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KPC-3–Producing Serratia Marcescens Outbreak Between Acute and Long-Term Care Facilities, Florida, USA Adriana Jimenez, Lilian M

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KPC-3–Producing Serratia Marcescens Outbreak Between Acute and Long-Term Care Facilities, Florida, USA Adriana Jimenez, Lilian M DISPATCHES KPC-3–Producing Serratia marcescens Outbreak between Acute and Long-Term Care Facilities, Florida, USA Adriana Jimenez, Lilian M. Abbo, Octavio Martinez, Bhavarth Shukla, Kathleen Sposato, Alina Iovleva, Erin Louise Fowler, Christi Lee McElheny, Yohei Doi surveillance system (VigiLanz; VigiLanz Corpora- We describe an outbreak caused by Serratia marces- tion, https://vigilanzcorp.com) with interface to the cens carrying blaKPC-3 that was sourced to a long-term care facility in Florida, USA. Whole-genome sequencing electronic medical record (EMR). and plasmid profiling showed involvement of 3 clonal We defined cases as patients with carbapenem- resistant S. marcescens by Clinical and Laboratory lineages of S. marcescens and 2 blaKPC-3-carrying plas- mids. Determining the resistance mechanism is critical Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints (5) isolated for timely implementation of infection control measures. from any source, including clinical or surveillance cultures, during October 2017–December 2018. Based erratia marcescens has been linked to healthcare- on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guide- Sassociated outbreaks, particularly after use of lines, community-onset events (CO) were those cases colistin, which is intrinsically resistant to polymyx- identified <3 days after hospital admission; hospital- ins (1,2). Outbreaks of carbapenemase-producing onset (HO) were those for which the specimens were Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in long-term care facilities collected >4 days after hospital admission (6). (LTCF) have been well described (3,4); outbreaks of In response to the outbreak, and in addition to the closely related carbapenemase-producing (CP)– interventions in place to prevent hospital-acquired S. marcescens are unusual. We describe an outbreak infections (Appendix Table 1, https://wwwnc.cdc. in 2 hospitals in Florida, USA, of S. marcescens pro- gov/EID/article/26/11/20-2203-App1.pdf), all pos- ducing Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). sible cases were prospectively identified upon ad- Subsequent investigation identified a local LTCF as mission to any of the network facilities via automatic the source. surveillance system. Transfer forms and regular communication with the local Department of Health The Study (DOH) notified hospitals when a known case-patient In June 2018, a 382-bed hospital that is part of a large was transferred from the LTCF. All patients admitted hospital health system network in Miami, Florida, from the source LTCF were placed in contact precau- identified an increase of CP–S. marcescens. A retro- tions at admission and screened for CPE. If positive, spective search for more cases included all patients patients were placed in enhanced contact precautions admitted to any facility in the 4-hospital network (Appendix Table 1) for the duration of their stay. Mi- during October 2017–June 2018 using the automatic ami-Dade DOH provided infection prevention and control education and support to the LTCF. Author affiliations: Jackson Health System, Miami, Florida, USA We performed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ (A. Jimenez, L. M. Abbo, K. Sposato); Florida International ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spec- University Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social trometry (bioMérieux, https://www.biomerieux-di- Work, Miami (A. Jimenez); University of Miami Miller School of agnostics.com) and Biofire BCID panel (bioMérieux) Medicine, Miami (L. M. Abbo, O. Martinez, B. Shukla); University for bacterial identification. We conducted suscep- of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA tibility testing using Vitek2 (bioMérieux) follow- (A. Iovleva, E. L. Fowler, C. L. McElheny, Y. Doi) ing CLSI guidelines. We tested carbapenemase DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2611.202203 production with CarbaNP test (Hardy Diagnostics, 2746 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 26, No. 11,November 2020 KPC-3-Producing Serratia marcescens Outbreak Table 1. Characteristics of patients with KPC-3–producing mid replicons. We generated a SNP phylogenetic tree Serratia marcescens infection, Miami, Florida, USA* with RAxMLversion 8.2.11 (https://github.com/ Characteristic Value, N = 14 stamatak/standard-RAxML) and visualized it using Sex M 5 (35) Interactive Tree of Life (iTOL) version 5 (https://itol. F 9 (65) embl.de) (7). We sequenced isolates 505 and 514 us- Median age 63 (22–89) ing the MinION platform (Oxford Science Park, UK, Median total length of stay, d 23 (3–74) Hospital onset 5 (36) https://nanoporetech.com/products/minion) to Community onset 9 (64) define the