DOCSLIB.ORG

Clearance of Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens from the Ocular Surface by Predatory Bacteria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Clearance of Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens from the Ocular Surface by Predatory Bacteria antibiotics Article Clearance of Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens from the Ocular Surface by Predatory Bacteria Eric G. Romanowski 1 , Shilpi Gupta 2, Androulla Pericleous 2, Daniel E. Kadouri 2 and Robert M. Q. Shanks 1,* 1 Charles T. Campbell Eye Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop Street, Room 1020, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, 110 Bergen St, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; [email protected] (S.G.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (D.E.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-(412)-647-3537 Abstract: It was previously demonstrated that predatory bacteria are able to efficiently eliminate Gram-negative pathogens including antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-associated bacteria. In this proof-of-concept study we evaluated whether two species of predatory bacteria, Bdellovibrio bacteri- ovorus and Micavibrio aeruginosavorus, were able to alter the survival of Gram-negative pathogens on the ocular surface. Clinical keratitis isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain PAC) and Serratia marcescens (strain K904) were applied to the ocular surface of NZW rabbits followed by application of predatory bacteria. At time intervals, surviving pathogenic bacteria were enumerated. In addi- tion, B. bacteriovorus and S. marcescens were applied to porcine organ culture corneas under contact lenses, and the ocular surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The ocular surface Citation: Romanowski, E.G.; Gupta, epithelial layer of porcine corneas exposed to S. marcescens, but not B. bacteriovorus was damaged. S.; Pericleous, A.; Kadouri, D.E.; Using this model, neither pathogen could survive on the rabbit ocular surface for longer than 24 h. Shanks, R.M.Q. Clearance of Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens M. aeruginosavorus correlated with a more rapid clearance of P. aeruginosa but not S. marcescens from from the Ocular Surface by Predatory rabbit eyes. This study supports previous evidence that predatory bacteria are well tolerated by Bacteria. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 810. the cornea, but suggest that predatory bacteria do not considerably change the ability of the ocular https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics surface to clear the tested Gram-negative bacterial pathogens from the ocular surface. 10070810 Keywords: ocular infection; predatory bacteria; Bdellovibrio; Micavibrio; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Academic Editors: Mark Willcox, Serratia marcescens; conjunctivitis; keratitis Fiona Stapleton, Debarun Dutta and Ilias Karaiskos Received: 21 May 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 1 July 2021 Published: 3 July 2021 Predatory bacteria including Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Micavibrio aeruginosavorus are Gram-negative bacteria that prey upon other Gram-negative bacteria [1,2]. These Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral species are able to prey on a wide range of antibiotic-resistant bacteria including many with regard to jurisdictional claims in human pathogens [3,4] such as ocular isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia published maps and institutional affil- marcescens [4]. B. bacteriovorus has a broad host-range by which it invades the bacterial cell iations. and replicates in the bacterial periplasm, whereas M. aeruginosavorus exhibits a narrower host-range and acts as an epibiotic predator as it attaches to the outside of prey bacteria [5]. These predators were shown to be highly effective against bacteria in biofilms, which are notoriously recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy [6–9]. We previously postulated that predatory bacteria could be used as a topical treatment Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. for bacterial infection of the eye and demonstrated that predatory bacteria are not toxic to This article is an open access article human ocular surface cell lines and well tolerated on the ocular surface of rabbits [4,10]. distributed under the terms and Other groups have found similar tolerability of predatory bacteria on leporine and bovine conditions of the Creative Commons ocular surfaces [11,12]. Furthermore, intravenous and intranasal inoculation of Micavibrio Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// and Bdellovibrio species, even at high numbers, caused no morbidity or mortality in mice, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ although they did mildly increase production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF- 4.0/). alpha, and chemokine CXCL-1 [13], and numerous mammalian cell lines were unperturbed Antibiotics 2021, 10, 810. