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Diversity and Conservation of Waterbirds in the Northern Avifaunal Region of Sri Lanka

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Diversity and Conservation of Waterbirds in the Northern Avifaunal Region of Sri Lanka Ceylon Journal of Science 46 (Special Issue) 2017: 143-155 DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v46i5.7462 RESEARCH ARTICLE Diversity and Conservation of Waterbirds in the Northern Avifaunal Region of Sri Lanka Chaminda S. Wijesundara1,*, Deepal Warakagoda2, Udaya Sirivardana2, Dilan Chathuranga1, Tharangi Hettiarachchi1, Nuwanthika Perera3, Packiyanathan Rajkumar4,5, Saumya Wanniarachchi1 and Gayani Weerakoon1 1Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 2Ceylon Bird Club, 127 Nawala Road, Colombo 5, Sri Lanka. 3Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, U.S.A. 4Divisional Secretariat, Chundukkuli, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. 5Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Received: 31/08/2016; Accepted: 29/06/2017 Abstract: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the Several factors contribute to the avian species richness waterbird diversity, distribution, and conservation status in the in the South Asian region. These include altitudinal northern avifaunal region of Sri Lanka, which includes two of variation (from sea level up to the Himalayas, the world’s the four richest waterbird regions in Sri Lanka, namely Jaffna and tallest mountain range), variability in climate and associated Mannar. We compiled data from the annual waterbird censuses vegetation diversity, and its geographical location within and monthly records of the Ceylon Bird Club from 2011 to 2017 the major Central Asian migrant flyway. The region is and from a systematic survey carried out by us from October 2014 close to two other biogeographic provinces (Palearctic and to March 2016. Afrotropical or Ethiopian), which has resulted in species We recorded a total of 116 species of waterbirds belonging from these two regions extending their ranges into the South to 23 families. Among them are species confined to the northern Asian region. Most species in the region are Oriental (Indo- region including the rare breeding residents the Crab Plover Malayan) species, typified by minivets and ioras; some are (Dromas ardeola), Indian Courser (Cursorius coromandelicus), Palearctic species, including accentors, and a small number Spot-billed Duck (Anas poecilorhyncha), and Saunders’s Tern originate in Africa and these include creepers. (Sternula saundersi). The Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus Bird diversity in Sri Lanka roseus), which is now uncommon elsewhere in Sri Lanka, was recorded in high numbers. The Spot-billed Duck, which was a Sri Lanka is a tropical island (65,610 km2) located south very rare migrant to Sri Lanka until recently, was found to have of India (5°.55’ - 9°.55’N, 79°.42’ - 81°.52’E). At present established breeding populations in the region. The Glossy Ibis 454 bird species belonging to 20 orders have been recorded (Plegadis falcinellus) and Comb Duck (Sarkidiornis melanotos), from Sri Lanka. Of these, 238 are breeding residents1, 144 which are extirpated breeding residents in Sri Lanka, were are regular migrants2, and 72 are vagrants3 (Warakagoda recorded as part of the migrant population. The Common Coot et al., 2012). The majority of migrant species arrive in Sri (Fulica atra), which was previously considered a very rare Lanka from northern latitudes. A large number of migrant breeding resident, was found to be abundant with over 1,000 species are waterbirds (Warakagoda and Sirivardana, individuals in some localities. 2006). Waterbirds of Sri Lanka Keywords: Waterbirds, diversity, northern avifaunal region, conservation, wetlands. The Ramsar Convention defines ‘waterbirds’ as birds ‘ecologically dependent upon wetlands’. Waterbirds INTRODUCTION are important indicators of the ecological condition and productivity of wetland ecosystems (Wei et al., 2009), Bird diversity in the South Asian region and are one of the key attributes of the biodiversity of At present, of the 10,000 or more known species of birds in the many wetlands. Counts of waterbirds form one of several world, some 1,800 species are found in the Oriental Region elements that are used to identify important wetlands. (Clements et al., 2016). The South Asian biogeographical It has been stated that the number of waterbirds using a region, defined as Afghanistan, Pakistan, India including given wetland is a good indicator of that site’s biological the Andamans and Nicobars, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, importance, e.g. the number of faunal and floral species it Sri Lanka, the Maldives and the Chagos archipelago, forms can support (Scott, 1980). only a small part of the Oriental Region, but is home to Approximately 164 species of waterbirds belonging to some 1,300 species of birds (approximately 13% of the 23 families have been identified in Sri Lanka. These birds world’s bird species) (Rasmussen and Anderton, 2012). 