Volume 74 ∙ Number 1 ∙ February 2000

Journal of

74 1 Geodesy The

International Association of Geodesy Geodesist’s International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

Handbook Union Géodésique Et Géophysique Internationale

Le Manuel Bureau Central de l’Association Internationale de Géodésie du Department of Geophysics Juliane Maries vej 30 DK-2000 Copenhagen Oe Géodésien Denmark

Editor: 2000 Ole B. Andersen

1

FOREWORD AVANTPROPOS

Ole B. Andersen

Every four years, after every General Assembly, the Manuel du Ge ode sien, nume ro spe cial du ``Journal of International Association of Geodesy publishes the Geodesy'' (anciennement Bulletin Ge ode sique). Ceci est Geodesist's Handbook as a special issue of the Journal la 6eÁ me edition de ce document de crivant l'Association of Geodesy (previously the Bulletin Ge ode sique). This is Internationale de Ge ode sie. the 6th edition of this Geodesists handbook describing La premieÁ re partie de crit l'AIG (historique, statuts et the International Association of Geodesy. re glement). La seconde partie est un compte-rendu de la The ®rst part describes the IAG itself (history, sta- XXIIeÁ me Assemble eGe ne rale, tenue aÁ Birmingham tutes and by-laws). The second part is a report of the (Juliet, 1999, Grande Bretagne). La troisieÁ me partie XXIIth General Assembly, held in Birmingham (July, de crit en de tail la composition et l'organisation de l'As- 1999, UK). The third part describes in detail the struc- sociation Internationale de Ge ode sie pour la pe riode ture and organization of the International Association 1999±2003. La quatrieÁ me partie pre sente des informa- of Geodesy itself for the 1999±2003 period. The fourth tions scienti®ques lieÁ es aÁ la Ge ode sie. La dernieÁ re partie part presents scienti®c information related to geodesy. contient l'annuaire de l'AIG comportant les noms et The last part contains the IAG Directory listing the adresses des personnes lie es aÁ l'Association Inter- names and addresses of persons related to the Interna- nationale de Ge ode sie. tional Association of Geodesy. Permettez-moi de remercier ici toutes les personnes I would like to thank all the individuals and in- qui ont fourni les informations publie es dans le Manuel stitutions, who provided the information to be included du Ge ode sien 2000 et qui ont pris le temps d'envoyer in this Geodesist's Handbook 2000 and took the time to des corrections et de relire les documents de cet ouv- send corrections or proof-read documents from this rage. Je voudrais tout particulieÁ rement Bureau Central volume. I would especially like to thank the IAG Central de l'AIG (C.C. Tscherning and H. Hansen) pour Bureau (C.C. Tscherning and H. Hansen) for helping me m'avoir aider aÁ compiler la totalite des informations compiling the necessary information. utiles. Most of the information contained in this volume is La majorite des informations publie es dans cet also available on the IAG Central Bureau Web pages ouvrage sont aussi disponibles sur le serveur Web du Bureau Central de l'AIG http://www.gfy.ku.dk/~iag http://www.gfy.ku.dk/~iag At these Web pages you will always ®nd the most recent version of the documents appearing in the Geo- Ces di€erentes pages web renferment l'ultime livree desists Handbook, as well as other relevant information du ``Geodesists Handbook'' ainsi que d'autres im- to geodesy. portantes informations pour la communaute geode- sienne. Corrections and updates to the Geodesist's Hand- book will be published regularly in the IAG Newsletter, Les corrections et remises aÁ jour du Manuel du as part of the Journal of Geodesy. Ge ode sien seront publie es re gulieÁ rement dans la News- letter de l'AIG, au sein du ``Journal of Geodesy''. In this issue the ``Geodetic reference system 1980'' article by H. Moritz is found as well as the most recent Ce numero contient en plus de l'article de H. listing of parameters of common relevance of astron- Moritz intitule ``Geodetic reference system 1980'', la omy, geodesy and geodynamics by E. Groten. derniere version des principaux parametres utiles a l'astronomie, la geodesie et a la geodynamique de E. Tous les quatre ans, apreÁ s chaque Assemble eGe n- Groten. e rale, l'Association Internationale de Ge ode sie publie le 2

What is the IAG?

K.P. Schwarz ± Honorary President Department of Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary, Canada

1. The IAG in the Framework of International the space age. It also resulted in severe ®nancial limita- Science tions compared to the original arrangement, see Tardi (1963) for details, a drawback which has severely limited The International Association of Geodesy (IAG) is a the capability of the IAG to fund research initiatives. scienti®c organization in the ®eld of geodesy. It pro- motes scienti®c cooperation and research in geodesy on The IUGG was part of a new structure, called the a global scale and contributes to it through its various ``International Research Council (IRC)'', that provided research bodies. It is an active member of the Interna- a common roof for research across the whole spectrum tional Association of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) of science. It was formed in 1919 and replaced in 1931 by which itself is a member of the International Council for the ``International Council of Scienti®c Unions Science (ICSU). (ICSU)'', due to controversies about the discrimination against scientists from speci®c countries. ICSU armed The IAG has a long and distinguished history that the rights and freedom of scientists throughout the goes back to 1862, the year, in which the ``Mit- world to engage in international scienti®c activity and teleuropaÈ ische Gradmessung'' was established. This or- has consistently taken a strong stand for non-discrimi- ganization was formed to promote scienti®c work in nation ± a stand that is supported by all its members. In geodesy in Central Europe, following a proposal made a 1998, the name of the Council was changed to ``Inter- year earlier by J.J. Baeyer (1861). In 1867, the name of national Council for Science'', while maintaining the the organization was changed to ``EuropaÈ ische Grad- acronym ICSU for the organization. ICSU promotes messung'', because by then countries from all of Europe ``international scienti®c activity in the di€erent branches had joined the organization. In 1886, the name was of science and their applications for the bene®t of hu- changed to ``Internationale Erdmessung'', emphasizing manity'', see ICSU (1999). This objective is implemented the need for international cooperation to solve the sci- in a number of di€erent ways, as for instance by coor- enti®c tasks of geodesy. The French and English trans- dinating major international and interdisciplinary re- lations of this name resulted in the current name search programs, by creating interdisciplinary bodies, ``International Association of Geodesy (IAG)''. Thus, which undertake activities of interest to several member the IAG as an international scienti®c organization goes bodies, and by addressing issues of common concern to back to 1886 and is one of the oldest international or- all scientists. ICSU has two categories of membership: ganizations of this kind. For details on the early history Scienti®c unions are international and organized along of the Association, see Perrier (1939), Tardi (1963), scienti®c disciplines, while academies or research coun- Levallois (1988), and Torge (1993). cils are national and multi-disciplinary in nature. Cur- rently, there are 25 members of the ®rst type and 95 of The initial charter of the Association required that the second. In addition, there are 28 scienti®c associates. the funding of the organization be renewed every 10 years by agreement of the participating countries. In In Figure 1, a simpli®ed diagram is used to show the 1917, this did not happen because of the First World IAG and the IUGG in their relation to ICSU. The War. After the hostilities ended, the former IAG was IUGG is one of the 25 unions of ICSU and consists of restructured and became part of the ``International seven associations. Besides geodesy, the following dis- Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)''. As the ciplines of geophysics are represented by associations: name IUGG indicates, geodesy was not seen any longer Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IAS- in isolation but as a partner of geophysics. This opened a PEI), Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior much wider arena of interdisciplinary research and (IAVCEI), Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA), proved to be a major advantage when geodesy entered Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS), 3