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070810 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/antibiotics Antibiotics 2021, 10, 810 2 of 9 Antibiotics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 9 by Bdellovibrio strains [4,14,15]. Together, these data suggest that Bdellovibrio and Micavibrio species can be safely used as an experimental therapeutic. Additionally, in vivo studies had reviled that predatory bacteria have potential as “living antimicrobials” for control of kinespathogens. IL-6, TNF-alpha,B. bacteriovorus and chemokinehave shown CXCL-1 efficacy [13], and in numerous limiting Klebsiella mammalian pneumoniae cell lines and Yersinia werepestis unperturbedproliferation by inBdellovibrio airway and strains systemic [4,14,15]. rodent Together, infection these models data suggest [16,17 that]. Similarly, they Bdellovibrio and Micavibrio species can be safely used as an experimental therapeutic. were able to prey upon Shigella flexneri in the hindbrain of zebrafish, promoting the survival Additionally, in vivo studies had reviled that predatory bacteria have potential as “living antimicrobials”of the zebrafish for larvaecontrol [of18 pathogens.]. B. bacteriovorus have shown efficacy in limiting KlebsiellaOcular pneumoniae infections and Yersinia caused pestis by Gram-negative proliferation in airway bacteria, and such systemic as keratitis, rodent in- are associated fectionwith contactmodels lens[16,17]. use Similarly, and can they lead were to aable loss to of prey ocular upon acuity Shigella [19 flexneri–21]. Leadingin the causes of hindbrainthese infections of zebrafish, include promotingPseudomonas the survival aeruginosa of the zebrafishand Serratia larvae [18]. marcescens [22–24]. Antibiotic resistanceOcular infections has been caused noted by among Gram-negative keratitis bacteria, isolates such and as kera is correlatedtitis, are associated with worse clinical withoutcomes contact [ 24lens–29 use]. Dueand can to the lead need to a forloss new of ocular approaches acuity [19–21]. to treat Leading resistant causes microbial of infections, thesewe evaluated infections include the ability Pseudomonas of B. bacteriovorus aeruginosa andand SerratiaM. aeruginosavorus marcescens [22–24].to promoteAntibiotic the clearance resistance has been noted among keratitis isolates and is correlated with worse clinical outcomesof keratitis [24–29]. isolates Due of toS. the marcescens need for newand appr fluoroquinolone-resistantoaches to treat resistant microbialP. aeruginosa infec- and from the tions,ocular we surface evaluated using the ability a rabbit of ocularB. bacteriovorus surface and occupancy M. aeruginosavorus model. to promote the clearance of keratitis isolates of S. marcescens and fluoroquinolone-resistant P. aeruginosa and2.Results from the ocular surface using a rabbit ocular surface occupancy model. 2.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of B. bacteriovorus 109J with Porcine Corneas 2.Ex Results Vivo 2.1. ScanningAs a first Electron step Microsco in the studypy Visualization we visualized of B. bacteriov the interactionorus 109J with of Porcine predatory Corneas bacteria and the Excornea Vivo in order to determine whether predatory bacteria could adhere to the corneal surface andAs whether a first step there in the was study any we clear visualized impact the of interaction this interaction of predatory using bacteriaB. bacteriovorus and 109J as thearepresentative cornea in order to strain determine of predatory whether pred bacteria.atory bacteria Although could a adhere previous to the study corneal demonstrated surface and whether there was any clear impact of this interaction using B. bacteriovorus the absence of a clinical inflammatory response by rabbits, it did not evaluate the ocular 109J as a representative strain of predatory bacteria. Although a previous study demon- stratedsurface the at absence a microscopic of a clinical level. inflammatory Figure 1response depicts by ex rabbits, vivo porcineit did not corneasevaluate the from an organ ocularculture surface model at a where microscopicB. bacteriovorus level. Figurestrain 1 depicts 109J ex wasvivo inporcine contact corneas with from the an ocular surface organunder culture a contact model lens where for B. 3 h.bacteriovorus The predatory strain 109J bacteria was in could contact adhere with the to theocular ocular surface, surfacebut failed under to a produce contact lens any for clear 3 h.epithelial The predatory damage bacteria similar could to adhere the mock to the treated ocular (no bacteria) surface,samples. but failed By comparison, to produce any when clear usingepithelial a sample damage Gram-negativesimilar to the mock pathogen, treated (no S. marcescens bacteria)strain K904, samples. under By thecomparison, same experimental when using a conditions, sample Gram-negative adherent bacteria pathogen, were S. present and marcescens strain K904, under the same experimental conditions, adherent bacteria were
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Collection of Serratia Marcescens Differing in Their Insect Pathogenicity Towards Manduca Sexta Larvae
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.29.226613; this version posted July 29, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. A collection of Serratia marcescens differing in their insect pathogenicity towards Manduca sexta larvae Short title: Serratia marcescens toxic to Manduca sexta Ellen C. Jensen14¶, Diana Sue Katz Amburn2¶, Aimee Hultine Schlegel3, and Kenneth W. Nickerson1* 1School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America 2Biology Department, Rogers State University, Claremore, Oklahoma, United States of America and 3Biology Department Doane University Crete, Nebraska, United States of America 4/ Permanent address: Biological Sciences, College of Saint Benedict and St. John's University, Collegeville, MN 56321 * Corresponding author: email, [email protected] (KWN) ¶ These two authors contributed equally to the described research. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.29.226613; this version posted July 29, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Abstract 2 We investigated the ability of Serratia marcescens to kill Manduca sexta (tobacco/tomato 3 hornworm) larvae following injection of ca. 5 x 105 bacteria into the insect hemolymph. Fifteen bacterial 4 strains were examined, including 12 non-pigmented clinical isolates from humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Infection with Serratia Marcescens
