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Decolorization of Color Index Acid Orange 20 Buffer Solution Using Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilized on Modified PAN-Beads

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Decolorization of Color Index Acid Orange 20 Buffer Solution Using Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilized on Modified PAN-Beads RSC Advances View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Decolorization of Color Index Acid Orange 20 buffer solution using horseradish peroxidase Cite this: RSC Adv.,2017,7, 18976 immobilized on modified PAN-beads Zhu Yincan, Liu Yan, Guo Xueyong, Wu Qiao and Xu Xiaoping * In the present work, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is utilized to be immobilized onto polyacrylonitrile based beads (PAN-beads) for decolorization of Color Index (C. I.) Acid Orange 20 (AO20) in aqueous solution. Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were used to treat PAN-beads to obtain carboxyl groups, followed by being modified with ethanediamine to get more amino groups, and then were activated with glutaraldehyde. The enzyme was immobilized onto the activated beads by covalent crosslinking. Optimum factors for decolorization of AO20 were investigated both on free horseradish peroxidase (F- HRP) and immobilized horseradish peroxidase (I-HRP), including pH values, H2O2 amount, enzyme amount, temperature and so on. Under optimum conditions, percent decolorization was about 90% or Received 10th February 2017 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. 98% respectively for F-HRP or I-HRP. A kinetic study showed that F-HRP possessed more affinity Accepted 14th March 2017 compared to I-HRP, but reusability experiments clarified that I-HRP was cost-efficient as about 90% DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01698k decolorization was obtained after three cycles. The human normal hepatocytes cell line (L02 cell line) rsc.li/rsc-advances was utilized to assess cytotoxicity of metabolites, and the result was acceptable. 1. Introduction potential carcinogens.8 Considering the harm to humans' health and environment, how to remove the synthetic dyes is In 1857, W. H. Perkin invented the rst synthetic dye called always an important challenge and many researchers have re- This article is licensed under a mauveine and put it into industrial production. Since then ported their attempts, for example, Li and his co-workers used more and more synthetic dyes have appeared and have been activated carbon as absorbent to adsorb Acid Orange 7 9 and – – widely used in industrial production sectors, such as textiles, Gokce et al. found the O3 H2O2 UV process could dispose the wastewater of reactive dyeing of cotton fabric efficiently.10 Open Access Article. Published on 29 March 2017. Downloaded 9/26/2021 8:54:20 PM. paper, plastics, printing, leather, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals. But the wide usage of the various kinds of Though physical and chemical methods have been employed in – dyes in industries has led to discharging effluents containing many studies,11 13 they have some noticeable weaknesses, for dyes, rich in complex aromatic structures into the environment. instance, physical methods for color removal can't completely There are more than 105 kinds of commercially available dyes dispel recalcitrant azo dyes so it needs subsequent disposal, with over 8 Â 105 metric tons of dye stuff leaked and discharged and chemical methods can degrade dyes but it needs to add to industrial effluents,1 and nearly half of these are azoic dyes.2 other reagents which may be produce secondary pollution. As The dyes are hardly degraded in the environment because for activated sludge methods, it's not effective for dye – oxidizing reagents, light and water can't damage their chemical removal.14 16 structure. The chemical structure is characterized by the azo Based on the situation above, enzyme-based methods are group N]N which is a chromophore, associated with an aux- more advantageous, which produce lower toxicity and make ochrome such as amine or hydroxyl groups. In natural degra- minimal impact on ecosystem. In addition, during enzyme- dation processes, microorganisms decolor azo dyes by reductive based treatment process there is not need high energy cleavage of azo bond under anaerobic conditions, leading to the requirements, difficult process control and rigorous pH, formation of mutagenic aromatic amines, and these temperature and ionic strength conditions. It is sufficient to use compounds become contaminants.3–6 When dye-containing enzyme-based treatments alone as the toxic compounds can be effluents are released into the water bodies, dyes are visible transformed to less harmful compounds that means complete À – pollutants at concentration of 0.005 mg L 1,7 and the passage of degradation is not necessary.17 20 light decreases along with increasing the chemical oxygen It is crucial to nd a proper enzyme to degrade the dyes. It is demand (COD). The azo dyes in the environment are toxic and reported that peroxidases and laccases from plants or fungi have the ability to oxidize dyes.21–23 Heme-containing peroxi- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China. E-mail: xu@ dases possess similar amino acid