DOCSLIB.ORG

Sediment Delivery to the Three Gorges: 1. Catchment Controls

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sediment Delivery to the Three Gorges: 1. Catchment Controls Geomorphology 41Ž. 2001 143–156 www.elsevier.comrlocatergeomorph Sediment delivery to the three gorges: 1. Catchment controls D.L. Higgitt a,), X.X. Lu b a Department of Geography, UniÕersity of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK b Department of Geography, National UniÕersity of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore, 119260, Singapore Received 10 February 2000; received in revised form 27 July 2000; accepted 29 May 2001 Abstract The paper examines sediment yield and its response to catchment disturbance and environmental variables in the Upper Yangtze basin, where the attention of environmentalists has been drawn to the Three Gorges ProjectŽ. TGP . Information about the source and conveyance of sediment from the catchment area to the Three Gorges Reservoir has implications for management strategies. Methodologies for establishing the relationships between land cover, climatic and topographic variables with sediment yield are introduced. The analysis uses a sediment load data set, containing 250 stations with up to 30 years of measurement, a 1=1 km resolution land cover database and variables extracted from various geodatabases. The mean sediment load delivered from the Yangtze upstream of Chongqing is 318 Mt ay1, but the contribution from the Jialing tributary is higher in terms of specific sediment yield at 928 t kmy2 ay1. Long-term sediment yield at Yichang has not exhibited an upward trend despite the evidence for increased soil erosion within the basin. Examination of sediment response to catchment disturbance and spatial variability in relation to controlling variables has been undertaken in an attempt to predict future sedimentation impacts. Time series analysis illustrates that significant increases in sediment yield have occurred over about 8% of the catchment area while about 3% have experienced decreasing sediment yields. The latter are associated with major reservoir schemes on the tributaries of the Yangtze. When the spatial pattern of sediment yields within the basin is analysed, AnaturalB climatic and topographic factors explain most of the variability in the relatively sparsely populated western part of the Upper Yangtze basin, but do not afford very good prediction in the more populated eastern part. Incorporation of land cover information does not provide additional explanation of spatial variability. Examination of the response of sediment delivery to catchment disturbance and environmental variables provides an illustration which may have some lessons for the management of the sedimentation problem in the Three Gorges Reservoir and a basis for modelling future changes in sediment delivery. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Sediment yield; Sediment delivery; Geodatabases; Yangtze 1. Introduction is one of the key environmental issues that has focused attention on the dynamics of soil erosion and The potential impact of sedimentation on the op- fluvial sediment transport in the catchment of the eration and life span of the Three Gorges Reservoir Upper YangtzeŽ Gu and Douglas, 1989; Edmonds, 1992; Qian et al., 1993; Luk and Whitney, 1993. ) Corresponding author. Fax: q44-191-374-2456. There are two major issues of concern—whether E-mail address: [email protected]Ž. D.L. Higgitt . proposed reservoir regulation procedures are effi- 0169-555Xr01r$ - see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S0169-555XŽ. 01 00112-X 144 D.L. Higgitt, X.X. LurGeomorphology 41() 2001 143–156 cient enough to control the conveyance of most of has proposed that the Langbein–Schumm model is the sediment-laden waters, and whether the long-term broadly applicable to explain national variations observed sediment delivery to the Three Gorges is within China. As the availability of gauging station representative of future trends. Investigation of the data has increased a more complex relationship with temporal and spatial variability of sediment transport climate and vegetation has emergedŽ Douglas, 1967; within the Upper Yangtze catchment leads to the Wilson, 1973; Jansen and Painter, 1974; Walling and following paradox. There is widespread evidence Webb, 1983; Jansson, 1988. , mainly because of the that the extent and magnitude of soil erosion across impact of human activity on natural vegetation cover. southern China has increased dramatically during the At a global scale, the importance of topography and last 30–40 yearsŽ Smil, 1993; Wen, 1993; Edmonds, the significance of relatively small mountainous 1994. There is no evidence from the sediment load catchments as major contributors to global continen- measurements at the Yichang gauging stationŽ down- tal sediment export has been notedŽ Milliman and stream of the TGP dam site. of a trend in sediment Syvitski, 1992; Summerfield and Hulton, 1994. The yield delivered from the Upper Yangtze catchment. difficulty of obtaining sufficiently detailed, spatially The average annual loadŽ for a catchment area of just distributed data on catchment characteristics has over 1 million km2 , is reported as 520 MtŽ Mason, hampered attempts to disentangle the various con- 1999.