    J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.15.2.145 on 1 March 1962. Downloaded from J. clin. Path. (1962), 15, 145 Cross-infection with Serratia marcescens GEOFFREY TAYLOR AND P. M. KEANE From the Department of Clinical Pathology, the Royal Infirmary, Manchester SYNOPSIS Cross-infection in a urological unit due to Serratia marcescens is reported. The bacteriology of the organism and its mode of spread are described. It is suggested that Serratia marcescens may be a more virulent organism than is generally believed, especially in situations in which there is an excess of mucus. The normal habitat of Serratia marcescens (Chromo- This pyrexial illness persisted intermittently for several bacterium prodigiosum) is in soil and water. It is weeks and he was admitted to the local hospital. What- usually considered not to be pathogenic to man, but ever the significance of the cat scratch, the symptoms on a number of occasions has been isolated from were thought to be due to a urinary infection. He was treated with antibiotics, but relapsed when treatment situations which suggest that it can sometimes was withdrawn. He was transferred to the Manchester behave as a human pathzgen. Thus Woodward and Royal Infirmary. Clarke (1913) described its isolation from a patient Investigation revealed a tight stricture of the penile with bronchiectasis who produced red sputum, and urethra. The urine was found to contain large numbers Aronson and Alderman (1943) reported meningitis of pus cells, and culture yielded a heavy pure growth due to this organism following repeated lumbar of Serr. marcescens. Blood cultures on three occasions puncture.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobcteriace Report
    Laboratory-based surveillance for Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) Center for Public Health Practice Oregon Public Health Division Published: August 2021 Figure1: CRE reported by Oregon laboratories, by year, 2010 – June 2021 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Year 1 About carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE): For more information about CRE The carbapenems are broad-spectrum antibiotics frequently used to surveillance in Oregon including treat severe infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. the specifics of our definition, see Carbapenem resistance in the Enterobacterales order emerged as a http://public.health.oregon.gov/Di public health concern over the past decade, as few treatment options seasesConditions/DiseasesAZ/P remain for some severely ill patients. ages/disease.aspx?did=108 CRE Resistance. Carbapenem resistance emerges through various mechanisms, including impaired membrane permeability and the production of carbapenemases (enzymes that break down the carbapenems). Carbapenemase-producing CRE (CP-CRE) are associated with rapid spread and require the most aggressive infection control response; however, all CRE call for certain infection control measures, including contact precautions, and should be considered a public health and infection prevention priority. CRE Infection. CRE can cause pneumonia, bloodstream infections, surgical site infections, urinary tract infections, and other conditions, frequently affecting hospitalized patients and persons with compromised immune systems. Infections with CRE often require the use of very expensive antibiotics that may have toxic side effects. While CP-CRE have spread rapidly throughout the United States, they are still not endemic in Oregon. We hope we can delay or prevent their spread through surveillance and infection control.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Isolation of Molds 2. Isolation of Bacteria
    Professor Diane Hilker I. Exp. 3: Collection of Microbes 1. Isolation of molds 2. Isolation of bacteria Where you successful in isolating molds? Pure Culture Not a Pure Culture Where you successful in isolating individual bacterial colonies with the T-Streak method? Colony: a visible mass of microbial cells originating from one cell. Mixed Culture Broth: 3 types of microbes ◦ Med., pink-red, creamy colonies: Serratia marcescens ◦ Large, beige, dry-like colonies: Escherichia coli ◦ Small, pin-point or dot-like, white colonies: Staphylococcus epidermidis Mixed Culture Broth: 3 types of microbes Serratia marcescens Escherichia coli Staphylococcus epidermidis Professor Diane Hilker Purpose: To become familiar with several staining procedures and to compare morphological features, such as size & shape of various microbes. Today: 1. Wet Mount 2. Heat Fixation: required prior to staining 3. Simple Stain 4. Gram Stain 5. Review Stains: Endospore, Capsule & Acid-Fast Stains Wet Mount: observing living cells ◦ Motility and size of cells Place 1 drop dH2O on center of slide Using a sterile loop, remove a small amount of growth from the colony. Mix cells in the drop of H2O; spread to ½ inch Focus on edge of coverslip with scan (dim light) Move toward center of slide Observe under low & high powers Slides will dry out quickly Wet Mount ◦ Bacteria: E. coli Must observe under 400x Very small & motile Looks like specks of sand Hard to discern shape Smaller than yeast & protozoa Instructor to provide demonstration & instructions
