Revue Française De Civilisation Britannique, XI-3

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Revue Française De Civilisation Britannique, XI-3 Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique French Journal of British Studies XI-3 | 2002 Tony Blair et la réforme des institutions Tony Blair and Institutional Reform Michel Lemosse (dir.) Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/691 DOI: 10.4000/rfcb.691 ISSN: 2429-4373 Publisher CRECIB - Centre de recherche et d'études en civilisation britannique Printed version Date of publication: 1 February 2002 ISBN: 2-911580-13-3 ISSN: 0248-9015 Electronic reference Michel Lemosse (dir.), Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XI-3 | 2002, « Tony Blair et la réforme des institutions » [Online], Online since 21 March 2016, connection on 08 November 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/rfcb/691 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/rfcb.691 This text was automatically generated on 8 November 2020. Revue française de civilisation britannique est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Avant-propos Jean-Claude Sergeant Les réformes institutionnelles du gouvernement Blair : une mise en perspective historique Philippe Chassaigne Parliamentary Reform Philip Norton Les deux premières années des nouvelles institutions écossaises Edwige Camp Les soubresauts de l’Assemblée galloise : le caniche et le tigre Monique Curcuru Le Human Rights Act : une révolution constitutionnelle ? Lorenzo Zucca La difficile conquête du droit à l’information Jean-Claude Sergeant Tony Blair, le New Labour et la Troisième Voie – ou comment conquérir le pouvoir en Grande-Bretagne et en Europe François-Charles Mougel Comptes rendus Peter Rose, How the Troubles Came to Northern Ireland, Londres: Macmillan, 2000 Paul Brennan Jean Guiffan, L’Irlande contemporaine de A à Z, Crozon : Éditions Armeline, 2000 Valérie Peyronel Christian Civardi, L’Écosse depuis 1528, Gap-Paris : Ophrys, 1998 et Jacques Leruez, L’Écosse - Vieille Nation, Jeune État, Crozon : Éditions Armeline, 2000 Jean Berton Christopher A. Whatley, Scottish Society 1707-1830. Beyond Jacobitism, Towards Industrialisation, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000 Christian Civardi Éclairages bibliographiques Jean-Claude Sergeant Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XI-3 | 2002 2 Avant-propos Jean-Claude Sergeant 1 Après tant d’ouvrages proposant un bilan de l’action de Tony Blair au cours de son premier mandat, dont on trouvera un rapide recensement à la fin du présent numéro, il était légitime que les membres du CRECIB proposent à leur tour une évaluation de ces quatre années fertiles en propositions, riches en réalisations et nécessairement un peu décevantes au regard des résultats obtenus dans certains secteurs. 2 La volonté réformatrice qui a animé Tony Blair au cours de sa première mandature n’a été nulle part plus visible que dans le champ des réformes institutionnelles qui ont modifié sensiblement l’équilibre des pouvoirs au Royaume-Uni et dont rendent compte les études réunies ici. 3 Le présent numéro s’ouvre, nécessairement, par une contextualisation historique de l’œuvre réformatrice de Tony Blair située dans le prolongement de ses devanciers. Cette remise en perspective qu’effectue Philippe Chassaigne permet de mesurer le poids des polarités qui ont structuré, au cours du XXe siècle, le fonctionnement de la vie politique britannique : tensions entre le centre et la périphérie, c’est-à-dire entre le gouvernement central et les collectivités locales, accroissement du pouvoir de l’exécutif, et singulièrement du premier ministre, au détriment de celui du Parlement dont Philip Norton montre bien le dépérissement. Les tentatives de « modernisation » du travail parlementaire, concept dont Norton souligne l’ambiguïté, sont restées en chantier. Les dernières propositions du Leader of the House, Robin Cook, touchant l’organisation du travail parlementaire et l’avancée à midi de la séance de questions au premier ministre qui débutait traditionnellement à 15 heures, font figure de mesures purement formelles qui ne peuvent prétendre résoudre le problème de fond qui est bien celui du contrôle des projets législatifs proposés par le gouvernement. 4 Que dire de la réforme de la Chambre des Lords, en panne depuis la publication du rapport Wakeham, et dont le second volet – Completing the Reform – publié en novembre 2001 et qui limite à 20 % de l’effectif les membres élus de la nouvelle assemblée, a valu à ses concepteurs des critiques virulentes où le terme de “copinage” revient volontiers. Les réformes du Parlement entreprises par Tony Blair au cours de son premier mandat ne répondaient pas à un objectif défini, précise Philip Norton, d’où la marginalisation accrue des organes législatifs, encore que la farouche opposition des Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XI-3 | 2002 3 Lords à certaines dispositions du projet de loi anti-terroriste de David Blunkett témoigne de la vivacité, toute démocratique, qui anime encore les pairs du Royaume. 