Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Temperature

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Temperature Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Temperature Our thanks to Hakko for allowing us to reprint the following article. By Granpa Curmudgeon There are five — count them — five temperature scales: All these people are dead, now. This is old news, but good. 1. Kelvin (oK) - after William Thompson Kelvin, 1st Baron Kelvin, who had cold feet (an occupational THE BASIC AND UNDYING RELATIONSHIP OF ALL hazard of living in Belfast, especially 100 years ago). THESE SILLY THINGS TO EITHER OTHER: He did a lot of things, some of which were useful, and in his honour the Kelvin scale of absolute x oK = (x-273.15) oC = (1.25)(x-273.15) oRè = (1.8)x - temperature (related to Celsius) was named for him. 459.67 oF = (1.8)x oR. Things all start at 0o K. and go up from there. Got that? 2. Rankine (oR) - after William John Macquorn Rankine. Rankine was born in Edinburgh, died in Most of us only care about Celsius and Fahrenheit Glasgow, and cared about thermodynamics between scales. The Fahrenheit scale (the one we grew up with) times. The Rankine scale uses the smaller is, of course, as American as pepperoni pizza, Toyota Fahrenheit degree for measurement - appropriate pickups, and the Beatles. for a frugal Scot - and is another absolute temperature scale, as if we needed two of them. 3. Celsius (oC) - formerly, and more appropriately, 'centigrade', but Anders Celsius needed to have something named after him, too, so there you are. 4. Fahrenheit (oF) - after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, who somehow got the idea that water froze at 32 degrees and boiled at something higher. I don't know what he was on, but I could use some. 5. Rèaumur (oRè) - after René-Antoine Ferchault de Compliments of American Hakko Products, Inc. Rèaumur, who fiddled around with thermometers while waiting for his potage du jour to cool. Well, he had to do something. 1547 N. Trooper Road • P. O. Box 1117 • Worcester, PA 19490-1117 USA Corporate Phone: 610-825-4990 • Sales: 800-832-4866 or 610-941-2400 Fax: 800-854-8665 or 610-828-5623 • Web: www.techni-tool.com .
Recommended publications
  • Business Unit Newsflash
    No.2 2017 PDC Center for High Performance Computing Business Unit Newsflash Welcome to the PDC Business Newsflash! The newsflashes are issued in the PDC newsletters or via the PDC business email list in accordance with the frequency of PDC business events. Here you will find short articles about industrial collaborations with PDC and about business events relevant for high performance computing (HPC), along with overviews of important developments and trends in relation to HPC for small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and large industries all around the world. PDC Business Unit Newsflash | No. 2 – 2017 Page 1 HPC for Industry R&D PRACE Opens its Doors Further for Industry from world-leading research conducted over the last decade by a team of researchers at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Their project, called “Automatic generation and optimization of meshes for industrial CFD”, started on the 1st of September 2017 and will continue for one year. In early 2017 PRACE opened up a new opportunity for business and industrial partners to apply for both HPC resources and PRACE expert-help through what are known as Type-D PRACE Preparatory Access (PA Type-D) Meanwhile other Swedish SMEs continue to be applications. The objective of this was to allow active within the PRACE SHAPE programme. For PRACE users to optimise, scale and test codes on example, the Swedish SME Svenska Flygtekniska PRACE systems. Type-D offers users the chance Institutet AB was successful with an application to start optimization work on a PRACE Tier-1 called “AdaptiveRotor”. The project is expected system (that is, a national system) to eventually to start soon and will last six months.