Ž . A question for catchment managers and geo- trols on sediment yields within large catchments. morphologists. is whether the observed spatial and However, the availability of global environmental temporal variability of both sediment production and data sets comprising description of hydroclimatic, conveyance can be explained adequately by a model biological and geomorphological characteristics of of sediment delivery for the Upper Yangtze. In the Earth offers a means of extracting catchment attempting to address this issue, the appropriateness variables for integration with sediment yield data. of methodologies and available data sets to analyse This approach has been used to examine global sediment delivery within large river catchments can variations in sediment yieldŽ Summerfield and Hul- be considered. The paper first provides a discussion ton, 1994; Ludwig and Probst, 1998. where individ- on approaches to modelling regional sediment yield. ual catchments are represented by a single sediment Second, background information about the Upper yield value. In the present study it is extended to the Yangtze catchment and the construction of data investigation of sediment yields within the Upper sources for examining sediment yields is described. Yangtze. Third, results focusing on estimates of sediment The prediction of sediment yields is complicated delivery to the Three Gorges reservoir are presented, by the interaction of controlling variables, human along with description of sediment responses to impact on the hydrological system, and by scale catchment disturbance and environmental variables. effects associated with different catchment sizes. The Evidence for recent changes in soil erosion and proportion of sediment eroded from catchment slopes sediment delivery to the reservoir from the area that is exported, decreases with catchment size in surrounding the Three Gorges is addressed in the most environments as opportunities for storage in- second paperŽ. Lu and Higgitt, this volume . crease downstreamŽ. Walling, 1983 . This proportion can be quantified by the sediment delivery ratio. The scale-dependency inhibits the direct comparison of 2. Regional sediment yields specific sediment yieldsŽ t kmy2 ay1. from catch- ments of contrasting sizes. In addition, sediment The geomorphological and hydrological literature delivery ratios may change over time, damping the contains many attempts to relate global or regional response of suspended sediment loads to the magni- sediment yields to controlling factors. Langbein and tude and extent of soil erosion. Time lags between SchummŽ. 1958 produced a model of sediment yield initial sediment mobilisation and export from the in relation to effective precipitation, reaching a maxi- catchment outlet may be considerableŽ Trimble, mum in semi-arid environments and declining as 1998. , and have significant effects on the manage- vegetation cover protects the land surface. XuŽ. 1994 ment of sediment laden waters. D.L. Higgitt, X.X. LurGeomorphology 41() 2001 143–156 145 3. The Upper Yangtze: characteristics and data marise measurements from a network of hydro- sources graphic stations throughout the Upper Yangtze. The original records for each station provide information 3.1. Catchment characteristics on the station co-ordinatesŽ. latitude and longitude , The Upper Yangtze catchment, with the exception catchment area, mean monthly and annual water of the extreme west, experiences a subtropical mon- discharge and sediment load, and the magnitude and soon climate. Precipitation varies from -250 mm date of occurrence of the maximum daily discharge. on the northern edge of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau The use of historical gauging station data raises the to )1000 mm in the east of the catchment. Popula- question of data quality. The monthly sediment loads tion densities range from -10 persons kmy2 in the are based on discrete rather than continuous mea- mountainous west to )500 persons kmy2 in the surements of suspended sediment at daily to weekly Sichuan Basin. The Upper Jinsha, Yalong, Dadu and intervals. As such, the frequency of sampling does Min principally drain the mountainous areas to the not ensure that all ranges of flow were sampled. The west of the catchment. To the east, the Tuo, Fu, sampling intervals and the exclusion of the bedload Jialing and Qu flow through areas of high population
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Consequences of Spatially Differentiated Water Pollution Regulation in China
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE CONSEQUENCES OF SPATIALLY DIFFERENTIATED WATER POLLUTION REGULATION IN CHINA Zhao Chen Matthew E. Kahn Yu Liu Zhi Wang Working Paper 22507 http://www.nber.org/papers/w22507 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 August 2016 We would like to thank seminar participants at Xiamen University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Fudan-UC Young Scholars Conference 2015, Urban Economic Association 2015 Annual Meeting in Portland. We thank Matthew Norris for useful comments. Any remaining errors are our own. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2016 by Zhao Chen, Matthew E. Kahn, Yu Liu, and Zhi Wang. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. The Consequences of Spatially Differentiated Water Pollution Regulation in China Zhao Chen, Matthew E. Kahn, Yu Liu, and Zhi Wang NBER Working Paper No. 22507 August 2016 JEL No. Q25,Q52 ABSTRACT China’s environmental regulators have sought to reduce the Yangtze River’s water pollution. We document that this regulatory effort has had two unintended consequences. First, the regulation’s spatial differential stringency has displaced economic activity upstream. As polluting activity agglomerates upstream, more Pigouvian damage is caused downstream.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrogen Contamination in the Yangtze River System, China
