UPKAR’S Objective Automobile Engineering

[For competitive selection examinations of Railway Service, Engineering (diploma) level, State Public Service Commis- sions, C.P.W.D., P.W.D., Coal India, Irrigation Departments and other equivalent services.]

By Pramod Kumar Mishra

UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA–2 © Publishers

Publishers UPKAR PRAKASHAN (An ISO 9001 : 2000 Company) 2/11A, Swadeshi Bima Nagar, AGRA–282 002 Phone : 4053333, 2530966, 2531101 Fax : (0562) 4053330, 4031570 E-mail : [email protected], Website : www.upkar.in Branch Offices : 4845, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Pirmohani Chowk, 1-8-1/B, R.R. Complex (Near Sundaraiah New Delhi—110 002 Kadamkuan, Park, Adjacent to Manasa Enclave Gate), Phone : 011–23251844/66 Patna—800 003 Bagh Lingampally, Phone : 0612–2673340 Hyderabad—500 044 (A.P.) Phone : 040–66753330 28, Chowdhury Lane, Shyam B-33, Blunt Square, Kanpur Bazar, Near Metro Station, Taxi Stand Lane, Mawaiya, Gate No. 4 Lucknow—226 004 (U.P.) Kolkata—700004 (W.B.) Phone : 0522–4109080 Phone : 033–25551510

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ISBN : 978-93-5013-007-0 Price : 120·00 (Rs. One Hundred Twenty Only)

Code No. 981

Printed at : UPKAR PRAKASHAN (Printing Unit) Bye-pass, AGRA PREFACE

Success in examinations depends on proper planning of studies and appropriate selection of study materials. The pattern of examinations become tough. This is the reason that a right choice of study materials plays a very important role. This book cover thoroughly all the basics of the whole course as well as present to the examinee a wide spectrum of the multiple choice questions having a huge variety. The author has made a sincere attempt in this direction in the present book. Various unique features of the book are as under for example : ☛ A brief review of concepts at a glance covering all fundamentals and important conclusions are given at the start of every chapter. ☛ Chapters are classified under different units. ☛ Multiple choice questions in every chapter are arranged in a systematic and sequencial way covering the whole text and spectrum of the chapter. ☛ Answers are provided at the end of every chapters. ☛ Model Test Papers covering the whole syllabus are also provided at the end of the book again with their answers. These papers will prove to be fit for examina- tion and provide a chance to students in assessing their level of preparation. The present book is self-sufficient in all respects. I am thankful to my wife Mrs. Rita Mishra who has put a hard labour in reading the proofs thoroughly and pointing out errors and omissions. My sincere thanks are also to publisher Mr. Mahendra Jain who gave me a chance to write this type of books. This edition is a nice form. Although all attempts have been made to avoid errors and printing mistakes, but omissions are a human weakness and, therefore, constructive suggestions, modifica- tions and errors brought to my notice will be highly appreciated and incorporated in the next edition. —Pramod Kumar Mishra CONTENTS

Part A : Auto-Engine 1. Automobile : An Introduction………………………………………….. 3–7 2. Engine : Construction, Type and Operation…………………………..… 8–19 3. Engine : Fuel, fuel feed system, Carburettor and Exhaust System……… 20–30 4. Engine : Cooling and Lubrication…………………………………….… 31–40 Part B : Auto-Vehicle Technology 5. Frame, Body, Clutch and Brake………………………………………… 41–55 6. Wheels and Tyres………………………………………………………. 56–62 7. Front Axle and Steering System………………………………………… 63–68 8. Overdrive and fluid drive……………………………………………….. 69–72 9. Transmission, Differential and Propeller Shaft.………………………… 73–80 Part C : Auto-Electricals 10. Battery and Dynamo……………………………………………………. 81–88 11. Lighting and Wiring……………………………………………………. 89–96 Part D : Auto-Maintenance 12. Engine-Troubles and Tuning……………………………………………. 97–107 13. Auto-Inspection and Testing…………………………………………….108–113 Part E : Vehicle-Machine 14. Turn-up and Workshop Set-up………………………...…..…………… 114–119 15. Motor Cycle, Scooter and Tractor……………………………………… 120–123 16. Motor Vehicles Act……………………………………………………...124–132 Part F : Others (Miscellaneous) 17. Short-Question Answers……………………………………………….. 133–140 18. Terminology……………………………………………………………. 141–144 Model Sets 1–23 ● Model Set 1……………………………………………………………. 3–6 ● Model Set 2………………………………………………………….… 7–11 ● Model Set 3………………………………………………………....… 12–15 ● Model Set 4……………………………………………………...….… 16–19 ● Model Set 5………………………………………………………....… 20–23 Automobile Engineering PART : A AUTO-ENGINE