    [Show full text]
  • Named Units of Measurement
    Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Units.pdf 1 NAMED UNITS OF MEASUREMENT © Dr. John Andraos, 2000 - 2013 Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to [email protected] http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ Atomic mass unit (u, Da) John Dalton 6 September 1766 - 27 July 1844 British, b. Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth, Cumberland, England Dalton (1/12th mass of C12 atom) Dalton's atomic theory Dalton, J., A New System of Chemical Philosophy , R. Bickerstaff: London, 1808 - 1827. Biographical References: Daintith, J.; Mitchell, S.; Tootill, E.; Gjersten, D ., Biographical Encyclopedia of Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Units.pdf 2 Scientists , Institute of Physics Publishing: Bristol, UK, 1994 Farber, Eduard (ed.), Great Chemists , Interscience Publishers: New York, 1961 Maurer, James F. (ed.) Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography , Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1981 Abbott, David (ed.), The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists: Chemists , Peter Bedrick Books: New York, 1983 Partington, J.R., A History of Chemistry , Vol. III, Macmillan and Co., Ltd.: London, 1962, p. 755 Greenaway, F. Endeavour 1966 , 25 , 73 Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1844 , 60 , 528-530 Thackray, A. in Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography , Charles Scribner & Sons: New York, 1973, Vol. 3, 573 Clarification on symbols used: personal communication on April 26, 2013 from Prof. O. David Sparkman, Pacific Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA. Capacitance (Farads, F) Michael Faraday 22 September 1791 - 25 August 1867 British, b.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemmatters December 2006 Reading Strategies
    December 2006 Teacher's Guide About the Guide...............................................................................................................................3 Student Questions .........................................................................................................................4 Answers to Student Questions.............................................................................................5 Puzzle: Chemistry Drop-outs .................................................................................................7 Answers to Puzzle: Chemistry Drop-outs ....................................................................8 Content Reading Guide ......................................................................................................................9 National Science Education Content Standard Addressed.......................................................................9 Anticipation Guides ...........................................................................................................................10 Corn-the A’maiz’ing Grain .......................................................................................................................10 Sticky Situations: the Wonders of Glue...................................................................................................11 Unusual Sunken Treasure.......................................................................................................................12 Thermometers .........................................................................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Edmond Halley (1656 – 1742)
    Section 1: Science in the Early 18th Century 1 Lessons 1-15: Science in the Early 18th Century Lesson 1: Edmond Halley (1656 – 1742) The 17th century was a time of great progress in the way natural philosophers understood the heavens. With the help of Kepler’s Laws, Newton had produced his theory of gravity, which explained why the planets in the solar system orbit the sun. There was still a lot left to explain, but Newton had provided an incredibly important insight into how the solar system works. Towards the end of that century, a young natural philosopher by the name of Edmond Halley (hal’ ee) visited Newton to discuss some details regarding the way the planets orbit the sun. While he didn’t contribute a lot to our understanding of the planets, this young natural philosopher did help us figure out something else about what is seen in the heavens. Halley was the son of a very successful English soap merchant who was also named Edmond. Because his father was wealthy, he had the best education money could buy. At an early age, he This portrait of Edmond Halley was painted by Scottish became interested in astronomy, and his father artist Thomas Murray. purchased some very expensive equipment to help him observe the heavens. This allowed him to make some keen observations of Mars as the moon passed between it and the earth. He published those observations in a scientific paper at the ripe old age of 20! He continued to observe the heavens as much as he could.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson 1 the Nature and History of Temperature
    Lektion 1 Sidan 2 av 5 © Pentronic AB 2017-01-19 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- However, the thermometer had no real practical use until 1714, when the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit developed a temperature scale that made it possible to take comparative measurements. He is also considered to be the inventor of the mercury thermometer as it is today – that is, mercury inside a closed glass tube. It is worth pointing out that the glass thermometers containing mercury that may still be in use are being used by special exemption. Mercury is a stable substance but it becomes dangerous out in the environment. Today we use other liquids such as coloured alcohol. The temperature scales Fahrenheit Fahrenheit created a 100-degree scale in which zero degrees was the temperature of a mixture of sal ammoniac and snow – the coldest he could achieve in his laboratory in Danzig. As the upper fixed point he used the internal body temperature of a healthy human being and gave it the value of 100°F. In degrees Celsius this scale corresponds approximately to the range of -18 to +37 degrees. With this issue Pentronic begins its training in Becausetemperature it can be awkwardmeasurement to achieve .the We upper will fixed start point , he apparently introduced the more practical fixed points of +32°F and +96°F, which were respectively the freezing point of lesson 1 with a historical review and then continuewater and with the temperaturethermodynamics, of a human being’sheat armpittransfer. and quality assurance with calibration. Only after that will we move on to temperature sensors – primarily thermocouples and Pt100s.Fahrenheit’s scale was later extended to the boiling point of water, which was assigned the temperature value of +212°F.
