(Tinamus Osgoodi) En El Piedemonte Amazónico Colombiano

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(Tinamus Osgoodi) En El Piedemonte Amazónico Colombiano Ocupación, distribución y patrón de actividad del Tinamú Negro (Tinamus osgoodi) en el piedemonte amazónico colombiano GINA JAZBLEIDY DIAZ RODRÍGUEZ Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Bogotá, Colombia 2019 Ocupación, distribución y patrón de actividad del Tinamú Negro (Tinamus osgoodi) en el piedemonte amazónico colombiano GINA JAZBLEIDY DIAZ RODRÍGUEZ Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magíster en Ciencias - Biología Directora: Ph.D. Olga Lucia Montenegro Línea de Investigación: Manejo y Conservación de Vida Silvestre Grupo de Investigación: Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Bogotá, Colombia 2019 A mis padres No es la necesidad, sino la casualidad, la que está llena de encantos. Si el amor debe ser inolvidable, las casualidades deben volar hacia él desde el primer momento, como los pájaros hacia los hombros de San Francisco de Asís. Milan Kundera Agradecimientos Al programa de posgrado de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y a la Facultad de Ciencias por la beca de auxiliar docente que apoyó la financiación de mi maestría. A Conservación Internacional Colombia, quien financió este trabajo en el marco del proyecto Naturamazonas. Al Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de los Churumbelos, por permitirnos realizar parte de la investigación dentro del área protegida y por acompañarnos en campo. A FUNCMOVIS por su acompañamiento en las salidas de campo de este proyecto. Agradezco a mi directora Olga Montenegro, por toda su confianza, orientación, entrega y dedicación, que hicieron posible el desarrollo de este hermoso proyecto. A Juan Pablo López Ordóñez y Bibiana Gómez por su acompañamiento, guía y su valiosa contribución al trabajo. A Erwin Palacios por su confianza, aprobación y acompañamiento durante el desarrollo de este trabajo. A Néstor Peralta por su apoyo durante el planteamiento de este proyecto de investigación. A Eduardo Mendoza, Angela Camargo y Diego Lizcano por su orientación durante el curso "Técnicas modernas para el análisis de la biodiversidad: el caso del fototrampeo" de la Cátedra de Egresados de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. A Elkin Noguera por su orientación en la proyección de la distribución potencial de la especie. Al profesor Agustín Rudas por todas sus enseñanzas de cartografía y SIG, que fueron vitales en el desarrollo de este trabajo. A Andrés Cuervo por sus consejos y asesoría. A Diego Calderón, Juan Lázaro Toro, por la clarificación de registro histórico de la especie. A Camilo Yara y Diego Benítez por su colaboración durante la elaboración de los scripts y gráficos de los patrones de actividad. A Catalina Suárez, Eduardo Mendoza y Andrés Cuervo por sus comentarios al manuscrito. Un agradecimiento especial a mis padres que son el motor de mi vida, a mis amigos de Universidad, al GOUN y a mis compañeros de danzas. Todos me brindaron su apoyo, me dieron fuerzas de aliento, me llenaron de felicidad y me acompañaron durante esta travesía. Resumen IX Resumen El tinamú negro Tinamus osgoodi es un ave críptica, generalmente rara y muy poco conocida. Se distinguen dos subspecies, T.o.hershkovitzi y T.o.osgoodi con distribución disyunta en el norte de los Andes en Suramérica, la primera en Colombia y Ecuador y la segunda en Perú y Bolivia. En Colombia, la distribución de T.o.hershkovitzi corresponde al sur de la región andina, en los departamentos del Huila, Caquetá y Putumayo, aunque existe un registro no confirmado en el departamento de Antioquia. Dada su distribución restringida, la cacería y la transformación de gran parte de la región andina en Colombia, esta especie se encuentra en la categoría En Peligro (EN) en este país. La ecología de esta especie, el estado de sus poblaciones e incluso los límites de su distribución están muy pobremente estudiados, lo que limita la identificación de acciones de conservación. Este estudió buscó contribuir al conocimiento del tinamú negro en Colombia, abordando el tema a dos escalas. A escala general, se examinó su distribución potencial en Colombia y Ecuador. A escala local se estudiaron su ocupación y patrones de actividad en un sector del piedemonte andino-amazónico colombiano. Para estimar la extensión y ubicación de su distribución potencial se obtuvo un modelo con el algoritmo MaxEnt, el cual fue contrastado con la ubicación de las áreas protegidas en Colombia y Ecuador. De acuerdo con el modelo de distribución, el tinamú negro estaría en un área potencial de 20 125.5 km2 en los Andes de Colombia y Ecuador, aunque el área posiblemente habitada por el tinamú puede ser menor, debido a deforestación en los dos países. Del área total de distribución estimada, menos del 40% estaría dentro de alguna área protegida en ambos países. El estudio a nivel local se realizó en el municipio de San Juan de Villalobos, en el departamento del Cauca (zona también conocida como Bota caucana). Para estimar la probabilidad de ocupación del tinamú negro se utilizó la técnica de foto-trampeo en la Bota