DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter II Normans and Plantagenets

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter II Normans and Plantagenets Chapter Two NORMANS AND PLANTAGENETS : 1086-1485 THE DOMESDAY BOOK . OCHDALE'S written history begins in 1086, when William the Conqueror sent his men all over England to find out how much land was being cultivated and how much revenue he might expect R to collect : the result was the Domesday (or Doomsday) Book, so called because of its uncompromising thoroughness and detail . Its two volumes, written in crabbed Latin, with words occasionally scored through in red for emphasis, instead of being underlined, are now displayed at the Public Record Office, London . One can imagine the difficulties of the Norman inspectors : how unwillingly and in what various dialects the English land-holders gave their answers when the " day of reckoning " came upon them . Perhaps this may account for the fact that "Rochdale" is set down as " Recedham ." It was probably then, as we still hear it today, pro- rounced as " Ratchda ' " with a long " a," and a soft Cheshire " c." Very freely translated and abbreviated, this is the gist of the Domesday entry concerning Rochdale as it was in the time of Edward the Confessor (1042-1066), excluding such details as the King's personal property and lands in the Salford Hundred : King Edward held Salford . To this Hundred belonged 21 manors held by as many thanes ; in which there were 112 hides and 102 carucates of land . Camel, a tenant of 2 of these hides in Recedham, was free of all customs but these six : theft, housebreaking, premeditated assault, breach of the peace, not answering the reeve's summons, and 1 4 ROCHDALE RETROSPECT continuing a fight after swearing on oath to desist . The fine for these was 40 shillings . In 1086, Game], now termed a knight, held 2 carucates of land, by the gift of Roger of Poictou. Even this simplified version requires some explanation : Game] the Thane had held 2 hides of land and the Lordship or Manor of Rochdale, under Edward the Confessor, but after the Battle of Hastings King William rewarded his victorious Normans with English lands (taking care, it would seem, to scatter the grants far and wide so that his nobles did not become too powerful), and Roger of Poictou for a time held the whole of the Ribble-Mersey lands . In 1086, however, Game] still held 2 carucates which had been given to him by Roger . According to William Farrer's account of this section of the Domesday Survey, " theoretically the Lancashire hide contained six carucates, or teamlands, and every teamland represented the area of arable land which a team, or gang of eight oxen could annually plough," but such measurements varied considerably according to local conditions . As Salford Hundred was assessed at some 20 hides of arable land, Game! in 1066 held about a tenth of this, but in 1086 his possessions had shrunk to a sixtieth . The Ribble-Mersey area was surveyed together with part of Cheshire and was divided into six Hundreds ; although Salford was the largest and most valuable, only four places in it are mentioned by name : Salford, Manchester, Radcliffe and Rochdale . Game] appears to have been especially privileged in being exempt from all but six customs, possibly because of the difficult and isolated nature of his land . This may explain the heaviness of the fines imposed : if they had to be collected at all they must be worth the trouble! In the West Derby Hundred, for instance, fines of ten shillings were exacted for such offences as bloodshed, rape or absence from the Shiremoot, and five shillings for non-attendance at the Hundred Court, or for disobeying the reeve's summons to appear . Although the Domesday Book was a magnificent achievement, it contains both complications and shortcomings : such terms as " leagues " and " poles " cannot be precisely defined ; the wilder parts of the country were less thoroughly surveyed. The origin of the Hundred itself is obscure (it is said to mean either a hundred villages or a hundred people), but it became an administrative unit within a Shire . The Manors of the Thanes, also, in feudal times, became separate units whose Lords received fees or rents for lands farmed within the Manor, together with services performed for the Lord by his tenants . The Domesday Book was not intended to be a census : the families of such classes as free men, for instance, were not indicated, although slaves may have been counted separately . Moreover, the method of assessing a manor by a particular number of hides for taxation purposes was not meant to show the amount of arable land which it contained . NORMANS AND PLANTAGENETS : 1086-1485 1 5 However, Farrer's interesting summary gives an estimate of the wild and sparsely cultivated Salford Hundred at the beginning of the