    [Show full text]
  • How Cold Is Cold: What Is Temperature?
    How_Cold_is_Cold:_What_is_Temperature? Hi. My name is Rick McMaster and I work at IBM in Austin, Texas. I'm the STEM advocate and known locally as Dr. Kold because of the work that I do with schools in central Texas. Think about this question. Was it cold today when you came to school? Was it hot? We'll come back to that shortly, but let's start with something that I think we would all agree is cold, ice. Here's a picture of a big piece of ice. An iceberg, in fact. Now take a few minutes to discuss how much of the iceberg you see above the water, and why this happens. Welcome back. The density of water is about 0.92 grams per cubic centimeter, and sea water about 1.025. If we divide the first by the second, you see that about 90% of the iceberg is below the surface, something for a ship to watch out for. Why did we start with density and not temperature? Density is something that's a much more common experience. If something floats in water, it's less dense than water. If it sinks, it's more dense. That can't be argued. Let's take a little more time to talk about water and ice because it will be important later. So why is ice less dense than water? The solid form of water forms hexagonal crystals with the Hydrogen atoms shown in white, forming bonds with neighboring Oxygen atoms in red. With the water molecules no longer able to move readily, the ice is less dense and the iceberg floats.
    [Show full text]
  • The Links of Chain of Development of Physics from Past to the Present in a Chronological Order Starting from Thales of Miletus
    ISSN (Online) 2393-8021 IARJSET ISSN (Print) 2394-1588 International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 5, Issue 10, October 2018 The Links of Chain of Development of Physics from Past to the Present in a Chronological Order Starting from Thales of Miletus Dr.(Prof.) V.C.A NAIR* Educational Physicist, Research Guide for Physics at Shri J.J.T. University, Rajasthan-333001, India. *[email protected] Abstract: The Research Paper consists mainly of the birth dates of scientists and philosophers Before Christ (BC) and After Death (AD) starting from Thales of Miletus with a brief description of their work and contribution to the development of Physics. The author has taken up some 400 odd scientists and put them in a chronological order. Nobel laureates are considered separately in the same paper. Along with the names of researchers are included few of the scientific events of importance. The entire chain forms a cascade and a ready reference for the reader. The graph at the end shows the recession in the earlier centuries and its transition to renaissance after the 12th century to the present. Keywords: As the contents of the paper mainly consists of names of scientists, the key words are many and hence the same is not given I. INTRODUCTION As the material for the topic is not readily available, it is taken from various sources and the collection and compiling is a Herculean task running into some 20 pages. It is given in 3 parts, Part I, Part II and Part III. In Part I the years are given in Chronological order as per the year of birth of the scientist and accordingly the serial number.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural and Thermal Analysis on Composite
    Vol.2, No.1 ISSN Number (online): 2454-9614 Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Trends in Mechanical Engineering-2K15(NECICRTME-2K15), 20th – 21st November,2015 STRUCTURAL AND THERMAL ANALYSIS ON COMPOSITE CYLINDER 1 K.Swaroop Kumar, 2 K.Kiran Chand 1 M.Tech Student, Narasaraopeta Engineering College, JNTU Kakinada 2 Assistant Professor, Narasaraopeta Engineering College, JNTU Kakinda 1 [email protected] 3 [email protected] Abstract: Fiber reinforced composites due to their high 1.2 Cryogenics stiffness to weight ratio and strength to weight ratio are being considered for liquid nitrogen cylinders. Tests The branches of physics and engineering that involve have been shown that graphite/epoxy composites have the study of very low temperatures, how to produce tendency to micro crack at very low temperatures. In the them, and how materials behave at those temperatures. case of cylinders these micro cracks can act as passages for the cryogenic liquid to penetrate which could 1.3 Industrial applications ultimately lead to failure of the whole structure, hence it is very important to understand the fracture behavior of Liquefied gases, such as liquid nitrogen and liquid fibre composites at cryogenic temperatures before they helium, are used in many cryogenic applications. Liquid are used in cryogenic storage systems. nitrogen is the most commonly used element in cryogenics and is legally purchasable around the world. Earlier research are focused on the effect of Liquid helium is also commonly used and allows for the higher temperatures on the behavior of composites, very lowest attainable temperatures to be reached. little research is made to determine the low temperatures response of composites.
