantha Le May has been Colloquium to provide mentoring to students from space provided opportunities to develop an international network industry key thought leaders on research project progress, within the Space Debris community. This support has as well as presentation skills. led to Samantha becoming an active member of the IAA Permanent Committee on Space Debris in September Mentorship provided by SERC-affiliated Researchers, 2017. Program leaders, and the Research Management committee has supported SERC students to develop The IAA Permanent Committee on Space Debris is in the necessary networking skills needed for a successful charge of the coordination of all activities related to career in industry or academia following completion of the Space Debris within the Academy, on topics including SERC education program. As a result of this support, the space surveillance, tracking, space debris mitigation following SERC students have been recognised for their and regulation. As the only Australian member of this communication skills: international committee, Samantha contributes an Australian perspective to discussions and reports prepared • Samantha Le May (3AF Edmond Brun Silver Medal, by the committee’s working groups. Samantha prepared Emerging Space Leaders Grant) + Fulbright a section within the IAA Situation Report on Space Debris scholarship which outlines Australia’s SSA capability. • Joe O’Leary (CRC Association ECR Showcase finalist, 3MT poster winner (2017), 3MT poster runner-up As a whole, the report provides a comprehensive summary (2018) of the most significant aspects of space debris, and • Joe O’Leary (invited to give a TedX talk 2019) as such influences mission and country-specific space • Hansani Thanippuli (3MT poster winner (2019) debris recommendations, and areas of future research. • Richard Samuel, Joan Duffield Special Award, ANU Samantha’s involvement with the committee has provided her with exposure within the international Space Debris

68 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 69 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 SERC EDUCATION PROGRAMS STUDENT PUBLICATIONS

SERC’s education priorities include building capability in the SERC students were listed as authors on 178 publications space industry sector, providing professional development across the life of the CRC (118 were as 1st author, 24 and industry placement opportunities for SERC PhD publications had more than one student author). candidates and creating opportunities for knowledge transfer and research collaboration. STUDENT COHORT

SERC provided education and training opportunities for SERC SERC supported 26 PhD candidates over the five years scholarship recipients including presentation opportunities funding and extended wind-up period. Over the course at International industry conferences, research collaborations of SERC, 17 PhD Candidates completed their doctorate nationally and internationally and participation at numerous with the final three scheduled to submit during 2021. This professional development symposia. exceeds the total number of submissions required under the Commonwealth Grant Agreement. It is anticipated that the PRESENTATIONS AT INDUSTRY CONFERENCES final number of SERC supported PhD submissions will be 20.

SERC students received, as part of their scholarship award, a NUMBER OF STUDENTS TAKING UP discretionary fund of $3,000 per annum to attend and present EMPLOYMENT IN THE SPACE INDUSTRY at national and international conferences, meetings and professional development symposia. This afforded students All SERC PhD candidates have taken up employment in the the opportunity to network with national and international space industry following submission of their theses. Below is space industry professionals and gain experience presenting a short description of the employment opportunities taken up and discussing their research with international audiences. by SERC students at the conclusion of their candidacy: Over the five-year funding period SERC students presented Lyle Roberts - is continuing his research into optical phased more than 103 papers (66 as 1st Authors) at national arrays and coherent light detection and ranging (LiDAR) at and international conferences including the Advanced the Australian National University and works part-time for a Maui Optical Society (AMOS) conference in Hawaii, the Canberra based start-up company, Liquid Instruments. International Astronautical Congress in Bremen, the European Conference on Space Debris in Darmstadt and the Australian Samuel Francis - relocated to the USA and is currently Institute of Physics Congress in Perth. working at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Timothy Kodikara - is currently working for the German Aerospace Centre for Geosciences, Germany

The SERC PhD scholarship has been key to my success as a PhD student. As I continue to work toward the “ completion of my thesis, I am confident that the scholarship has already been a catalyst for my career. The SERC PhD scholarship program has enabled me to extend my network in countless ways both in Australia and overseas. This includes through SERC hosted events in Australia, and through SERC-funded travel to attend conferences and connect with the international space community.

I am immensely grateful to have received the level of support offered through the SERC program – it’s not often a PhD student from Australia gets to visit three countries in one year – yet the networks and collaborations I have formed through my travel are certain to become critical to my success as a Space researcher.

Throughout my time as a SERC PhD candidate, I have also received valuable mentorship and advice from

the SERC Research Management Committee, and enjoyed comradery with fellow SERC students across

the country. With the SERC research now coming to a close, I feel privileged to have been a part of the journey, and I “ am excited for the research excellence to continue from the collective SERC PhD alumni – wherever they may be.

SAMANTHA LE MAY PHD CANDIDATE RMIT UNIVERSITY

69 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 Pierpaolo Toniato - has relocated to Europe and is following a NUMBER OF STUDENTS TAKING UP challenging project to make and launch rockets. EMPLOYMENT IN AUSTRALIA AND OVERSEAS

Alpha Bah – is working as a Research Associate at University Over half of the SERC PhD candidates have taken up of Technology Sydney (UTS) where he is commercialising his employment opportunities overseas following the submission research and developing antennas for real-world applications. of their theses. At the time of writing this report, 17 students had submitted their thesis, 7 of whom have secured Han Cai - has accepted a post-doctoral research position employment in the space industry overseas and 10 have taken at the University of Texas at Austin (UT), USA, where he will up employment opportunities in Australia. develop new uncertainty quantification methods and explore its applications in space research for space debris tracking, sensor tasking, and data fusion. INDUSTRY AND NON-INDUSTRY STAFF SUPERVISING POSTGRADUATES Changyong He - is working as a post-doctoral researcher at the Institut Géographique National (IGN) in Saint-Mandé, France in It is a requirement of any PhD candidacy that the primary the field of satellite altimetry. supervisor be an academic (university) supervisor. In addition to the academic supervisor, a number of SERC students have Joseph O’Leary - is working as a post-doctoral researcher received the benefit of mentoring and supervision from industry with EOS Space Systems developing long term spacecraft experts. A number of these experts have supervised several propogation tools. SERC students.

EMPLOYMENT OVERSEAS

SERC STUDENT STUDENTS RECEIVING EMPLOYMENT ACADEMIC SUPERVISION ONLY - AUSTRALIA VS OVERSEAS

PHD CANDIDATE EMPLOYMENT IN AUSTRALIA SUPERVISION

STUDENTS RECEIVING INDUSTRY AND ACADEMIC SUPERVISION

70 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 71 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 WHAT OUR Being a PhD student supported by the Space Environment Management CRC means a lot more than a generous top-scholarship. “ It is an opportunity to be an active member of a fun and successful STUDENTS research environment; while also gaining insight into how industry

and academia collaborate to solve real-world problems. SERC

HAVE TO provided me with a platform to network by attending international conferences, meeting experts in my field, and develop professional skills that will no doubt be invaluable for future career endeavours. “ SAY... During my PhD candidature, I felt supported, both professionally and academically, and was encouraged to pursue my research interests with help from leaders in the field.

JOE O’LEARY PHD CANDIDATE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH “I am happy to inform you that AUSTRALIA I have submitted my thesis for examination. I would like to take this opportunity to thank

SERC for the tremendous

support throughout my candidature. It is much “ I would like to thank SERC wholeheartedly for awarding appreciated and I thank you me a SERC Top-up Scholarship. If it weren’t for this funding very much.

“ and support I genuinely could not have pursued a career

in research, and for this I am endlessly grateful. I would also like to personally thank the SERC management team for their support and for making the organisational side of “ my research completely effortless. I honestly believe that this kind of support has the potential to change the state of research on all scales and is invaluable. Thank you to the stars and back! ALPHA BAH PHD CANDIDATE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, SYDNEY JESSE CRANNEY PHD CANDIDATE UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE

I have finished my PhD candidature and leave for the US to take up a postdoc researcher position at

the University of Texas at Austin, starting on 1 September 2019. The research focus is to develop new

“ uncertainty quantification methods and explore its applications in space research, e.g., space debris tracking, sensor tasking, and data fusion. I look forward to continuing to collaborate with SERC on this work. “

Most importantly, I would like to extend my thanks to SERC for financially supporting my PhD candidature and for the generous support and guidance over the past four years!

HAN CAI PHD CANDIDATE RMIT UNIVERSITY

71 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 2.2 Snapshot Summary OVER THE LIFETIME OF SERC:

LASER BEAM $57.9M COMBINING Has achieved up to 98.7% efficiency for spectral ECONOMIC beam combining of high power lasers BENEFIT CONJUNCTION 5 AND THREAT SPACE OBJECT WARNING SYSTEM CATALOGUE for the all-on-all conjunction analysis and SERC SOC 800% provides an assessment SPEED INCREASE of the actual collison risk IS COLLECTING DATA FROM OVER

1,000 SERC GEO TRACKER SPACE OBJECT TRACKS NIGHTLY TELESCOPE Collects and feeds automated space object track data into the SERC SOC

SERC was established in 2014 to develop and commercialise will contribute to expanding the applications of high power laser technologies to reduce the threat to space-based electro-optic systems. infrastructure from space debris. Over the five year funding period, SERC consolidated formerly-independent research 2. Laser Systems efforts to achieve a critical mass and form a platform for SERC researchers have developed, implemented and tested new investment. techniques to efficiently combine high-power laser beams into a single beam using hybrid volume Bragg grating technology. This collaboration will continue after the wind-up of SERC and Combining multiple laser sources allows for system redundancy, the technology developed during the funding term will play scalability and cost savings through the use of lower cost laser a key role in the practical global effort towards space debris sources compared to the cost of higher power sources. management, mitigation and removal in the future. SERC has supported the development of the EOS Space INSTRUMENTATION ACHIEVEMENTS Systems’ guide star laser for use with the AO systems and manoeuvre demonstration experiments. This Australian 1. Adaptive Optics Systems and Components designed and built laser has applications across both civilian and defence sectors and will position EOS to bid for tenders after SERC researchers have designed and constructed three SERC has wound up. adaptive optics systems to support the on-sky photon pressure manoeuvre demonstration. The adaptive optics imaging system 3. Sensor Systems and SCIDAR (scintillation detection and ranging) systems are SERC researchers have built a space object tracking telescope operational and collecting data. The adaptive optics imaging (GEO tracker) on Mount Stromlo and retrofitted the control system is generating high-resolution images of space objects system to one compatible with the EOS Space Research Centre such as satellites and debris for the purpose of characterisation telescope network. The inclusion of the GEO tracker telescope and orbit determination. SCIDAR is measuring the atmospheric in the network takes the total number of telescope sensors to turbulence above Mount Stromlo. seven with four located at Learmonth in Western Australia and three at Mount Stromlo. This data feeds into the laser propagation models for the manoeuvre demonstration experiments. The AO track and push To enable efficient tasking of the telescopes across the network, (AOTP) system is undergoing final integration prior to testing SERC oversaw the development of an information gain based and operation. The AOTP system is used to shape the outgoing multi-sensor scheduling application. This scheduler has been high power laser beam to ensure maximum light reaches the implemented to reduce sensor idle time, automatically maintain target space object. the space object catalogue and maximise sensor utility. The scheduler will automatically hand off a tracking task to another An integral part of the AOTP system is the high power telescope if there are visibility issues, for example clouds, at a deformable mirror. This mirror “shapes” the high power laser particular site. Importantly, the scheduler has allowed more than beam based on inputs from the AO system wavefront sensor. a thousand space objects tracks to be stored in the SERC Space SERC researchers have developed a technique to cold-coat the Object Catalogue each night. reflective layer on the mirror. This is a major achievement and

72 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 73 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 SERC HOSTED THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON LASER RANGING Delegates from international space agencies, research DELEGATES institutions, observatories 192 and other space industry professionals participated. COUNTRIES INTERNATIONAL 21 5 MOU’S 19 100,000+ TELEVISION WEBSITE 503 INTERVIEWS VISITS SERC RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS 145 29 PRINT MEDIA RADIO 1027 ARTICLES INTERVIEWS CITATIONS

PHD THESIS PHD SUBMISSIONS 26 CANDIDATES 20 ANTICIPATED AGAINST A TARGET OF 24 AGAINST A TARGET OF 10

SERC has designed and constructed two light detector systems with external heat and light sources. The second model is an for use with the GEO Tracker telescope. These detector systems empirical model. This model uses experimental measurements can collect and store light at rates greater than 100 kHz for to inform a model of the atmosphere. Testing of these models use in object spin characterisation to support the manoeuvre has shown improvements over existing models due to the experiments. inclusion of variable ion density at different altitudes.

To enable characterisation of the AO and telescope as a system, 3. Orbit Determination and Propagation SERC developed two cubesat payloads for characterising the SERC has developed its own orbit determination and laser beam on-orbit. The payloads consist of high intensity LED propagation software suite to enable parallelisation of the beacons to allow for tracking outside terminator, and two infra- code and the plug-in of different force models and orbit red detectors to detect the laser projected from the ground. propagators. The resulting code runs 800% faster than non- parallelised code. This enables an all-on-all conjunction analysis Knowledge of laser intensity with the AO system turned on for space objects to be done hourly. Modularisation of the code and off will provide data for force modelling to be used for the allows for different force models, atmospheric mass density manoeuvre demonstration experiments. models, and propagators to be implemented as plug-ins which greatly enhances the utility of the software suite. SERC orbit DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS determination and propagation code is now used routinely in ACHIEVEMENTS operations. 4. Conjunction and Threat Warning System 1. SERC Space Object Catalogue SERC researchers have developed an end-to-end conjunction SERC researchers have developed a Space Object Catalogue and threat warning system (CATW). The CATW tracks all objects (SOC) as an integral part of a conjunction and threat warning in orbit to determine when a close approach will occur between system. The SOC is now in routine operation and data from objects. If the object is an active satellite then the satellite over a thousand telescope tracks per night are stored in the operator can be sent a message warning of the close approach, catalogue. These tracks are used for orbit determination and otherwise known as a conjunction. SERC CATW system can work conjunction analysis. with traditional and non-traditional data sources and mixtures of both to give the most accurate assessments of time of closest 2. Atmospheric Mass Density Models approach. In addition to the 800% speed increase for the all-on- Atmospheric drag is the dominant factor when it comes to all conjunction analysis previously mentioned, SERC is able to providing accurate predictions for the orbits of space objects provide an assessment of the actual risk of collision through the in low earth orbit. SERC researchers have taken a two-pronged probability of collision. This provides operators with actionable approach to providing better atmospheric models. The first is a data which can be acted upon when the probability of collision physics-based model which uses the known laws of physics to is greater than the operator’s threshold for action. model the behaviour of ions and molecules in the atmosphere

73 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 2.2 Snapshot Summary

MEDIA AND COMMUNICATIONS ECONOMIC BENEFIT

SERC gained significant media attention during the five year Economic benefits resulting from direct CRC activities sum to funding period including 3 Newspaper articles, 29 radio $57.9 million. Of this $57.9 million, approximately $6 million interviews, 19 TV interviews, 145 print media articles, two of activity was by international Participants directed towards podcasts one Ted Talk and one online media briefing. CRC activities in Australia. The remaining 89.5% of funding was directly invested in Australia to stimulate the economy, In addition, 750 stories were posted to the SERC Facebook support SME activities, and contribute to space industry sector page resulting in over 52,000 people being reached and more skills growth through the provision of education and training to than 34,600 likes from 23,280 unique visitors. students and researchers.

The SERC website received over 100,000 views over the life of IMPACT ON INDUSTRY COLLABORAITON the CRC. The CRC for Space Environment Management has been a PUBLICATIONS catalyst for industry collaboration within the space sector. This is evidenced through, for example, CRC Essential Participants During the funding period SERC research was published more committing to continue the research component of SERC than 503 times across formal and other publication categories. through bi-lateral and tri-lateral agreements. Overall, there have been eighteen collaborations between participants and industry CITATIONS over the five-year funding term of the CRC. Nine of these collaborations have been with international partners. Through publications and citations, SERC developed brand awareness, developing a reputation for delivering world class INTERNATIONAL ENGAGEMENT research and education, and gaining acknowledgement for making a significant contribution towards global space debris Space debris is an international problem and a global approach management efforts. Over the life of the CRC SERC citations to mitigating the issue of space debris requires international reached 1027 citations. Of these documents, 15 have been collaboration. SERC achieved international collaboration and cited at least 15 times to give an h-index of 15. global reach through:

INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON LASER • International Participant involvement which brings an RANGING (IWLR2018) international perspective to SERC research and international collaboration. Memorandum of Understanding (MOUs) with strategic SERC hosted the 21st International Workshop on Laser • research partners including The Space Research Institute Ranging in November 2018. The event was attended by in Graz, Austria, The University of Arizona, USA, The 192 delegates from international space agencies, research University of Texas at Austin, USA, The Korea Astronomy institutions, observatories and space industry professionals and Space Science Institute, Korea and the Polish Academy from 21 countries. Participating organisations included the of Sciences. European Space Agency (ESA), the Japanese Aerospace Participating at international symposia and events; Exploration Agency (JAXA), the National Aeronautics and Space • Hosting an international workshop on Laser Ranging and an Administration (NASA), the National Institute of Information • international Space Debris workshop; and and Communications Technology (NICT, Japan), the Korean Appointing independent international space debris experts Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), the Technical • to the SERC Research Management Committee. University of Munich, the Polish Air Force Academy, the National Astronomical Observatories China and the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON SPACE DEBRIS MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION

SERC hosted the International Workshop on Space Debris Management and Mitigation in association with IWLR2018. Through combining the two events, SERC was afforded the opportunity to deliver workshops on each of the four research programs to an international space audience, gaining traction and recognition for SERC research and technology developments in the field.