Norman period . There were, according to him, roughly 112 ox teams held by 450 persons (of various classes connected with the land) . The total population was under 3,200 people . On the basis of Gamel's 2 hides, it is fair to suggest that the total population in the Rochdale district would he over 300 people . From Rochdale's Norman days until the 19th century . its physical boundaries remained much the same : it was one of the largest manors in the Salford Hundred, being bounded on the north by Rossendale and Cliviger, with Tottington, Bury, and Middleton to the west and south, and Yorkshire to the east . For purposes of comparison, Fishwick in 1889 gives the area as 41,828 acres, including Todmorden, which is now in Yorkshire . MEDIAEVAL ROCHDALE. From the Domesday Survey, from the early place-names as exam- ined by Dr . Schram, from a few early remains and from various documents, a picture of mediaeval Rochdale begins to emerge . There was certainly a Norman, or earlier, church of St . Chad standing on the present site some 80 ft . above the Roch . Its position suggests that the river valley was either wooded or considered unsafe when the church was first built . One wonders whether there is some grain of historical truth in the legend that the first foundations were on the north bank of the river and each night were found carried across to the south side by boggarts, or phantoms . The story is told in The Gohlin Builders by John Roby ; there is, also, on the south side of the tower a mediaeval carved face (perhaps of a supernatural being) which looks resolutely southwards . The church is dedicated to the St. Chad who was was Bishop of Lichfield in the 7th century . Moreover, one of the require- ments of a Saxon thane was that he should hold lands and a church . During 1816 restorations a hollowed stone was discovered and believed to be the original Saxon font ; other remains included a small lachrymatory, or tear-bottle (such as the Romans left in their tombs), and a few very early Norman stone fragments . The nave pillars of the present church are of the 13th century . Of the existence of an early Norman, perhaps a Saxon, castle there is little doubt : it is referred to in 12th century charters as " the castle of Rachedal," and an early 13th century charter indicates its position as being on Castle Hill (which overlooks the present Gas Works and Dane Street), referring both to " the ditch of the castle " and rights of way for " ingoing and exit to the place of the castle " and to lands in Castleton . Fishwick gives a plan of Castle Hill as it was in 1823 before the northern mount was demolished . There is a later scale drawing in the second volume of the Victoria County History of Lancashire . The entrance was from the south-east, up ground which slopes from what is now Manenester Road . Rochdale Market : Public Record Office photograph of an A .D. 1251 SHORTENED VERSION . Grant to Edmund de Lacy, king's yeoman, and his heirs, of a weekly market on Wednesday at his manor of Racchedal, which Margaret, countess of Lincoln, holds of him in dower : and of a yearly fair there on the vigil, the feast and the morrow of S .S. Simon and Jude. (Cal. Charter R . Vol . I, 1226-1257 . p. 362) . The Domesday Book : Public Rec- ord Office photo- graph of part of the Domesday Book relating to Rochdale. (Domesday Book . Vol.1. P . XVI) . Royal Charter . (Charter Rolls, Chancery. No . 43 . 35 Hen . lll . m.5 .) Rochdale Court : Public Rec- ord Office photograph of two Rochdale Court records, dated 27th October and 26th November, 1323 . (Court Rolls . 17 Ed. Il. P . 183 . No . I l . m .3) . TRANSLATION . Perquisites of the Court of Rachedal, on Thursday, the Eve of the Apostles Simon and Jude, in the 17th year (27th October, 1323). Of Matthew, son of Enot, for trespass „ William Rathebon, for breach of the peace . Sum , . 7d . Perquisites of the same Court, on Saturday the Morrow of St . Katherine, m t e )ear ( t oven Of the Abbot of Wallay, for entry to land 40d. „ Daude of Baunford, and his wife, because they failed in the law 2s. „ Alan of Turnagh, for a rescue (recussus) made . 3d. Alan of Welhevid, because he did not prosecute ., 3d . William of Ligh(t)alleres, for many defaults . 3d. William Broubgh., for many defaults 3d . „ Richard of Baunford, for withholding a debt . 3d . „ Henry, the Smith, for entry to one cottage 4d . „ Richard le Keuer, because he did nut prosecute 4d . „ Thomas Payt. for selling flesh contrary to the assize 6d. „ John of the Milnehouses, for the same . 6d . William fox, for the same 6d . „ the wife of John of the Milnchouses, for licence to brew 3d.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Multiple Estate: a Framework for the Evolution of Settlement in Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian Cumbria