1 Species which breed within the territory of the country. Of these, some 143 bird species (11%) are endemic to the 2 Species which are present in the country for some months but South Asian region. Hence, this region is critical for the do not breed within the territorial limits of the country. preservation of avian biodiversity. 3 Species recorded irregularly in Sri Lanka. *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1539-2161 144 Ceylon Journal of Science 46 (Special Issue) 2017: 143-155 are found in a wide variety of wetlands from sea level to annual waterbird censuses conducted by the Ceylon Bird an elevation of 2,200 m. Large concentrations are found Club (Ceylon Bird Club 2011-2017) and the monthly in the coastal and inland wetlands of Sri Lanka’s dry zone. records of the Club (Ibid.), and from a systematic survey Table 1 gives a list of the families of waterbirds found in carried out from October 2014 to March 2016 by some of Sri Lanka. us (CW, DC, TH, NP, PR, SW, GW) in parts of the region. The four richest waterbird regions in Sri Lanka are Several factors can significantly affect the data gathered Jaffna, Mannar, Puttalam-Chilaw and the Southern Coastal. in a waterbird census: the extent of coverage of each region In the area demarcated until recently as the South-East and site, weather conditions, movements of birds among Coastal region the destruction of critical feeding and resting sites, the degree of visibility and the current conditions of wetlands within it for a seaport has caused a drastic fall the sites, especially including variable water levels. in the number of waterbirds. This has now been observed The annual censuses by the Ceylon Bird Club are throughout several years in the waterbird censuses and at coordinated with those in other countries by Wetlands other times. It was thought that therefore it is more apt International, and carried out generally following standard to enlarge its range and name the new area the Southern guidelines set out by the latter (e.g. Wetlands International Coastal region. (Warakagoda and Sirivardana, 2006, Wei et 2010), by spot counts in the first two weeks of February al., 2009, Price et al., 2014) (Figure 1 and Figure 2). during the northern winter migrant season. The observations by members of the Club published Aim of the study in its monthly journal may be described as random Over the past century researchers have documented sampling. The club exercises care to maintain a high significant changes to the actual and known status of standard of authenticity in its data, especially in regard several species of waterbirds. The aim of the present study to the identification of bird taxa (e.g. Warakagoda and was to evaluate the waterbird diversity and distribution Sirivardana, 2009). in the northern avifaunal region of Sri Lanka, with the The systematic survey (2014-2016) was done twice a intention of recording areas of high waterbird abundance month. Point counts with unlimited distance were used for and high priority conservation areas, especially wetlands. assessing the diversity and abundance of birds. Observations The northern avifaunal region as defined here comprises were made using standard birding binoculars (Nikon the area north of a straight line from north of the Wilpattu 8×40 Action Extreme and Nikon Monarch 10×42) and a National Park on the west coast to Nilaveli on the east spotting scope (Vixen 25×50). The major sites in Jaffna coast. As a southern boundary cannot be precisely defined region included Mandaitivu, Allaipiddy, Mankumban, meaningfully, with reference to inland water bodies, we Melingimunai (Kayts), Kaladaipiddy (Pungudutivu), consider the use of such a line to be justified. This region Delft Island wildlife conservation area, Araly, Ponnalai includes two of the richest waterbird regions in Sri Lanka, Bridge area, Kaithady, Thanankilappu, Kopay, Puthur, viz. Jaffna and Mannar. Sarasalai, Anthanathidal, Kapputhu, Thondaimanaru, Vallai, Mulli, Nagar Kovil, Mamunai, and Chundikkulam National Park. The major sites in Mullaitivu and adjacent MATERIALS AND METHODS areas included Chalei, Nanthikadal, Nayaru, and Kokilai We compiled data from 2011 to 2017 obtained from the Sanctuary whereas Giant’s Tank, Vankalai Sanctuary, Table 1: Families of waterbirds found in Sri Lanka and the number of species recorded from each family in the northern avifaunal region. No. of No. of Family Family Species Species Podicipedidae (grebes) 1 Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants) 3 Anhingidae (darters) 1 Pelecanidae (pelicans) 1 Ardeidae (herons, egrets) 12 Ciconiidae (storks) 4 Threskiornithidae (ibises, spoonbills) 3 Phoenicopteridae (flamingos) 2 Anatidae (ducks) 10 Rallidae (rails, crakes, coots)
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