caucana y en el área de amortiguación del PNN-Churumbelos Auka-Wasi. Se instalaron 60 cámaras trampa, las cuales estuvieron activas las 24 horas, en eventos de captura entre abril-2016 y febrero-2017, para un esfuerzo de captura de 3.606 cámaras/día. Esto corresponde al protocolo TEAM, con algunas modificaciones. Se incluyeron como covariables la pendiente, la cercanía a cuerpos de agua y carreteras, y la presencia de competidores y depredadores potenciales. Se encontró una densidad de 0,07 individuos/ km2, una X probabilidad de ocupación del 22% y una probabilidad de detección del 28%. La elevación fue la única covariable explicativa sobre la ocupación del tinamú negro en el piedemonte andino amazónico. Por otro lado, el tinamú negro mostró un patrón de actividad diurno con su máxima actividad antes del mediodía, diferenciándose un poco con la actividad de los otros tinamúes presentes en la zona, lo que podría contribuir a su coexistencia. El patrón de actividad del tinamú negro también fue diferente de aquel de posibles depredadores, como el yaguarundí Herpailurus yagouaroundi y zarigüeyas del género Didelphis lo que podría ser un mecanismo de evasión al depredador. Los resultados de este estudio son relevantes para la consolidación de planes de manejo y monitoreo de esta especie amenazada, pues permite identificar áreas prioritarias para su conservación y sirven como primer paso para el seguimiento de su población en el piedemonte andino-amazónico colombiano. Palabras clave: Bota Caucana, PNN Churumbelos Auka-Wasi, Tinamus osgoodi hershkovitzi, MaxEnt, paquete “unmarked”de R, superposición de actividad, paquete “overlap”de R. Abstract XI Abstract Black Tinamou Tinamus osgoodi is a cryptic bird, generally rare and poorly known. There are two subspecies, T.o.hershkovitzi and T.o.osgoodi with a disjunct distribution in northern Andes in South America, the first in Colombia and Ecuador and the second in Peru and Bolivia. In Colombia distribution of T.o.hershkovitzi goes down to southern Colombian Andean region, in departments of Huila, Caquetá and Putumayo, although there is an unconfirmed record in department of Antioquia. Given its restricted distribution, hunting and transformation of much of the Andean region in Colombia, this species is Endangered (EN) in this country. The ecology of this species, the state of its populations and even the limits of its distribution are very poorly studied, which limits identification of conservation actions. This study sought to contribute to a better knowledge of Black Tinamou in Colombia, addressing the issue at two scales. On a general scale, its potential distribution in Colombia and Ecuador was examined. At a local level, tinamou´s occupancy and activity patterns were studied in a sector of the Colombian Andean-Amazonian foothills. To estimate extension and location of Black Tinamou´s potential distribution, a model with the MaxEnt algorithm was obtained, which was contrasted with location of protected areas in Colombia and Ecuador. According to the distribution model, Black Tinamou would be in a potential area of 20 125.5 km2 in the Andean region of Colombia and Ecuador, although the actual range might be smaller, due to deforestation. Less than 40% of potential distribution would be inside protected areas in both countries. The study at the local level was carried out in the municipality of San Juan de Villalobos, in department of Cauca (also known as Cauca boot-shoe). To estimate occupancy probability for Black Tinamou, camera-trapping technique was used both in the Cauca boot-shoe and the buffer area of Churumbelos Auka-Wasi National Park. Sixty camera-traps were installed, and active 24 hours, during capture events between April-2016 and February-2017, for a capture effort of 3,606 cameras / day. This corresponds to the TEAM protocol, with some modifications. Slope, elevation, proximity to water bodies and roads, and presence of competitors and potential predators were included as covariables. A density of 0,07 individuals/ km2, an occupancy probability of 22% and a detection probability of 28% were found. Elevation was the only explanatory covariable on the occupation of the Black Tinamou in the Amazonian Andean foothills. On the other hand, the Black Tinamú showed XII a pattern of diurnal activity with its maximum activity before noon, differing slightly with activity of other tinamous present in the area, which could contribute to its coexistence. Activity pattern of Black Tinamou was also different from that of possible predators, such as jaguarundi Herpailurus yagouaroundi and opossums of genus Didelphis, which could be a mechanism for evasion from predators. The results of this study are relevant for consolidation of management plans and monitoring of this threatened species, since it allows identification of conservation priority areas and serve as a first step to monitor Black Tinamou population in the Colombian Andean-Amazonian foothills. Keywords: Cauca boot-shoe, Churumbelos Auka-Wasi R National Park, Tinamus osgoodi hershkovitzi, MaxEnt, Wallace platform, unmarked R package, activity overlap, overlap R package.
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