blaKPC-harboring plasmids. We used Uni- Median length of stay to positive culture, d 9 (0–73) cycler version 0.4.8-β (https://github.com/rrwick/ Hemodialysis dependent 7 (50) Unicycler) for hybrid assembly of Illumina and Min- Ventilator dependent (tracheostomy) 14 (100) ION reads; we confirmed the presence of identified PEG tube 14 (100) Positive clinical culture source plasmids by aligning Illumina reads to the identified Respiratory tract 13 (93) plasmid sequences. Blood 3 (21) Clinical infection 10 (71) We purified plasmids by alkaline-lysis method Pneumonia 9 (90) and used them to transform Escherichia coli TOP10 by Bloodstream infection 4 (40) electroporation (8). We selected transformants har- Colonized 4 (29) boring bla on lysogenic agar with ampicillin, and Other MDR-GNR isolated KPC-3 Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas 11 (79) confirmed acquisition of plasmids by PCR. The plas- aeruginosa mids were extracted from the E. coli transformants, KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae 1 (7) digested (EcoRI or HindIII), and run on 0.7% gel to Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter 2 (14) obtain restriction patterns. baumannii Concurrent condition During October 2017–December 2018, a total of Diabetes 5 (36) 14 patients with CP–S. marcescens were identified Congestive heart failure 3 (21) Myocardial infarction 1 (7) in our hospitals (Figure 1); all patients resided at a ESRD 7 (50) neighboring LTCF (Table 1). Five cases (36%) were Dementia 1 (21) HO, but 4 were detected <15 days after admission COPD 2 (14) and did not coincide in location or time with the other CVA 8 (57) Chronic respiratory failure 7 (50) cases. Transmission within the hospital was not sus- Hypertension 9 (64) pected; those patients were possibly colonized at ad- Discharged disposition mission but undetected due to low sensitivity of AST Died 3 (21) Home with home-healthcare 2 (14) protocols. The fifth patient had long length-of-stay Back to source LTCF 6 (43) and previous bloodstream infection (BSI) with KPC- Other LTCF 3 (21) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. *Values are no. (%) except as indicated. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; ESRD, end-stage Ten patients had >1 rectal AST; all were negative. renal disease; KPC, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase; LTCF, long- Twelve patients had >1 tracheal aspirate AST; 2 were term care facility; MDR-GNR, multidrug resistant gram-negative rods; PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. positive for CP–S. marcescens (suceptibilities in Table 2; Appendix Table 2). Ten cases had clinical infec- https://hardydiagnostics.com). We processed active tions by CP–S. marcescens including pneumonia (n = surveillance testing (AST) using a 10 μg meropenem 9) and bloodstream infection (n = 4). Most cases were disk on MacConkey plate after broth enrichment; treated empirically with piperacillin/tazobactam, ce- possible CPE colonies were identified and tested for fepime, and vancomycin. Targeted treatments includ- carbapenemase production. ed ceftazidime/avibactam. Four cases were colonized We subjected 1 isolate per patient to whole-genome without signs or symptoms of CP-S. marcescens infec- sequencing on NextSeq500 (Illumina, https://www. tion during hospital admission. Three patients died illumina.com). We assembled sequences by SPAdes (21% in-hospital mortality); these deaths were not as- version 3.13 (https://github.com/ablab/spades) sociated with infection by CP-S.marcescens. and annotated them by prokka version 1.14 (https:// During June 2018–January 2019, the 67 notifica- github.com/tseemann/prokka). Snippy version 4.4.0 tions of admissions from the source LTCF were re- (https://github.com/tseemann/snippy) was used to lated to 30 individual patients. In 7 cases (23%), CP–S. identify SNPs. We used ResFinder 3.2 (https://cge. marcescens was present at admission. cbs.dtu.dk/services/ResFinder) and PlasmidFinder We performed molecular testing on 12 isolates, 2.0 (https://cge.cbs.dtu.dk/services/PlasmidFinder) 1 per patient. Core genome analysis demonstrated to identify antimicrobial resistance genes and plas- the presence of 3 clonal lineages of blaKPC-3-carrying Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 26, No. 11,November 2020 2747 DISPATCHES Figure 1. Epidemic curve of carbapenemase-producing Serratia marcescens infections by month in 2 hospitals of a large healthcare system in Miami, Florida, USA, 2018. Asterisk (*) indicates the implementation of new interventions in response to the outbreak. CO, community- onset; HO, hospital-onset. S. marcescens involving >1 patient, and 1 outlier (Fig- identification of their common exposure in an LTCF ure 2). Eleven isolates belonging to the 3 lineages on the basis of shared address. Prospective identifica- shared a 43-kb FII-type blaKPC-3-harboring plasmid, tion of residents of the source LTCF enabled screening which had >99% sequence identity with pKPC_ at point of entry and implementation
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