    [Show full text]
  • A Genome-Scale Antibiotic Screen in Serratia Marcescens Identifies Ydgh As a Conserved Modifier of Cephalosporin and Detergent S
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.16.440252; this version posted April 17, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 A genome-scale antibiotic screen in Serratia marcescens identifies YdgH as a conserved 2 modifier of cephalosporin and detergent susceptibility 3 Jacob E. Lazarus1,2,3,#, Alyson R. Warr2,3, Kathleen A. Westervelt2,3, David C. Hooper1,2, Matthew 4 K. Waldor2,3,4 5 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard 6 Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 7 2 Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 8 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard 9 Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 10 4 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA 11 * Correspondence to [email protected] 12 13 Running Title: Antibiotic whole-genome screen in Serratia marcescens 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.16.440252; this version posted April 17, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 14 Abstract: 15 Serratia marcescens, a member of the order Enterobacterales, is adept at colonizing healthcare 16 environments and an important cause of invasive infections. Antibiotic resistance is a daunting 17 problem in S. marcescens because in addition to plasmid-mediated mechanisms, most isolates 18 have considerable intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotic classes.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcription Factor Eepr Is Required for Serratia Marcescens Host Proinflammatory Response by Corneal Epithelial Cells
    antibiotics Article Transcription Factor EepR Is Required for Serratia marcescens Host Proinflammatory Response by Corneal Epithelial Cells Kimberly M. Brothers , Stephen A. K. Harvey and Robert M. Q. Shanks * Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; [email protected] (K.M.B.); [email protected] (S.A.K.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-412-647-3537 Abstract: Relatively little is known about how the corneal epithelium responds to vision-threatening bacteria from the Enterobacterales order. This study investigates the impact of Serratia marcescens on corneal epithelial cell host responses. We also investigate the role of a bacterial transcription factor EepR, which is a positive regulator of S. marcescens secretion of cytotoxic proteases and a hemolytic surfactant. We treated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of human corneal limbal epithelial cells with wild-type bacterial secretomes. Our results show increased expression of proinflammatory and lipid signaling molecules, while this is greatly altered in eepR mutant-treated corneal cells. Together, these data support the model that the S. marcescens transcription factor EepR is a key regulator of host-pathogen interactions, and is necessary to induce proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, and lipids. Keywords: bacterial infection; Serratia marcescens; transcription factor; keratitis; ocular surface; epithelium; cornea; metabolomics Citation: Brothers, K.M.; Harvey, S.A.K.; Shanks, R.M.Q. Transcription Factor EepR Is Required for Serratia marcescens Host Proinflammatory 1. Introduction Response by Corneal Epithelial Cells. The cornea, the transparent, anterior layer of the eye, is essential for vision and pro- Antibiotics 10 2021, , 770.
    [Show full text]
  • Burkholderia Cepacia Complex 洋蔥伯克氏菌
    1 Burkholderia cepacia complex 洋蔥伯克氏菌 Formerly known as Pseudomonas cepacia A group of closely related Gram-negative, non-lactose fermenting bacteria Found in natural environments including soil, water, plants and animals First Discovered in 1949 as the cause of onion skin rot, first described as a human pathogen in the 1950s Opportunistic human pathogen that most commonly causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients and patients with cystic fibrosis or chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) Photos from Wikipedia and Applied and Nine genomovars, Burkholderia cenocepacia (genomovar III) Environmental Microbiology Mar 2003, and Burkholderia multivorans (genomovar II) are the most common 69 (3) 1739-1747; causes of B. cepacia colonization and infection in cystic fibrosis patients Naturally resistant to multiple antibiotics including polymixin B and aminoglycoside Burkholderia lata Infections from Intrinsically Contaminated Chlorhexidine Mouthwash, Australia, 2016. 2 Leong LEX, Lagana D, Carter GP, Wang Q, Smith K, Stinear TP, Shaw D, Sintchenko V, Wesselingh SL, Bastian I, Rogers GB. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018 Nov;24(11):2109-2111. doi: 10.3201/eid2411.171929. Outbreak of Burkholderia cepacia pseudobacteraemia caused by intrinsically contaminated commercial 0.5% chlorhexidine solution in neonatal intensive care units. Song JE, Kwak YG, Um TH, Cho CR, Kim S, Park IS, Hwang JH, Kim N, Oh GB. J Hosp Infect. 2018 Mar;98(3):295-299. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.09.012. Epub 2017 Sep 19. [Implication of a national outbreak of Serratia marcescens associated with a contaminated solution of chlorhexidine in a paediatric hospital]. Morillo Á, Torres MJ, Alonso Salas MT, Conde M, Aznar J. An Pediatr (Barc).