    中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Journal of Hazardous Materials A73Ž. 2000 107±113 www.elsevier.nlrlocaterjhazmat Nitrogen contamination in the Yangtze River system, China Chen Jingsheng ), Gao Xuemin, He Dawei, Xia Xinghui Department of Urban and EnÕironmental Science, Peking UniÕersity, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China Received 29 July 1998; received in revised form 25 April 1999; accepted 2 October 1999 Abstract The data at 570 monitoring stations during 1990 were studied. The results indicate as follows: Ž.i the contents of nitrogen in the Yangtze mainstream has a raising trend from the upper reaches to the lower reaches;Ž. ii total nitrogen content at a lot of stations during the middle 1980s is 5±10 times more than that during the 1960s;Ž. iii seasonal variances of nitrogen content vary with watersheds; andŽ. iv the difference of nitrogen contamination level is related to the regional population and economic development. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: China; The Yangtze River; Nitrogen contamination 1. Introduction The Yangtze River is the largest river in China, and its mainstream is 6300-km long and drainage area is about 1.8=106 km2. The natural and economic conditions vary largely with regions. The degree of nitrogen contamination differs from one area to another. Since 1956, the Water Conservancy Ministry of China had set up more than 900 chemical monitoring stations in succession on 500 rivers all over the country. Within 1958±1990, a quantity of water-quality data, including nitrogen, was accumulated but nobody has studied them systematically.
    [Show full text]
  • A Garrison in Time Saves Nine
    1 A Garrison in Time Saves Nine: Frontier Administration and ‘Drawing In’ the Yafahan Orochen in Late Qing Heilongjiang Loretta E. Kim The University of Hong Kong [email protected] Abstract In 1882 the Qing dynasty government established the Xing’an garrison in Heilongjiang to counteract the impact of Russian exploration and territorial expansion into the region. The Xing’an garrison was only operative for twelve years before closing down. What may seem to be an unmitigated failure of military and civil administrative planning was in fact a decisive attempt to contend with the challenges of governing borderland people rather than merely shoring up physical territorial limits. The Xing’an garrison arose out of the need to “draw in” the Yafahan Orochen population, one that had developed close relations with Russians through trade and social interaction. This article demonstrates that while building a garrison did not achieve the intended goal of strengthening control over the Yafahan Orochen, it was one of several measures the Qing employed to shape the human frontier in this critical borderland. Keywords 1 2 Butha, Eight Banners, frontier administration, Heilongjiang, Orochen Introduction In 1882, the Heilongjiang general’s yamen began setting up a new garrison. This milestone was distinctive because 150 years had passed since the last two were established, which had brought the actual total of garrisons within Heilongjiang to six.. The new Xing’an garrison (Xing’an cheng 興安城) would not be the last one built before the end of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) but it was notably short-lived, in operation for only twelve years before being dismantled.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 Wildearth Guardians and Friends of Animals Petition to List
    PETITION TO LIST Fifteen Species of Sturgeon UNDER THE U.S. ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Submitted to the U.S. Secretary of Commerce, Acting through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Marine Fisheries Service March 8, 2012 Petitioners WildEarth Guardians Friends of Animals 1536 Wynkoop Street, Suite 301 777 Post Road, Suite 205 Denver, Colorado 80202 Darien, Connecticut 06820 303.573.4898 203.656.1522 INTRODUCTION WildEarth Guardians and Friends of Animals hereby petitions the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)1 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (hereinafter referred as the Secretary), to list fifteen critically endangered sturgeon species as “threatened” or “endangered” under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) (16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.). The fifteen petitioned sturgeon species, grouped by geographic region, are: I. Western Europe (1) Acipenser naccarii (Adriatic Sturgeon) (2) Acipenser sturio (Atlantic Sturgeon/Baltic Sturgeon/Common Sturgeon) II. Caspian Sea/Black Sea/Sea of Azov (3) Acipenser gueldenstaedtii (Russian Sturgeon) (4) Acipenser nudiventris (Ship Sturgeon/Bastard Sturgeon/Fringebarbel Sturgeon/Spiny Sturgeon/Thorn Sturgeon) (5) Acipenser persicus (Persian Sturgeon) (6) Acipenser stellatus (Stellate Sturgeon/Star Sturgeon) III. Aral Sea and Tributaries (endemics) (7) Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi (Syr-darya Shovelnose Sturgeon/Syr Darya Sturgeon) (8) Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni (Dwarf Sturgeon/Little Amu-Darya Shovelnose/Little Shovelnose Sturgeon/Small Amu-dar Shovelnose Sturgeon) (9) Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni (False Shovelnose Sturgeon/Amu Darya Shovelnose Sturgeon/Amu Darya Sturgeon/Big Amu Darya Shovelnose/Large Amu-dar Shovelnose Sturgeon/Shovelfish) IV. Amur River Basin/Sea of Japan/Sea of Okhotsk (10) Acipenser mikadoi (Sakhalin Sturgeon) (11) Acipenser schrenckii (Amur Sturgeon) (12) Huso dauricus (Kaluga) V.