    THE MULTIPLE ESTATE: A FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVOLUTION OF SETTLEMENT IN ANGLO-SAXON AND SCANDINAVIAN CUMBRIA Angus J. L. Winchester In general, it is not until the later thirteenth century that surv1vmg documents enable us to reconstruct in any detail the pattern of rural settlement in the valleys and plains of Cumbria. By that time we find a populous landscape, the valleys of the Lake District supporting communi­ ties similar in size to those which they contained in the sixteenth century, the countryside peppered with corn mills and fulling mills using the power of the fast-flowing becks to process the produce of field and fell. To gain any idea of settlement in the area at an earlier date from documentary sources, we are thrown back on the dry, bare bones of the structure of landholding provided by a scatter of contemporary documents, including for southern Cumbria a few bald lines in the Domesday survey. This paper aims to put some flesh on the evidence of these early sources by comparing the patterns of lordship which they reveal in different parts of Cumbria and by drawing parallels with other parts of the country .1 Central to the argument pursued below is the concept of the multiple estate, a compact grouping of townships which geographers, historians and archaeologists are coming to see as an ancient, relatively stable framework within which settlement in northern England evolved during the centuries before the Norman Conquest. The term 'multiple estate' has been coined by G. R. J. Jones to describe a grouping of settlements linked
    [Show full text]
  • GMPR13 Greengate
    Introduction .......................................................2 The historic medieval core of Salford has been Salford’s Early History ......................................6 so altered that only its street pattern survives as Medieval Salford ...............................................8 a ghost of the triangular-shaped settlement that Post-medieval Salford ..................................... 14 grew up in a meander of the River Irwell. It is now Industrial Salford ............................................28 hard to believe that Salford received its Borough The Archaeology of Salford’s Textile Industry 34 Charter in 1230, 70 years before Manchester, The Archaeology of Salford’s Engineering and that it was a royal manor, and also that there Industry ...........................................................36 were still many ancient timber-framed buildings The Archaeology of Salford’s lining its principal thoroughfares of Greengate Industrial-era Housing ....................................40 and Chapel Street in the late nineteenth century. Archaeology and Development .......................48 Industrial-period railways, factories and workers’ Conserving the Historic Environment ............50 housing had a major impact on the character of Glossary ........................................................... 51 the historic settlement, whilst industrial decline Further Reading ..............................................52 in the second half of the twentieth century Acknowledgements ..........................................53
    [Show full text]
  • The Domesday Record of the Land Between Ribble and Mersey
    THE DOMESDAY RECORD OF THE LAND BETWEEN RIBBLK AND MERSEY. By Andrew E. P. Gray, M.A., F.S.A., RECTOR OK V.'AI.I.ASKV. (Read nt December, ,887.) REALLY critical edition of the I.ibfr de IVinloniii las A Domesday Hook is technically called] one which would bring the full resources of modern scholarship to hear upon all the points suggested by it, is still a desideratum, and, as Pro­ fessor Freeman says, it is an object which ought to be taken up as a national work. A considerable amount of Domesday litera­ ture has appeared since the royal order in 1767 for the publication of this amongst other records : but much remains to be done, for a great deal of that which has been given to the world on the subject is deficient in breadth of treatment and in accuracy of criticism. We in this part of the country are greatly indebted to Mr. Beamont for his Introduction and Notes to the photozinco- graphic facsimile of the Domesday Record of the two north­ western counties palatine. Mr. Beamont has been a member of this society almost ever since its foundation 40 years ago, and is one of whom the society is justly proud. It seems, indeed, rash for me to venture upon the subject which I have chosen, lest I should be supposed to be putting myself in competition with him, or setting myself up as a critic upon his Introduction ; but Dt 2 86 The Domesday Record of the I thought that perhaps we might be led over some new ground to-night, if we turned to the Domesday account of the land Inter Ripam et Afers/tani, and considered, firstly, the history of that territory, and then its hundreds, the townships mentioned, the landlords, and the churches.