Figure 1: IAG in the framework of ICSU

Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), and Physical Sciences of 2. IAG Research Objectives and Organizational the Oceans (IAPSO). Joint research between the IAG Structure and the other associations has considerably increased since space methods have become a major tool. Cur- Research Objectives rently, it is especially strong with IASPEI, IAMAS, and IAPSO. Some of this interaction is channeled into spe- The main objectives of the IAG as stated in the ci®c organizational structures, but much of it comes Statutes (I,2) are: about by scientists cooperating on topics of mutual in- terest. This cooperation has been strongly encouraged ± to promote the study of all scienti®c problems of by the IUGG which promotes inter-association sympo- geodesy and to encourage geodetic research; sia at its general meetings where results of interdisci- ± to promote and coordinate international coopera- plinary research can be presented. tion in this ®eld, and promote geodetic activities in developing countries; Over the more than hundred years of its existence, the ± to provide, on an international basis, for discussion role of the IAG within the framework of international and publication of the results of the studies, research science has considerably changed. While it started out as and work indicated above. a pioneer in international scienti®c cooperation, its role changed in 1919 when it became a partner of geophysics In terms of research, the de®nition is rather broad (all and a part of a much larger scienti®c organization. This scienti®c problems) and its implementation rather change was not easy and for some time afterwards a vague (promote, encourage). It re¯ects the current major goal of the Association was to emphasize the reality of the IAG which, as a scienti®c organization uniqueness and strong scienti®c tradition of the IAG. with minimal ®nancial support, depends on the Today, the distinction between geodesy and geophysics quality of its scienti®c work and on the bene®ts of is less of an issue. Instead, the interaction with other international scienti®c cooperation. In such a struc- disciplines and the potential for joint research within the ture, the priorities are essentially decided by peer framework of the IUGG and other scienti®c unions, consensus and are minimally in¯uenced by funding have become much more important. It appears that by decisions of the organization. In this way, it provides being receptive to the challenges of interdisciplinary re- a rather open environment for future-oriented re- search, geodesy has gained in stature and has started to search. On the other hand, because of the large play a more signi®cant role for science as a whole. 4 diversity of research topics that are treated simulta- The Scienti®c Structure neously, the research pro®le of the organization re- The scienti®c work of the IAG takes place in Sec- mains rather unfocussed. tions, Services, Commissions, and Special Study Groups. As indicated in Figure 3, Sections provide a The Administrative Structure subdivision of geodesy into ®ve major slices which cur- The current IAG structure can be subdivided into an rently are: Positioning and Reference Frames, Advanced administrative and a scienti®c part. The administrative Space Techniques, Determination of the Gravity Field, structure is shown in Figure 2 and consists of the Theory and Methods, and Geodynamics. In a way, Council, the Executive Committee, and the Bureau. sections provide a framework for the objective to study ``all scienti®c problems of geodesy'', but they are not the The Council is made up of national delegates ac- source of active research. Research takes place in the credited by member countries. It meets once every four Commissions and Special Study Groups (SSG) which years and determines the overall strategy of the As- are the organizational units for long-term and short- sociation, as de®ned in the Statutes (II,7):''Responsi- term research, respectively. Each Section has therefore a bility for the direction of the Association a€airs shall number of Commissions (or Special Commissions) and be vested in the Council of the Association.'' One of SSGs which de®ne the research done in a speci®c its major tasks is the election of ocers for the Ex- section. The Section Steering Committee coordinates ecutive Committee and the Bureau. Another is the interaction between the research units, organizes col- approval of major changes in the scienti®c structure of laboration across sections, and represents the section in the Association. the Executive Committee.

The Executive Committee (EC) consists of ocers Services come in a variety of forms. They can be elected by Council and meets, on average, once a year. It subdivided into three major groups: documentary ser- implements the strategy adopted by Council by provid- vices, such as the IAG Bibliographic Service; data-based ing coordination between the numerous scienti®c bodies services, such as the IGS and the BGI; and topical ser- of the Association and by making major policy deci- vices, such as the IERS and the IGeS. While the ®rst sions, as de®ned in the Statutes (II,10): ``The duties of group serves the IAG exclusively, this is generally not the Executive Committee shall be to further the scienti®c the case for the other services. Although most of them objectives of the Sections and other scienti®c bodies of grew out of the IAG, many of them have a much wider the Association through e€ective coordination and constituency and are truly interdisciplinary in nature. through the formulation of general policies to guide the Traditionally, the major role of the data-based services scienti®c work of the Association.'' has been data collection and dissemination. Today, most of them also o€er products derived from such data and The Bureau consists of three elected ocers ± the therefore overlap with the topical services in some areas. President, the First Vice-President, and the Secretary Services have always played an important role in IAG General. It meets in conjunction with each EC meet- work. They have, however, increased in importance over ing and otherwise as required. The Bureau coordi- the last decade and often represent the IAG pro®le to nates the ongoing business, as de®ned by Council and the larger scienti®c community. In view of that, it is all EC decisions, see Statutes (II,9):''The duties of the the more surprising that they do not have a clearly de- Bureau shall be to administer the a€airs of the As- ®ned role in the current Statutes and By-laws. Although sociation in accordance with these Statutes and By- services are in general assigned to sections, they do not Laws and with the decisions of the Council and the ®t this structure well. Executive Committee.''

Figure 2: The administrative structure of the IAG 5

Figure 3: The scienti®c structure of the IAG

Commissions and Special Commissions are de®ned members in the ongoing discussions of the Executive as IAG bodies for long-term research. Commissions are Committee, in order to better prepare the quadrennial formed where global or regional cooperation is required Council meetings and provide continuity for the decision to achieve long-term goals. Special Commissions are making process. The latter would require that a majority more topical in nature and are formed where the solu- of national delegates are on the Council for more than tion of a speci®c scienti®c problem requires the coop- one period. This seems to be the case for the delegates at eration of scientists from di€erent countries. The the two last Council meetings. boundary between the two varieties is somewhat ¯uid. Special Study Groups are research units to solve speci®c The scienti®c structure may be in need of a major scienti®c problems of limited scope. Their lifetime is overhaul, although opinions di€er as to the speci®c usually restricted to one period of four years. They are changes necessary. The Section structure was introduced the units in which highly technical and specialized re- 50 years ago with the intent to create more manageable search is done and where young scientists often make units which, as a whole, would cover all important as- their entrance into the Association. pects of the discipline. The advantage of this structure is that research areas that are either small or not fashion- able have a chance to ®nd their place in such a structure. 3. Brief Analysis of the Current IAG Structure Its drawback is that it concentrates attention on section research and does not encourage a common IAG re- In recent years, the question whether the current search focus. Thus, individual scientists are often more structure adequately represents IAG research priorities attached to a speci®c section than to the Association as a and provides a visible focus for IAG work has been whole. Geodesy becomes subdivided into compartments frequently discussed in the IAG Executive. It has been which, in the worst case, degenerate into ®efdoms. raised in a wider forum during the last general Assembly Fundamental change in a discipline is dicult to ac- in Birmingham. To give some background to that dis- commodate in an established section structure, as the cussion, a brief review of some of the major arguments emergence of space geodesy has shown. In such cases, will be given in the following. It will follow the topical the existing structure can become a dead weight for sequence of the preceding chapter. progress.