    [Show full text]
  • Earth-Science Reviews 197 (2019) 102900
    Earth-Science Reviews 197 (2019) 102900 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev From the headwater to the delta: A synthesis of the basin-scale sediment load regime in the Changjiang River T ⁎ Leicheng Guoa,NiSub, , Ian Townenda,c, Zheng Bing Wanga,d,e, Chunyan Zhua,d, Xianye Wanga, Yuning Zhanga, Qing Hea a State Key Lab of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Dongchuang Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China b State Key Lab of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200090, China c School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK d Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2600GA, the Netherlands e Marine and Coastal Systems Department, Deltares, Delft 2629HV, the Netherlands ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Many large rivers in the world delivers decreasing sediment loads to coastal oceans owing to reductions in Sediment load sediment yield and disrupted sediment deliver. Understanding the sediment load regime is a prerequisite of Source-to-sink sediment management and fluvial and deltaic ecosystem restoration. This work examines sediment load changes Sediment starvation across the Changjiang River basin based on a long time series (1950–2017) of sediment load data stretching from Changjiang the headwater to the delta. We find that the sediment loads have decreased progressively throughout the basin at multiple time scales. The sediment loads have decreased by ~96% and ~74% at the outlets of the upper basin and entire basin, respectively, in 2006–2017 compared to 1950–1985.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study for the Yangtze River Basin Yang
    RESERVOIR DELINEATION AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ASSESSMENT IN LARGE RIVER BASINS: A CASE STUDY FOR THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN YANG XIANKUN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2014 RESERVOIR DELINEATION AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ASSESSMENT IN LARGE RIVER BASINS: A CASE STUDY FOR THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN YANG XIANKUN (M.Sc. Wuhan University) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHYLOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2014 Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety. I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information which have been used in the thesis. This thesis has also not been submitted for any degree in any university previously. ___________ ___________ Yang Xiankun 7 August, 2014 I Acknowledgements I would like to first thank my advisor, Professor Lu Xixi, for his intellectual support and attention to detail throughout this entire process. Without his inspirational and constant support, I would never have been able to finish my doctoral research. In addition, brainstorming and fleshing out ideas with my committee, Dr. Liew Soon Chin and Prof. David Higgitt, was invaluable. I appreciate the time they have taken to guide my work and have enjoyed all of the discussions over the years. Many thanks go to the faculty and staff of the Department of Geography, the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, and the National University of Singapore for their administrative and financial support. My thanks also go to my friends, including Lishan, Yingwei, Jinghan, Shaoda, Suraj, Trinh, Seonyoung, Swehlaing, Hongjuan, Linlin, Nick and Yikang, for the camaraderie and friendship over the past four years.