CONFERENCE ATTENDANCE AND PRESENTATIONS

SERC built brand awareness and achieved international collaboration through participation at international events, meetings and conferences. During the five year funding period, SERC researchers and PhD candidates presented 382 papers at over147 international symposia.

74 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 75 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 3 APPENDICES

3.1 Glossary of terms

TERM DEFINITION TERM DEFINITION

ACNC Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission GAIA Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics AITC The ANU’s Advanced Instrumentation and Technology Gaussian Being or having the shape of a normal curve or a normal Centre located at Mount Stromlo Observatory in distribution Canberra, Australia. AMD Atmospheric Mass Density GEO Geostationary Earth Orbit Arcminute A minute of arc, arcminute, arc minute, or minute arc GMT Giant Magellan Telescope is a unit of angular measurement equal to 1/60 of one degree. Arcsecond unit of measurement that amounts to one sixtieth of GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System, a constellation of an arcminute satellites providing signals from space transmitting positioning and timing data. AMOS The Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance GPS Global Positioning System Technologies Conference. The premier technical conference devoted to space surveillance. ANU The Australian National University GRACE Refers to the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) twin satellites which measure the movement of mass, and hence gravity, around earth every 30 days. AO Adaptive Optics is a technology used to improve GSL Guide Star Laser the performance of optical systems by reducing the effect of wavefront distortions: it aims at correcting the deformations of an incoming wavefront by deforming a mirror in order to compensate for the distortion. AOI Adaptive Optics Imager h-index An author-level metric that attempts to measure both the productivity and citation impact of the publications of a scientist or scholar AOTP Adaptive Optics Tracking and Pushing HDR Higher Degree by Research

ARC Audit and Risk Committee HMM Heterogeneous Multi-scale Method ASA Australian Space Agency Hons Honours degree ASIC Australian Securities and Investment Commission HPL High Power Laser ATO Australian Taxation Office IAA International Academy of Astronautics BTO Beam Transfer Optics IAC International Astronautical Congress BX Beam Expanders IAF International Astronautical Federation

CATW Conjunction and Threat Warning ILRS International Laser Ranging Service Coudé path (of a reflecting telescope) having plane mirrors ILRS International Laser Ranging Service positioned to reflect light from the primary mirror along the axis onto a detector CCD Charge-coupled device LED Light Emitting Diode Centre IP Refers to IP held by SERC LEO Lower Earth Orbit Colloquium An academic conference or seminar LLT Laser Launch Telescope CRC Cooperative Research Centre LM Lockheed Martin

75 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 TERM DEFINITION TERM DEFINITION

CSpOC Combined Space Operations Centre (USA) ROD Reliable orbit determination CW Continuous Wave laser refers to a laser that produces RP Research Program a continuous output beam. DM Deformable Mirror RSAA The Australian National University’s Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics. DMTC Defence Materials Technology Centre SCIDAR Scintillation Detection and Ranging System Ephemeris Tables of values which provide the positions of objects SCRAP SERC Conjunction and Risk Assessment Program (natural and man-made) in space at a given time(s). EOS Electo Optic Systems Proprietary Limited SERC Space Environment Research Centre

EOSSS EOS Space Systems Pty Limited SLR Satellite Laser Ranging

ESA European Space Agency SME Small to Medium Enterprise

FOV Field of View SOC Space Object Catalogue

FTE Full time equivalent SP Special Perturbation

Lumini SERC high-rate photo detector SPIB SERC Payload Interface Board

MAVIS The multi-conjugate AO visible imager spectrograph SPOT Space Object Tracking for the VLT AO Facility M1 RAAF Mission 1 (UNSW contract to develop, launch SSA Space Situational Awareness is the ability to accurately and operate the first of three spacecraft for the Royal characterise the space environment and activities in space. Australian Air Force) MOU Memorandum of Understanding STEM Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration TIE-GCM Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model NICT The National Institute of Information and TLE Two-line element data, a format for distributing orbital Communications Technology (Japan) elements data. nm Nanometer UKIRT The United Kingdom Infrared Telescope. Located in Hawaii ns Nanosecond UNSW University of New South Wales OBC On Board Computer UoN University of Newcastle

OD Orbit Determination UQ University of Queensland Photodiode Semiconductor device that converts light into an UT University of Texas at Austin electrical current. OPTUS OPTUS Satellite Systems UTS University of Technology, Sydney PhD Doctor of Philosophy POD Precision Orbit Determination RANS Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes RA/DEC Right Ascension/Declination R&D Research and development ResMC Research Management Committee RMIT Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University

76 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 77 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 3.2. SERC Publications

The following tables provide a list of SERC publications (as defined in the MDQ).

YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2021 Doctoral Dissertation Predictive Control of Adaptive Optics Cranney J. Doctoral Systems for Observations and Tracking Dissertation of Space Objects and Debris 2021 AIAA Scitech 2021 Infrared thermography on a biconic Cullen, T.G., James, C.M., Ravichandran, Conference Forum model in hypersonic expansion tube R., Thompson, M., Moran, M.E., Ramesh, Paper flows R., Morgan, R.G., Nadesan, T. 2021 Doctoral Dissertation Graph Databases to Support Space Le May S. Doctoral Situational Awareness and Space Dissertation Traffic Management 2021 Advances in Space A new method for improving the Li, W., He, C., Hu, A., Zhao, D., Shen, Y., Refereed Research performance of an ionospheric model Zhang, K. Journal Article developed by multi-instrument measurements based on artificial neural network 2020 Proceedings of Towards solid-state beam steering Spollard, J. T., Gozzard, D. R., Roberts, Refereed Conf the International using a 7-emitter 1550 nm optical L. E., Sibley, P. G., Francis, S. P., Proceedings Astronautical phased array McClelland, D. E., & Shaddock, D. A. Congress, IAC (2019) 2020 Proceedings of Space-situational awareness adaptive Korkiakoski, V., Copeland, M., Bennet, F., Refereed Conf the International optics at mount stromlo: Data analysis Lingham, M., Grosse, D., Cranney, J., . . . Proceedings Astronautical of the first results D'orgeville, C Congress, IAC 2020 Journal of the State Uncertainty Normality Detection: Flegel S.K., Bennett J.C. Refereed Astronautical Introducing an Unscented Transform- Journal Article Sciences Based Test 2020 Advances in Space Tumbling object deorbiting using Yang Y., Klein E., Sagnières L. Refereed Research spaceborne laser engagement – A Journal Article CubeSat case study 2020 Proceedings of SPIE Space-situational awareness adaptive Korkiakoski V., Copeland M., Bennet F., Refereed Conf - The International optics at Mount Stromlo: data analysis Lingham M., Grosse D., Cranney J., Price Proceedings Society for Optical of the first results I., Rigaut F., D'orgeville C. Engineering 2020 Publications of the Neutron Star Extreme Matter Ackley, K., Roberts, L., Sibley, P. et.al. Refereed Astronomical Society Observatory: A kilohertz-band Journal Article of Australia gravitational-wave detector in the global network

2020 Doctoral Dissertation Space Science Education: Inspiring the Afful A.M. Doctoral 21st Century Space Explorers through Dissertation Teaching and Learning 2020 Acta Astronautica Towards space science education: Afful, A.M., Hamilton, M., Kootsookos, A. Refereed A study of students’ perceptions of Journal Article the role and value of a space science program 2020 Journal of Guidance, Modeling birth for the labeled multi- Cai, H., Gehly, S., Yang, Y., Zhang, K. Refereed Control, and Bernoulli filter using a boundary-value Journal Article Dynamics approach 2020 Acta Astronautica Possibilistic admissible region using Cai, H., Hussein, I., Jah, M. Refereed outer probability measure theory Journal Article 2020 Acta Astronautica Sensor tasking for search and catalog Cai, H., Yang, Y., Gehly, S., He, C., Jah, Refereed maintenance of geosynchronous M. Journal Article space objects 2020 Doctoral Dissertation Satellite and Debris Characterisation Copeland M. Doctoral using Adaptive Optics Dissertation

77 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2020 Proceedings of SPIE Predictive learn and apply: MAVIS Cranney, J., Zhang, H., Doucet, N., Conference - The International application-apply Rigaut, F., Gratadour, D., Korkiakoski, V., Paper Society for Optical De Doná, J., Hong, Y., Ltaief, H., Keyes, Engineering D. 2020 Doctoral Dissertation Adjoint-based aerodynamic design Damm K.A. Doctoral optimisation in hypersonic flow Dissertation 2020 AIAA Journal Discrete Adjoint optimization of a Damm, K.A., Gollan, R.J., Jacobs, P.A., Refereed hypersonic inlet Smart, M.K., Lee, S., Kim, E., Kim, C. Journal Article 2020 Aerospace Science Performance analysis and validation Damm, K.A., Landsberg, W.O., Mecklem, Refereed and Technology of an explicit local time-stepping S., Veeraragavan, A. Journal Article algorithm for complex hypersonic flows 2020 Optics Letters Fast beam steering with an optical Gozzard, D.R., Roberts, L.E., Spollard, Refereed phased array J.T., Sibley, P.G., Shaddock, D.A. Journal Article 2020 Space Weather Impact of Thermospheric Mass He, C., Yang, Y., Carter, B., Zhang, K., Refereed Density on the Orbit Prediction of LEO Hu, A., Li, W., Deleflie, F., Norman, R., Journal Article Satellites Wu, S. 2020 Doctoral Dissertation Development of New Ionospheric Hu A. Doctoral Models Using Multi-source Dissertation Measurements and Neural Networks 2020 Astrophysical Journal Identifying Magnetic Reconnection in Hu, A., Sisti, M., Finelli, F., Califano, F., Refereed 2D Hybrid Vlasov Maxwell Simulations Dargent, J., Faganello, M., Camporeale, Journal Article with Convolutional Neural Networks E., Teunissen, J. 2020 AIAA AVIATION Scaled apollo capsule heat flux James, C.M., Ravichandran, R., Smith, Conference 2020 FORUM measurements in the X3 expansion D.R., Cullen, T.G., Morgan, R.G. Paper tube 2020 Shock Waves Using optically filtered high-speed James, C.M., Smith, D.R., McLean, C., Refereed imaging to characterise expansion Morgan, R.G., Lewis, S.W., Toniato, P., Journal Article tube operating conditions Wei, H., McIntyre, T.J. 2020 Proceedings of SPIE Space-situational awareness adaptive Korkiakoski, V., Copeland, M., Bennet, Conference - The International optics at Mount Stromlo: data analysis F., Lingham, M., Grosse, D., Cranney, J., Paper Society for Optical of the first results Price, I., Rigaut, F., D'orgeville, C. Engineering 2020 Acta Astronautica Representing and querying space Le May, S., Carter, B.A., Gehly, S., Flegel, Refereed object registration data using graph S., Jah, M. Journal Article databases

2020 Remote Sensing Advanced machine learning Li, W., Zhao, D., He, C., Hu, A., Refereed optimized by the genetic Zhang, K. Journal algorithm in ionospheric models Article using long-term multi-instrument observations 2020 AIAA Journal Quasi-0d-model mapping of reflected Llobet, J.R., Yamada, G., Toniato, P. Refereed shock tunnel operating conditions Journal Article 2020 Proceedings of SPIE Australia's first laser guide star: Design Martinez, N., D'Orgeville, C., Ashworth, Conference - The International and telescope integration at Mount D., Copeland, M., Galla, A., Grosse, Paper Society for Optical Stromlo Observatory D., Krishna, S.H., Lingham, M., Price, Engineering I., Travouillon, T., Fetzer, G., Rako, S., Baumgarten, C., Webb, J., Blundell, M., Gao, Y., Gray, A., Ritchie, I., Smith, C., Wang, Y., Byrd, O., Johnson, R. 2020 Doctoral Dissertation Matched Template Signal Processing Raj S. Doctoral of Continuous Wave Laser for Space Dissertation Debris Ranging 2020 2020 Conference on Phase tracking of sub-10 fW Roberts, L.E., Wade, A.R., Gozzard, D.R., Conference Lasers and Electro- heterodyne optical signals for Spollard, J.T., McKenzie, K., Shaddock, Paper Optics Pacific Rim, precision laser displacement D.A. CLEO-PR 2020 - metrology in space Proceedings 2020 Photonics Coherent beam combining using an Roberts, L.E., Ward, R.L., Smith, C., Refereed internally sensed optical phased array Shaddock, D.A. Journal Article of frequency-offset phase locked lasers

78 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 79 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2020 Doctoral Dissertation Scaling Optical Phased Arrays Sibley P.G. Doctoral Dissertation 2020 Optics Express Crosstalk reduction for multi-channel Sibley, P.G., Ward, R.L., Roberts, L.E., Refereed optical phase metrology Francis, S.P., Shaddock, D.A. Journal Article 2020 AIAA Journal Magnetohydrodynamic drag Smith, D.R., Gildfind, D.E., Jacobs, P.A., Refereed measurements in an expansion tunnel Cullen, T.G., James, C.M., Liu, Y., Gollan, Journal Article with argon test gas R., McIntyre, T.J. 2020 Doctoral Dissertation Development of an extended test Stennet S. Doctoral time operating mode for a large Dissertation reflected shock tunnel facility 2020 23rd AIAA The x3r free-piston reflected shock Stennett, S.J., Gildfind, D.E., Jacobs, Conference International tunnel: Australia’s new large-scale, P.A., Morgan, R.G., James, C.M., Toniato, Paper Space Planes and long-duration hypersonic testing P. Hypersonic Systems capability and Technologies Conference, 2020 2020 Shock Waves Expansion tube nozzle design using a Toniato, P., Gildfind, D.E., Jacobs, P.A., Refereed parallel simplex algorithm Morgan, R.G. Journal Article 2020 Proceedings of SPIE MAVIS: The adaptive optics module Viotto, V., Agapito, G., Greggio, D., Conference - The International feasibility study Plantet, C., Pinna, E., Aliverti, M., Paper Society for Optical Arcidiacono, C., Beltramo-Martin, O., Engineering Bergomi, M., Bonaglia, M., Busoni, L., Carolo, E., Chinellato, S., Cranney, J., Farinato, J., Fusco, T., Gausachs, G., Gratadour, D., Haguenauer, P., Magrin, D., Marafatto, L., Neichel, B., Radhakrishnan, K., Ströbele, S., Vaccarella, A., Vassallo, D., Esposito, S., Ragazzoni, R., Brodrick, D., Rigaut, F. 2020 Proceedings of SPIE Predictive learn and apply: MAVIS Zhang, H., Cranney, J., Doucet, N., Conference - The International application-learn Hong, Y., Gratadour, D., Ltaief, H., Keyes, Paper Society for Optical D., Rigaut, F. Engineering 2019 Proceedings of Fast beam steering and agile Gozzard, D. R., Spollard, J. T., Roberts, Refereed Conf the International wavefront control with an optical L. E., Sibley, P. G., McClelland, D. E., & Proceedings Astronautical phased array Shaddock, D. A. Congress, IAC 2019 Proceedings of A year since the launch of the Sinn, T., Garcia-Hemme, H., Gehly, S., & Refereed Conf the International NABEO-1 CubeSat dragsail on Le May, S. Proceedings Astronautical rocket lab's “it's business time” Congress, IAC rocket: Methods of verification and observation. 2019 Precise Time and Development of a new modem for Fujieda, M., Gotoh, T. et al Poster Time Interval TWCP Meeting 2019 2019 The 12th Research activities on Terai, H., Miki,S. et al. Conference Superconducting superconducting devices in NICT Proceedings SFQ VLSI Workshop (SSV 2019) 2019 The 12th Demonstration of a 16-pixel row- Yabuno M., Miki S. et al. Conference Superconducting column readout SSPD array system Proceedings SFQ VLSI Workshop with SFQ signal processer (SSV 2019) 2019 Proceedings of SPIE Towards solid-state beam steering Spollard J.T., Gozzard,D.R., Roberts L.E., Conference - The International using a 7-emitter 1550 nm optical Sibley P.G.,Francis S.P., McClelland D.E., Proceedings Society for Optical phased array Shaddock D.A. Engineering