1 AUTOMOBILE : An Introduction

Introduction (ii) Heavy motor vehicle—Bus, coach, Automobile Engineering is a branch of tractor. engineering in which we study all about the 3. Fuel used— automobiles and have practice to propel them. (i) Petrol vehicles—, jeep, motor An automobile is a self-propelled vehicle cycle, scooter. which is used for the transportation of passengers vehicles—Truck, bus, tractor, and goods upon the ground. A vehicle is a (ii) Diesel bulldozer. machine which is used for the transportation of passengers and goods. Car, bus, truck, jeep, (iii) Electric cab—Battery truck, fork tractor, scooter, motor cycle are the examples of lift. automobiles. (iv) Steam carriages—Steam road rollers. The first automobile powered by steam 4. No. of Wheels— engine was built in France by Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot in the year 1789. It was a three wheeler (i) Two wheeler vehicle with a maximum speed of about 3 mph. In (ii) Three wheeler 1805, the first four-wheeler self propelled vehicle (iii) Four wheeler was made by even and later on more attention was (iv) Six wheeler paid to the development of Automobiles driven by the steam engines. 5. Drive of the Vehicles— Different Names for the Automobile (i) Single wheel drive vehicle (ii) Two wheel drive vehicle 1. Auto 2. Automobile (iii) Four wheel drive vehicle 3. Auto car 4. Auto buggy (iv) Six wheel drive vehicle 5. Car 6. Motor 7. Motor Car 8. Motor vehicle Specification of Automobile 9. Motor Coach 10. Motor Wagon (i) Type : Car, truck, scooter, motor cycle, 11. Horseless Carriage bus. Types of Automobiles 1 (ii) Capacity : 5 ton, 3 ton, 1 ton, ton, 4 The Automobile are classified on the 2 following basis— seater, 6 seater, 30 seater, 45 seater. 1. Purpose— (iii) Make : Tata, Leyland, Standard (i) Passenger Vehicle— Car, jeep, bus. (iv) Drive : Left hand drive, right hand drive, (ii) Goods Vehicle— Truck. single wheel drive, two wheel drive, four wheel 2. Capacity— drive, six wheel drive. (i) Light motor vehicle—Car, motor (v) Model : Code number or year of cycle, scooter. manufacture. 4 | Auto.

Classification

Automobiles ↓ ↓ Passenger Vehicles Goods Vehicles

↓ ↓ Light Heavy

↓ ↓↓↓ ↓ Scooters Motor Cycles Mopeds Pick-ups Station-wagons

↓ ↓ Buses Coaches

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Single deck Double deck Delux Air Conditioned

↓ ↓ Light Heavy

↓ ↓ ↓↓ Delivery Van Light Truck Truck Tractor Trailor Indian Manufacturers of Scooters Indian Manufacturers of Moped 1. Andhra Pradesh Scooters : Vespa PL 170, 1. Enfield India : Silver plus 50. Allwyn pushpak 150. 2. India Automotives : Hitodi. 2. Bajaj Auto : Bajaj 150 CBU, Bajaj 150 3. Kinetic Engineering : Luna spark. CKD. 4. Kirloskar Ghate Patil : Pizzaz Laxmi. 3. Girnar Scooter : Girnar. 5. Majestic Auto : Hero Majestic. 4. Lohia Machines : Vespa XE 100, Vespa 6. Mopeds India : Suvega. XE 150. 7. Sundaram Clayton : TVS-50. 5. Maharashtra Scooters : Priya 150. 8. Sound Zweirad : Vicky. Indian Manufacturers of Motor Cycles 9. Sen and Pandit : Dart. 1. Bajaj Auto : Bajaj Boxer, Bajaj Calivar. 10. Tamil Nadu Mopeds : Mayuram. 2. Enfield India : Bullet 350, Bullet 198. 3. Escorts : Rajdoot, Yamaha Libero, Yamaha Indian Manufacturers of Cars RX. 1. Hindustan Motors : Ambassador, Contessa. 4. Suzuki Summarai. 2. Maruti Udyog : Maruti 800 Car, Maruti 5. Karnataka Scooters : Falcon GT 50. 800 Deluxe Car, Maruti 800 High Roof Van, 6. Hero Honda : Splender, Passion, Maruti 800 Flat Roof Van. Ambition, CD-100, CD-down. 3. Premier Automobiles : Premier Padmini. 7. KINETIC. 4. Sipani Automobiles : Dolphin. 8. TVS, TVS-Victor, TVS-Fiero. 5. Standard Motors : Gazel. Auto. | 5