    [Show full text]
  • Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths
    Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths August 2019 The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH a non-profit, federally owned enterprise, implementing international cooperation projects and measures in the field of sustainable development on behalf of the German Government, as well as other national and international clients. The German Energy Transition Expertise for China Project, which is funded and commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), supports the sustainable development of the Chinese energy sector by transferring knowledge and experiences of German energy transition (Energiewende) experts to its partner organisation in China: the China National Renewable Energy Centre (CNREC), a Chinese think tank for advising the National Energy Administration (NEA) on renewable energy policies and the general process of energy transition. CNREC is a part of Energy Research Institute (ERI) of National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). Contact: Anders Hove Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH China Tayuan Diplomatic Office Building 1-15-1 No. 14, Liangmahe Nanlu, Chaoyang District Beijing 100600 PRC [email protected] www.giz.de/china Table of Contents Executive summary 1 1. The Three Norths region features high water-stress, high coal use, and abundant grasslands 3 1.1 The Three Norths is China’s main base for coal production, coal power and coal chemicals 3 1.2 The Three Norths faces high water stress 6 1.3 Water consumption of the coal industry and irrigation of grassland relatively low 7 1.4 Grassland area and productivity showed several trends during 1980-2015 9 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Aftermath of the 1998 Yangtze River Flood [Graduating Essay – FRST 497]
    Forest and Flood: Aftermath of the 1998 Yangtze River Flood by XinZong You B.Sc., The University of British Columbia, 2012 A Graduating Essay Submitted to the Faculty of Forestry in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science FRST 497 The University of British Columbia (Vancouver) 4/15/2012 Forest and Flood: Aftermath of the 1998 Yangtze River Flood [Graduating Essay – FRST 497] [XinZong You] April 15, 2012 ABSTRACT There has been a long debate over the effect of logging on flood events. The 1998 Yangtze River Flood sounded the alarm for Chinese Government to take actions to protect her environment for sustainable development and Chinese Government proposed strict logging ban after this disaster. Unexpectedly, these well-intentioned environmental policies received controversy criticism from the international community. The main reason behind this phenomenon is that the relationship between forest and flood is still unclear. Based on intense literature research, this paper uses Yangtze River Watershed as a specific example to explore the relationship between forests, floods, and the biophysical environment. Chinese Government’s policy taken after 1998 Yangtze River Flood will also be evaluated according to conclusions made regarding the relationship between logging and flood. KEYWORDS Forest, Flood, Yangtze River, Logging, China, Policy Page 1 of 35 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Asia Geography Trivia Questions
    ASIA GEOGRAPHY TRIVIA QUESTIONS ( www.TriviaChamp.com ) 1> What is the name of the tiny country located between India and China? a. Yemen b. Bahrain c. Bhutan d. Laos 2> What is the name of the tallest mountain on the Asian continent? a. Mount McKinley b. Mount Everest c. K2 d. Mount Fuji 3> Which county is home to Mount Fuji? a. Korea b. Vietnam c. Japan d. Tibet 4> What body of water lies between Japan and Korea? a. The Java Sea b. The Strait of Wanda Fuca c. Tsushima Strait d. The Suez Canal 5> In which body of water would you find Christmas Island? a. Bay of Bengal b. The Indian Ocean c. The Java Sea d. Bismarck Sea 6> Which range of mountains runs along the northern border of India? a. The Andes b. The Himalayan Mountains c. The Ural Mountains d. The Alps 7> What is the capital city of Nepal? a. Kabul b. Jakarta c. Kathmandu d. Vientiane 8> The famous city of Shanghai is located on which body of water? a. The Yellow River b. The Yangtze River c. The Tuo River d. The Aras River 9> Which river does not start in China? a. Ganges b. Yangtze c. Pearl d. Mekong 10> Which sea is located off the northern cost of Russia? a. The Timor Sea b. The Andaman Sea c. The Kara Sea d. The Philippine Sea 11> What is the largest Island in Asia? a. Borneo b. New Guinea c. Madagascar d. Hainan 12> Which of these Islands is owned by china? a.
    [Show full text]
  • Sector Assessment (Summary): Multisector (Water and Other Urban Infrastructure and Services, and Education)
    Sichuan Ziyang Inclusive Green Development Project (RRP PRC 51189) SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): MULTISECTOR (WATER AND OTHER URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES, AND EDUCATION) Sector Road Map 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities 1. Urbanization is a key driver of strong economic growth in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Since the PRC initiated economic reforms in 1978, rapid urbanization has accompanied significant economic progress. The urban population has grown from about 160 million in 1975 to 780 million in 2016, and now accounts for more than 56% of the total population. 1 Urban development has generated well-being for a growing middle class, and lifted millions out of poverty. However, this rapid growth places great pressure on the PRC to build sustainable, environment-friendly, and livable urban areas.2 2. The rapid economic development and urbanization in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) was driven by industrialization. The expansion of resource-intensive industries (e.g., chemicals, thermal power, steel, petrochemicals) resulted in depletion and degradation of natural resources. In 2014, the water quality of 23% of the total measured sections of the Yangtze River was Class IV and below, with major pollutants such as nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chemical and biological oxygen demands.3 The major sources of pollution in the Yangtze River are households, industry, and agriculture. The YREB—including the project area of Ziyang Municipality (Ziyang)4—is a key growth engine for the PRC.5 Ziyang was selected by the central government to demonstrate inclusive green development. 3. Ziyang is one of the 21 prefecture-level cities of Sichuan Province in the YREB, located within the Chengdu–Chongqing city cluster in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.6 It consists of 1 district and 2 counties, and has a total population of 3.6 million people (19% urban) and a land area of 5,747 square kilometers (km2).