79 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2019 The institute Ground-to-Satellite Laser Uplink Kolev D., Toyoshima M. et al Conference of Electronic, Pre-Compensation Study for Future Proceedings Information and Missions in NICT Communication Engineering (IEICE) General Meeting 2019 B-3-24 2019 The institute Preliminary design of an intersatellite Alberto C.C., Kunimori H., Toyoshima M. Conference of Electronic, lasercom experiment between a LEO et al. Proceedings Information and CubeSat and a GEO relay satellite Communication Engineering (IEICE) General Meeting 2019 B-3-24 2019 OFC Optical Fiber The vision: Space photonics: trends, Toyoshima M. Conference Communication applications & societal impact paper Conference 2019 Laser Solutions for The Semiconductor Guidestar Laser: A d’Orgeville C. Conference Space and the Earth Novel, Affordable, Low SWaP Sodium paper (LSSE) conference Guide Star Laser for Adaptive Optics Imaging, Tracking and Manoeuvring of Space Objects 2019 Sixth conference Dual Laser Guide Star Facility d’Orgeville C., Travouillon T., Webb J., Conference on Adaptive Optics Integration and Commissioning at Gers L., Galla A., Thorn E., Rose Rees E., Poster for Extremely Stromlo Observatory Kennedy G., Martinez Rey N., Fetzer G., Large Telescopes Rako S., Blundell M., Gao Y., Smith C. (AO4ELT6) 2019 Sixth conference 13th annual workshop on laser d’Orgeville C. Conference on Adaptive Optics technology and systems for adaptive paper for Extremely optics (Overview and recap) Large Telescopes (AO4ELT6) 2019 International Application of Infrared Thermography Cullen T., James C., Gollan R., Morgan R. Conference Symposium on Shock in an Expansion Tunnel paper Waves. Springer, Cham. 2019 IEEE International A Low Profile Tightly Coupled Bah A.O. et al Conference Symposium on Antenna Array with 80-degree paper Phased Array Scanning for Multifunctional Systems and Applications Technology, Boston, October 2019 2019 Asia Pacific The X3R reflected shock tunnel: A Stennett S., Gildfind D., Jacobs P., Conference International new, long-duration operating mode Morgan R., James C., Toniato P. paper Symposium for the X3 expansion tube on Aerospace Technology (APISAT) 2019 2019 Australian and Evaluation of a multi-rate predictive Cranney J., Dona J.D., Rigaut F., Refereed Conf New Zealand Control control strategy for adaptive optics Korkiakoski V. Proceedings Conference, ANZCC systems 2019 2019 Acta Astronautica Maneuver-free approach to range-only Gong B., Li S., Yang Y., Shi J., Li W. Refereed initial relative orbit determination for Journal Article spacecraft proximity operations 2019 Advances in Space Hypertemporal photometric Kucharski D., Kirchner G., Otsubo T., Refereed Research measurement of spaceborne mirrors Kunimori H., Jah M.K., Koidl F., Bennett Journal Article specular reflectivity for Laser Time J.C., Lim H.-C., Wang P., Steindorfer M., Transfer link model Sonica K. 2019 Advances in Space Evaluation of a Geiger-mode imaging Lim H.-C., Kucharski D., Kim S., Choi C.- Refereed Research flash lidar in the approach phase S., Sung K.-P., Park J.-U., Choi M., Park Journal Article for autonomous safe landing on the E., Yu S.-Y., Kim B. Moon

80 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 81 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E 2019 ANZCC 2018 - 2018 Identification scheme with stability Cranney J., De Dona J., Korkiakoski V., Refereed Conf Australian and New constraints for high velocity turbulence Rigaut F. Proceedings Zealand Control in adaptive optics Conference 2019 Proceedings of SPIE Fast beam steering and agile Gozzard D.R., Spollard J.T., Roberts L.E., Refereed Conf - The International wavefront control with an optical Sibley P.G., McClelland D.E., Shaddock Proceedings Society for Optical phased array D.A. Engineering 2019 Proceedings of Development of a high fidelity Allworth J., Windrim L., Wardman J., Refereed Conf the International simulator for generalised photometric Kucharski D., Bennett J., Bryson M. Proceedings Astronautical based space object classification using Congress, IAC machine learning 2019 Proceedings of Close approach analysis for sensor Flegel S.K., Möckel M., Bennett J.C. Refereed Conf the International tasking Proceedings Astronautical Congress, IAC 2019 Proceedings of A year since the launch of the Sinn T., Garcia-Hemme H., Gehly S., Le Refereed Conf the International NABEO-1 CubeSat dragsail on May S. Proceedings Astronautical rocket lab's “it's business time” Congress, IAC rocket: Methods of verification and observation 2019 Proceedings of SPIE Towards solid-state beam steering Spollard J.T., Gozzard D.R., Roberts L.E., Refereed Conf - The International using a 7-emitter 1550 nm optical Sibley P.G., Francis S.P., McClelland D.E., Proceedings Society for Optical phased array Shaddock D.A. Engineering 2019 Proceedings of Development of a high fidelity Allworth, J., Windrim, L., Wardman, J., Refereed Conf the International simulator for generalised photometric Kucharski, D., Bennett, J., & Bryson, M Proceedings Astronautical based space object classification using Congress, IAC machine learning 2019 Physical Review In-Orbit Performance of the Abich, K., Abramovici, A., Amparan, Refereed Letters GRACE Follow-on Laser Ranging B., Baatzsch, A., Okihiro, B.B., Barr, Journal Article Interferometer D.C., Bize, M.P., Bogan, C., Braxmaier, C., Burke, M.J., Clark, K.C., Dahl, C., Dahl, K., Danzmann, K., Davis, M.A., De Vine, G., Dickson, J.A., Dubovitsky, S., Eckardt, A., Ester, T., Barranco, G.F., Flatscher, R., Flechtner, F., Folkner, W.M., Francis, S., Gilbert, M.S., Gilles, F., Gohlke, M., Grossard, N., Guenther, B., Hager, P., Hauden, J., Heine, F., Heinzel, G., Herding, M., Hinz, M., Howell, J., Katsumura, M., Kaufer, M., Klipstein, W., Koch, A., Kruger, M., Larsen, K., Lebeda, A., Lebeda, A., Leikert, T., Liebe, C.C., Liu, J., Lobmeyer, L., Mahrdt, C., Mangoldt, T., McKenzie, K., Misfeldt, M., Morton, P.R., Müller, V., Murray, A.T., Nguyen, D.J., Nicklaus, K., Pierce, R., Ravich, J.A., Reavis, G., Reiche, J., Sanjuan, J., Schütze, D., Seiter, C., Shaddock, D., Sheard, B., Sileo, M., Spero, R., Spiers, G., Stede, G., Stephens, M., Sutton, A., Trinh, J., Voss, K., Wang, D., Wang, R.T., Ware, B., Wegener, H., Windisch, S., Woodruff, C., Zender, B., Zimmermann, M. 2019 Doctoral Dissertation Metasurface Enhanced Ultra-wideband Bah A.O. Doctoral Multifunctional Antenna Arrays and Dissertation Fabry-Perot Antennas 2019 IEEE International A Low Profile Tightly Coupled Bah, A.O., Bird, T.S., Qin, P. Conference Symposium on Antenna Array with 80° Scanning for Paper Phased Array Multifunctional Applications Systems and Technology

81 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2019 IEEE Transactions A Wideband Low-Profile Tightly Bah, A.O., Qin, P.-Y., Ziolkowski, R.W., Refereed on Antennas and Coupled Antenna Array with a Very Guo, Y.J., Bird, T.S. Journal Article Propagation High Figure of Merit 2019 Doctoral Dissertation Optical Based Statistical Space Object Cai H. Doctoral Tracking for Catalogue Maintenance Dissertation 2019 Journal of Guidance, Multisensor tasking using analytical Cai, H., Gehly, S., Yang, Y., Refereed Control, and Rényi divergence in labeled multi- Hoseinnezhad, R., Norman, R., Zhang, K. Journal Article Dynamics Bernoulli filtering 2019 ANZCC 2018 - 2018 Identification scheme with stability Cranney, J., De Dona, J., Korkiakoski, V., Conference Australian and New constraints for high velocity turbulence Rigaut, F. Paper Zealand Control in adaptive optics Conference 2019 AO4ELT 2019 - Linear parameter varying control for Cranney, J., De Dona, J., McCloy, R., Conference Proceedings 6th laser tomographic adaptive optics Korkiakoski, V., Rigaut, F. Paper Adaptive Optics for Extremely Large Telescopes 2019 AO4ELT 2019 - Zonal multi-layer predictive control for Cranney, J., De Dona, J., Rigaut, F., Conference Proceedings 6th multi-conjugate adaptive optics: Mavis Korkiakoski, V. Paper Adaptive Optics simulations for Extremely Large Telescopes 2019 2019 Australian and Evaluation of a multi-rate predictive Cranney, J., Dona, J.D., Rigaut, F., Conference New Zealand Control control strategy for adaptive optics Korkiakoski, V. Paper Conference, ANZCC systems 2019 2019 Shock Waves Use of acceleration and optical Gildfind, D.E., Hines, T., Jacobs, P.A., Refereed waypoint measurements to estimate Stennett, S., Dimitrijevic, I. Journal Article piston trajectory in an impulse facility 2019 Proceedings of SPIE Fast beam steering and agile Gozzard, D.R., Spollard, J.T., Roberts, Conference - The International wavefront control with an optical L.E., Sibley, P.G., McClelland, D.E., Paper Society for Optical phased array Shaddock, D.A. Engineering 2019 Doctoral Dissertation Precise Thermospheric Mass Density He C. Doctoral Modelling for Orbit Prediction of Low Dissertation Earth Orbiters 2019 Journal of Modeling of Topside Ionospheric Hu, A., Carter, B., Currie, J., Norman, R., Refereed Geophysical Vertical Scale Height Based on Wu, S., Wang, X., Zhang, K. Journal Article Research: Space Ionospheric Radio Occultation Physics Measurements 2019 Journal of Geodesy Helmert-VCE-aided fast-WTLS Hu, A., Li, Z., Carter, B., Wu, S., Wang, Refereed approach for global ionospheric X., Norman, R., Zhang, K. Journal Article VTEC modelling using data from GNSS, satellite altimetry and radio occultation 2019 AIAA Aviation 2019 Testing of ultra fast response, durable James, C.M., Birch, B.J.C., Smith, D.R., Conference Forum co-axial thermocouples for high Cullen, T.G., Millard, T., Vella, S., Liu, Y., Paper enthalpy impulse facilities Morgan, R.G., Stern, N., Buttsworth, D.R. 2019 Doctoral Dissertation Physical Understanding and Kodikara T. Doctoral Forecasting of the Thermospheric Dissertation Structure and Dynamics 2019 Journal of Density-Temperature Synchrony in the Kodikara, T., Carter, B., Norman, R., Refereed Geophysical Hydrostatic Thermosphere Zhang, K. Journal Article Research: Space Physics 2019 Doctoral Dissertation General Relativistic and Post- O'Leary J. Doctoral Newtonian Dynamics for Near-Earth Dissertation Objects and Solar System Bodies 2019 AIAA Aviation 2019 Shock layer radiation measurements Ramesh, R., Kelly, R.M., Cullen, T.G., Conference Forum at a mars entry condition for infrared Mee, D.J., Morgan, R.G. Paper thermography

82 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 83 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2019 Proceedings of A year since the launch of the Sinn, T., Garcia-Hemme, H., Gehly, S., Le Conference the International NABEO-1 CubeSat dragsail on May, S. Paper Astronautical rocket lab's “it's business time” Congress, IAC rocket: Methods of verification and observation 2019 Proceedings of SPIE Towards solid-state beam steering Spollard, J.T., Gozzard, D.R., Roberts, Conference - The International using a 7-emitter 1550 nm optical L.E., Sibley, P.G., Francis, S.P., Paper Society for Optical phased array McClelland, D.E., Shaddock, D.A. Engineering 2019 Doctoral Dissertation Free-jet testing of a Mach 12 scramjet Toniato P. Doctoral in an expansion tube Dissertation 2019 Proceedings of SPIE Continuous-wave light detection Ward, K.A.P., Spollard, J.T., Roberts, L.E., Conference - The International and ranging (LiDAR) using image- McClelland, D.C., Shaddock, D.A. Paper Society for Optical reject homodyne detection and PRBS Engineering modulation 2019 FUSION 2019 - Schmidt-Kalman Filter with Polynomial Yang, Y., Cai, H., Gong, B., Norman, R. Conference 22nd International Chaos Expansion for State Estimation Paper Conference on Information Fusion 2018 IEEE Transactions Ionospheric regions producing Norman R., Carter B.A., Healy S.B., Refereed on Geoscience and anomalous GNSS radio occultation Culverwell I.D., Von Engeln A., Le Journal Article Remote Sensing results Marshall J., Younger J.P., Cate A., Zhang K. 2018 Progress in Earth and Unseasonal development of post- Carter B.A., Ram S.T., Yizengaw E., Refereed Planetary Science sunset F-region irregularities over Pradipta R., Retterer J., Norman R., Journal Article Southeast Asia on 28 July 2014: 1. Currie J., Groves K., Caton R., Terkildsen Forcing from above? M., Yokoyama T., Zhang K. 2018 Journal of Ionospheric and Thermospheric Li W., Yue J., Yang Y., He C., Hu A., Refereed Geophysical Responses to the Recent Strong Solar Zhang K. Journal Article Research: Space Flares on 6 September 2017 Physics 2018 Space Weather Geomagnetically Induced Currents Oliveira D.M., Arel D., Raeder J., Zesta Refereed Caused by Interplanetary Shocks With E., Ngwira C.M., Carter B.A., Yizengaw Journal Article Different Impact Angles and Speeds E., Halford A.J., Tsurutani B.T., Gjerloev J.W. 2018 Atmospheric Analysis of ionospheric structure Liu C., Kirchengast G., Sun Y., Zhang K., Refereed Measurement influences on residual ionospheric Norman R., Schwaerz M., Bai W., Du Q., Journal Article Techniques errors in GNSS radio occultation Li Y. bending angles based on ray tracing simulations 2018 2017 Australian and Invariant sets via LPV-embedding Hanafi A.N., Seron M.M., De Dona J.A., Refereed Conf New Zealand Control for Lure nonlinear systems with Cranney J. Proceedings Conference, ANZCC unmatched nonlinearities 2017 2018 2017 Australian and Modeling and identification of Cranney J., De Dona J., Piatrou P., Rigaut Refereed Conf New Zealand Control adaptive optics systems to satisfy F., Korkiakoski V. Proceedings Conference, ANZCC distributed Kalman filter model 2017 structural constraints 2018 Advances in the Space-based multi-sensor multi-target Cai H., Yang Y., Gehly S., Zhang K. Refereed Conf Astronautical tracking for geosynchronous space Proceedings Sciences objects 2018 Proceedings of SPIE Adaptive optics corrected imaging for Copeland M., Bennet F., Rigaut F., Refereed Conf - The International satellite and debris characterisation Korkiakoski V., D'Orgeville C., Smith C. Proceedings Society for Optical Engineering 2018 Proceedings of SPIE Adaptive optics tracking and pushing Lingham M., Grosse D., Bennet F., Refereed Conf - The International system for space debris manoeuvre Blundell M., Chan A., Copeland M., Proceedings Society for Optical D'Orgeville C., Ellis M., Galla A., Gao Y., Engineering Gers L., Hart J., Houston E., Korkiakoski V., Price I., Rees E.R., Rigaut F., Ritchie I., Smith C., Travouillon T., Vaccarella A., Wang Y., Webb J.

83 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2018 Proceedings of SPIE High level adaptive optics supervision Korkiakoski V., Rigaut F., Price I., Cranney Refereed Conf - The International software for fast transition to optimal J., Bennet F., Lingham M., Namjouyan Proceedings Society for Optical performance N., Grosse D., Copeland M., D'Orgeville Engineering C. 2018 Proceedings of SPIE Rolling shutter detector data flow Dirnberger M., Rigaut F., Minowa Y., Refereed Conf - The International strategies to push the limits of AO Conan R., Guyon O., Gratadour D., Proceedings Society for Optical performance Korkiakoski V. Engineering 2018 Proceedings of SPIE Semiconductor guidestar laser D'Orgeville C., Fetzer G.J., Floyd S., Refereed Conf - The International for astronomy, space, and laser Hill L., Rako S., Woody N., Sandalphon, Proceedings Society for Optical communications: Prototype design Bennet F., Bouchez A., Gao Y., Goodwin Engineering and expected performance M., Lambert A., Mason J., Rigaut F., Ryder S., Shaddock D., Sharp R. 2018 Proceedings of SPIE An integrated identification and Cranney J., De Dona J., Korkiakoski V., Refereed Conf - The International predictive control strategy for Rigaut F. Proceedings Society for Optical high wind velocity adaptive optics Engineering applications 2018 Proceedings of SPIE Site characterisation at Mount Korkiakoski V., Copeland M., Lingham Refereed Conf - The International Stromlo: Results with a single-detector M., Osborn J., Grosse D., Thorn E., Proceedings Society for Optical stereo-SCIDAR Bennet F., Price I., Rigaut F., D'Orgeville Engineering C. 2018 Proceedings of Adaptive optics for tracking and Korkiakoski V., Grosse D., Stone B., Refereed Conf the International pushing space debris: Performance of Lingham M., Bennet F., D'Orgeville C., Proceedings Astronautical the adaptive optics system Travouillon T., Smith C. Congress, IAC 2018 Proceedings of Particle flux analysis with the updated Wiedemann C., Horstmann A., Refereed Conf the International master model Hesselbach S., Braun V., Krag H., Flegel Proceedings Astronautical S., Oswald M., Stoll E. Congress, IAC 2018 Proceedings of Impact of variations in thermospheric He, C., Yang, Y., Carter, B., Ruan, H., Refereed Conf the International mass density on the orbit propagation Deleflie, F., Lei, J., Zhang, K. Proceedings Astronautical of low Earth orbit satellites Congress, IAC 2018 Scientific Reports Realization of an Ultra-thin Bah, A.O., Qin, P.-Y., Ziolkowski, R.W., Refereed Metasurface to Facilitate Wide Cheng, Q., Guo, Y.J. Journal Article Bandwidth, Wide Angle Beam Scanning 2018 IET Conference Design and analysis of a wide angle Bah, A.O., Ziolkowski, R.W., Qin, P.-Y., Conference Publications impedance matching metasurface for Jay Guo, Y. Paper wideband antenna arrays 2018 Acta Astronautica Improved tracklet association for Cai, H., Yang, Y., Gehly, S., Wu, S., Refereed space objects using short-arc optical Zhang, K. Journal Article measurements 2018 Advances in the Space-based multi-sensor multi-target Cai, H., Yang, Y., Gehly, S., Zhang, K. Conference Astronautical tracking for geosynchronous space Paper Sciences objects 2018 Proceedings of SPIE Adaptive optics corrected imaging for Copeland, M., Bennet, F., Rigaut, F., Conference - The International satellite and debris characterisation Korkiakoski, V., D'Orgeville, C., Smith, C. Paper Society for Optical Engineering 2018 Proceedings of SPIE An integrated identification and Cranney, J., De Dona, J., Korkiakoski, V., Conference - The International predictive control strategy for Rigaut, F. Paper Society for Optical high wind velocity adaptive optics Engineering applications 2018 2017 Australian and Modeling and identification of Cranney, J., De Dona, J., Piatrou, P., Conference New Zealand Control adaptive optics systems to satisfy Rigaut, F., Korkiakoski, V. Paper Conference, ANZCC distributed Kalman filter model 2017 structural constraints