In general, the administrative structure has worked With the increasing need for data and research well for the IAG. The use of e-mail as a major means of products, Services have experienced a renaissance dur- communication has strengthened the link between ing the last decade. One reason is the increasing will- Bureau and Executive Committee and has provided ingness of countries to share their data because the a means to make decisions between EC meetings in an integrated product they are receiving in return is of ecient and democratic way. What may be required in considerable value to them. Thus, ®nancing is largely the future is a more active involvement of Council in-kind and can be done with a relatively small over- 6 head. In order to attract a larger customer base, they Finally, important changes in the scienti®c and or- usually had to move away from their IAG origins. ganizational structure of the IAG are essentially tied to Many of them have developed from IAG Services to the General Assemblies. This means that the response FAGS Services and now serve the much larger geo- time is typically four years and may be as much as eight physical and astronomical community. Their link to years. The organizational dynamics created by this speci®c IAG sections is often tenuous and their in¯u- makes it very dicult to respond to new challenges in a ence on IAG decisions indirect at best. Their integra- ¯exible manner and to implement decisions as quickly as tion into a future IAG structure is important because desirable. Although the IAG Executive has found ways they often present the IAG pro®le to the larger scien- to interpret the Statutes and By-laws in a creative manner ti®c community. To make changes in such a way that in order to respond more quickly, more ¯exibility in the their range of activities is enhanced rather than re- IAG structure would greatly bene®t our organization. At stricted, is the challenge to be met. the General Assembly in Birmingham, both the IAG Executive and the IAG Council agreed to a plan and a There is no question that Commissions have very timeline to review the IAG structure. A Committee was e€ectively contributed to many areas of geodetic re- appointed to set this process in motion. The Committee search. There is no question either that many of them will present its proposal to the Scienti®c Assembly that have existed well beyond their useful lifetime. The fact will meet in Budapest in the summer of 2001. that they are de®ned in terms of long-term research goals makes them often immune to change and very slow to adapt to change in observational or numerical References techniques. In terms of structure, there have been a number of cases where a speci®c Section and a speci®c Baeyer, J.J. (1861): UÈ ber die GroÈ ûe und Figur der Erde Commission were almost exchangeable. Each one could ± Eine Denkschrift zur BegruÈ ndung einer mittel-eu- have well existed without the other and nothing essential ropaÈ ischen Gradmessung. Berlin, 1861. would have been lost. Similarly, the overlap between Levallois, J.J. (1988): Mesurer la Terre. Presses ponts et commissions and topical services can be large. The fact chausse es, Paris. that most other associations of the IUGG have a Mueller, I.I. (ed, 1998): Science Services: International structure consisting of long-term and short-term re- Association of Geodesy IAG/FAGS. Special Proc. search units only, indicates that the administrative IAG Scienti®c Assembly, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, overhead in the IAG is too heavy Sept. 3±9, 1997. Available through the IAG Central Bureau, Copenhagen. Special Study Groups are research units to solve Perrier, G. (1939): Petite Histoire de la Ge ode sie. Paris. speci®c scienti®c problems of limited scope. There is (German translation by E. Gigas: Kurze Geschichte little doubt that any scienti®c organization needs der GeodaÈ sie. Bamberg). working groups of this type. Their problem, however, is Tardi, P. (1963): Hundert Jahre Internationale Erd- e€ectiveness. SSGs that achieve enough synergy to come messung. Zeitschrift fuÈ r Vermessungs-wesen, Vol. up with results that can be considered as a group e€ort 88, No. 1, pp. 2±10. are still rare. Many of them simply exist as clearing Torge, W. (1993): Von der mitteleuropaÈ ischen Grad- houses for pre-publications or as information collectors. messung zur Internationalen Assoziation fuÈ r Geo- The current attempts to replace what is essentially a top- daÈ sie. Zeitschrift fuÈ r Vermessungs-wesen, Vol 118, down approach by a bottom-up approach may help to pp 595±60 alleviate this problem. Tying such working groups to major scienti®c projects in the Commissions or Services may be another way. 7

Geodesy in Hungary and the Relation to IAG around the turn of 19th/20th Century ± A Historical Review

By Jo zsef A da m (Technical University of Budapest)

Introduction geodetic measurements for research works of Lora nd EoÈ tvoÈ s. Geodesy has a long tradition in Hungary. Due to the special connection of Hungary to former Austria in 19th KaÂroly Oltay (1881±1955) was successor of Lajos century, beside Prussia and Saxony, Hungary as part of Bodola at the Technical University as Professor of the former Austria is a founder member country of the Geodesy and Head of the Department between 1913- MitteleuropaÈ ische Gradmessung in 1862, predecessor of 1955. By invitation and on behalf of Lora nd EoÈ tvoÈ s, the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). Survey Oltay made extensive astronomical and gravitational control networks, namely the primary triangulation and (pendulum) measurements in di€erent parts of Hungary, levelling networks in Hungarian part were also estab- see Oltay (1910). lished by the Military Geographic Institute in Vienna (that is, k.u.k. MilitaÈ rgeographisches Institut) until Lora nd EoÈ tvoÈ s (1848±1919) was born in the year of 1919, see e.g. Sterneck (1908). the Hungarian revolution and ®ght for independence. His father Jo zsef EoÈ tvoÈ s as a writer and politician of In the ®eld of geodetic science, separate research and great renown, was elected minister of religion and edu- scienti®c activities were carried out at the Universities in cation in the ®rst independent government of Hungary Budapest. These activities can be connected with Pro- after the revolution. (In recognition of his literary work, fessors IstvaÂn KruspeÂr, Lajos Bodola and KaÂroly Oltay at Jo zsef EoÈ tvoÈ s became an associate member of the the Department of Geodesy, Technical University and Academy in 1835, a full member in 1839 and in 1866 he to Professor LoraÂnd EoÈtvoÈs at the Department of Phys- was elected president.) Lora nd EoÈ tvoÈ s graduated at ics, Budapest University. They were all members of the Heidelberg University where he studied physics, mathe- Hungarian Academy of Sciences. matics and chemistry. After graduation EoÈ tvoÈ s returned home in 1871, and successfully applied for the post of Istva n Kruspe r (1818±1905) wrote the ®rst book of lecturer, advertised by the faculty of theoretical physics geodesy in Hungarian issued in 1869 (1st edition) and in at the Pest University. This university now bears his 1885 (2nd edition). He actively participated in the works name, as Lora nd EoÈ tvoÈ s University. After a short period of the Commission Internationale du Me tre (CIM) and of lecturing, in 1872 he was publicly honoured by the he acted as chairman of one of the Subcommission of king, who awarded him the chair of theoretical physics. CIM. He was Professor of Geodesy and Head of the In 1874 he was allowed to give lectures in experimental Department between 1850±1894. physics and four years later he became professor in this ®eld. He was then given the task of uniting the depart- Lajos Bodola (1859±1936) was successor of Istva n ments of experimental and theoretical physics, and was Kruspe r at the Technical University as Professor of appointed as director to the newly established Institute of Geodesy and Head of the Department between 1894± Physics. In 1873 he became associate member of the 1913. He also actively participated in the works of the Academy, a full member in 1883 and in 1889 he was CIM respectively Comite International des Poids et elected president. Amongst his oces he became minister Mesures (CIPM). Bodola was elected to be Secretary of religion and education for seven months in 1894. General of the CIMP in 1922. He was the ®rst national representative of Hungary to the Internationale Erd- In addition to activities as a scienti®c researcher and messung (from 1897) and convenor of the XVth General lecturer, EoÈ tvoÈ s played an important role in organiza- Assembly of the Internationale Erdmessung in Budapest tional work, thus promoting the development of the in September 20±28, 1906. He made some high precision natural sciences in Hungary. He received awards at 8