    [Show full text]
  • Rochdale News July 2005 Page 1
    ROCHDALE FREENews Save our Vital Services! The new MP for Rochdale, Paul Rowen, Maternity and Child Care gets a big hug from Mum How must stay in Rochdale Rochdale aul Rowen MP and future of these vital services. The encouraging everybody to take Voted Rochdale Liberal Government talk about investing part in this consultation - I will in the P Democrats are calling more in the National Health be telling them to keep their Paul for the future of Child Care Service – and here we have what hands off our services - staff 2005 and Maternity Services to be is basically a cost cutting exercise. morale at the Infirmary is at an Rowen MP General guaranteed. This is in the light There is no better investment all time low, this is another kick Labour of a controversial review that than in our children’s lives, we in the teeth everybody involved.” Lib Dem Election has been announced that were told 2 years ago that these Rochdale Liberal Democrat 41.1% 40.0% could put the future of our services will continue in Rochdale Leader - Cllr. Alan Taylor said, “If services under threat. - we have saved them once and we stand together we can send a Conservative NHS Bosses have threatened to we will do again.” clear message to NHS bosses that 10.5% dramatically slash the number of Kingsway Resident - Annette Child and Maternity Services are hospitals in Greater Manchester Foster said, “This really is a bolt so important. We are worried that - that provide Child Care and from the blue - I believe it is to if we lose these services the Maternity Services from 13 to do with staff shortages across residents of Rochdale will have to between 6 and 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Manchester 1874-1876 New Church ACCRINGTON St
    Locality Church Name Parish County Diocese Date Grant reason ACCRINGTON School Chapel ACCRINGTON, St. James Lancashire Manchester 1874-1876 New Church ACCRINGTON St. Mary Magdalene ACCRINGTON, St. James Lancashire Manchester 1897-1904 New Church ACCRINGTON St. Paul, Barnfield ACCRINGTON, Christ Church Lancashire Manchester 1911-1913 New Church ACCRINGTON St. Peter ACCRINGTON, St. James Lancashire Manchester 1885-1889 New Church ALTHAM St. James ALTHAM Lancashire Manchester 1858-1859 Enlargement ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE Christ Church ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE, Christ Church Lancashire Manchester 1858-1860 Repairs ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE St. Peter ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE, St. Peter Lancashire Manchester 1934-1935 Repairs AUDENSHAW St. Hilda AUDENSHAW, St. Hilda Lancashire Manchester 1936-1938 New Church BACUP St. John the Evangelist BACUP, St. John the Evangelist Lancashire Manchester 1854-1874 Rebuild BACUP St. John the Evangelist BACUP, St. John the Evangelist Lancashire Manchester 1878-1884 Rebuild BAMBER BRIDGE St. Saviour BAMBER BRIDGE Lancashire Manchester 1869-1870 Enlargement BARROW-IN-FURNESS Mission Church WHALLEY, St. Mary Lancashire Manchester 1891 New Church BELFIELD St. Anne MILNROW, St. James Lancashire Manchester 1911-1913 New Church BENCHILL St. Luke the Physician BENCHILL Lancashire Manchester 1937-1939 New Church BIRCH St. Mary BIRCH Lancashire Manchester 1951-1952 Repairs BIRTLE CUM BAMFORD St. Michael, Bamford BIRTLE CUM BAMFORD, St. Michael, Bamford Lancashire Manchester 1883-1885 New Church BLACKBURN Mission Church BLACKBURN, All Saints Lancashire Manchester 1881 New Church BLACKBURN School Chapel BLACKBURN, St. Paul Lancashire Manchester 1876 Other BLACKBURN St. Bartholomew, Ewood LIVESEY, St. Andrew Lancashire Manchester 1908-1911 New Church BLACKBURN St. James BLACKBURN, St. John the Evangelist Lancashire Manchester 1872-1874 New Church BLACKBURN St.