    [Show full text]
  • Sichuan Basin
    Sichuan Basin Spread across the vast territory of China are hundreds of basins, where developed sedimentary rocks originated from the Paleozoic to the Cenozoic eras, covering over four million square kilometers. Abundant oil and gas resources are entrapped in strata ranging from the eldest Sinian Suberathem to the youngest quaternary system. The most important petroliferous basins in China include Tarim, Junggar, Turpan, Qaidam, Ordos, Songliao, Bohai Bay, Erlian, Sichuan, North Tibet, South Huabei and Jianghan basins. There are also over ten mid- to-large sedimentary basins along the extensive sea area of China, with those rich in oil and gas include the South Yellow Sea, East Sea, Zhujiangkou and North Bay basins. These basins, endowing tremendous hydrocarbon resources with various genesis and geologic features, have nurtured splendid civilizations with distinctive characteristics portrayed by unique natural landscape, specialties, local culture, and the people. In China, CNPC’s oil and gas operations mainly focus in nine petroliferous basins, namely Tarim, Junggar, Turpan, Ordos, Qaidam, Songliao, Erlian, Sichuan, and the Bohai Bay. Located within Sichuan Province and Chongqing Municipality in Southwest Featuring the most typical terrain, the southernmost China, Sichuan Basin is close to Qinghai- position, and the lowest altitude among China’s big Tibet Plateau in the west, Qinling Mountains basins, Sichuan Basin comprises the central and and the Loess Plateau in the north, the eastern portions of Sichuan Province as well as the mountainous regions in the western Hunan greater part of Chongqing Municipality. Located at and Hubei in the east, and Yunnan-Guizhou the upper reaches of the Yangtze River as the largest Plateau in the south.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Advances in Environmental Science and Engineering ISBN(softcover): 978-3-03785-416-7 ISBN(eBook): 978-3-03813-831-0 Table of Contents Preface and Conference Organization Chapter 1: Environmental Chemistry and Biology Accurate Localization of the Mobile Genomic Islands in Pseudomonas putida L. Song and X.H. Zhang 3 Alkalibacillus huanghaiensis Sp. Nov., a New Strain of Moderately Halophilic Bacterias Isolated from Sea Water of the Yellow Sea in China W.G. Li, S.W. Tan, Z. Xu, H.R. Yang, L. Wei, J.F. Su and F. Ma 8 Alkalibacillus weihaiensis Sp. Nov., a Moderately Halophilic Bacterium from Sea Mud of the Yellow Sea, China W.G. Li, F. Ma, S.W. Tan, L. Wei, Z. Xu and G.Y. Wang 16 Allelopathy Effects of Various Higher Landscape Plants on Chlorella pyrenoidosa H.Y. Fu, M. Hou, T. Chai, G.H. Huang, P.C. Xu and Y.L. Guo 23 Bioconversion of Heptachlor Epoxide by Wood-Decay Fungi and Detection of Metabolites P.F. Xiao, T. Mori and R. Kondo 29 Brief Analysis of the Heat and Mass Balance in Sludge Bio-Drying Process H.F. Zou, Y.C. Fei and M. Yu 34 Change Analysis of Enzyme Activity under Different Conditions of Film Remnant in Soil X.G. Zhao, Y.Y. Guan and W.Y. Huang 39 A Comparative Study of Cr-Tolerance and Removal Capacity of Different Strains L.H. Liang, D.D. Fan, L. Yang, P. Ma and X.L. Zhu 44 Absorption Ability of Different Tree Species to S, Cl and Heavy Metals in Urban Forest Ecosystem Z.P.
    [Show full text]