84 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 85 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E 2018 7th International Decentralised Energy Market for Davison, M., Cranney, J., Summers, T., Conference IEEE Conference Implementation into the Intergrid Townsend, C.D. Paper on Renewable Concept - Part 2: Integrated System Energy Research and Applications, ICRERA 2018 2018 7th International Decentralised Energy Market for Davison, M., Cranney, J., Summers, T., Conference IEEE Conference Implementation into the Intergrid Townsend, C.D. Paper on Renewable Concept Part I: Isolated System Energy Research and Applications, ICRERA 2018 2018 Journal of Geodesy Multi-link laser interferometry Francis, S.P., Lam, T.T.-Y., McClelland, Refereed architecture for interspacecraft D.E., Shaddock, D.A. Journal Article displacement metrology 2018 2017 Australian and Invariant sets via LPV-embedding Hanafi, A.N., Seron, M.M., De Dona, Conference New Zealand Control for Lure nonlinear systems with J.A., Cranney, J. Paper Conference, ANZCC unmatched nonlinearities 2017 2018 Progress in Review and comparison of empirical He, C., Yang, Y., Carter, B., Kerr, E., Review Article Aerospace Sciences thermospheric mass density models Wu, S., Deleflie, F., Cai, H., Zhang, K., Sagnières, L., Norman, R. 2018 Proceedings of Target acquisition and tracking of Heffernan, L., Holmes, Z., Inglis, J., Conference the International extremely long distance targets using Shearer, N., Shaddock, D., Roberts, L., Paper Astronautical multiple risley prism systems Robertson, W., Perrella, C., Light, P., Congress, IAC Luiten, A. 2018 Royal Society Open Generalized transformations and Hill, J.M., O’Leary, J. Refereed Science coordinates for static spherically Journal Article symmetric general relativity 2018 IEEE Transactions Improvement of Reflection Hu, A., Wu, S., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Refereed on Geoscience and Detection Success Rate of GNSS RO Norman, R., He, C., Cai, H., Zhang, K. Journal Article Remote Sensing Measurements Using Artificial Neural Network 2018 Remote Sensing Using bidirectional long short-term Hu, A., Zhang, K. Refereed memory method for the height of Journal Article F2 peak forecasting from ionosonde measurements in the Australian Region 2018 Experiments in Fluids Improved test time evaluation in an James, C.M., Cullen, T.G., Wei, H., Lewis, Refereed expansion tube S.W., Gu, S., Morgan, R.G., McIntyre, T.J. Journal Article 2018 2018 Aerodynamic Improving high enthalpy expansion James, C.M., Smith, D.R., McLean, C., Conference Measurement tube condition characterisation using Morgan, R.G., Lewis, S.W., Toniato, P. Paper Technology and high speed imagery Ground Testing Conference 2018 Journal of The First Comparison Between Kodikara, T., Carter, B., Zhang, K. Refereed Geophysical Swarm-C Accelerometer-Derived Journal Article Research: Space Thermospheric Densities and Physical Physics and Empirical Model Estimates 2018 Proceedings of SPIE Site characterisation at Mount Korkiakoski, V., Copeland, M., Lingham, Conference - The International Stromlo: Results with a single-detector M., Osborn, J., Grosse, D., Thorn, Paper Society for Optical stereo-SCIDAR E., Bennet, F., Price, I., Rigaut, F., Engineering D'Orgeville, C. 2018 Proceedings of SPIE High level adaptive optics supervision Korkiakoski, V., Rigaut, F., Price, I., Conference - The International software for fast transition to optimal Cranney, J., Bennet, F., Lingham, M., Paper Society for Optical performance Namjouyan, N., Grosse, D., Copeland, Engineering M., D'Orgeville, C. 2018 Acta Astronautica Space debris collision probability Le May, S., Gehly, S., Carter, B.A., Flegel, Refereed analysis for proposed global S. Journal Article broadband constellations

85 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E 2018 Terrestrial, Modelling of weighted-mean Li, L., Wu, S.-Q., Wang, X.-M., Tian, Y., Refereed Atmospheric and temperature using regional He, C.-Y., Zhang, K.-F. Journal Article Oceanic Sciences radiosonde observations in Hunan China 2018 Journal of Ionospheric and Thermospheric Li, W., Yue, J., Yang, Y., He, C., Hu, A., Refereed Geophysical Responses to the Recent Strong Solar Zhang, K. Journal Article Research: Space Flares on 6 September 2017 Physics 2018 Proceedings of SPIE Adaptive optics tracking and pushing Lingham, M., Grosse, D., Bennet, F., Conference - The International system for space debris manoeuvre Blundell, M., Chan, A., Copeland, M., Paper Society for Optical D'Orgeville, C., Ellis, M., Galla, A., Engineering Gao, Y., Gers, L., Hart, J., Houston, E., Korkiakoski, V., Price, I., Rees, E.R., Rigaut, F., Ritchie, I., Smith, C., Travouillon, T., Vaccarella, A., Wang, Y., Webb, J. 2018 Astrophysics and Post-Newtonian satellite orbits O’Leary, J., Hill, J.M. Refereed Space Science Journal Article 2018 Celestial Mechanics On the energy integral for first post- O’Leary, J., Hill, J.M., Bennett, J.C. Refereed and Dynamical Newtonian approximation Journal Article Astronomy 2018 2018 Aerodynamic Performance optimization of X3R: A Stennett, S.J., Gildfind, D.E., Jacobs, Conference Measurement new reflected shock tunnel mode for P.A., Morgan, R.G. Paper Technology and the X3 expansion tube Ground Testing Conference 2018 2018 Applied Full free-stream mach 12 scramjet Toniato, P., Gildfind, D.E., Andrianatos, Conference Aerodynamics testing in expansion tubes A., Morgan, R.G. Paper Conference 2018 7th International Virtual Oscillator Controller Wong, C.A., Summers, T.J., Betz, R.E., Conference IEEE Conference Optimisation Using Low-Bandwidth Cranney, J.A. Paper on Renewable Communication Energy Research and Applications, ICRERA 2018 2018 Australian Institute of Satellite and debris characterisation Copeland M. Conference Physics Congress, 9 - with Adaptive Optics Imaging paper 13 December 2018, Perth 2018 International A new Australian conjunction Bennett J.C. Conference Workshop on Laser assessment and threat warning service paper Ranging, 5 - 9 November 2018, Canberra 2018 683 WE-Heraeus- Research activities for Miki S. et al. Conference Seminar Physics superconducting nanowire single Proceedings and Applications of photon detectors in NICT Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors 2018 International Search and track multi-sensor multi- Cai H. Conference Workshop on Laser target tracking for orbit determination poster Ranging, 5 - 9 and catalog maintenance of November 2018, geosynchronous space objects Canberra 2018 International Adaptive optics corrected imaging for Copeland M., Bennet F., Rigaut F., Conference Workshop on Laser satellite and debris characterisation D'Orgeville C., Smith C. et al. paper Ranging, 5 - 9 November 2018, Canberra

86 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 87 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2018 International The Semiconductor Guidestar Laser: d’Orgeville C. Conference Workshop on Laser A novel, affordable, low SWaP sodium paper Ranging, 5 - 9 guidestar laser for adaptive optics November 2018, tracking of space objects Canberra 2018 International The Semiconductor Guidestar Laser: D'Orgeville C. Conference Workshop on Laser A novel, affordable, low SWaP sodium poster Ranging, 5 - 9 guide star laser for adaptive optics November 2018, tracking of space objects Canberra 2018 International Assessing GEO Close Encounter Flegel, S. Conference Workshop on Laser Warnings for Spacecraft Operations paper Ranging, 5 - 9 November 2018, Canberra 2018 International Multi-kW high beam quality CW laser Gao Y. Conference Workshop on Laser for space debris manoeuvring paper Ranging, 5 - 9 November 2018, Canberra 2018 International Reduction of atmospheric modelling Greene B. Conference Workshop on Laser errors using multiple wavelength paper Ranging, 5 - 9 ranging November 2018, Canberra 2018 International Towards Quantifiable Resident Jah, M. Conference Workshop on Laser Space Object Activity and paper Ranging, 5 - 9 Behavior Prediction, Identification, November 2018, Quantification and Assessment Canberra 2018 International Orbit determination for space debris Kim S. Conference Workshop on Laser tracking using laser ranging and paper Ranging, 5 - 9 angular data from an encoder in November 2018, Geochang SLR system Canberra 2018 International High-definition Photometry - a new Kucharski, D., Bennett, J., Kirchner, G., Conference Workshop on Laser tool for space debris characterization Jah, M., Webb, J. paper Ranging, 5 - 9 November 2018, Canberra 2018 International Orbit determination and prediction Lachut M. Conference Workshop on Laser accuracy of TOPEX with a priori paper Ranging, 5 - 9 solar radiation force derived from November 2018, photometrics and laser ranging data Canberra 2018 International Design of a High-Performance Möckel M. Conference Workshop on Laser Conjunction Assessment Service poster Ranging, 5 - 9 November 2018, Canberra 2018 International Overview and research findings of Norman R. Conference Workshop on Laser SERC Research Program 2: Orbit paper Ranging, 5 - 9 Determination and Predicting November 2018, Behaviours of Space Objects Canberra 2018 International Accelerometer-derived thermosphere Norman R. Conference Workshop on Laser density from Swarm-C and poster Ranging, 5 - 9 advancements in physics-based November 2018, modelling Canberra

87 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2018 International Gravity field determination using post- O’leary, J. Conference Workshop on Laser Newtonian energy integral paper Ranging, 5 - 9 November 2018, Canberra 2018 International Increasing the determinacy and Samuel R. Conference Workshop on Laser uniqueness of solutions to the physical poster Ranging, 5 - 9 characteristics and non-natural November 2018, behaviours of near-earth orbiting Canberra space objects 2018 International Space Environment Research Centre: Sheard B Conference Workshop on Laser Space segment overview paper Ranging, 5 - 9 November 2018, Canberra 2018 International Design & Development of an Shteinman D. Conference Workshop on Laser Optimized Sensor Scheduling & poster Ranging, 5 - 9 Tasking Programme for Tracking Space November 2018, Objects Canberra 2018 International SERC Research Program 1 Review: Smith C. Conference Workshop on Laser Remote manoeuvre of space debris paper Ranging, 5 - 9 using photon pressure for active November 2018, collision avoidance Canberra 2018 International Collision Avoidance using Ground Smith L. Conference Workshop on Laser Based Lasers paper Ranging, 5 - 9 November 2018, Canberra 2018 International Development and architecture of the Webb J. Conference Workshop on Laser EOS Guide Star Laser poster Ranging, 5 - 9 November 2018, Canberra 2018 International Multiple space objects tracking and Yang Y. Conference Workshop on Laser orbit determination considering poster Ranging, 5 - 9 uncertain parameters November 2018, Canberra 2018 The 62th Space A Very Small Optical Transmitter Kunimori H., Kubooka T., Toyoshima M. Conference Sciences and (VSOTA) to RISESAT Satellite and a et al. Proceedings Technology Ground Station Interface for Optical Conference, Communication Experiment 1K18,pp.1-5 2018 International Research and Development of a Y.Saito, H.Kunimori, T.Kubooka, Conference Conference on Space Transportable Ground Optical Station M.Toyoshima, et al. Proceedings Optics (ICSO 2018) in NICT 2018 "Proceedings of SPIE An integrated identification and Cranney J., De Dona J., Korkiakoski V., Conference - The International predictive control strategy for Rigaut F. Proceedings Society for Optical high wind velocity adaptive optics Engineering applications " 2018 Proceedings of SPIE High level adaptive optics supervision Korkiakoski V., Rigaut F., Price I., Conference - The International software for fast transition to optimal Copeland M., D'Orgeville C. et al. Proceedings Society for Optical performance Engineering 2018 Proceedings of SPIE Adaptive optics tracking and pushing Lingham, M., Grosse, D., Bennet, F., Conference - The International system for space debris manoeuvre Wang, Y., Webb, J. et al. Proceedings Society for Optical Engineering

88 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 89 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2018 Proceedings of SPIE Adaptive optics corrected imaging for Copeland M., Bennet F., Rigaut F., Conference - The International satellite and debris characterisation D'Orgeville C., Smith C. et al. Proceedings Society for Optical Engineering 2018 Proceedings of SPIE Semiconductor guidestar laser D'Orgeville C., Fetzer G.J., Floyd S., Conference - The International for astronomy, space, and laser Hill L., Rako S., Woody N., Sandalphon, Proceedings Society for Optical communications: Prototype design Bennet F., Bouchez A., Gao Y., Goodwin Engineering and expected performance M., Lambert A., Mason J., Rigaut F., Ryder S., Shaddock D., Sharp R. 2018 Advanced Maui Satellite Characterization, Spurbeck J., Jah M., Kucharski D., Conference Optical and Space Classification, and Operational Bennett J.C., Webb, J. paper Surveillance Assessment Via the Exploitation of Technologies (AMOS) Remote Photoacoustic Signatures Conference, 11-14 September 2018, Maui, Hawaii 2018 Space Feasibility study of a scalable laser Munemasa, Y., Kunimori, H. Kubooka, T., NICT internal Communications communication terminal in NICT for Toyoshima, M. seminar Lab. Seminar next-generation space networks 2018 DLRK 2018 DIE WELTRAUMMÜLL-POPULATION Wiedemann, C., Horstmann, A., Conference DES NEUEN MASTER-MODELLS Hesselbach, S., Braun, V., Krag, paper H.,Flegel, S., Oswald, M., Stoll, E. 2018 Advanced Maui Automating the Assessment of O’Leary, J., Hill, J.M., Bennett, J. Conference Optical and Space Orbit Predictions and Estimations paper Surveillance for Building and Maintaining a New Technologies (AMOS) Catalogue Conference, 11-14 September 2018, Maui, Hawaii 2018 18th Australian Impact of the equatorial mass density He, C., Yang, Y., Carter, B.A., Ruan, H., Conference Space Research anomaly and midnight mass density Lei, J., Deleflie, F., Zhang, K. paper Conference, 26-28 maximum on the LEO dynamics September 2018, Gold Coast 2018 Advanced Maui Progress in a new conjunction and Bennett J.C., Lachut M., Kucharski Conference Optical and Space threat warning service for Space D., Flegel S., Möckel M., Allworth J., paper Surveillance Situational Awareness Kooymans D., Pollard A., Smith C., Technologies (AMOS) O’Leary J., Thanippuli Kankanamalage Conference, 11-14 H., Samuel R. September 2018, Maui, Hawaii 2018 Advanced Maui Normality in State Uncertainties from Flegel, S., Bennett, J. Conference Optical and Space Orbit Determination Results fitting paper Surveillance Optical Measurements Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 11-14 September 2018, Maui, Hawaii 2018 Advanced Maui Satellite Characterization, Spurbeck J., Jah M., Kucharski D., Conference Optical and Space Classification, and Operational Bennett J.C., Webb, J. paper Surveillance Assessment Via the Exploitation of Technologies (AMOS) Remote Photoacoustic Signatures Conference, 11-14 September 2018, Maui, Hawaii 2018 Advanced Maui High Sampling Rate Photometry Kucharski D., Bennett J.C., Kirchner G., Conference Optical and Space of Spinning Satellites for Nano- Jah M., Webb J., Spurbeck J. paper Surveillance Perturbation Detection Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 11-14 September 2018, Maui, Hawaii

89 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2018 Advanced Maui Automating the Assessment of Lachut M., Bennett J.C., Kooymans D. Conference Optical and Space Orbit Predictions and Estimations paper Surveillance for Building and Maintaining a New Technologies (AMOS) Catalogue Conference, 11-14 September 2018, Maui, Hawaii 2018 Advanced Maui Numerical Conservation of Exact and O’Leary J., Hill J.M. Conference Optical and Space Approximate First Post-Newtonian paper Surveillance Energy Integrals Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 11-14 September 2018, Maui, Hawaii 2018 Advanced Maui Progress in a New Conjunction and Bennett J.C., Lachut M., Kucharski Conference Optical and Space Threat Warning Service for Space D., Flegel S., Möckel M., Allworth J., paper Surveillance Situational Awareness Kooymans D., Pollard A., Smith C., Technologies (AMOS) O’Leary J., Thanippuli Kankanamalage Conference, 11-14 H., Samuel R. September 2018, Maui, Hawaii 2018 Advanced Maui Space Object Tracking from the Gehly, S., Carter, B., Yang Y., Cai, H., Le Conference Optical and Space Robotic Optical Observatory at RMIT May, S., Norman, R., Currie J. et al paper Surveillance University Technologies (AMOS) Conference, September 2018, Maui, Hawaii 2018 IEICE Technical Proposal of a single-flux-quantum Miyajima, S., Miki, S. et al. Conference Report, SCE2018-14 based event-driven encoder using a Proceedings (2018-08),pp.41-46 row-column readout architecture for a large pixel superconducting nanowire single photon detector array 2018 Summer University Adaptive Optics for Space Situational Grosse D. Conference in engineering for Awareness paper women 2018 Space A Very Small Optical Transmitter Kunimori H., Kubooka T., Toyoshima M. NICT internal Communications (VSOTA) to RISESAT Satellite and a et al. seminar Lab. Seminar Ground Station Interface for Optical Communication Experiment 2018 4th Australian & New Fitting orbital manoeuvres in the orbit Bennett J.C. Conference Zealand AOARD determination process paper Space Situational Awareness Workshop 2018 Proceedings of SPIE Rolling shutter detector data flow Dirnberger M., Rigaut F., Minowa Y., Conference - The International strategies to push the limits of AO Conan R., Guyon O., Gratadour D., Proceedings Society for Optical performance Korkiakoski V. Engineering 2018 Proceedings of SPIE Site characterisation at Mount Korkiakoski V., Copeland M., Lingham Conference - The International Stromlo: Results with a single-detector M., Osborn J., Grosse D., Thorn E., Proceedings Society for Optical stereo-SCIDAR Bennet F., Price I., Rigaut F., D'Orgeville Engineering C. 2018 Space Status of HICALI project experiment Hideki Takenaka, Hiroo Kunimori, Conference Communications plan Toshishiro Kubooka, et.al paper Laboratory Seminar 2018 European Design and analysis of a wide angle Bah A.O. et al Conference Conference on impedace matching metasurface for Proceedings Antennas and windebband antenna arrays. Propagation (EuCAP 2018), London, April 2018