wire with platinum masses attached to each end so that the masses were at the same level (curvature variometer). This type was identical in form with the instrument used by Cavendish. The curvature variometer measures val- ues, which give the deviation of equipotential surfaces of gravity from spherical shape, and give the directions of minimum curvature. The second type has a platinum mass attached to one end of a horizontal beam, while on the other end a platinum cylinder hangs on a wire so that this cylindrical mass is at a lower level than the mass at the other end (horizontal variometer). In both cases the beam turns around the torsion wire in a horizontalplane and is de¯ected from the torsion-free position of the wire by the horizontal components of the forces of gravity. This seemingly insigni®cant modi®cation was EoÈ tvoÈ s Figure 1: Baron Lora nd EoÈ tvoÈ s as painted by Gyula E der in most important invention, in fact this second version is 1913 (courtesy of EoÈ tvoÈ s Lora nd Geophysical Institute known as the EoÈ tvoÈ s Torsion Balance. Principle of the EoÈ tvoÈ s' torsion balance is given in Torge (1991). home and abroad for his scienti®c achivements and The horizontal variometer gives the rate of change of works. Among the very many awards he received the gravity over a horizontal distance of one centimetre. The French Legion of Honour, the Franz Josef award from horizontal variometer also furnishes the curvature val- the Hungarian king, the Saint Sava award from the king ues if the instrument is set up in at least ®ve azimuths. The unit of gradient and curvature are named after of Serbia. He was also elected honorary member of the )6 Prussian Royal Academy of Sciences in Berlin and was EoÈ tvoÈ sasEoÈ tvoÈ s Unit(EU). 1 EU = 10 mGal/cm; given honorary doctorates from Jagello University in that is, if the horizontal gradient is 1 EU, the gravity acceleration at two neighbouring points 1 cm apart Cracow and the Norwegian Royal Frederick University )12 in Christiania (now Oslo). In appreciation of his scien- di€erence 10 g. The gradients, that is second partial ti®c achievements, some important rules and objects are derivatives of the gravity potential W constitute the el- linked with the name of EoÈ tvoÈ s (Fig. l) in geodesy, ements of EoÈtvoÈs tensor (or gravity gradient tensor). The mechanical parts of the instruments were designed and namely EoÈtvoÈs-e€ect, EoÈtvoÈs-correction, EoÈtvoÈs Torsion Balance, EoÈtvoÈs Unit, EoÈtvoÈs-tensor, see Groten (1980), built in 1890 under the guidance of EoÈ tvoÈ s in coopera- Hotine (1969), Marussi (1985), Moritz and Hofmann- tion with N. Suess in Suess Precision Tool Workshop, Wellenhof (1993) and Torge (1991). predecessor of the Hungarian Optical Works (MOM). Calibration of the instruments were carried out in EoÈ t- In the next paragraph the activities of Lora nd EoÈ tvoÈ s voÈ s Laboratory and the ®rst instrument was completed in 1891. In the same year the ®rst observations were related to geodesy are summarized shortly. The EoÈ tvoÈ s Lora nd Geophysical Institute (ELGI) of Hungary cele- carried out. A modi®ed version of the horizontal vari- brated his founder with a permanent exhibition, where ometer specially designed for ®eldwork, was completed beside the personal and family relics all original EoÈ tvoÈ s in 1898 (Fig. 2.a.). It was shown and awarded a prize at torsion balances and other instruments are exhibited. the Expo of Paris in 1900. In order to increase the e- EoÈ tvoÈ s Virtual Museum is available at: http://www.el- gi.hu/museum/index.htm Geodesy related activities of Lora nd EoÈ tvoÈ s

Lora nd EoÈ tvoÈ s started to investigate the gravitation and magnetism in 1886. From this date until his death, he was concerned with these two ®elds (Sele nyi, 1953; Szabo , 1992, 1998 and 1999). In his research on the spatial changes in gravitation, he used a modi®ed ver- sion of Coulombs balance. His research method was based on two fundamentals:

± the strict theoretical physical aspect of the process, and ± the construction of an unbelievably sensitive in- strument. Figure 2: Single and double torsion balance (EoÈ tvoÈ s, 1908). (a) Designed for ®eld work in 1898. This was an award winner at EoÈ tvoÈ s built two di€erent types of torsion balance for the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900. (b) Designed in 1902. carrying out his gravitational investigations. The ®rst EoÈ tvoÈ s and his colleagues used this instrument in their exper- type was a light horizontal beam suspended on a torsion iments to study the equivalence of inertial and gravitational 9