    [Show full text]
  • Planning Applications Registered by the Council During Week Ending 30Th September 2016
    Economy Directorate Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council Number One Riverside, Smith Street Rochdale, OL16 1XU EMAIL: [email protected] Planning Applications Registered by the Council During Week Ending 30th September 2016 Application Ward Registered Application Decision Number Description Date Type Level 16/01180/DOC Balderstone And Kirkholt 29 September 2016 Approval of detail reserved by condition Delegated (subject to call up) PROPOSAL: Submission of details to comply with condition 3 on planning permission 16/00009/AM LOCATION: St Cuthberts Rc Business And Enterprise College Shaw Road Rochdale OL16 4RX APPLICANT: AGENT: Mr Michael Flinders frankshaw associates Penmore House Hasland Road Hasland Chesterfield Derbyshire S41 05J Case Officer: Ben Sandover ____________________________________________________________________________________ 16/01150/DOC Balderstone And Kirkholt 22 September 2016 Approval of detail reserved by condition Delegated (subject to call up) PROPOSAL: Submission of details to comply with condition 3 on planning permission 16/00325/FUL LOCATION: 16 The Strand Rochdale OL11 2JG APPLICANT: AGENT: Miss Maddi Mooney Triangle Architects Emma Carlin Great Places Housing Group Raven House 729 Princess Road 113 Fairfield Street Manchester Manchester M20 2LT M12 6EL United Kingdom Case Officer: Ben Sandover ____________________________________________________________________________________ Application Ward Registered Application Decision Number Description Date Type Level 16/01079/HOUS Balderstone
    [Show full text]
  • The Chapel Street Heritage Trail Queen Victoria, Free Parks, the Beano, Marxism, Heat, Vimto
    the Chapel Street heritage trail Queen Victoria, free parks, the Beano, Marxism, Heat, Vimto... ...Oh! and a certain Mr Lowry A self-guided walk along Chapel Street There’s more to Salford than its favourite son and his matchstick men from Blackfriars Bridge to Peel Park. and matchstick cats and dogs. Introduction This walk takes in Chapel Street and the Crescent – the main corridor connecting Salford with Manchester city centre. From Blackfriars Bridge to Salford Museum and Art Gallery should take approximately one and a half hours, with the option of then exploring the gallery and Peel Park afterwards. The terrain is easy going along the road, suitable for wheelchair users and pushchairs. Thanks to all those involved in compiling this Chapel Street heritage trail: Dan Stribling Emma Foster Mike Leber Ann Monaghan Roy Bullock Tourism Marketing team www.industrialpowerhouse.co.uk If you’ve any suggestion for improvements to this walk or if you have any memories, stories or information about the area, then do let us know by emailing [email protected] www.visitsalford.com £1.50 Your journey starts here IN Salford The Trail Background Information Chapel Street was the first street in the United Kingdom to be lit by gas way back in 1806 and was one of the main roads in the country, making up part of the A6 from London to Glasgow. Today it is home to artists’ studios, Salford Museum and Art Gallery, The University of Salford, great pubs and an ever- increasing number of businesses and brand new residences, meaning this historic area has an equally bright future.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact Report 2019 Introduction