90 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 91 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2018 SERC Research Adaptive Optics Imager Copeland M. Conference Colloquium 2018, paper Canberra 2018 The Optical Superconducting Nanowire Single- Terai H., Miki S., et al. Conference Networking and Photon Detectors for Future Optical Proceedings Communication Communications Conference & Exhibition (OFC2018) 2018 SERC Research Progress Against the Master Schedule Gower S.A. Conference Colloquium 2018, – A Snapshot as at 31 Dec 2017 paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research AO Program Overview and Laser D'Orgeville C. Conference Colloquium 2018, Guide Star Facility Update paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research Atmospheric Turbulence Monitoring Korkiakoski V. Conference Colloquium 2018, with SCIDAR paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research Adaptive Optics for Tracking and Grosse D. Conference Colloquium 2018, Pushing Space Debris paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research AO Supervisory Software Korkiakoski V. Conference Colloquium 2018, paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research Development and Project Status of Webb J. Conference Colloquium 2018, the Sodium Guidestar Laser paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research Multi-Beam Combination for High Gao Y. Conference Colloquium 2018, Beam Quality Multi-kW CW Laser - paper Canberra Progress Made 2018 SERC Research Lockheed Laser Integration Smith L. Conference Colloquium 2018, paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research Integration of the AO System and Smith C. Conference Colloquium 2018, Lasers on the EOS 1.8 m Telescope paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research The SERC Telescope - More than just Glina L. Conference Colloquium 2018, a Geotracker paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research Automated Multi-Sensor Scheduling Allworth J. Conference Colloquium 2018, paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research Catalogue Maintenance Kooymans D. Conference Colloquium 2018, paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research Automating the assessment of orbit Lachut M. Conference Colloquium 2018, predictions and estimations for paper Canberra maintaining the SERC catalogue 2018 SERC Research RP2 Updates and Atmospheric Mass Carter B.A. Conference Colloquium 2018, Density Modelling paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research Atmospheric Mass Density – Empirical Kerr E. Conference Colloquium 2018, Models paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research Sequential Orbit Determination for Yang Y. Conference Colloquium 2018, Space Objects with Ground-based paper Canberra Observations 2018 SERC Research Updates on Macroscopic Orbital Daquin J. Conference Colloquium 2018, Propagations paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research Actionable Collision Risk Warnings Flegel S. Conference Colloquium 2018, paper Canberra 91 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2018 SERC Research Building a Commercial Conjunction Möckel M. Conference Colloquium 2018, Assessment Service paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research Conjunction and Threat Warning Bennett J.C. Conference Colloquium 2018, System Overview and Progress paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research Conceptual Development of a Civil Skinner M. Conference Colloquium 2018, Space Traffic Management (CSTM) paper Canberra Capability 2018 SERC Research HAMR Object Identification for Photon Smith L. Conference Colloquium 2018, Pushing paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research HAMR Object Characterisation by Kucharskid. Conference Colloquium 2018, High Sample Rate Spin Analysis paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research SERC Payload for RAAF-M1 Sheard B. Conference Colloquium 2018, paper Canberra 2018 SERC Research The Path Forward Greene B. Conference Colloquium 2018, paper Canberra 2018 Journal of the NICT Channel Estimation Experiment for Endo H., Toyoshima M., et al. Journal Vol.64 No.1 Physical Layer Cryptography in Free- space Optical Communication 2018 Free-Space Laser Design status of the development for Munemasa Y., Fuse T., Kunimori H., Conference Communication a GEO-to-ground optical feeder link, Kubooka T., Toyoshima M., et al. Proceedings and Atmospheric HICALI Propagation XXX, SPIE Photonics West 2018 2017 Earth, Planets and An analysis of the 2016 Hitomi Flegel S., Bennett J., Lachut M., Möckel Refereed Space breakup event M., Smith C. Journal Article 2017 Earth, Planets and Laser link experiment with the Noda H., Kunimori H., Mizuno T., Senshu Refereed Space Hayabusa2 laser altimeter for in-flight H., Ogawa N., Takeuchi H., Moore C., Journal Article alignment measurement Pollard A., Yamaguchi T., Namiki N., Kase T., Saiki T., Tsuda Y. 2017 Earth and Space Photon Pressure Force on Space Kucharski D., Kirchner G., Bennett Refereed Science Debris TOPEX/Poseidon Measured by J.C., Lachut M., Sośnica K., Koshkin Journal Article Satellite Laser Ranging N., Shakun L., Koidl F., Steindorfer M., Wang P., Fan C., Han X., Grunwaldt L., Wilkinson M., Rodríguez J., Bianco G., Vespe F., Catalán M., Salmins K., del Pino J.R., Lim H.-C., Park E., Moore C., Lejba P., Suchodolski T. 2017 Nature Photonics Satellite-to-ground quantum-limited Takenaka H., Carrasco-Casado A., Refereed communication using a 50-kg-class Fujiwara M., Kitamura M., Sasaki M., Journal Article microsatellite Toyoshima M. 2017 Conference Space debris science at the satellite Steindorfer M.A., Kirchner G., Koidl F., Refereed Conf Proceedings - laser ranging station Graz Wang P., Kucharski D. Proceedings 2017 17th IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2017 1st IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe, EEEIC / I and CPS Europe 2017

92 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 93 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2017 JBIS - Journal of the Debris attitude motion measurements Silha J., Schildknecht T., Pittet J.-N., Refereed British Interplanetary and modelling by combining different Kirchner D.G., Steindorfer M., Kucharski Journal Article Society observation techniques D., Cerutti-Maori D., Rosebrock J., Sommer S., Leushacke L., Karrang P., Kanzler R., Krag H. 2017 Proceedings of Distributed fusion sensor networks for Gehly S., Bennett J. Refereed Conf the International space situational awareness Proceedings Astronautical Congress, IAC 2017 Adaptive Optics Site characterisation at mount stromlo Korkiakoski V., Grosse D., Thorn E., Refereed Conf for Extremely Large observatory: The first results Copeland M., Bennet F., Osborn Proceedings Telescopes, 2017 J., Munro J., Piatrou P., Rigaut F., AO4ELT5 D'Orgeville C. 2017 Adaptive Optics Evaluation of statistical turbulence Cranney J., Piatrou P., De Dona J., Rigaut Refereed Conf for Extremely Large models for use in the Distributed F., Korkiakoski V. Proceedings Telescopes, 2017 Kalman Filter AO4ELT5 2017 Proceedings of Space debris manoeuvre with Grosse D., Bennet F., Rigaut F., Refereed Conf the International adaptive optics using a ground-based D’Orgeville C., Bold M., Smith C., Sheard Proceedings Astronautical telescope B. Congress, IAC 2017 Proceedings of SPIE Modeling of ground based laser Smith L.C., Allen J.H., Bold M.M. Refereed Conf - The International propagation to low earth orbit object Proceedings Society for Optical for maneuver Engineering 2017 Proceedings of Assessing the effectiveness of debris Le May S., Gehly S., Carter B. Refereed Conf the International mitigation guidelines to preserve Proceedings Astronautical the space environment given Congress, IAC future proposals for large satellite constellations 2017 Proceedings of RAAF - M1: UNSW Canberra - Royal Barraclough S., Griffin D., Benson C., Refereed Conf the International Australian air force space situational Lambert A., DImitrijevic I., Ramana A., Proceedings Astronautical awareness and ISR pathfinder mission Vennik J., Brown M., Tuttle S., Sheard B., Congress, IAC Boyce R., Wade P., May D. 2017 Proceedings of Heterogeneous multiscale methods Daquin J., Lion G., Deleflie F. Refereed Conf the International for orbital dynamics Proceedings Astronautical Congress, IAC 2017 Proceedings of Analysis of adaptive Gaussian mixture Yang Y., Cai H. Refereed Conf the International unscented kalman filter using sparse Proceedings Astronautical optical observations for initial orbit Congress, IAC determination 2017 Proceedings of Improved tracklet association for Cai H., Yang Y., Gehly S., Wu S., Zhang Refereed Conf the International space debris using short-arc optical K. Proceedings Astronautical measurements Congress, IAC 2017 Proceedings of Towards state uncertainty accuracy Flegel S.K. Refereed Conf the International requirements for actionable GEO Proceedings Astronautical collision risk assessments Congress, IAC 2017 Proceedings of Evaluation of atmospheric mass Changyong He, Yang Yang, Brett Carter, Refereed Conf the International density models and their impact on Suqin Wu, Kefei Zhang Proceedings Astronautical the orbit propagation of low Earth Congress, IAC orbit satellites 2017 Proceedings of Attitude dependent perturbations of Daniel Kucharski, Georg Kirchner, James Refereed Conf the International space debris orbital dynamics during C. Bennett, Franz Koidl Proceedings Astronautical solar activity extremes Congress, IAC 2017 Proceedings of Leveraging Web data and graph Le May, S., Gehly, S., Carter, B. Flegel, S. Refereed Conf the International structures to support rapid space Proceedings Astronautical object identification Congress, IAC

93 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2017 Proceedings of Improved tracklet association for Cai, H., Yang, Y., Gehly, S., Wu, S., Conference the International space debris using short-arc optical Zhang, K. Paper Astronautical measurements Congress, IAC 2017 Adaptive Optics Evaluation of statistical turbulence Cranney, J., Piatrou, P., De Dona, J., Conference for Extremely Large models for use in the Distributed Rigaut, F., Korkiakoski, V. Paper Telescopes, 2017 Kalman Filter AO4ELT5 2017 Proceedings of Effects of thermosphere total density Deleflie, F., Sammuneh, M.A., Klein, L., Conference the International perturbations on LEO orbits during Briand, C., Petit, A., He, C., Zhang, K. Paper Astronautical severe conditions using SLR data and Congress, IAC TLE data sets 2017 Doctoral Dissertation A Robust Laser Interferometer for Francis S. Doctoral Multiplexed Measurements of Optical Dissertation Path Lengths 2017 Atmospheric A new voxel-based model for the He, C., Wu, S., Wang, X., Hu, A., Wang, Refereed Measurement determination of atmospheric Q., Zhang, K. Journal Article Techniques weighted mean temperature in GPS atmospheric sounding 2017 Adaptive Optics Site characterisation at mount stromlo Korkiakoski, V., Grosse, D., Thorn, E., Conference for Extremely Large observatory: The first results Copeland, M., Bennet, F., Osborn, Paper Telescopes, 2017 J., Munro, J., Piatrou, P., Rigaut, F., AO4ELT5 D'Orgeville, C. 2017 Proceedings of Assessing the effectiveness of debris Le May, S., Gehly, S., Carter, B. Conference the International mitigation guidelines to preserve Paper Astronautical the space environment given Congress, IAC future proposals for large satellite constellations 2017 Terrestrial, Modelling of weighted-mean Li, L., Wu, S.-Q., Wang, X.-M., Tian, Y., Refereed Atmospheric and temperature using regional He, C.-Y., Zhang, K.-F. Journal Article Oceanic Sciences radiosonde observations in Hunan China 2017 Advances in Seasonal Multifactor Modelling of Li, L., Wu, S., Wang, X., Tian, Y., He, C., Refereed Meteorology Weighted-Mean Temperature for Zhang, K. Journal Article Ground-Based GNSS Meteorology in Hunan, China 2017 Atmospheric Determination of zenith hydrostatic Wang, X., Zhang, K., Wu, S., He, C., Refereed Measurement delay and its impact on GNSS-derived Cheng, Y., Li, X. Journal Article Techniques integrated water vapor 2017 Proceedings of Analysis of adaptive Gaussian mixture Yang, Y., Cai, H. Conference the International unscented kalman filter using sparse Paper Astronautical optical observations for initial orbit Congress, IAC determination 2017 CREST the Second Development of photon Miki S. Conference Symposium detection technologies by using Proceedings superconducting electronics 2017 IEEE International Research and Development on a Toyoshima T., Kunimori H., Fuse T., Conference Conference on Space Hybrid High Throughput Satellite with Kubooka T., et al. Proceedings Optical Systems and an Optical Feeder Link —Study of a Applications (ICSOS) Link budget analysis— 2017 2017 UNSW Adaptive Satellite and Debris Characterisation Copeland M. Conference Optics Workshop using Adaptive Optics paper 2017 JSASS-2017-4535, Key Elements Experiment for Deep Kunimori H. et.al Conference pp1-5.,2017 Space Optical Communication and Proceedings Ranging Using Geosynchronous Satellite(in Japanese) 2017 UNSW Adaptive From Dye Laser Factory to Portable d’Orgeville C. Conference Optics Workshop Semiconductor Laser: 4 Generations paper of Sodium Guide Star Lasers for Adaptive Optics in Astronomy and Space Situational Awareness

94 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 95 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2017 UNSW Adaptive Site monitoring at Mount Stromlo Korkiakoski V. Conference Optics Workshop using SCIDAR paper 2017 IEICE-SCE Fabrication and evaluation of 1 k-pixel Yabuno M., Miki S, et al Conference SSPD imaging array Proceedings 2017 NICT News OCT. FEATURE:Optical Satellite Kunimori H. Organization 2017 No.466 Communication toward the Future News of Ultra High-speed Wireless Communications A Deep-space Optical Communication and Ranging Application 2017 AO4EL5 Conference Paper: Site characterization at Mount Korkiakoski V., Grosse D., Thorn E., Conference Stromlo Observatory: the first results Copeland M., Bennett F., Osborn Proceedings J., Munroe J., Piatrou P., Rigaut F., d’Orgeville C. 2017 ABC News TV Presentation: Satellite and Debris d’Orgeville C., Grosse D. ABC News TV Characterisation using Adaptive and web Optics 2017 AMOS Conference Poster & Paper: Satellite and debris Copeland M., Bennet F., Rigaut F., Conference characterisation in LEO and GEO Korkiakoski V., d’Orgeville C., Smith C. Proceedings using adaptive optics 2017 AMOS Conference Presentation & Paper: Stereo–SCIDAR Thorn E., Korkiakoski V. , Grosse D., Conference System for Improvement of Adaptive Bennet F., Rigaut F., d’Orgeville C., Proceedings Optics Space Debris-tracking Activities Munro J. 2017 Proceedings of the Next Generation Plenary Panel Grosse D. Panel 2017 International Discussion Astronautical Congress, Adelaide 2017 2017 ILRS Technical An analysis of the close approach Bennett J.C. Conference Workshop 2017 between Jason 2 and Topex/Poseidon paper 2017 AMOS conference Prediction accuracy analysis from Bennett J.C., Lachut M., Greene B., Conference orbital elements generated for a new Gehly S., Kooymans D., Allworth J., paper space object catalogue Pollard A., Smith C. 2017 AMOS Conference Presentation & Paper: High-Altitude Bennet F. Conference Airborne Platform Characterisation Proceedings of Adaptive Optic Corrected Ground Based Laser 2017 7th International Performance improvement of NbTiN Miki S., et al. Oral Program Conference superconducting nanowire single Book TH455 on Quantum photon detectors by avalanche Cryptography switching architecture 2017 Goethe Institute Presentation: Space Debris Grosse D. Conference Science Workshop paper 2017 ANU Physics Market Adaptive Optics Research @ ANU Francis Bennet F., Copeland M., Grosse Poster D., Korkiakoski V., Rigaut F., Thorn E., d’Orgeville C. 2017 RMIT Space Research “Space Debris Models and Collision Flegel, S. Conference Centre Seminar Risk Assessment” paper Series 2017 URSI 2017 GASS Hybrid High-throughput Satellite Toyoshima M. Conference Communications System Using Radio Proceedings and Optical Frequencies 2017 Das Zentrum - Space Debris: How it is affecting us Grosse D. Conference Australian German and what is done about it in Australia paper Institute and Europe 2017 ANU RSAA Winter Adaptive Optics Research @ ANU Grosse D. Conference School paper