Figure 3: This photo documents the ®rst torsion balance ®eld measurements carried out by EoÈ tvoÈ sonSa g hill of Transdanubia in August 1891. EoÈ tvoÈ s can be seen at the telescope, in front of him is Lajos Bodola, next to him sitting on the ground is Rado KoÈ vesligethy, while the standing person is Ka roly Tangl. In later years all of them were to become eminent professors (courtesy of EoÈ tvoÈ s Lora nd Geophysical Institute) ciency of ®eldwork, EoÈ tvoÈ s constructed a double in- his latest experiments that EoÈ tvoÈ s claims received gen- strument with two balances in antiparallel arrangemen- eral recognition (EoÈ tvoÈ s, 1908). He also made it possible tin1902 (Fig. 2.b.). for interested foreign scientists to observe his torsion balance measurements carried out in the ®eld ± in the At the beginning EoÈ tvoÈ s experimented with his in- Arad region. The participants of the conference found struments in the laboratory of the university. He carried EoÈ tvoÈ s' research so signi®cant that they (namely G.H. out his ®rst ®eld measurements on Sa g hill in Trans- Darwin and F.R. Helmert) petitioned the Hungarian danubia in 1891 (Fig. 3), where he proved that errors government requesting that increased ®nancial help be had been made in the relative pendulum measurements given for gravitational research. The Hungarian gov- carried out by Sterneck; Sterneck was an Austrian geo- ernment agreed to the suggestion and from 1907 on- detic surveyor who had carried out measurements in the wards a separate fund was allocated for EoÈ tvoÈ s' same area seven years earlier. EoÈ tvoÈ s ®rst report on gravitational studies. From this time onwards geophys- gravitation was written in 1888 for the Academy. In ical research was recognized in Hungary as a separate 1896 he published his fundamental paper (EoÈ tvoÈ s, 1896), ®eld of science in its own right. in which he gave a theoretical and practical summary of his experiments to date. At ®rst EoÈ tvoÈ s' gravitational measurements were carried out for geodetical purposes, but from the very The ®rst experiments on a larger area using the beginning EoÈ tvoÈ s had wondered what geological con- EoÈ tvoÈ s' balance took place in the winter of 1901 on the clusions could be deduced from the results of his work. frozen surface of Lake Balaton. EoÈ tvoÈ s chose the mir- At the XVIth and XVIIth Congress of the Internatio- ror-like frozen surface of the lake to carry out his nale Erdmessung EoÈ tvoÈ s wrote his reports on the measurements so that he would not have to concern practical application of the torsion balance (EoÈ tvoÈ s, himself with the disturbing e€ect of topographic masses. 1910 and 1913). In 1916 on the initiative of Hugo He continued his survey work in the winter of 1903, BoÈ ckh, an eminent Hungarian geologist, torsion bal- completing measurements at altogether 40 di€erent ance measurements were carried out in the region of stations. From the results of his torsion balance survey it Egbell (now Gbely, Slovakia) where oil was produced was established that parallel to the axis of the lake ran a from a recognized anticlinal structure. The aim of these tectonic line. This was the ®rst geological conclusion measurements was to establish the extent to which the based on torsion balance measurements. As a results of e€ect of the oil-bearing anticline is re¯ected in the re- his success when he presented his results in Paris in 1900, sults of torsion balance measurements. On the basis of EoÈ tvoÈ s gravitational experiments became the focus of the measurements carried out at 92 points the contours international attention. The high degree of sensitivity of of the anticlinal oil ®eld were clearly ascertained. These his instrument was doubted by some. And it was not results, which proved the eciency of the torsion bal- until the XVth Congress of the Internationale Erdmes- ance in oil prospecting, heralded the birth of petroleum sung held in Budapest in 1906 at which he spoke about geophysics and at the same time paved the way towards 10 world renown for EoÈ tvoÈ s and his balance. In the 1920s However, the experimental measurements carried out and 1930s many oil ®elds were discovered throughout with this instrument failed to meet his expectations, so the world with the help of EoÈ tvoÈ s' ingenious instru- he did not publish his activities in this ®eld. Neverthe- ment. Note that the latest development of gravity gra- less, his gravimeter still exists today (see EoÈ tvoÈ s Virtual diometry is outlined by Bell (1998). The gradiometry is Museum on WWW), an example of the depth of his love currently developed for use in an arti®cial earth satel- for experimentation. Note that gravimeters were far less lite. Hopefully, the satellite gradiometry mission called sensitive than torsion balances but what they loss in GOCE will be a reality soon (Rummel, 1986 and sensitivity they gained in portability. They were far less Rummel, 1997). cumbersome and gave far more rapid results so they gradually took over the role of torsion balances in Towards the end of the 19th century, the central mineral exploration in the 1940s. question of geodesy was that of determining the geoid, i.e. the equipotential surface of gravity determining the EoÈ tvoÈ s became concerned with the question of the shape of the Earth. From torsion balance observations proportionality of the inertial and gravitational mass the di€erence between the two main curvatures of the by the end of the 1880s. In order to examine this equipotential surface ± i.e. its deviation from spherical ± phenomenon, he used his sensitive torsion balance (Fig. passing through the centre of mass of the balance can be 2.b). He examined the state of equilibrium of the bal- computed. ance by attaching masses of di€erent composition to each end of the arm of the balance. If the magnitude of The ®rst regional surveys called attention to the gravity depended on the composition of the mass, the phenomenon that the equipotential surface, and with it state of equilibrium should change in each case. This the shape of the Earth, can deviate from the regular even phenomenon did not occur. In 1908 EoÈ tvoÈ s and his within small distances. EoÈ tvoÈ s, from his Arad survey, colleagues, (JenoÄ Fekete and DezsoÄ Peka r), perfected prepared the ®rst ever detailed level surface (geoid) their measurements to such an extent that they were contour map, in 1906 (Fig. 4). At the same time, the able to establish that the di€erence between the inertial question of projecting surface points to sea level was and gravitational mass was at most 1/200,000,000 (Fig. discussed: it was proposed that instead of the generally 5). Their paper on the subject won them the Benecke accepted means of using the normal of the ellipsoid, a award of GoÈ ttingen University in 1909. The experi- plumb-line should be used for the projection. The basic ments carried out by EoÈ tvoÈ s and his colleagues on the condition of this method is knowledge of the de¯ection proportionality of inertial and gravitational mass pro- of the vertical, which ± for a long time ± could only be vided fundamental support for Einstein's theory of determined in detail by the torsion balance. relativity.

Although best known for his torsion balance, EoÈ tvoÈ s In the last years of his life, EoÈ tvoÈ s carried out ex- also developed a gravimeter. (In this innovative work periments, which showed that the weight of moving he was ahead of his time by about two decades.) It bodies on the Earth's surface depended on their direc- was completed in 1901, and was based on the bi®lar tion and velocity. A clear explanation of this change can principle. be given on the basis of Galilean and Newtonian me- chanics. The gravitational force of the Earth is the re- sultant of two forces: the principal one caused by the attraction according to Newton's law, the second one the centrifugal force caused by the Earth's rotation. Since the distribution of the masses on the Earth's sur- face and the velocity at which the Earth rotates are constant, the weight of objects on the Earth's surface is also constant. The situation is di€erent, however, in the