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiologically Contaminated and Over-Preserved Cosmetic Products According Rapex 2008–2014
    cosmetics Article Microbiologically Contaminated and Over-Preserved Cosmetic Products According Rapex 2008–2014 Edlira Neza * and Marisanna Centini Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +355-685-038-408 Academic Editors: Lidia Sautebin and Immacolata Caputo Received: 25 December 2015; Accepted: 25 January 2016; Published: 30 January 2016 Abstract: We investigated the Rapid Alert System (RAPEX) database from January 2008 until week 26 of 2014 to give information to consumers about microbiologically contaminated cosmetics and over-preserved cosmetic products. Chemical risk was the leading cause of the recalls (87.47%). Sixty-two cosmetic products (11.76%) were recalled because they were contaminated with pathogenic or potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequently found microorganism. Other microorganisms found were: Mesophilic aerobic microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Enterococcus spp., Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecium, Enterobacter gergoviae, Rhizobium radiobacter, Burkholderia cepacia, Serratia marcescens, Achromabacter xylosoxidans, Klebsiella oxytoca, Bacillus firmus, Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas putida, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii. Nine cosmetic products were recalled because they contained methylisothiazolinone (0.025%–0.36%), benzalkonium chloride (1%), triclosan (0.4%) in concentrations higher than the limits allowed by European Regulation 1223/2009. Fifteen products were recalled for the presence of methyldibromo glutaronitrile, a preservative banned for use in cosmetics. Thirty-two hair treatment products were recalled because they contained high concentrations of formaldehyde (0.3%–25%). Keywords: microbiologically contaminated; over-preserved cosmetics; formaldehyde; RAPEX 1. Introduction The European Commission (EC) has an early warning system for safety management called the Rapid Alert System (RAPEX).
    [Show full text]
  • Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae a Microbiological Overview of (CRE) Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
    PREVENTION IN ACTION MY bugaboo Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae A microbiological overview of (CRE) carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. by Irena KennelEy, PhD, aPRN-BC, CIC This agar culture plate grew colonies of Enterobacter cloacae that were both characteristically rough and smooth in appearance. PHOTO COURTESY of CDC. GREETINGS, FELLOW INFECTION PREVENTIONISTS! THE SCIENCE OF infectious diseases involves hundreds of bac- (the “bug parade”). Too much information makes it difficult to teria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The amount of information tease out what is important and directly applicable to practice. available about microbial organisms poses a special problem This quarter’s My Bugaboo column will feature details on the CRE to infection preventionists. Obviously, the impact of microbial family of bacteria. The intention is to convey succinct information disease cannot be overstated. Traditionally the teaching of to busy infection preventionists for common etiologic agents of microbiology has been based mostly on memorization of facts healthcare-associated infections. 30 | SUMMER 2013 | Prevention MULTIDRUG-resistant GRAM-NEGative ROD ALert: After initial outbreaks in the northeastern U.S., CRE bacteria have THE CDC SAYS WE MUST ACT NOW! emerged in multiple species of Gram-negative rods worldwide. They Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections come have created significant clinical challenges for clinicians because they from bacteria normally found in a healthy person’s digestive tract. are not consistently identified by routine screening methods and are CRE bacteria have been associated with the use of medical devices highly drug-resistant, resulting in delays in effective treatment and a such as: intravenous catheters, ventilators, urinary catheters, and high rate of clinical failures.