95 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2017 Proceedings of Optimisation and design of a fully Toniato P., Gildfind, D.E., Jacobs P.A., Conference 31st International instrumented Mach 12 nozzle for the Morgan R.G. Presentation Symposium on Shock X3 expansion tube Wave, Nagoya, Japan, July 2017 2017 CELMEC VII Simulation issues in chaotic medium Daquin J. Poster conference (3-9 earth Orbits September 2017 in Italy) 2017 Cryogenic Multi-pixel superconducting nanowire Terai H., Miki S., et al. Oral Program Engineering single-photon detectors with Book Conference and cryogenic signal processors using International single-flux-quantum circuits Cryogenic Materials Conference (CEC/ ICMC 2017) 2017 Seminar in Space Key Elements Experiment for Deep Kunimori H., et.al Conference Communication Space Optical Communication and paper Laboratory Ranging Using Geosynchronous Satellite 2017 2017 European One-on-multi RF transfer system using Fujieda M., Gotoh T., et al. Conference Frequency and optical fibers Proceedings Time Forum & International Frequency Control Symposium 2017 International Cryogenic digital signal processing Terai H., Miki S., et al. Conference Workshop on for superconducting single-photon paper Superconducting detector Quantum Technology, 18-21 June 2017, Freyburg/ Unstrut Germany 2017 "26th International Generalised Polynomial Chaos Based Yang Y. Conference Symposium on Space Particle Filter for Orbit Determination Proceedings Flight Dynamics ISSFD 26th International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics (ISSFD), June 3-9, 2017, Matsuyama, Japan " 2017 "26th International Nonlinear Uncertainty Propagation He C., Yang Y., Carter B.A., Cai H., Wu Conference Symposium on Space of Orbital Mechanics Subject to S., Zhang K. Proceedings Flight Dynamics Stochastic Error in Atmospheric Mass ISSFD Density Models 26th International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics (ISSFD), June 3-9, 2017, Matsuyama, Japan " 2017 SERC Research Space Asset Management Update: Bennett J.C. Conference Colloquium 2017, Achievements, Highlights and paper Canberra Progress 2017 SERC Research Application of the batch least squares Lachut M. Conference Colloquium 2017, method in maintaining the SERC paper Canberra Catalogue

96 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 97 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E 2017 SERC Research Space debris spin dynamics Kucharski D. Conference Colloquium 2017, paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research General Relativity in Global Navigation O'leary J. Conference Colloquium 2017, Satellite Systems paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Optimised Scheduling for a network of Gehly S. Conference Colloquium 2017, tracking sensors paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Towards actionable collision risk Flegel, S. Conference Colloquium 2017, warnings for spacecraft operators paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research An Update on SERC's Conjunction Möckel M. Conference Colloquium 2017, Assessment Capabilities paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Charming ICT for the Future Tomita F. Conference Colloquium 2017, paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research RP1 Update: Achievements, Highlights Smith C. Conference Colloquium 2017, and Progress paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Multi-Beam Combination for High Gao Y. Conference Colloquium 2017, Beam Quality Multi kW CW Laser paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Developments with the Sum Webb J. Conference Colloquium 2017, Frequency Sodium Guidestar Laser paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research An Overview of LM iSpace Bold M. Conference Colloquium 2017, paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Adaptive Optics System for Space Grosse D. Conference Colloquium 2017, Debris Manoeuvre Demonstration paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Overview of AO Imaging System for Copeland M. Conference Colloquium 2017, Object Characterisation and Tracking paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Site Characterisation at Mount Stromlo Korkiakoski V. Conference Colloquium 2017, Observatory paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Developments in Scaling the Optical Sibley P.G., Ward R.L., Roberts L.E., Conference Colloquium 2017, Phased Array Francis S.P., Gross S., Shaddock D.A. paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Space Debris Catalogue and Kooymans D. Conference Colloquium 2017, Automating Orbit Determinations paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research NICT Activities and Planning Project Kunimori H. Conference Colloquium 2017, paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research RP2 Update: Achievements, Highlights Norman R. Conference Colloquium 2017, and Progress paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Physics-based Modelling and Carter B.A. Conference Colloquium 2017, Ionospheric Data Assimilation for paper Canberra Characterising the Atmospheric Mass Density in LEO 2017 SERC Research General Orbit Determination Yang Y. Conference Colloquium 2017, Techniques for Space Objects paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Macroscopic Orbital Propagators Dacquin J. Conference Colloquium 2017, paper Canberra

97 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E 2017 SERC Research Deorbit of Optus B3 and Current GEO Edwards A. Conference Colloquium 2017, Operator Issues paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Overview of the Space Segment for Sheard B. Conference Colloquium 2017, Demonstration of Remote Manoeuvre paper Canberra by Photon Pressure 2017 SERC Research Instrumented Stratospheric Test Target Petkovic M. Conference Colloquium 2017, paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Preliminary Design Considerations for Smith L. Conference Colloquium 2017, SERC CubeSat paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research Lockheed Martin RP4 Mission Smith L. Conference Colloquium 2017, Modelling Update paper Canberra 2017 SERC Research SERC Future Directions Greene B. Conference Colloquium 2017, paper Canberra 2017 Adaptive Optics Evaluation of statistical turbulence Cranney J., Piatrou P., De Dona J., Conference for Extremely models for use in the Distributed Korkiakoski V., Rigaut F. paper Large Telescopes Kalman Filter 5 (AOELT5), 25-30 June, 2017, Tenerife, Canary Islands 2017 Adaptive Optics SPOOF: Spot Packing Optimisation on Rigaut F., Cranney C., Neichel B., Fusco Conference for Extremely Optical Frames T., Fauvarque O.. paper Large Telescopes 5 (AOELT5), 25-30 June, 2017, Tenerife, Canary Islands 2017 SERC Research NICT activities and planning project Kunimori K., Fuse T., Kubo-oka T., Conference Colloquium 2017, for SERC Toyoshima M. paper Canberra 2017 Space Comm. Status report of development HICALI Kubo-oka T., Kunimori H., Fuse T., Seminar Seminar in NICT Toyoshima M. et al. 2017 7th European Spin-up of space debris caused by Kucharski D., Kirchner G., Bennett J.C., Conference Conference on Space solar radiation pressure Koidl F., Steindorfer M., Wang P. paper Debris, 17-21 April 2017, Darmstadt, Germany 2017 7th European Covariance Size and the Breakdown Flegel S., Möckel M., Bennett J.C. Conference Conference on Space of Gaussianity in GEO Uncertainty paper Debris, 17-21 April Predictions 2017, Darmstadt, Germany 2017 IEICE 2017 Annual Optical Detection for Small Optical Kunimori H., Toyoshima M., et al. Conference Meeting, 22-25 TrAnsponder(SOTA) Downlink Presentation March 2017, Nagoyo Experiment using SSPD 2017 ITU Journal, Vol.47, The newest trend of Space Toyoshima M. Journal No.3. pp.36-40 Communication Technologies 2017 Directed Energy Directed Energy Application to Orbital Gower S.A., Montgomery Edw.E. Conference Professional Society Debris Mitigation paper (DEPS) 19th Annual Symposium, 13- 17 February 2017, Huntsville, Alabama 2017 Precise Time and Domestic Time Transfer with Digital Gotoh T., Kubooka T., et al. Conference Time Interval Broadcast Satellite Signals Presentation Meeting (PTTI 2017)

98 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 99 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2017 Proceedings of Assessment on the Efficacy of Kodikara N., Harima K., He C., Choy Conference the 17th Australian Global Ionospheric Maps to Improve S., Zhang K. Proceedings Space Research the Performance of Precise Point Conference, 2017 Positioning (ASRC 2017), Sydney, Australia, 13-15 November 2017, pp. 25-40. 2016 Proceedings of the An extremely wideband tapered balun Bah A.O., Qin P.-Y., Guo Y.J. Refereed Conf 2016 6th IEEE-APS for application in tightly coupled Proceedings Topical Conference arrays on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications, IEEE APWC 2016 2016 Proceedings of Characteristics of wideband phased Yang X., Zhao G., Hu W., Guo Y.J., Yin Refereed Conf the 2016 18th array with two-layer metasurface Y.Z., Bah A.O. Proceedings International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, ICEAA 2016 2016 Journal of Geomagnetically induced currents Carter B.A., Yizengaw E., Pradipta R., Refereed Geophysical around the world during the 17 March Weygand J.M., Piersanti M., Pulkkinen Journal Article Research: Space 2015 storm A., Moldwin M.B., Norman R., Zhang K. Physics 2016 IEEE Transactions GPS-based onboard real-time orbit Yang Y., Yue X., Dempster A.G. Refereed on Aerospace and determination for leo satellites using Journal Article Electronic Systems consider Kalman filter 2016 Journal of Interhemispheric propagation and Pradipta R., Valladares C.E., Carter B.A., Refereed Geophysical interactions of auroral traveling Doherty P.H. Journal Article Research A: Space ionospheric disturbances near the Physics equator 2016 Advances in Space Confirmation of gravitationally Kucharski D., Kirchner G., Otsubo T., Refereed Research induced attitude drift of spinning Lim H.-C., Bennett J., Koidl F., Kim Y.-R., Journal Article satellite Ajisai with Graz high Hwang J.-Y. repetition rate SLR data 2016 Proceedings of SPIE Laser remote maneuver of space Bold M.M. Refereed Conf - The International debris at the Space Environment Proceedings Society for Optical Research Centre Engineering 2016 Proceedings of SPIE Single detector stereo-SCIDAR for Korkiakoski V., Osborn J., Grosse D., Refereed Conf - The International Mount Stromlo: Data analysis Thorn E., Piatrou P., Bennet F., Rigaut F. Proceedings Society for Optical Engineering 2016 Proceedings of SPIE Proceedings of SPIE - The [No author name available] Refereed Conf - The International International Society for Optical Proceedings Society for Optical Engineering Engineering 2016 Proceedings of SPIE AO corrected satellite imaging from Bennet F., Rigaut F., Price I., Herrald N., Refereed Conf - The International Mount Stromlo Ritchie I., Smith C. Proceedings Society for Optical Engineering 2016 Proceedings of SPIE Four generations of sodium guide star D'Orgeville C., Fetzer G.J. Refereed Conf - The International lasers for adaptive optics in astronomy Proceedings Society for Optical and space situational awareness Engineering

99 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2016 Proceedings of SPIE Single detector stereo-SCIDAR for Grosse D., Bennet F., Korkiakoski V., Refereed Conf - The International Mount Stromlo Rigaut F., Thorn E. Proceedings Society for Optical Engineering 2016 Proceedings of SPIE GMTIFS: Deformable mirror Copeland M., Price I., Rigaut F., Bloxham Refereed Conf - The International environmental testing for the on- G., Boz R., Bundy D., Espeland B., Sharp Proceedings Society for Optical instrument wavefront sensor R. Engineering 2016 AIAA/AAS Relative state estimation of space Cai H., Yang Y., Gehly S., Wu S., Afful M., Refereed Conf Astrodynamics debris based on the stereo-vision Zhang K. Proceedings Specialist measurement system Conference, 2016 2016 Journal of Global equatorial plasma bubble Carter B.A., Yizengaw E., Pradipta R., Refereed Geophysical occurrence during the 2015 St. Retterer J.M., Groves K., Valladares C., Journal Article Research A: Space Patrick's Day storm Caton R., Bridgwood C., Norman R., Physics Zhang K. 2016 Advances in Space The challenge of precise orbit Kim Y.-R., Park E., Kucharski D., Lim H.- Refereed Research determination for STSAT-2C using C., Kim B. Journal Article extremely sparse SLR data 2016 AIAA/AAS Ballistic coefficient estimation for low Afful, M., Gehly, S., Zhang, K. Conference Astrodynamics altitude debris objects from two-line Paper Specialist element data Conference, 2016 2016 Proceedings of the An extremely wideband tapered balun Bah, A.O., Qin, P.-Y., Guo, Y.J. Conference 2016 6th IEEE-APS for application in tightly coupled Paper Topical Conference arrays on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications, IEEE APWC 2016 2016 2016 International Integrating Wi-Fi and magnetic Bai, Y.B., Gu, T., Hu, A. Conference Conference on field for fingerprinting based indoor Paper Indoor Positioning positioning system and Indoor Navigation, IPIN 2016 2016 AIAA/AAS Relative state estimation of space Cai, H., Yang, Y., Gehly, S., Wu, S., Afful, Conference Astrodynamics debris based on the stereo-vision M., Zhang, K. Paper Specialist measurement system Conference, 2016 2016 Journal of Beijing Improved tracklet association method Cai, H., Zhang, J.-R., Yang, Y., Gehly, S., Refereed Institute of for initial orbit determination of space Wu, S.-Q., He, C.-Y., Hu, A.-D., Zhang, Journal Article Technology (English debris K.-F. Edition) 2016 Proceedings of SPIE GMTIFS: Deformable mirror Copeland, M., Price, I., Rigaut, F., Conference - The International environmental testing for the on- Bloxham, G., Boz, R., Bundy, D., Paper Society for Optical instrument wavefront sensor Espeland, B., Sharp, R. Engineering 2016 Proceedings of the Verification of the least-squares Damm, K.A., Gollan, R.J., Jacobs, P.A. Conference 20th Australasian procedure within an unstructured-grid Paper Fluid Mechanics flow solver Conference, AFMC 2016 2016 Proceedings of the On the effect of workload ordering for Damm, K.A., Gollan, R.J., Veeraragavan, Conference 20th Australasian reacting flow simulations using GPUs A. Paper Fluid Mechanics Conference, AFMC 2016

100 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 101 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2016 AIAA/AAS Lp-norm batch estimation as applied Gehly, S., Bennett, J., Afful, M. Conference Astrodynamics to orbit determination Paper Specialist Conference, 2016 2016 Advanced Science Fault tolerant control for lure systems Hanafi, A.N., Seron, M.M., De Dona, Refereed Letters via LPV embedding J.A., Cranney, J. Journal Article 2016 Wuhan Daxue An fusion positioning for PDR and Hu, A., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Liu, C., Tan, Refereed Xuebao (Xinxi Kexue WiFi based on fading adaptive X., Li, Z. Journal Article Ban)/Geomatics and weighted EKF Information Science of Wuhan University 2016 Doctoral Dissertation Internally Sensed Optical Phased Roberts L.E. Doctoral Arrays Dissertation 2016 Optics Express High power compatible internally Roberts, L.E., Ward, R.L., Francis, S.P., Refereed sensed optical phased array Sibley, P.G., Fleddermann, R., Sutton, Journal Article A.J., Smith, C., McClelland, D.E., Shaddock, D.A. 2016 Proceedings of the Extension of the X3 expansion tube Toniato, P., Gildfind, D.E., Jacobs, P.A., Conference 20th Australasian capabilities for Mach 12 scramjet Morgan, R.G. Paper Fluid Mechanics testing: Flow condition development Conference, AFMC and nozzle optimization 2016 2016 Proceedings of Characteristics of wideband phased Yang, X., Zhao, G., Hu, W., Guo, Y.J., Yin, Conference the 2016 18th array with two-layer metasurface Y.Z., Bah, A.O. Paper International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, ICEAA 2016 2016 Australasia Satellite Australian Collaboration in Space Gower S.A. Conference Forum Debris Management paper 2016 Invited oral First-Principles-Based Analysis of Kodikara T., Carter B.A., Zhang K. Conference presentation at Thermosphere Using Swarm-C abstract the annual R&D Accelerometer Derived Neutral workshop at the Densities BoM: on data assimilation 2016 20th International Application of adaptive optics in Bennet F., d’Orgeville C., Price I., Rigaut Conference Workshop on Laser Space Debris tracking F. Proceedings Ranging. 10-14 October 2016, Potsdam 2016 20th International The scientific results of the optional Bennett J.C. Conference Workshop on Laser laser tracking campaigns to the Proceedings Ranging. 10-14 defunct satellites Envisat and Topex October 2016, Potsdam 2016 20th International A method for sampling debris laser Bennett J.C. Conference Workshop on Laser ranging data to generate range rates Paper Ranging. 10-14 for orbit determination October 2016, Potsdam 2016 Advanced Maui Laser de-spin maneuver for an active Kucharski D., Bennett J.C., Kirchner G. Conference Optical and Space debris removal mission – a realistic paper Surveillance scenario for Envisat Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 20-23 September 2016, Maui, Hawaii

101 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2016 Korea Astronomy Solar radiation pressure on space Kucharski D. Seminar and Space Science debris: observation and modelling Institute, KASI, Daejeon, South Korea 2016 Australian An analysis of short-arc orbit Harris A., Gehly S., Zhang K. Conference Space Research determination for Low Earth Orbit Abstract Conference, 26-28 objects comparing batch and Kalman September 2016, Filter methods Melbourne 2016 Australian Space Object Characterisation- A Afful M., Gehly S., Zhang K. Conference Space Research Case for Ballistic Coefficient Abstract Conference, 26-28 September 2016, Melbourne 2016 Australian Comparison of atmospheric mass C He C., Yang Y., Carter B.A., Wu S., Conference Space Research density models and their impact on Kodikara T., Gehly S., Zhang K. Abstract Conference, 26-28 the orbit propagation of low Earth September 2016, orbit satellites Melbourne 2016 Australian Heterogeneous Multiscale Methods Daquin J., Perez J., Deleflie F., Zhang K. Conference Space Research for the mean orbital motion: a Abstract Conference, 26-28 discussion September 2016, Melbourne 2016 Australian RMIT SPACE Research Centre – Norman R., Zhang K., Le Marshall J., Conference Space Research overview of past and present research Carter B.A., Gehly S., Y Yang Y., Daquin Abstract Conference, 26-28 endeavours J. September 2016, Melbourne 2016 Australian Schmidt-Kalman Filter and Its Yang Y., Zhang K. Conference Space Research Applications to Orbit Determination of Abstract Conference, 26-28 Space Objects September 2016, Melbourne 2016 Advanced Maui Satellite Imaging with Adaptive Optics Bennet F., Price I., Rigaut F., Copeland Conference Optical and Space on a 1-m Telescope M. paper Surveillance Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 20-23 September 2016, Maui, Hawaii 2016 Advanced Maui Site Testing for Space Situational Thorn E., Grosse D., Bennet F., Rigaut F. Conference Optical and Space Awareness with Single-Detector paper Surveillance Stereo Scidar Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 20-23 September 2016, Maui, Hawaii 2016 Advanced Maui Adaptive Optics for Satellite and Copeland M., Bennet F., Zovaro A., Conference Optical and Space Debris Imaging in LEO and GEO Rigaut F., Piatrou P., Korkiakoski V., Smith paper Surveillance C. Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 20-23 September 2016, Maui, Hawaii 2016 Advanced Maui Towards Relaxing the Spherical Solar Lachut M., Bennett J.C. Conference Optical and Space Radiation Pressure Model for Accurate paper Surveillance Orbit Predictions Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 20-23 September 2016, Maui, Hawaii