    IMPACT REPORT 2019 INTRODUCTION • Mission Statement • Improving peoples’ lives across our community through the power of sport • Respect • Opportunities for all • Caring • Health & wellbeing • Diversity • Ambitious • Life changing • Empowering Rochdale AFC Community Sports Trust works in partnership with Rochdale AFC to provide all members of the local community with the opportunity to access quality sport provision whatever their age, gender or ethnicity. We aim to increase participation in schools, improve health and wellbeing, while developing programmes that engage the whole of the community using football as the driving force. PARTNERSHIPS ■i®i!Ji � Premier '11League EFL TRUST Rochdale Rochdale Youth Service Boroughwide Housing ,.. (j)DALE SUPP□RTERS Level Playing Field � TRAIELSAFE T R U S T www.llfflplaylngfltld.org.uk -L Link4Life PARTNERSHIP _,..,, :1TOUT EFL TACKLING RACISM& DISCRIMINATION TRUST SPORT{?, FUTSAL ENGLAND PROJECT ACTIVITIES • SCHOOLS PROGRAMME - Intensive Week/PPA/Lunch Clubs/After school coaching/Match Day Visits/ EFL Trust Kids Cup & Girls Under 13’s Cup • SOCIAL INCLUSION – Premier League Kicks/Ability Counts/Open Arms/ Estates/Asylum seekers & refugees/Community Cohesion Programme • DISABILITY PROVISION – Schools/Under 16’s/Adults • HEALTH – Dale’s Silver 60s’/MIND/Walking Football • EDUCATION – Futsal BTEC Scholarship/NCS/Internship/Primary Stars/ Numeracy & Respect • MATCH DAY ACTIVITIES – Mascots/Birthday Parties/Half time events • SPORTS PARTICIPATION – Holiday courses/Weekend Clubs/Futsal/ Birthday Parties/Festivals/Open
    [Show full text]
  • Codebook for IPUMS Great Britain 1851-1881 Linked Dataset
    Codebook for IPUMS Great Britain 1851-1881 linked dataset 1 Contents SAMPLE: Sample identifier 12 SERIAL: Household index number 12 SEQ: Index to distinguish between copies of households with multiple primary links 12 PERNUM: Person index within household 13 LINKTYPE: Link type 13 LINKWT: Number of cases in linkable population represented by linked case 13 NAMELAST: Last name 13 NAMEFRST: First name 13 AGE: Age 14 AGEMONTH: Age in months 14 BPLCNTRY: Country of birth 14 BPLCTYGB: County of birth, Britain 20 CFU: CFU index number 22 CFUSIZE: Number of people in individuals CFU 23 CNTRY: Country of residence 23 CNTRYGB: Country within Great Britain 24 COUNTYGB: County, Britain 24 ELDCH: Age of eldest own child in household 27 FAMSIZE: Number of own family members in household 27 FAMUNIT: Family unit membership 28 FARM: Farm, NAPP definition 29 GQ: Group quarters 30 HEADLOC: Location of head in household 31 2 HHWT: Household weight 31 INACTVGB: Adjunct occupational code (Inactive), Britain 31 LABFORCE: Labor force participation 51 MARRYDAU: Number of married female off-spring in household 51 MARRYSON: Number of married male off-spring in household 51 MARST: Marital status 52 MIGRANT: Migration status 52 MOMLOC: Mothers location in household 52 NATIVITY: Nativity 53 NCHILD: Number of own children in household 53 NCHLT10: Number of own children under age 10 in household 53 NCHLT5: Number of own children under age 5 in household 54 NCOUPLES: Number of married couples in household 54 NFAMS: Number of families in household 54 NFATHERS: Number of fathers
    [Show full text]
  • Heywood Notes & Queries
    HEYWOOD NOTES & QUERIES. Reprinted fione the "Heywood Advertiser ." CONDUCTED BY J . A. GREEN. VOL. III . No. 25. ,,jFriba1, 3aiuuarp 11th, 1902 . [242.] JOHN KAY TAYLOR . (See Note No. 152 .) Since the publication of the particulars given at No. 152, I have been favoured with the loan of a little book which contains addi- tional information . It is entitled : A New selection of Hymns, compiled for the use of the Chartists, of Great Britain and Ireland . Selected, arranged, and published under the superintendence of a committee ap- pointed by the Chartist Delegates of South Lancashire . Manchester : J . Leach, printer, 40, Oak-street, Swan-street . [ ] 32 me. pp . 