Figure 4: Vertical de¯ections and a level surface contour map in the region of Arad. Contour interval of the level surface Figure 5: The equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass undulations (referred to Bessel-ellipsoid isolines: 2 cm shown experimentally by EoÈ tvoÈ s and others [So€el, 1997] 11 case of moving objects. As the Earth rotates from west (Argentina) Professor F. Porro de Somenzi, Director of the to east, the centrifugal force on a moving object is Observatory of the La Plata University. (Austria) Professor W. greater if it moves towards the east than towards the Tinter, Technical University of Vienna; Vice-Admiral A. Ritter von Kalmar, Vienna; F. Lehrl from the Vienna Military Survey and west. As a result of this phenomenon the weight of a Professor E. Weiss, Director of the Vienna Observatory. (Belgium) body moving eastwards will decrease, while that moving Major L. Gillis, Director of Military Mapping Institute, Brussels. westwards will increase. This means that the weight of a (Denmark) General von Zachariae, Klampenborg. (France) Gen- man walking eastwards is less than if he is walking eral L. Bassot, President of the Internationale Erdmessung, westwards. The di€erence would be two grams. Member of the French Academy of Sciences and Director of the Observatory, Nice; A. Bouquet de la Grye, Member of the French It is interesting to note the circumstances that initi- Academy of Sciences, Paris; R. Bourgeois, Director of the Geodetic Branch, Military Survey, Paris; G. Darboux, Permanent Secretary ated EoÈ tvoÈ s' research on this topic. An eminent re- of the French Academy of Sciences, Paris; F. Hanusse, Director of searcher (O. Hecker) at the Geodetic Institute in the Hydrographic Service, French Navy, Paris; Ch. Lallemand, Potsdam had led a team to the Atlantic Ocean in 1901 Director of the French Survey Levelling Oce, Paris and H. Po- and then in 1904±1905 to the Indian and Paci®c Oceans, incare , President of the French Academy of Sciences, Paris and to carry out gravity measurements on moving ships. Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. (Ger- While studying Heckers results in the published report, many) Professor W. Foerster, University of Berlin; Professor M.Haid, Technical University of Karlsruhe; Professor M. Schmidt, EoÈ tvoÈ s noticed that no consideration had been given to Technical University of Munich; Professor R. Schorr, Director of the forces developed by the motion of the ship. In a the Hamburg Observatory; Professor Th. Albrecht, Geodetic letter to Hecker, EoÈ tvoÈ s pointed out the error but Institute, Potsdam; Colonel von Bertrab, Director of the Berlin Hecker at ®rst refused to give credence to this criticism. Military Triangulation Oce, Berlin; Professor E. Borrass, Geo- His colleagues, however, persuaded him that EoÈ tvoÈ s was detic Institute, Potsdam; Professor A. BoÈ rsch, Geodetic Institute, right and so in 1908 new measurements were carried out Potsdam; Professor O. Hecker, Geodetic Institute, Potsdam; Pro- fessor F.R. Helmert, Potsdam University and Director of the in the Black Sea to prove this phenomenon. Observa- Geodetic Institute, Potsdam and Professor E. Becker, Director of tions were made in two ships, one moving towards the Strassburg Observatory. (Great Britain) Sir G.H. Darwin, Profes- east and one towards the west. The results substantiated sor at the Cambridge University. (Hungary) Professor Lajos Bo- EoÈ tvoÈ s' claim. The international scienti®c community dola, Technical University of Budapest and Baron Lora nd EoÈ tvoÈ s, recognizes this phenomenon as the EoÈ tvoÈ s E€ect. The Professor at the Budapest University. (Italy) General C. Crema, EoÈ tvoÈ s E€ect is of special importance nowadays in the Director of Military Geographic Institute, Florence and Professor ®eld of sea and air gravimetry, see e.g. Groten (1980), F. Guarducci, University of Bologna. (Japan) Generalmajor T. Tasaka, Tokyo and Dr. H. Kimura, Director of the Observatory at Smit (1988) and Torge (1991). Mizusawa. (Mexico) A. Anguiano, Director of the Tacubaya Geodetic Commission and F. Valle, Director of the Tacubaya In 1915 EoÈ tvoÈ s constructed a special instrument to Observatory. (The Netherlands) Professor H. G. van de Sande demonstrate this phenomenon (that is the EoÈ tvoÈ s Ef- Bakhuyzen, Secretary General of the Internationale Erdmessung, fect). The device is basically a balance with a horizontal Director of the Leiden Observatory; Professor H. J. Heuvelink, beam, with a mass attached to each end instead of pans. Technical University of Delft and Dr. J. J. A. Muller, Director of the Triangulation Oce at Sumatra, Zeist. (Norway) Professor O. The balance stands on a rotating tripod (see EoÈ tvoÈ s SchioÈ tz, Christiania (now Oslo) University. (Romania) General Virtual Museum on WWW). When the balance is ro- C.J. Bratiano, Director of the Institute of Military Geography, tated the mass moving towards the west will become Bucharest and Colonel J. Cantea, Institute of Military Geography, heavier, the one moving towards the east lighter. The Bucharest. (Russia) Colonel N. Artamono€, Director of Military balance will, therefore, be de¯ected from its state of Topography, St. Petersburg and Dr. O. Backlund, Director of equilibrium. If the balance is rotated at such a speed that Pulkovo Observatory. (Spain) A. Galarza y Vidal, Director of the Geographic and Statistic Institute, Madrid and E. Mier y Miura, the rotation period equals the period of its oscillation Member of the Academy of Sciences, Madrid. (Sweden) Professor the impulses occurring during the rotations will cause P.G. Rose n, Member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences. (Swit- the balance to make ever-greater oscillations. zerland) Professor R. Gautier, Director of Geneva Observatory. (USA) O.H. Tittmann, Superintendent of the U.S. Coast and XVth General Assembly of the ``Internationale Geodetic Survey, Washington and J. F. Hayford, Inspector of Erdmessung'' in Budapest in 1906 ± An Identi®cation Geodesy at the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington. sought Also invited were: Baron F. Podmaniczky; M. De chy, Vice ± Chairman of the Hungarian Geographic Society; V. Dobrovics, The ``Internationale Erdmessung (``Association Ge ode - Director of the Hungarian Triangulation Oce; A. Antal€y, Di- sique Internationale'' in French) held its XVth General rector of the Hungarian National Survey; Baron B. Harka nyi, Assembly in Budapest in 1906 between September 20 Member of the Hungarian National Geodetic and Geophysical and 28. A detailed minutes of the meeting is given in Commission; Professor J. Farkas, Kolozsva r (today Cluj Napoca, (Bericht, 1908). On a sightseeing tour in Budapest, a Romania) University; J. Jankovich, Dr. M. Re thy, A. Schuller and group photograph on the participants was made at the Dr. I. FroÈ hlich, geodetic experts from Budapest, furthermore Professor C.E.Guillaume Nobel Prize Winner from Paris, France Margaret Island which was not yet published up to now. and Professor S. Shinjo from Kioto, Japan. Press Attache of the A copy of this photograph is enclosed by the courtesy of Conference was Dr. A. Fasching, a leading Hungarian surveyor at the owner, the Hungarian Museum for Science and that time and later Professor of Geodesy at Zagreb University. Technology which could be of interest to you. If any would be able to identify some of the delegates, Based on a list of the ocial participants, the fol- I would be most grateful. lowing nineteen countries sent delegates: 12

Figure 6: Identi®ed participants on the photograph are as follows: (2) Mrs. L. Bodola, (3) T. Tasaka, (4) L. Bodola, (5) A.R. Kalma r, (6) L. EoÈ tvoÈ s, (8) H. Kimura, (9) F.R. Helmert, (38) H. Poincare , (39) L. Bassot, (42) G. Darboux, (43) C.E. Guillaume, (45) G.H. Darwin, (52) V. Dobrovics, (53) A. Fasching, (57) E. Weiss, (61) J.F. Hayford, (65) W. Tinter, (70) H.J. Henvelink 13