5 C’est un peu le même sentiment d’incapacité à aller jusqu’au bout d’une vision généreuse, marquant une vraie rupture avec l’ordre ancien, que l’on retrouve en analysant les aléas de la gestation et de la mise en œuvre de la loi régissant l’accès à l’information officielle, sans cesse remise à plus tard par les gouvernements précédents. Pour positif qu’il soit, le nouveau texte, promulgué en novembre 2000, se situe en retrait par rapport au Livre blanc publié dans l’euphorie de la victoire électorale de 1997. 6 Plus riche de conséquences sera l’incorporation en droit interne de la Convention européenne des Droits de l’homme sous la forme d’un Acte du Parlement dont Lorenzo Lucca détaille les mécanismes et la portée dans la perspective du fonctionnement traditionnel des pouvoirs au Royaume-Uni. 7 Le domaine le plus novateur est sans doute celui ouvert par la dévolution, que les deux nations qui en bénéficient tentent de mettre à profit au mieux de leurs intérêts. Le champ d’expérimentation est sans doute plus large pour l’Écosse, ainsi que le démontre avec précision Edwige Camp, qui étudie l’évolution de cette greffe d’organes exécutif et législatif sur le tissu de la société civile. Plus centrée sur les enjeux politiques locaux, l’étude de Monique Curcuru fait clairement la part de la dépendance à l’égard du centre par rapport aux aspirations régionales qui, si elles étaient réalisées, mettraient le pays de Galles sur un pied d’égalité avec l’Écosse. 8 L’analyse philosophico-politique de François-Charles Mougel rappelle utilement le contexte idéologique dans lequel s’ancrent les réformes institutionnelles qui constituent l’objet du présent numéro. La dimension européenne prise en compte par Mougel à la fin de son étude fait entrevoir d’autres ruptures, encore plus radicales, si, d’aventure, le Royaume-Uni décidait de s’amarrer à l’Euro-zone. AUTEUR JEAN-CLAUDE SERGEANT Université Paris III/Maison française d’Oxford Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XI-3 | 2002 4 Les réformes institutionnelles du gouvernement Blair : une mise en perspective historique The Blair Government’s Constitutional Reforms: an Historical Perspective Philippe Chassaigne 1 Le gouvernement de Tony Blair ambitionne, c’est l’évidence même, d’entrer dans l’Histoire comme l’un de ceux qui, au XXe siècle, auront fait le plus en matière de transformation institutionnelle du Royaume-Uni. Le défi en la matière, il est vrai, pouvait paraître facile à relever : au pays de la stabilité politique et de la continuité des structures, le bilan des réformes à l’échelle du siècle écoulé peut être ramené à une poignée de dates : 1911, avec le vote du Parliament Act limitant les compétences législatives de la Chambre des Lords ; 1918, avec l’octroi du droit de vote à tous les hommes adultes (à partir de 21 ans) et aux femmes de plus de 30 ans ; 1928, et l’alignement de la majorité électorale des femmes sur celle des hommes ; 1949, second Parliament Act restreignant encore un peu plus les pouvoirs des Lords et abolissant le vote multiple ; 1969, enfin, pour la loi qui ramenait la majorité électorale à 18 ans. En revanche, quelle avalanche de textes votés depuis 1997 ! Devolution en faveur de l’Écosse et du pays de Galles, institution d’un maire et d’une Assemblée élus pour Londres, réforme de la Chambre des Lords consacrant la (quasi) disparition des pairs héréditaires, loi sur la liberté d’information, incorporation de la Convention européenne des Droits de l’homme dans le droit anglais, notamment. Le phénomène est d’autant plus remarquable que les questions institutionnelles n’occupaient pas une place prioritaire dans le manifeste électoral du Labour. Au-delà de la relation des péripéties de la mise en place de ces différents textes, il paraissait nécessaire de replacer un tel travail législatif dans une perspective plus vaste, élargie à l’ensemble du XXe siècle, et d’en apprécier les éléments véritablement novateurs à la lumière de la longue durée. Toutes les propositions, par exemple, n’avaient pas la même portée : si les unes visaient, à l’évidence, à corriger certaines dérives, ou supposées telles, constatées au cours des dix-huit années de gouvernement conservateur, d’autres venaient relancer des projets en suspens depuis plus ou moins longtemps. Il conviendra Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XI-3 | 2002 5 aussi de situer l’entreprise de modernisation politique engagée par Tony Blair par rapport aux questions de fond qui structurent le système de pouvoir britannique, tels que les rapports entre « centre » et « périphérie » (ou pouvoir central et pouvoir local), ou encore la question de la concentration des pouvoirs entre les mains du premier ministre. Les réformes institutionnelles dans le projet travailliste : une place limitée pour un programme ambitieux 2 Le programme que le New Labour de Tony Blair présentait aux électeurs britanniques le 1er mai 1997 accordait aux réformes institutionnelles une place certes importante, mais qui était loin d’être essentielle.
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