1- At this time of day it is difficult to believe that groups of men would unite in singing some of the "hymns" collected in this book . Ii a man is known by the company he keeps then Taylor is found here in very good com- pany indeed . The best hymns are by Burns, Campbell, Ebenez .r Elliott, Thomas Cooper, 2 and Robert Nicoll . The contributions of J. K. Taylor are not the worst in the book, but the following samples of his quality will suffice : - Hymn, 3-page 5 . Chartist Hymn (S.M.). 1 What can withstand the power, When Britain's sons unite, Throughout this empire in one hour, For to assert their right. (4 stanzas, signed J. K. Taylor, Heywood.) Hymn, 14-page 18. Chartists' Hymn (P.M.). 1 Come join the patriot's host, The contest now begun, Let each and all maintain his post And labour's battle's won.
    [Show full text]
  • The Danes in Lancashire
    Th e D a n es i n La nc as hi re a nd Yorks hi re N GTO N S . W . PARTI n ILLUSTRATED SHERRATT HUGHES n n : Soh o u a Lo do 3 3 Sq re, W. M a n chester : 34 Cros s Street I 909 P R E FACE . ‘ ’ ' THE s tory of th e childhood of our race who inh a bited th e counties of L a nca shire a n d Yorkshire before th e a t a n a m a a to th e Norm n Conques , is l ost bl nk p ge a a to-da a a popul r re der of y . The l st inv ders of our a a s h e a a n d shores , whom we design te t D nes Norsemen , not a n were the le st importa t of our a ncestors . The t t a a a t a n d u t H is ory of heir d ring dventures , cr f s c s oms , s a n d a a t th e t a belief ch r cter , wi h surviving r ces in our a a a n d a th e t t . l ngu ge l ws , form subjec of his book the a nd e From evidence of relics , of xisting customs a n d t a t t ac a n d a s r di ions , we r e their thought ction , their t a n d a a t a n d th e m firs steps in speech h ndicr f , develop ent e at o a of their religious conc ptions .
    [Show full text]
  • The Bugle ------Royton Local History Society's Newsletter
    No 42 March 2016 ------------------------------------------------------ The Bugle ------------------------------------------------------ Royton Local History Society's Newsletter Chairman's Message A lot has been happening over the winter months. The old swimming Baths and Leisure Centre that was built in 1909 has been demolished. Although this was a rather sad event I'm pleased to say that the carved stonework above the main entrance was very carefully taken down and transported to Alexandra Park where it will be stored, cleaned and refurbished prior to re-erection somewhere yet to be decided. At the time of writing the Blue Plaque on the commemorative stone at the site of Royton Hall has been taken for refurbishment and a fingerpost sign directing people to the Royton Hall site is currently being made. It will be erected somewhere on the shopping precinct when the building work is complete. To clear the way for that building work the mounting steps will be moved back to their original location at Downey House. The 'Wheel of Time' that sits next to the Mounting Steps in the precinct at the moment will be taken into storage until a new location can be found for it. Because of all the changes in the town centre our Heritage Trails Booklets will be in error. The booklets were originally written by Frances Stott and Michael Higgins. Frances and Michael are re-writing the booklets to reflect the changes. This is quite fortuitous because there are very few left of the original run of 1000 of each one so now is a good time to update them and have another print run, Funding has been secured for all the above projects from unspent monies in Royton Council's budget.
    [Show full text]