    [Show full text]
  • Description of Two Serratia Marcescens Associated Mastitis Outbreaks in Finnish Dairy Farms and a Review of Literature
    Friman et al. Acta Vet Scand (2019) 61:54 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-019-0488-7 Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica RESEARCH Open Access Description of two Serratia marcescens associated mastitis outbreaks in Finnish dairy farms and a review of literature Mari Johanna Friman1* , Marjut Hannele Eklund2, Anna Helena Pitkälä2, Päivi Johanna Rajala‑Schultz1 and Merja Hilma Johanna Rantala2 Abstract Background: Infection with Serratia spp. have been associated with mastitis outbreaks in dairy cattle herds. Environ‑ mental contamination or a point source, like a teat dip product, have often been observed to be potential sources of such outbreaks. We describe two Serratia marcescens associated mastitis outbreaks associated with a contaminated teat dip containing a tertiary alkyl amine, n,n‑bis (3‑aminopropyl) dodecylamine in two dairy cattle farms in Finland. S. marcescens strains isolated from milk and environmental samples were identifed by the MALDI‑TOF method. Results: Six specimens (n 19) on Herd 1 and all specimens (n 9) on Herd 2 were positive for S. marcescens. Positive specimens were from mastitis= milk and teat dip liquid and equipment.= Bacteria were not isolated from the unopened teat dip canister. The same clone of S. marcescens was isolated from milk samples and teat dip samples within the farms. Pulsed feld gel electrophoresis results to the S. marcescens isolates from these two diferent herds were tested with unweighted pair‑group method using arithmetic average clustering analysis. The isolates were not same clone in both herds, because similarity in that test was only 75% when cut‑of value to similarity is 85%. Conclusions: Our investigation showed that the post milking teat dip and/or temporary containers were contami‑ nated with S.
    [Show full text]
  • Imipenem-Resistance in S. Marcescens Is Mediated by Plasmid Expression of KPC-2 Imipenem-Resistant S
    European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2017; 21: 1690-1694 Imipenem-resistance in Serratia marcescens is mediated by plasmid expression of KPC-2 W.-Q. SU1, Y.-Q. ZHU3, N.-M. DENG2, L. LI1 1Department of Laboratory, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China 2Department of Hospital Infection Management, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China 3Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China Abstract. – OBJECTIVE: Imipenem is a broad- production of carbapenemases, enzymes that spectrum carbapenem antibiotic with applications break down these antibiotics4. Here, we describe against severe bacterial infections. Here, we de- the identification of imipenem-resistant Serra- scribe the identification of imipenem-resistantSer - ratia marcescens in our hospital and the role of tia marcescens and analyze its drug-resistance plasmid-mediated KPC-2 expression in imipenem mechanism, concluding that plasmid-dependent resistance. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2 (KPC- MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used the 2) is the main mediator of imipenem resistance. modified Hodge test to detect carbapenemase produced in imipenem-resistant strains. RESULTS: His resistance can be transferred to Materials and Methods E. coli in co-culture tests, which implicates the plasmid in imipenem resistance. PCR amplifi- cation from the plasmid identified two products Source of Drug-Resistant Bacteria consistent with KPC-2 of 583 and 1050 bp that We identified 32 multi-drug-resistant bacteria were also present in E. coli after co-culture. The in the clinical departments of our center after cul- restriction pattern for both plasmids was iden- ture and drug sensitivity tests. The bacterial iden- tical, supporting the transfer from the S. marc- tification by Vitek instrument (bioMerieux, Marcy, escens isolate to E.
    [Show full text]
  • The Enterobacteriaceae
    Serratia Serratia marcescens • Gram negative rod • Enterobacteriaceae • Found in various ecological niches soil water plants animals • Survives under extreme conditions disinfectants and antiseptics distilled water salt water • Produces characteristic red pigment, prodigiosin Serratia sp. • water & soil • Serratia marcescens – produces a red pigment, prodigiosin; causes pneumonia, burn & wound infections, septicemia & meningitis • Serratia marcescens – nosocomial surgical wound infections, UTI, RTI, septicemia Serratia -Common opportunistic pathogen in hospital pts. -Cause pneumonia, bacterimia, endocarditis. -Often resist to aminoglycosides and penicillin. -Treatment-Third generation Cephalosporines. Seratia • The main risk factor for Serratia sepsis/bacteremia is hospitalization • Known to cause bacteremia, UTI, respiratory tract infection, meningitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, cutaneous infections, and ocular infections. • Serratia infections should be treated with an aminoglycoside plus an antipseudomonal beta- lactam. Most strains are susceptible to amikacin. Reports indicate increasing resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin. Quinolones also are highly active against most strains. • Definitive therapy should be based on the results of susceptibility testing because multiresistant strains are common Serratia marcescens Infection Issues • Transmission on hands of staff most important mode of spread • Occasional focal environmental source • Infection usually occurs in compromised patients: • Pneumonia in ventilated patients • UTI
    [Show full text]