102 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 103 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2016 Advanced Maui Extracting more information from Bennett J.C., Gehly S. Conference Optical and Space passive optical tracking observations paper Surveillance for reliable orbit element generation Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 20-23 September 2016, Maui, Hawaii 2016 Advanced Maui High Performance Orbital Propagation Möckel M., Bennett J.C., Stoll E., Zhang Conference Optical and Space Using a Generic Software Architecture K. paper Surveillance Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 20-23 September 2016, Maui, Hawaii 2016 Advanced Maui Incorporating Target Priorities in the Gehly S., Bennett J.C. Conference Optical and Space Sensor Tasking Reward Function paper Surveillance Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 20-23 September 2016, Maui, Hawaii 2016 Advanced Maui Laser remote manoeuvre of space Bold M. Conference Optical and Space debris at the Space Environment paper Surveillance Research Centre Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 20-23 September 2016, Maui, Hawaii 2016 Advanced Maui Incorporating Target Priorities in the Gehly S., Bennett J.C. Conference Optical and Space Sensor Tasking Reward Function paper Surveillance Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 20-23 September 2016, Maui, Hawaii 2016 Advanced Maui Schmidt-Kalman Filter with Yang Y., Cai H., Zhang K. Conference Optical and Space Polynomial Chaos Expansion for Orbit paper Surveillance Determination of Space Objects Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 20-23 September 2016, Maui, Hawaii 2016 AIAA/AAS Lp-Norm Batch Estimation as Applied Gehly S., Bennett J.C., Afful M. Conference Astrodynamics to Orbit Determination Proceedings Specialist Conference, 2016 2016 Advanced Maui High Performance Orbital Propagation Möckel M., Bennett J.C., Stoll E., Zhang Conference Optical and Space Using a Generic Software Architecture K. paper Surveillance Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 20-23 September 2016, Maui, Hawaii 2016 Advanced Maui Pixel-remapping waveguide addition Sibley P.G., Ward R.L., Roberts L.E., Conference Optical and Space to an internally sensed optical phased Francis S.P., Gross S., Shaddock D.A. paper Surveillance array Technologies (AMOS) Conference, 20-23 September 2016, Maui, Hawaii

103 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2016 AIAA/AAS A space-based stereovision system Cai H., Yang Y., Wu S., Afful M., Zhang K. Conference Astrodynamics for relative state estimation of space paper Specialist debris Conference, 13-16 September 2016 2016 Satellite Laser Space debris dynamics: observation, Kucharski D. Seminar Ranging observatory analysis and modelling Borowiec (Space Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science), Poland. 2016 “Feast of Facts” Analysis of the ASTRO-H breakup and Flegel, S. Conference RSAA Colloquia at its impact on the collision risk of intact paper ANU objects 2016 11th International Current progress of the development Pierpaolo T., Gildfind D., Morgan R.G. Conference Workshop on Shock of a Mach 12 scramjet operating Presentation Tube Technology, condition in the X3 expansion tube Gottingen, Germany,. 30 June -2 July 2016. 2016 First VarSITI The occurrence of equatorial plasma Carter B.A., Yizengaw E., Pradipta R., Conference Symposium bubbles around the world during the Retterer J.M., Groves K., Valladares C., R. paper 2015 St. Patrick’s Day geomagnetic Caton R., Bridgwood C., Norman R. R., storm: Modelling and observations Zhang K 2016 OSA Laser Optics, St Lasers for Space Debris Relocation Smith C., Greene B. Conference Petersburgh, 2016 paper 2016 OSA Laser Optics, St High average power diode Gao Y., Wang Y., Chan A., Dawson M., Conference Petersburgh, 2016 Greene B. paper 2016 SERC Research RP3 Update Bennett J.C. Conference Colloquium paper 2016 SERC Research Space Debris Spin Dynamics Kucharski D. Conference Colloquium Measurement, Analysis and Modelling paper at SERC 2016 SERC Research Towards Relaxing the Spherical Lachut M. Conference Colloquium Assumption for Accurate Orbit paper Propagation of Space Debris 2016 SERC Research GPU Computing for Orbital Möckel M. Conference Colloquium Propagation & Collision Assessment paper 2016 SERC Research Analysis of the ASTRO-H breakup and Flegel, S. Conference Colloquium its impact on the collision risk of intact paper objects 2016 SERC Research Geo situational awareness: An Edwards A. Conference Colloquium operators point of view and update paper 2016 SERC Research RP1 Overview and Update Smith C. Conference Colloquium, paper Canberra 2016 SERC Research Development of the Sodium Guide Webb J. Conference Colloquium, Star laser paper Canberra 2016 SERC Research Development of requirements for a Kooymans D. Conference Colloquium, SERC catalogue and database paper Canberra 2016 SERC An Analysis of the 2016 Hitomi Flegel, S. Internal Report (ASTRO-H) breakup event – Contributions by SKF 2016 SERC An Analysis of the 2016 Hitomi Bennett J.C. Internal Report (ASTRO-H) breakup event 2016 HPLA/DE Space Environment Research Centre Gehly S., Zhang K., Bennett J.C, Norman Conference - A New Initiative for Australian Space R., Carter B.A., Wu S., Zhao Y., Afful M., paper Tracking He C., Kodikara T.

104 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 105 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2016 AIAA/AAS A space-based stereovision system Cai H., Yang Y., Wu S., Afful M., Zhang K. Conference 2016 HPLA/DE Estimation Techniques to Support Gehly S., Yang Y., Zhang K., Bennett J.C., Conference Astrodynamics for relative state estimation of space paper Laser Maneuver of Orbital Debris Norman R., Carter B.A., Wu S. paper Specialist debris 2016 ICGPSRO An investigation into the COSMIC Carter B.A., Zhang K., Schreiner B., Conference Conference, 13-16 radio occultation outage during the Sleziak M., Norman R., Kellerman A.C., paper September 2016 2015 St. Patrick’s Day geomagnetic Gehly S., Bennett J.C., Tseng T., Le 2016 Satellite Laser Space debris dynamics: observation, Kucharski D. Seminar storm Marshall J., Mannucci A.J., Yen N.L. Ranging observatory analysis and modelling 2015 Atmospheric Dynamic statistical optimization of Li Y., Kirchengast G., Scherllin-Pirscher Refereed Borowiec (Space Measurement GNSS radio occultation bending B., Norman R., Yuan Y.B., Fritzer J., Journal Article Research Institute, Techniques angles: Advanced algorithm and Schwaerz M., Zhang K. Polish Academy of performance analysis Science), Poland. 2015 Atmospheric Quantifying residual ionospheric errors Liu C.L., Kirchengast G., Zhang K., Refereed 2016 “Feast of Facts” Analysis of the ASTRO-H breakup and Flegel, S. Conference Measurement in GNSS radio occultation bending Norman R., Li Y., Zhang S.C., Fritzer J., Journal Article RSAA Colloquia at its impact on the collision risk of intact paper Techniques angles based on ensembles of profiles Schwaerz M., Wu S.Q., Tan Z.X. ANU objects from end-to-end simulations 2016 11th International Current progress of the development Pierpaolo T., Gildfind D., Morgan R.G. Conference 2015 Earth, Planets and A method to calculate zero-signature Kucharski D., Kirchner G., Otsubo T., Refereed Workshop on Shock of a Mach 12 scramjet operating Presentation Space satellite laser ranging normal points Koidl F. Journal Article Tube Technology, condition in the X3 expansion tube for millimeter geodesy - A case study Gottingen, Germany,. with Ajisai 30 June -2 July 2016. 2015 Advances in Space An analysis of very short-arc orbit Bennett J.C., Sang J., Smith C., Zhang K. Refereed 2016 First VarSITI The occurrence of equatorial plasma Carter B.A., Yizengaw E., Pradipta R., Conference Research determination for low-Earth objects Journal Article Symposium bubbles around the world during the Retterer J.M., Groves K., Valladares C., R. paper using sparse optical and laser tracking 2015 St. Patrick’s Day geomagnetic Caton R., Bridgwood C., Norman R. R., data Zhang K storm: Modelling and observations 2015 Journal of Astronomy Orbit determination using SLR data for Kim Y.-R., Park E., Kucharski D., Lim H.-C. Refereed 2016 OSA Laser Optics, St Lasers for Space Debris Relocation Smith C., Greene B. Conference and Space Sciences STSAT-2C: Short-arc analysis Journal Article Petersburgh, 2016 paper 2015 Geophysical Interplanetary shocks and the resulting Carter B.A., Yizengaw E., Pradipta R., Refereed 2016 OSA Laser Optics, St High average power diode Gao Y., Wang Y., Chan A., Dawson M., Conference Research Letters geomagnetically induced currents at Halford A.J., Norman R., Zhang K. Journal Article Petersburgh, 2016 Greene B. paper the equator 2016 SERC Research RP3 Update Bennett J.C. Conference 2015 Yuhang Xuebao/ Relative pose determination for GEO Cai, H., Zhang, J.-R., Zhai, G., Zhang, Y. Refereed Colloquium paper Journal of non-cooperative spacecraft under the Journal Article 2016 SERC Research Space Debris Spin Dynamics Kucharski D. Conference Astronautics ultra-close distance Colloquium Measurement, Analysis and Modelling paper 2015 Physical Review D Tone-assisted time delay Francis, S.P., Shaddock, D.A., Sutton, Refereed at SERC - Particles, Fields, interferometry on GRACE Follow-On A.J., De Vine, G., Ware, B., Spero, R.E., Journal Article 2016 SERC Research Towards Relaxing the Spherical Lachut M. Conference Gravitation and Klipstein, W.M., McKenzie, K. Colloquium Assumption for Accurate Orbit paper Cosmology Propagation of Space Debris 2015 Journal of Fluid Performance considerations for Gildfind, D.E., James, C.M., Toniato, P., Refereed 2016 SERC Research GPU Computing for Orbital Möckel M. Conference Mechanics expansion tube operation with a Morgan, R.G. Journal Article Colloquium Propagation & Collision Assessment paper shock-heated secondary driver 2016 SERC Research Analysis of the ASTRO-H breakup and Flegel, S. Conference 2015 ISPRS International An improved PDR/magnetometer/ Wang, J., Hu, A., Li, X., Wang, Y. Refereed Colloquium its impact on the collision risk of intact paper Journal of Geo- floor map integration algorithm for Journal Article objects Information ubiquitous positioning using the adaptive unscented Kalman filter 2016 SERC Research Geo situational awareness: An Edwards A. Conference Colloquium operators point of view and update paper 2015 Sensors (Switzerland) A floor-map-aided WiFi/pseudo- Wang, J., Hu, A., Liu, C., Li, X. Refereed odometry integration algorithm for an Journal Article 2016 SERC Research RP1 Overview and Update Smith C. Conference indoor positioning system Colloquium, paper Canberra 2015 BoM/SWS Space Recent advances in predicting the Carter B.A. Conference Weather Workshop occurrence of ionospheric scintillation paper 2016 SERC Research Development of the Sodium Guide Webb J. Conference events for satellite communications Colloquium, Star laser paper and GNSS applications Canberra 2015 BoM/SWS Space Extreme space weather events and the Carter B.A. Conference 2016 SERC Research Development of requirements for a Kooymans D. Conference Weather Workshop potential cost to modern-day society paper Colloquium, SERC catalogue and database paper Canberra 2015 AGU Fall Meeting, The impacts of the St. Patrick's Day Carter B.A., R. A. Norman, Bennett J.C., Conference 14-18 December superstorm on selected technologies Zhang K. paper 2016 SERC An Analysis of the 2016 Hitomi Flegel, S. Internal Report 2015, San Francisco (ASTRO-H) breakup event – Contributions by SKF 2015 SPACE Technical Estimation as Applied to Space Gehly S. Conference Forum Situational Awareness paper 2016 SERC An Analysis of the 2016 Hitomi Bennett J.C. Internal Report (ASTRO-H) breakup event 2015 ESA Australian Research in SSA Zhang K. Conference paper 2016 HPLA/DE Space Environment Research Centre Gehly S., Zhang K., Bennett J.C, Norman Conference - A New Initiative for Australian Space R., Carter B.A., Wu S., Zhao Y., Afful M., paper 2015 University of Overview of SSA Related Research Zhang K. Conference Tracking He C., Kodikara T. Brunswick Germany and Developments from the RMIT paper SPACE Research Centre

105 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E 2015 SERC Colloquium The St Patrick’s Day Geomagnetic Carter B.A. Conference Storm: Preliminary Results paper 2015 SERC Colloquium Reliable Orbit Determination Gehly S. Conference paper 2015 SERC Colloquium 3-D Ray tracing techniques based on Norman R. Conference geometrical optics paper 2015 SERC Colloquium Progress report – Research Project 2 Zhang K. Conference paper 2015 SERC Participants’ Optus Satellite Systems: End-user Edwards A. Conference Colloquium perspectives and collaborations paper 2015 SERC Participants Progress Report – Research Project 3 Bennett J.C. Conference Colloquium paper 2015 SERC Participants Spin Determination and Modelling of Kucharski D. Conference Colloquium Space Debris paper 2015 SERC Short Course Sparse Data OD Bennett J.C. Conference – An Introduction to paper Astro-dynamics 2015 Optus Site Visit Progress Report – Research Project 3 Bennett J.C. Conference paper 2015 Optus Site Visit Spin Analysis Kucharski D. Conference paper 2015 15th Australian The Space Environment Management Smith C. Conference Space Research CRC paper Conference, 29 September 2015, Canberra 2015 Advanced Maui AMOS SSA Policy Forum - Challenges Smith C. Conference Optical and Space and Opportunities from the Growing proceedings Surveillance Private Sector Presence in Space Technologies Conference, 15-18 September 2015, Maui Hawaii 2015 5th International Integrated Photonic Devices for Sibson P., Miki S., Yamashita T., Fujiwara Conference Conference Quantum Key Distribution M. proceedings on Quantum Cryptography (Q Crypt 2015) 2015 2015 Joint Optical clock evaluation without a Fujieda M., Gotoh T. Conference Conference of the hydrogen maser by carrier-phase two- proceedings IEEE International way satellite frequency transfer Frequency Control Symposium & European Frequency and Time Forum 2015 Institute of Report of the Environmental-data Suzuki K., Kunimori H., Toyoshima M. Conference Electronics, Statistical Processing for Satellite- proceedings Information and to-Ground Stations Optical Communication Communications Engineers of Japan (IECE) Society proceedings, SAT- No.B-3-9 pp.194 2015 The 37th Implementation of 1um SLR system Kunimori H., Kubooka T., Fuse T. Conference Seminar, Space in ground station for Optical Link paper Communication experiment ranging to a deep space System, NICT, satellite. 2015 33rd AIAA ICSSC Space Debris Mitigation Edwards A., Greene B., Smith C., Panel 2015 Kunimori H. Discussion

106 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 107 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2015 15th Australian On the vulnerability of the equatorial Carter B.A., Norman R,. Zhang K. Conference Space Research region to geomagnetically induced paper Conference, 29 currents September 2015, Canberra 2015 15th Australian The 2015 St. Patrick's Day superstorm: Carter B.A., Norman R. and Zhang K. Conference Space Research Effects in the near-Earth space paper Conference, 29 environment and impacts on September 2015, technologies Canberra 2015 Advanced Maui A method for Improving Two-line Zhao Y., Zhang K., Bennett J.C., Sang J., Conference Optical and Space Element Outlier Detection Based on a Wu S. paper Surveillance Consistency Check Technologies Conference, 9 – 12 September, 2014, Maui, Hawaii. 2015 Public seminar at Space Situational Awareness (SSA) – Zhang K. Public seminar JUST the next serious challenge of space science and technology 2015 Advanced Maui Orbital element generation for an Bennett J.C., Smith C., Greene B., Conference Optical and Space optical and laser tracking object Kucharski D., Rigaut F., Bennet F. proceedings Surveillance catalogue Technologies Conference, 9 – 12 September, 2014, Maui, Hawaii. 2015 Advanced Maui A Method for Improving Two-line Zhao Y., Zhang K., Bennett J.C., Sang J., Conference Optical and Space Element Outlier Detection Based on a Wu S. proceedings Surveillance Consistency Check Technologies Conference, 9 – 12 September, 2014, Maui, Hawaii. 2015 15th Australian The interaction between the Earth’s Kucharski D., Bennett J.C. Conference Space Research magnetic field and the spinning of the paper Conference, 29 satellites September 2015, Canberra 2015 15th Australian The 2015 St. Patrick’s Day superstorm: Carter B.A., Yizengaw E., Lin C., Pradipta Conference Space Research Effects in the near-Earth space R., Norman R., Tseng T., Bennett J.C., paper Conference, 29 environment Bishop R., Francis M., Terkildsen M., September 2015, Groves K., Caton R., Zhang K. Canberra 2015 15th Australian A Method for Improving Two-line Zhao Y., Zhang K., Bennett J.C., Sang J., Conference Space Research Element Outlier Detection Based on a Wu S. paper Conference, 29 Consistency Check September 2015, Canberra 2015 15th Australian The 2015 St Patrick’s Day Carter B.A., Norman R., Bennett J.C., Conference Space Research Geomagnetic Superstorm: Effects in Zhang K. paper Conference, 29 the near-Earth space environment and September 2015, impacts on technologies Canberra 2015 IEICE Technical Recent Progress in Precise Orbit Kubo-oka T. Conference Report, vol. 115, no. Determination of Communication and proceedings 180, SAT2015-17, Broadcasting Satellites (in Japanese). pp. 35-39 2015 The Conversation Damaging electric currents in space Carter B.A. Online Science affect Earth’s equatorial region, not Media just the poles