Invitation to the IAG Scienti®c Assembly and for editing the text, and to Mr. Zolta n Szabo for in Budapest in 2001 delivering the ®gures of the EoÈ tvoÈ s Lora nd Geophysical Institute (ELGI). After 95 years, the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), one of the member associations of the Bibliography International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) will hold its Scienti®c Assembly in the capital of Bell, R.E.: Gravity Gradiometry Scienti®c American, Hungary, Budapest from September 2nd to 8th, 2001, in pp. 56±61, June, 1998. response to an invitation of the IAG Section of the Bericht uÈ ber die Verhandlungen der fuÈ nfzehnten Allge- Hungarian National Committee for the IUGG. meinen Conferenz der Internationalen Erdmessung abgehalten vom 20 bis 28 September 1906 in Buda- The scienti®c symposia and associated meetings will pest. Verhandl.d.XV.allg.Conferenz der Internat. be held at the building of the Hungarian Academy of Erdmessung in Budapest, 1906, I. Theil, pp. 55±108, Sciences. Pre-and post symposia programmes will be Berlin, 1908. organized in order to support the discovery of Hunga- EoÈ tvoÈ s R.: Untersuchungen uÈ ber Gravitation und Erd- ry's unique cultural treasures and its challenging natural magnetismus. Ann.d.Phys.u.Chem.Neue Folge, Vol. environment. All scientists interested in IAG activities LIX, pp. 354±400, 1896. are cordially invited to participate in the Scienti®c As- EoÈ tvoÈ s R.: Bestimmung der Gradienten der Schwerkraft sembly in Hungary in 2001. und ihrer Niveau¯aÈ chen mit Hilfe der Drehwaage. Verhandl.d. XV. allg. Conferenz der Int. Erdmes- The scienti®c program, under the title Vistas for sung in Budapest, 1906, I.Theil, pp. 337±395, Berlin, Geodesy in the New Millennium, will emphasize the in- 1908. teraction of geodesy with the other Earth Sciences and EoÈ tvoÈ s R.: Bericht uÈ ber geodaÈ tische Arbeiten in Ungarn Engineering, and its growing contribution to the mod- besonders uÈ ber Beobachtungen mit der Drehwaage. elling of the System Earth. It will highlight the impact of Verhandl. d. XVI. allg. Conferenz der Int. Erdmes- major new satellite missions and the integration of new sung in London und Cambridge, 1909, I.Theil, pp. data sources with existing ones. The program will be 319±350, Berlin,1910. open for new ideas, the planning of new programs, the EoÈ tvoÈ s R.: Bericht uÈ ber Arbeiten mit der Drehwaage integration of new people, and the creation of new ausgefuÈ hrt im Auftrage der koÈ n. ungarischen Reg- ¯exible organisational structures. Special sessions are ierung in den Jahren 1908±1911. Verhandl. d.XVII. planned to feature Gravity Gradiometry from EoÈ tvoÈ sto allg. Conferenz der Int. Erdmessung in Hamburg, GOCE etc. A major e€ort will be made to attract a large 1912, I.Theil, pp. 427±438, Berlin, 1913. number of graduate and undergraduate students to EoÈ tvoÈ s Virtual Museum is available on the WWW share the new vistas for geodesy. http://www.elgi.hu/museum/index.html (1998). Groten, E.: Geodesy and the Earth's Gravity Field. Vol. As decided at the last General Assembly of the IAG I.-II. DuÈ mmlers-Verlag, Bonn, 1980. in Birmingham in July, 1999 a special IAG Council Hotine, M.: Mathematical Geodesy. U.S. Department Meeting will take place in conjunction with this Scien- of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1969. ti®c Assembly. The year 2000 will have an outstanding Marussi, A.: Intrinsic Geodesy (Translated by W.I. signi®cance for the host country, Hungary, which cele- Reilly). Springer-Verlag, Berlin- Heidelberg, 1985. brates the 1000th anniversary of its statehood as well as Moritz, H.-Hofmann-Wellenhof, B.: Geometry, Rela- of the adoption of Christianity. Bordered by Austria, tivity, Geodesy. Wichmann, 1993. Croatia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Oltay K.: VorlaÈ u®ger Bericht uÈ ber die im Auftrage des Slovenia and Ukraine, Hungary is the heart of Central Herrn Baron R. EoÈ tvoÈ s ausgefuÈ hrten Lotabwei- Europe. Located at the crossroads of all these di€erent chungs-bestimmungen und Schweremessungen. cultures, Hungary provides a perfect bridge between Verhandl. XVI. Conferenz der Int. Erdmessung in Eastern and Western Europe. The Local Organizing London und Cambridge, 1909, I.Theil, pp. 351±353, Committee (LOC) would like to combine the high-level Berlin, 1910. scienti®c and technical content of the Scienti®c Assem- Rummel, R.: Satellite Gradiometry. In: Mathematical bly with the cultur of Hungary and hopes to be a good and Numerical Techniques in Physical Geodesy, Ed. host to all Assembly participants. At the very beginning by H. SuÈ nkel, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, Vol. of the new Millennium the Scienti®c Assembly hopefully 7, pp. 317±363, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, will attract participants from all over the world. 1986. Sele nyi P. (Editor): Roland EoÈ tvoÈ s gesammelte Arbei- ten. Akade miai Kiado , Budapest, 1953. Acknowledgements Smit, J.H.M.: Sea Gravimetry and EoÈ tvoÈ s Correction. Reports of the Faculty of Geodesy, Mathematical The author wishes to express his appreciation to Mrs. and Physical Geodesy, No. 88.3, TUDelft, The Igna c Bacsa for typing the text, to Mr. Frigyes Raum to Netherlands, 1988. call the author's attention for the photograph of the So€el, M.H.: Von Newton zu Einstein. DGK Reihe B.: Hungarian Museum for Science and Technology, to Mr. Angewandte GeodaÈ sie, Heft Nr. 305, pp. 54±66, Szabolcs Ro zsa for scanning the photograph and ®gures Verlag des IfAG, Frankfurt am Main, 1997. 14

Sterneck, R. von: Bericht uÈ ber die Gradmessungsarbei- Szabo Z. (Editor): Three Fundamental Papers of Lor- ten des k.u.k. MilitaÈ r ± geographischen Institutes, in a nd EoÈ tvoÈ s (In commemoration 1848±1998). Pub- OÈ sterreich-Ungarn in den Jahren 1903, 1904 und lished by EoÈ tvoÈ s Lora nd Geophysical Institute of 1905. Verhandl. d. XV.allg. Conferenz der Internat. Hungary, Budapest, 1998. Erdmessung in Budapest, 1906, I.Theil, pp. 179±182, Szabo Z.: The history of the EoÈ tvoÈ s balance (in Hun- Berlin, 1908. garian). Magyar Geo®zika, 40(1999), 1(26±38). Szabo Z.: One Hundred Years Old: The EoÈ tvoÈ s Torsion Torge, W.: Geodesy, 2nd Edition. W. de Gruyter, Ber- Balance. Geophysical Transactions, 37(1992), 1(7± lin-New York, 1991. 23). 15

STATUTES AND BY-LAWS

I- De®nition and objectives of the International accredited by the corresponding Adhering Bodies, as Association of Geodesy de®ned in the Statutes of the Union.

