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Staying Alive: the Experience of in Extremis Leadership

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Staying Alive: the Experience of in Extremis Leadership STAYING ALIVE: THE EXPERIENCE OF IN EXTREMIS LEADERSHIP by DEIRDRE DIXON Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Committee: Richard Boland, Jr. Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University Gary Hunter, Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University James Gaskin, Ph.D., Brigham Young University Michael Weeks, Ph.D., University of Tampa Weatherhead School of Management Designing Sustainable Systems CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY May, 2014 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Deirdre Dixon candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree*. (signed) Richard Boland, Jr. (chair of the committee) Gary Hunter James Gaskin Michael Weeks (date) February 17, 2014 * We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. © Copyright by Deirdre Dixon, 2014 All Rights Reserved iii DEDICATION To my family, husband Paul, for his unwavering and endless supply of positivity and support. Caneel, my oldest and my sunshine who has taken over much responsibility for the family since I first began this process. You have never shied away from adventure and your leadership of the kids has been invaluable. Carlin, the middle child, with the kind and generous heart, your industriousness and hard work helped the family make it through when mom was working on her homework—you even learned to cook along the way. Cowboy, the youngest, certainly learned patience through the process. I’m not sure many kids could have waited four years counting down the days to get a dog. It’s finally here; the “dog paper” is done! To my parents, thanks for instilling in me my love of learning, and my in-laws for showing me what a successful professor looks like! iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ......................................................................................................................x Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ xi Abstract ............................................................................................................................ xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................1 Leadership in Extremis ................................................................................................. 1 Brief Leadership Theory Background .................................................................... 2 Research Gap ................................................................................................................ 3 Motivation for Research ............................................................................................... 4 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 6 Research Method .......................................................................................................... 6 Research Findings ......................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE Overview ...................................11 In Extremis Context .................................................................................................... 11 Organizational Citizenship Behavior .................................................................... 11 Presentation of Self ............................................................................................... 12 Sense-making ........................................................................................................ 13 Situation Awareness.............................................................................................. 13 Self-Efficacy ......................................................................................................... 14 Research Design.......................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 3: MAKING SENSE WHEN IT MATTERS MOST: LEADERSHIP IN EXTREMIS .........................................................................................................................20 Preface......................................................................................................................... 20 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 20 Literature Review........................................................................................................ 23 Context .................................................................................................................. 23 Sense-making ........................................................................................................ 24 Sensegiving ........................................................................................................... 26 Communication Theory ........................................................................................ 28 Methods....................................................................................................................... 29 Methodological Approach .................................................................................... 29 Sample................................................................................................................... 30 Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 31 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................ 32 Findings....................................................................................................................... 33 Finding 1 ............................................................................................................... 33 Finding 2 ............................................................................................................... 35 Finding 3 ............................................................................................................... 36 Finding 4 ............................................................................................................... 38 Finding 5 ............................................................................................................... 39 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 40 v Limitations .................................................................................................................. 48 Implications for Practice and Future Research ........................................................... 49 CHAPTER 4: LEADING IN COMBAT: THE ROLE OF SITUATION AWARENESS AND PERCEIVED CONTROL DURING IN EXTREMIS SITUATIONS ......................52 Preface......................................................................................................................... 52 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 52 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................... 54 In Extremis Outcomes ........................................................................................... 54 In Extremis Context .............................................................................................. 55 Situation Awareness and Appraisal ...................................................................... 56 Training/Experience .............................................................................................. 57 Self-Efficacy ......................................................................................................... 58 Stress Control ........................................................................................................ 58 Research Model and Hypotheses ................................................................................ 59 Research Design and Methods .................................................................................... 62 Measurement of Research Variables .................................................................... 62 Construct Operationalizations ............................................................................... 63 Sample................................................................................................................... 65 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................ 66 Measurement Model ............................................................................................. 67 Adequacy ........................................................................................................ 67 Reliability ........................................................................................................ 68 Validity ........................................................................................................... 69 Validity and Reliability of Latent Constructs ....................................................... 69 Common Method Bias (CMB) ......................................................................
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