107 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E 2015 Advanced Maui Adaptive optics for satellite imaging Bennet F., d’Orgeville C., Price I., Figaut Conference Optical and Space and space debris ranging F., Ritchie I., Smith C. proceedings Surveillance Technologies Conference, 9 – 12 September, 2014, Maui, Hawaii. 2015 Advanced Maui Simpler Adaptive Optics using a Zovaro A., Bennet F. Conference Optical and Space Single Device for Processing and proceedings Surveillance Control Technologies Conference, 9 – 12 September, 2014, Maui, Hawaii. 2015 Advanced Maui From Dye Laser Factory to d'Orgeville C. Conference Optical and Space Portable Semiconductor Laser: proceedings Surveillance Four Generations of Sodium Guide Technologies Star Lasers for Adaptive Optics in Conference, 9 – 12 Astronomy and Space Situational September, 2014, Awareness Maui, Hawaii. 2015 Advanced Maui Orbital element generation for an Bennett J.C., Smith C., Greene B., Conference Optical and Space optical and laser tracking object Kucharski D., Rigaut F., Bennet F. proceedings Surveillance catalogue Technologies Conference, 9 – 12 September, 2014, Maui, Hawaii. 2015 Single Photon Flexible optical design and Yamashita T., Miki S., Terai H. Conference Workshop 2015 characterization of superconducting proceedings nanowire single-photon detectors with dielectric multilayer 2015 15th International Multi pixel superconducting Miki S., Yamashita T., Terai H. Conference Superconductive single photon detectors with proceedings Electronics superconducting single flux quantum Conference (ISEC readout circuit 2015) 2015 IGNSS conference Space situational awareness - a new Zhang K., Bennett J. C., Sang J., Smith Conference horizon of Australian space research C., Norman R., Carter B.A., Zhao Y and Presentation Wu S. 2015 Japan Geoscience Strategies for Space Geodetic Data Kunimori H., Kubooka T. Conference Union Regular Analysis in the Coming GGOS Era paper Meeting 2015 (Makuhari-Messe) 2015 IEI3CE Technical Evaluation of a Single Photon Kunimori H. Conference Report SANE2014- Communication and Ranging System paper 131 pp.19-2,2015 (in on Ground Japanese) 2015 MEANJIN Clear Skies with a Chance of Space Paulin N. Conference Debris paper 2015 "Journal of the NICT High Resolution Ranging Experiment Takahashi Y., Kunimori H., Amagai J. Conference (English) using the Time Comparison paper Vol. 61 No. 1 Equipment pp.129-132" 2015 Proceedings of the Collaboration between Optical Kunimori H., Kubooka T. 58th Space and Communication terminal and High Science Union, precision camera on board micro- (Nagasaki 2014), satellite using laser from a ground 3C05, PP.1-6 (in station Japanese) 2015 Australian Institute Ground based adaptive optic Bennet F., d’Orgeville C., Rigaut F., mith Conference of Physics Congress, enhanced LIDAR for space C., Gao Y., Chan A., Price I., Wang Y., paper 7-12 December environment management Ritchie I. 2014, Canberra 108 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 109 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2015 Advanced Maui Adaptive optics for satellite imaging Bennet F., d’Orgeville C., Price I., Figaut Conference 2015 Advanced Maui Harnessing Adaptive Optics for Space Zovaro A., Bennet F., Copeland M., Conference Optical and Space and space debris ranging F., Ritchie I., Smith C. proceedings Optical and Space Debris Collision Mitigation Rigaut F., d'Orgeville C., Grosse D., Bold paper Surveillance Surveillance M. Technologies Technologies Conference, 9 – 12 Conference, 9 – 12 September, 2014, September, 2014, Maui, Hawaii. Maui, Hawaii. 2015 Advanced Maui Simpler Adaptive Optics using a Zovaro A., Bennet F. Conference 2015 SPIE newsroom, Adaptive optics to enhance tracking of Bennet F., Rigaut F., Ritchie I., Smith C. Article Optical and Space Single Device for Processing and proceedings short news articles space debris Surveillance Control Technologies 2015 Café Scientifique, Game Over for Space Junk? Paulin N., Rigaut F., Smith C. Conference Conference, 9 – 12 Canberra Alliance paper September, 2014, Francaise, ANU Maui, Hawaii. RSAA 2015 Advanced Maui From Dye Laser Factory to d'Orgeville C. Conference 2015 Ionospheric Effects A new prediction capability for post- Carter B.A., Zhang K,. Norman R. Conference Optical and Space Portable Semiconductor Laser: proceedings Symposium sunset equatorial plasma bubbles paper Surveillance Four Generations of Sodium Guide 2015 Internal Technical High Earth Orbit Determination Study Bennett J.C. Techincal Technologies Star Lasers for Adaptive Optics in Report Report Conference, 9 – 12 Astronomy and Space Situational 2015 SERC Participant Research Program 3: Space Asset Bennett J.C., Kucharski D. Conference September, 2014, Awareness Workshop Management paper Maui, Hawaii. 2015 1st workshop on CRC SEM - a new horizon of Australian Zhang K. Conference 2015 Advanced Maui Orbital element generation for an Bennett J.C., Smith C., Greene B., Conference Laser Solutions for space tracking research paper Optical and Space optical and laser tracking object Kucharski D., Rigaut F., Bennet F. proceedings Orbital Space Debris, Surveillance catalogue Paris 2015 Technologies Conference, 9 – 12 2015 IUGG Simulated GNSS signal propagation Norman R., Le Marshall J., Rohm W., Conference September, 2014, paths during a severe troposphere Carter B.A., Wu S., Yuan Y., Zhang K. paper Maui, Hawaii. weather event 2015 Single Photon Flexible optical design and Yamashita T., Miki S., Terai H. Conference 2014 Geophysical Using solar wind data to predict daily Carter B.A., Retterer J.M., Yizengaw E., Refereed Workshop 2015 characterization of superconducting proceedings Research Letters GPS scintillation occurrence in the Wiens K., Wing S., Groves K., Caton R., Journal Article nanowire single-photon detectors with African and Asian low-latitude regions Bridgwood C., Francis M., Terkildsen M., dielectric multilayer Norman R., Zhang K. 2015 15th International Multi pixel superconducting Miki S., Yamashita T., Terai H. Conference 2014 Geophysical Geomagnetic control of equatorial Carter B.A., Retterer J.M., Yizengaw Refereed Superconductive single photon detectors with proceedings Research Letters plasma bubble activity modeled by E., Groves K., Caton R., McNamara L., Journal Article Electronics superconducting single flux quantum the TIEGCM with Kp Bridgwood C., Francis M., Terkildsen M., Conference (ISEC readout circuit Norman R., Zhang K. 2015) 2014 Advances in Space Achievable debris orbit prediction Sang J., Bennett J.C. Refereed 2015 IGNSS conference Space situational awareness - a new Zhang K., Bennett J. C., Sang J., Smith Conference Research accuracy using laser ranging data from Journal Article horizon of Australian space research C., Norman R., Carter B.A., Zhao Y and Presentation a single station Wu S. 2014 International Simulating GPS radio occultation Norman R., Le Marshall J., Zhang K., Refereed Conf 2015 Japan Geoscience Strategies for Space Geodetic Data Kunimori H., Kubooka T. Conference Association of using 3-D ray tracing Wang C.S., Carter B.A., Li Y., Gordon S. Proceedings Union Regular Analysis in the Coming GGOS Era paper Geodesy Symposia Meeting 2015 2014 International The Australian space research Zhang K., Sang J., Wang C.S., Bennett Refereed Conf (Makuhari-Messe) Association of program project: Platform J.C., Carter B., Norman R., Wu S. Proceedings 2015 IEI3CE Technical Evaluation of a Single Photon Kunimori H. Conference Geodesy Symposia technologies for space atmosphere Report SANE2014- Communication and Ranging System paper and climate: Progress and preliminary 131 pp.19-2,2015 (in on Ground results Japanese) 2014 International Comparing GPS radio occultation Norman R., Le Marshall J., Zhang K., Refereed Conf 2015 MEANJIN Clear Skies with a Chance of Space Paulin N. Conference Association of observations with radiosonde Wang C.S., Carter B.A., Rohm W., Proceedings Debris paper Geodesy Symposia measurements in the Australian region Manning T., Gordon S., Li Y. 2015 "Journal of the NICT High Resolution Ranging Experiment Takahashi Y., Kunimori H., Amagai J. Conference 2014 Proceedings of SPIE A sodium laser guide star facility for D'Orgeville C., Bennet F., Blundell M., Refereed Conf (English) using the Time Comparison paper - The International the ANU/EOS space debris tracking Brister R., Chan A., Dawson M., Gao Y., Proceedings Vol. 61 No. 1 Equipment Society for Optical adaptive optics demonstrator Paulin N., Price I., Rigaut F., Ritchie I., pp.129-132" Engineering Sellars M., Smith C., Uhlendorf K., Wang Y. 2015 Proceedings of the Collaboration between Optical Kunimori H., Kubooka T. 58th Space and Communication terminal and High 2014 Proceedings of SPIE Adaptive optics for space debris Bennet F., D'Orgeville C., Gao Y., Refereed Conf Science Union, precision camera on board micro- - The International tracking Gardhouse W., Paulin N., Price I., Rigaut Proceedings (Nagasaki 2014), satellite using laser from a ground Society for Optical F., Ritchie I.T., Smith C.H., Uhlendorf K., 3C05, PP.1-6 (in station Engineering Wang Y. Japanese) 2014 CEUR Workshop Space situational awareness - Zhang K., Bennett J.C., Smith C.H., Refereed Conf 2015 Australian Institute Ground based adaptive optic Bennet F., d’Orgeville C., Rigaut F., mith Conference Proceedings Protecting assets in space from Greene B., Sang J., Carter B.A., Norman Proceedings of Physics Congress, enhanced LIDAR for space C., Gao Y., Chan A., Price I., Wang Y., paper orbital debris (a RMIT University R., Zhao Y., Wu S. 7-12 December environment management Ritchie I. perspective on the Space Environment 2014, Canberra Management CRC) 109 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2014 Acta Astronautica Experimental results of debris orbit Sang J., Bennett J.C., Smith C. Refereed predictions using sparse tracking data Journal Article from Mt. Stromlo 2014 Journal of An analysis of the quiet time day- Carter B.A., Yizengaw E., Retterer J.M., Refereed Geophysical to-day variability in the formation of Francis M., Terkildsen M., Marshall R., Journal Article Research: Space postsunset equatorial plasma bubbles Norman R., Zhang K. Physics in the Southeast Asian region 2014 Proceedings of High-power optical phased arrays Roberts L.E., Ward R.L., Fleddermann R., Refereed Conf the International for space debris tracking and Raj S., Sutton A.J., De Vine G., Smith C., Proceedings Astronautical manoeuvring McClelland D.E., Shaddock D.A. Congress, IAC 2014 Proceedings of Relative determination for non- Cai, H., Zhang, J., Zhai, G., Zhang, Y. Conference the International cooperative spacecraft based on Paper Astronautical binocular vision system Congress, IAC 2014 Optics Letters Weak-light phase tracking with a low Francis, S.P., Lam, T.T.-Y., McKenzie, K., Refereed cycle slip rate Sutton, A.J., Ward, R.L., McClelland, Journal Article D.E., Shaddock, D.A. 2014 Proceedings of High-power optical phased arrays Roberts, L.E., Ward, R.L., Fleddermann, Conference the International for space debris tracking and R., Raj, S., Sutton, A.J., De Vine, G., Paper Astronautical manoeuvring Smith, C., McClelland, D.E., Shaddock, Congress, IAC D.A. 2014 Applied Optics Coherent beam combining using a 2D Roberts, L.E., Ward, R.L., Sutton, A.J., Refereed internally sensed optical phased array Fleddermann, R., De Vine, G., Malikides, Journal Article E.A., Wuchenich, D.M.R., McClelland, D.E., Shaddock, D.A. 2014 Classical and The design and construction of Ward, R.L., Fleddermann, R., Francis, S., Refereed Quantum Gravity a prototype lateral-transfer retro- Mow-Lowry, C., Wuchenich, D., Elliot, Journal Article reflector for inter-satellite laser ranging M., Gilles, F., Herding, M., Nicklaus, K., Brown, J., Burke, J., Dligatch, S., Farrant, D., Green, K., Seckold, J., Blundell, M., Brister, R., Smith, C., Danzmann, K., Heinzel, G., Schütze, D., Sheard, B.S., Klipstein, W., McClelland, D.E., Shaddock, D.A. 2014 Optics Express Laser link acquisition demonstration Wuchenich, D.M.R., Mahrdt, C., Sheard, Refereed for the GRACE Follow-On mission B.S., Francis, S.P., Spero, R.E., Miller, J., Journal Article Mow-Lowry, C.M., Ward, R.L., Klipstein, W.M., Heinzel, G., Danzmann, K., McClelland, D.E., Shaddock, D.A. 2014 AGU Fall Meeting, Modeling and Predicting the Daily Carter B.A., Zhang K., Norman R. Conference 15-19 December Equatorial Plasma Bubble Activity paper 2014, San Francisco Using the TIEGCM 2014 14th Australian Recent advances in understanding Carter B.A., Zhang K., Norman R. Conference Space Research the drivers of day-to-day variability in paper Conference, 29 the generation of scintillation-causing September 2014, Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Adelaide 2014 Space Environment Understanding the Physical Drivers Carter B.A. Conference Applications, of the Occurrence of Scintillation- paper Systems, and Causing Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Operations for National Security 2014 14th Australian Severe space weather events and their Carter B.A. Conference Space Research impact on our technology-dependent paper Conference, 29 society September 2014, Adelaide

110 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 111 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021 YEAR PUBLISHED IN/ TITLE AUTHORS PUBLICATION R PRESENTEDAT TYPE E

2014 Advanced Maui An Analysis of Debris Orbit Prediction Bennett J.C., Sang J., Smith C., Zhang K. Conference Optical and Space Accuracy from Short-arc Orbit paper Surveillance Determination Using Optical and Technologies Laser Tracking Data Conference, 9 – 12 September, 2014, Maui, Hawaii. 2014 14th Australian Manoeuvring space debris for collision Bennett J.C., Smith C., Sang J., Zhang K. Conference Space Research avoidance using ground-based lasers paper Conference, 29 September 2014, Adelaide 2014 Advanced Maui Technical Description of Radar and Eastment J., Bennett J.C., Ritchie I., Conference Optical and Space Optical Sensors Contributing to Joint Smith C. paper Surveillance UK-Australian Satellite Tracking, Data- Technologies fusion and Cueing Experiment Conference, 9 – 12 September, 2014, Maui, Hawaii. 2014 Utilising Existing ASRP to CRC - The RMIT SPACE Zhang K. Conference Australian Space Research Centre and Future PhD paper Capability for Future Opportunities at RMIT Growth 2014 Space Debris Recent Australian Quest of Space Zhang K. Conference Precision Tracking Tracking paper and Orbit Determination Workshop 2014 Geospatial Science Space Situational Awareness – Zhang K., Bennett J.C., Smith C., Greene Conference Research 3, School Protecting Assets in Space from B., Sang J., Carter B.A., Norman R., Zhao Presentation of Mathematical and Orbital Debris (a RMIT University Y., Wu S. Geospatial Science, perspective on the Space Environment RMIT University, Management CRC) 2014 14th Australian CRC SEM - a new horizon of Australian Zhang K. Conference Space Research space tracking research paper Conference, 29 September 2014, Adelaide 2014 Advanced Maui Orbit Determination Analysis for a Rutten M., Bennett J.C., Smith C., Ritchie Conference Optical and Space Joint UK-Australian Space Surveillance I. paper Surveillance Experiment Technologies Conference, 9 – 12 September, 2014, Maui, Hawaii. 2014 Advanced Maui Joint UK-Australian Space Surveillance Donnelly P., Bennett J.C., Smith C., Conference Optical and Space Target Tracking, Cueing and Sensor Ritchie I. paper Surveillance Data Fusion Experiment Technologies Conference, 9 – 12 September, 2014, Maui, Hawaii. 2014 AGU Fall Meeting, Atmospheric profiling using GPS Norman R., Le Marshall J., Carter B.A., Conference 15-19 December Radio Occultation observations over Kirchengast G., Alexander S., Wang S., paper 2014, San Francisco the Australian and Antarctic regions Zhang K. 2014 14th Australian The simulated impact of a severe Norman R., Zhang K., Le Marshall J., Conference Space Research troposphere weather event on GNSS Rohm W., Carter B.A., Alexander S. paper Conference, 29 signal propagation paths September 2014, Adelaide 2014 14th Australian GPS Radio Occultation remote sensing Alexander S., Zhang K., Norman R. Conference Space Research for Antarctic atmospheric research paper Conference, 29 September 2014, Adelaide 111 | SERC FINAL REPORT 2021