Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Social and Cultural Sciences Faculty Research and Social and Cultural Sciences, Department of Publications 1-1-2006 The oS cial Construction of Difference and the Arab American Experience Louise Cainkar Marquette University,
[email protected] Published version. Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 25, No. 2-3 (Winter-Spring 2006): 243-278. Permalink. © 2006 University of Illinois Press. Used with permission. 13_Cainkar_8044_JAEH_Trans 5/26/06 9:35 AM Page 243 The Social Construction of Difference and the Arab American Experience LOUISE CAINKAR INTRODUCTION THEORIES OF IMMIGRANT integration are a tough fit when it comes to Arab Americans. Arabs who migrated to the United States in the first decades of the twentieth century held structural positions and faced barri- ers of prejudice and discrimination largely similar to those of white ethnics (especially Italians).1 Although they were barred from a broad range of in- stitutions run by mainstream whites, they settled in urban and rural areas, ran businesses, worked in factories, built institutions, flourished artistically, held government office in a number of places, achieved a degree of eco- nomic success, and led social lives that were intertwined with members of white ethnic groups and often resulted in intermarriage. Of course there are meaningful exceptions to this simplification of history, and in specific lo- calities, for example, the right of Arabs to naturalize was challenged.2 Nonetheless, the general profile of the Arab experience in the United States in the early part of the twentieth century displayed more social, political, and economic incorporation than that of racially excluded African Americans, Asians, Native Americans, and Latinos.