sequences and similar cata- ff fzu.edu.cn lytic activities, but are slightly di erent in subsequent reaction 18976 | RSC Adv.,2017,7,18976–18986 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 View Article Online Paper RSC Advances products and substrate specicities.24 In the terms of decoloring coomassie brilliant blue G-250, ethanol, sodium dihydrogen or degrading the dyes, laccases and horseradish peroxidase phosphate and disodium hydrogen phosphate were all obtained have been extensively studied.25–28 from Sinopharm Chemical Reagents CO., Ltd. Horseradish À Horseradish peroxidase (HRP, EC 1.11.1.7) is an efficient, peroxidase (HRP) ((EC 1.11.1.7), >300 U mg 1) and bovine environmentally friendly and widely-researched biocatalyst- serum albumin (BSA) were purchased from Shanghai SANGON enzyme, which mainly exists in the roots of horseradish Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, China. The aforementioned plants. HRP is a monomeric heme-obtaining glycoprotein (44 chemicals were of analytical grade and were used without kDa) having approximately 18% N-linked oligosaccharides with further purication during follow-up study. Solutions were function of two Ca2+ ions to maintain enzyme conformation.29–31 confected with distilled water (prepared by Fuzhou University). ff In the presence of HRP, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can oxidize In this experiment, AO20 bu er solution was used to simulate aromatic compounds or azo dyes without high temperature or industrial wastewater containing an azo dye. harsh chemical conditions. It has been proved by many researchers that phenolic compounds and textile dyes can be 2.2 Preparation of PAN-based beads degraded or decolored by peroxidase, which has shown that The preparation of PAN-based beads was performed as follows. HRP plays an important role in the removal of aqueous phenols 2 g polyacrylonitrile was dissolved in 23 g DMF and was kept in 32–35 ff and dyes. Compared to another e ective biocatalyst-laccase constant mechanical stirring until the solution became (benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2), HRP is more a homogenous gel. The PAN-based beads were prepared by one- economical to produce, inactivates slowly, or acts on a wider step extrusion similar to that described by Nigma.39 With the variety of substrates. help of a peristaltic pump, the homogenous gel was dropped Though enzyme-catalyzed process has more advantages in through a silicon tube into a beaker containing 200 mL of ffl terms of handling e uents containing dyes, free enzymes have distilled water. 10 cm dropping height was chose to avoid the drawbacks of low stability, low production yield and unreus- droplets sticking together and trailing. The obtained PAN-based 36 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. ability. Immobilized enzymes on solid supports could over- beads were spherical beads with the same size, and the diam- come the limits above, which is capable of reusing immobilized eter of beads was about 3 mm. Then these beads were washed enzymes and, as a result, reduces the overall cost of enzymatic three times using distilled water. Aerwards the PAN-beads 37,38 waste. Immobilizing enzymes has many techniques, such as were ltrated and stored in the phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) entrapment, encapsulation, self-immobilization and covalent under 4 C for further utilization. binding of enzymes to solid support and so on, where covalent cross-linking gives enzyme more rigid structure and reduces 2.3 Modications of PAN-beads protein unfolding, consequently makes enzymes signicantly more stable.37 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) are widely used as sup- This step of the modi cations of PAN-based beads was aimed to This article is licensed under a porting materials of enzymes because of its good mechanical transform the nitrile group in PAN into amino or introduce stability and its active nitrile groups. Different PAN modica- amino groups so that these PAN-based beads could crosslinked tions can be used to improve its properties as catalyst supports. with glutaraldehyde. Firstly, these beads were immersed in 100 mL of 12% (w) NaOH aqueous solution for 1 h at 50 C, and the Open Access Article. Published on 29 March 2017. Downloaded 9/26/2021 8:54:20 PM. Our work was designed to immobilize horseradish peroxi- dase by covalent cross-linking with glutaraldehyde on poly- nitrile groups in PAN were transformed into sodium carboxylate acrylonitrile beads followed by the application of immobilized groups. Secondly, they were washed with deionized water and À1 HRP for the elimination of AO20 from waste water. To establish placed in 1 mol L HCl aqueous solution at room temperature for 2 h,40 and the sodium carboxylate groups were transformed an optimal operational process, some variables (pH, H2O2, contact time, temperature, dye concentration) involved in the into carboxylic groups. Thirdly, the beads were immersed in oxidative process to remove AO20 from wastewater as well as the 10% (v/v) solution of ethylenediamine for 1 h at room temper- reusability experiment was evaluated particularly. The enzyme ature, a large number of amino groups were introduced and C]N was formed at the moment.
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