Indian Manufacturers of Jeeps 10. Nissan. 1. Mahindra and Mahindra : Jeep Univ. 11. Fiat. (Petrol), Jeep Univ. (Diesel) 12. . Indian Manufacturers of Buses 13. Volks wagen G.M.B.H. 14. Triumph Motor Co. Ltd. 1. Ashok Leyland. 15. Standard Motors Co. Ltd. 2. Hindustan Motors. 16. Co. Ltd. 3. Premier Automobiles. 17. Allard Motors Co. Ltd. 4. Tata Engineering and Locomotives. 18. Motors Ltd. Indian Manufacturers of Trucks 19. Austin Motor Co. Ltd. 1. Ashok Leyland. 20. Citroen Cars Ltd. 2. Hindustan Motors. 21. Fort Motor Co. Ltd. 3. Tata Engineering and Locomotives. 22. Donald Motors Co. Ltd. 4. Premier Automobiles. 23. H.R.G. Engineering Co. Ltd. Indian Manufacturers of 3-wheelers 24. Ltd. 1. Automobile Products of India : Auto rick- 25. Ltd. shaw, Delivery van, Tanker, Pick-up, Milk van, 26. Lanchester Motors Co. Ltd. Vans for traders, Postal van, Versatile van for 27. Lee-Francis Cars Ltd. government bodies, Mini schools bus. 28. Morgan Motors Co. Ltd. 2. Bajaj Auto Ltd. 29. Renault Ltd. Indian Manufacturers of Tractors 30. Alvis Ltd. 1. Eicher : Eicher. 31. Bristol Aeroplane Co. Ltd. 2. Escorts : Escorts, Ford. 32. Ltd. 3. Gujarat Tractor Co. : Hidustan. 33. Humber Ltd. 4. Harsha Tractors : Harsha. 34. Ltd. 5. HMT : Zeter. 35. Mercedes Benz Ltd. 6. Kirloskar Tractors : D 400K. 36. Rolls Royce Ltd. 7. Mahindra and Mahindra : International. 37. Toyota. 8. Pittie Tractors : Pittie. Thus we know that the word ‘Automobile’ is 9. Punjab Tractors : Swaraj. made up of two words i.e. ‘Auto’ and ‘Mobiles’. 10. Tractors and Farm Equipments : Massey Auto is self-propelled and ‘Mobile’ is vehicles i.e. Fergusor TAFE. all such vehicles which run with their own power are called automobiles. Vehicles are divided into World’s Leading Manufacturers of two parts : (1) Chassis, (2) Body. Motor Vehicles Chassis—Vehicle without body is known as 1. A.C. Cars Ltd. chassis. 2. Ltd. Body—Body is made of sheet metal or fibre 3. Daimler Co. Ltd. glass, so that the passengers can sit in it. And to make their journey comfortable cushioned seats 4. Motor Car Co. Ltd. are provided and it is provided on all sides with 5. Ltd. glass-panes fixed to protect the passengers from 6. Lancia () Ltd. dust and rain. 7. The Nuftield Organisation. The parts of chassis are : 8. Sinjer Motors Ltd. (1) Chassis frame 9. Ltd. (2) Front axle 6 | Auto.

(3) Steering system each seat is also fixed as per Motor Vehicle Rules. (4) Rear axle Chassis Overhang—In motor vehicles, (5) Suspension system certain length of chassis is always extended after (6) Transmission the rear axle, but in bus chassis it is extended further so that floor space is increased. (7) Break system Wheel Track—The distance between the (8) Engine, fuel, cooling system centre of front wheels is known as wheel track. (9) Electrical system Front Axle—It is fitted at the front of the Wheel Base— The distance between the vehicles by means of spring assemblies. centres of the front and rear wheels is known as the wheel base. Steering System—It is the mechanism to Long Wheel Base Chassis—The trucks steer the front wheels so that vehicles could be which are mostly made on standard truck chassis, steered to right or left as desired by the driver. Load is piled up so that truck carries the exact Brake System—Brake system is incorporated weight for which it is designed, but in chassis for in the vehicle so that the moving vehicle can be buses. Seats are fixed and the distance between stopped by the driver as and when he wants. OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. The first automobile powered by steam 6. What is the mechanism to steer the front engine was built in France by— wheels so that vehicles could be steered to (A) Nicholas Joseph Cugnot right or left as desired by the driver ? (B) Diamler Benz (A) Steering system (C) Henry Ford (B) Brake system (D) Elwood J. Haynes (C) Electrical system 2. In the year 1885, the real automobile was (D) None of these built by which of the following man ? 7. What is the final unit in transmission system ? (A) Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot (A) Engine (B) Front axle (B) Daimler Benz (C) Body (D) Rear axle (C) Henry ford 8. Which of the following is a coupling (D) Elwood J. Haynes incorporated between the engine and the rear 3. The distance between the centres of the front road wheel ? and rear wheel is known as— (A) Engine (B) Rear axle (A) Chassis (C) Transmission (D) None of these (B) Wheel Base 9. Which of the following system is incor- (C) Chassis overhang porated in the vehicle so that the moving (D) Wheel track vehicle can be stopped by the driver as and when he wants ? 4. The distance between the centre of front wheels is known as— (A) Brake system (A) Wheel base (B) Wheel track (B) Transmission system (C) Chassis (D) Body (C) Steering system (D) All of the above 5. What is fitted at the front of the vehicles by means of spring assemblies ? 10. Vehicle without body is known as— (A) Wheel base (B) Wheel track (A) Wheel (B) Ring (C) Rear axle (D) Front axle (C) Axle (D) Chassis Objective Automobile Engineeing

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Author : Pramod Kumar Publisher : Upkar Prakashan ISBN : 9789350130070 Mishra

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