    [Show full text]
  • Kemivandring ‐ Uppsala]
    Uppsala Universitet [KEMIVANDRING ‐ UPPSALA] En idéhistorisk vandring med nedslag i kemins Uppsala och historiska omvärld i urval. Karta: 1. Academia Carolina, Riddartorget 2. Gustavianum 3. Skytteanum 4. Fängelset vid domtrappan 5. Kungliga vetenskaps‐societeten 6. St. Eriks källa, akademikvarnen 7. Starten för branden 1702 8. Celsiushuset 9. Scheeles apotek (revs 1960) 10. Gamla kemikum, Wallerius/Bergman 11. Carolina Rediviva 12. Nya Kemikum/Engelska parken 13. The Svedberg laboratoriet 14. BMC, Uppsala Biomedicinska centrum 15. Ångströmlaboratoriet Uppsala Universitet [KEMIVANDRING ‐ UPPSALA] Uppsala universitet: kort historik[Karta: 1‐4] Uppsala universitet grundades 1477 av katolska kyrkan som utbildningsinstitution för präster och teologer. Det är nordens äldsta universitet och var vid tidpunkten världens nordligaste universitet. Domkyrkorna utbildade präster men för högre utbildningar var svenskar från 1200‐ talet och framåt tvungna att studera vid utländska universitet i till exempel Paris eller Rostock. Den starkast drivande kraften för bildandet av Uppsala universitet var Jakob Ulvsson som var Sveriges ärkebiskop mellan år 1469‐1515 och därmed den som innehaft ämbetet längst (46 år). Vid domkyrkan mot riddartorget finns en staty av Jakob Ulvsson av konstnären och skulptören Christian Eriksson. Statyns porträttlikhet med Ulvsson är förstås tvivelaktig eftersom man inte vet hur Jakob Ulvsson såg ut. Konstnären studerade i Paris tillsammans med Nathan Söderblom och det sägs att Eriksson hade honom som förebild för Ulvsson statyn och som därmed fick mycket lika ansiktsdrag som Söderblom. (Nathan Söderblom var ärkebiskop i Uppsala 1914‐ 1931, grundade den Ekumeniska rörelsen och fick Nobels fredspris 1930). Till en början bestod undervisningen vid Uppsala universitet främst av filosofi, juridik och teologi. Någon teknisk eller naturvetenskap utbildning fanns inte vid denna tidpunkt.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermodynamics Test
    International Academy Invitational Tournament Keep the Heat Test 2-4-2012 Team Name ________________ Team Number _____________ Predicted Water Temp ____________________C Circle the all of the correct answer to the below questions. One or more of the answers can be correct, if more than on one answer is correct, circle all correct answers. 1) Temperature is a measure of ____ of the particles in an object. a) the difference between the potential and kinetic energy b) the sum of the potential and kinetic energy c) the average potential energy d) the average kinetic energy 2) An increase in heat in a system __________. a) has less kinetic energy b) increases entropy c) decreases entropy d) reduces temperature 3) The specific latent heat of melting for lead is 22.4 kJ/kg and that of oxygen is 13.9 kJ/kg. This means: a) Lead melts at a higher temperature. b) More energy is needed to heat lead than is needed to heat the same mass of oxygen by the same amount. c) More energy is needed to melt lead than is needed to melt oxygen. d) Less energy is needed to heat lead than is needed to heat the same mass of oxygen by the same amount. e) Lead melts at a lower temperature. 4) Convert the temperature of -32 oC to degrees Rankline a) -485 oR b) -445 oR c) 371 oR d) 434 oR e) 474 oR 5) Convert the temperature of 50 oC to degrees Rankline a) -338 oR b) -400 oR c) 455 oR d) 518 oR e) 582 oR 6) Convert the temperature of 100 oF to degrees Celsius a) 24 oC b) 38 oC c) 88 oC d) 122oC e) 148 oC 7) An Object starts at 70 C, energy is added until the temperature increases to 80 C for a total ∆T of 10 C.
    [Show full text]
  • Fahrenheit(F)
    Fahrenheit(F) It was named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit. He based his scale on three reference points of temperature. In his initial scale (which is not the final Fahrenheit scale), the zero point is determined by placing the thermometer in brine (mixture of ice, water and salt). This is a frigorific mixture which stabilizes its temperature automatically: that stable temperature was defined as 0 °F (-17.78 °C). A mixture of ice and water also stabilizes, either freezing or melting at 32 °F. The second point, 100 degrees, was the horse body temperature, said at the time to be more stable than that of a human. The third point, 96 degrees, was approximately the human body temperature, then called "blood-heat." According to a letter Fahrenheit wrote to his friend Herman Boerhaave, his scale was built on the work of Ole Rømer, whom he had met earlier. In Rømer’s scale, brine freezes at 0 degrees, ice melts at 7.5 degrees, body temperature is 22.5, and water boils at 60 degrees. Fahrenheit multiplied each value by four in order to eliminate fractions and increase the granularity of the scale. He then re-calibrated his scale using the melting point of ice and normal human body temperature (which were at 30 and 90 degrees); he adjusted the scale so that the melting point of ice would be 32 degrees and body temperature 96 degrees, so that 64 intervals would separate the two, allowing him to mark degree lines on his instruments by simply bisecting the interval six times (since 64 is 2 to the sixth power).
    [Show full text]
  • DOE-HDBK-1122-99; Radiological Control
    DOE-HDBK-1122-99 Module 1.02 Unit Analysis & Conversion Instructor’s Guide Course Title: Radiological Control Technician Module Title: Unit Analysis & Conversion Module Number: 1.02 Objectives: 1.02.01 Identify the commonly used unit systems of measurement and the base units for mass, length, and time in each system. 1.02.02 Identify the values and abbreviations for SI prefixes. 1.02.03 Given a measurement and the appropriate conversion factor(s) or conversion factor table, convert the measurement to the specified units. 1.02.04 Using the formula provided, convert a given temperature measurement to specified units. References: 1. "Health Physics and Radiological Health Handbook"; Scinta, Inc; 1989. 2. DOE-HDBK-1010-92 (June 1992) "Classical Physics" DOE Fundamental Handbook; US Department of Energy. 3. "Nuclides and Isotopes"; Fourteenth Edition, General Electric Company; 1989. 4. "Chemistry: An Investigative Approach"; Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston; 1976. 5. "Introduction to Chemistry: sixth ed.; Dickson, T. R.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1991. 6. "Physics"; 2nd ed.; Giancoli, Douglas C.; Prentice Hall, Inc.; 1985. 7. "Modern Physics"; Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Publishers; 1976. 8. NIST Special Publication 330; "The International System of Units" National Institute of Standards and Technology; 1991. Instructional Aids: 1. Overheads 2. Overhead projector/screen 3. Chalkboard/whiteboard 4. Lessons Learned 1.02-1 DOE-HDBK-1122-99 Module 1.02 Unit Analysis & Conversion Instructor’s Guide I. MODULE INTRODUCTION A. Self Introduction 1. Name 2. Phone number 3. Background 4. Emergency procedure review B. Motivation A knowledge of the unit analysis and conversion process is a necessity for the RCT.
    [Show full text]