1. The International Association of Geodesy, hereafter 6. The Council of the Association shall consist of the called the Association, is one of the constituent associ- Delegates, known as Council Delegates, designated for ations of the International Union of Geodesy and Geo- meetings of the Council and formally accredited by the physics, hereafter called the Union. Adhering Body of Member Countries on the basis of one Delegate for each Member Country. Each Council 2. The objectives of the Association are: member shall be an Associate or a Fellow of the Asso- ciation. a) to promote the study of all scienti®c problems of geodesy and encourage geodetic research; No member of the Bureau of the Association shall serve as a Council Delegate of a country. The President b) to promote and coordinate international co- of the Association shall preside over the Council meet- operation in this ®eld, and promote geodetic activities in ings, without vote, except in the case of a tie as provided developing countries; in article 16 hereafter.

c) to provide, on an international basis, for dis- 7. Responsibility for the direction of the Association cussion and publication of the results of the studies, a€airs shall be vested in the Council of the Association. researches and works indicated in paragraphs a) and b) Decisions of the Council shall be reported to the General above. Assembly. In the case that the majority of those present at a General Assembly meeting disagrees with the deci- 3. To achieve these objectives, the Association shall sions of the Council, the Council shall reconsider the comprise a small number of Sections, each of which question, and make a decision, which shall be ®nal. deals with a distinct part of geodesy. 8. Between meetings of the Council, the direction of Commissions, Special Commissions and Special the a€airs of the Association shall be vested in the Bu- Study Groups may be formed as provided in the By- reau and the Executive Committee, the respective com- Laws. position and responsibilities of which are de®ned hereafter. 4. Every country adhering to the Union (Member Country) may be represented by Delegates to the Asso- 9. The Bureau of the Association shall consist of the ciation. President, the First Vice-President and the Secretary General, all of whom shall be elected by the Council. The a) Scientists may become Aliates of the Associ- duties of the Bureau shall be to administer the a€airs of ation, either as Fellows or Associates, as provided in the Association in accordance with these Statutes and the By-Laws. By-Laws and with the decisions of the Council and the Executive Committee.

II- Administration 10. The Executive Committee shall consist of the Bureau, the immediate past President and the Second 5. The General Assembly of the Association shall Vice-President of the Association, and the Presidents of consist of the Delegates of the Member Countries duly the Sections. 16

The Honorary Presidents and the Honorary General ation is ®nancial in character and whether the procedure Secretaries of the Association, the Presidents of Com- of voting by correspondence applies. missions, the Secretaries of the Sections, the Assistant Secretaries of the Association and the Chief Editor of 16. Decisions of the Council shall be taken by a the Bulletin Geodesique may attend any meeting of the simple majority, except as otherwise speci®ed in these Executive Committee of the Association, with voice but Statutes. If a tie should occur in a Council vote, the without vote. President shall cast the decisive vote. Simple and two- thirds majorities are determined by the proportion of The duties of the Executive Committee shall be to armative votes to the sum of all votes (armative, further the scienti®c objectives of the Sections and other negative and abstention). Bank and invalid ballots and scienti®c bodies of the Association through e€ective votes not cast by delegates present are counted as ab- coordination and through the formulation of general stentions. policies to guide the scienti®c work of the Association. IV- General The members of the Executive Committee shall at- tend meetings of the Council, with voice but without 17. Proposals for a change of any article of the vote. Statutes of the Association must reach the Secretary General at least six months before the announced date of the Council meeting at which it is to be considered. III- Voting The Secretary General shall notify all Member Coun- tries of any proposed change at least four months before 11. A Council Delegate may represent only one the announced date of the Council meeting. Member Country. 18. The Statutes of the Association may not be A Member Country which is not represented at a modi®ed except by the approval of a two-thirds majority Council meeting may vote by correspondence on any of votes cast at a Council meeting. speci®c question, provided that matter has been clearly de®ned on the ®nal agenda distributed in advance to the These Statutes or any further modi®cation of them Member Countries and that the discussion thereon has shall come into force at the close of the Council meeting not produced any signi®cant new considerations or at which they are approved. changed its substance, and provided that the said vote has been received by the President prior to the voting. 19. The Council shall have the power to adopt By-- Laws within the framework of the Statutes of the As- 12. In order that the deliberations of the Council shall sociation. be valid, the number of the Council Delegates present must be at least half of the Member Countries repre- These By-Laws may not be modi®ed except by a sented at the General Assembly of the Union. simple majority of votes cast at a Council meeting.

13. On questions not involving matters of ®nance, the These By-Laws or any further modi®cation of them voting in Council shall be by Member Countries, each shall come into force at the close of the Council meeting Member Country having one vote, provided that its at which they are approved. Union subscriptions shall have been paid up to the end of the calendar year preceding the voting. 20. In the event of the dissolution of the Association, its assets shall be ceded to the Union. 14. On questions involving ®nance, the voting in Council shall be by Member Countries, with the same 21. Conduct of meetings: Except as otherwise pro- provision that a voting country shall paid its Union vided in the Statutes or By-Laws, business meetings shall subscriptions up to the end of the calendar year preced- be conducted according to Robert's Rules of Order. ing the voting in Council. The number of votes allotted to each Member Country shall then be equal to the number 22. These Statutes and By-Laws of the Association of its category of membership as de®ned by the Union. are set out in French and in English.

15. Before a vote in a Council meeting, the President The validity of these rules shall not be vitiated by any shall decide whether or not the matter under consider- error of a formal or accidental nature. 17

II- BY-LAWS · monitoring and study of time-dependent phe- nomena: polar motion, Earth rotation, Earth I- Structure tides, recent crustal motions, variations of grav- ity, sea surface topography and mean sea level; 1. The scienti®c work of the International Associ- · geodetic aspects of international geodynamic ation of Geodesy is allocated to Sections, the respec- projects; tive responsibilities of which are decided by the · planetary and lunar dynamics; Council on recommendation of the Executive Com- · geophysical interpretation of gravity and re- mittee. The structure of these Sections shall be re- lated data. viewed every eight years (two periods) by a committee, called the Cassinis Committee, which shall make pro- 1A- Each Section shall set up a Steering Committee posals to the Executive Committee. Because of the consisting of the Section President, the Secretaries, the complex interrelations among various activities of the Presidents of Commissions and Special Commissions Association, interactions between the individual sec- within the Section, and such other persons, who have tions are implied. participated in the work of the Section, as are coopted to the Committee, on the recommendation of the Section There are at present ®ve sections which are the fol- President. lowing: 2. Commissions may be formed for activities for ± Section I: Positioning which close international cooperation or organization is · high precision horizontal and vertical networks; necessary, in particular for long term problems or ac- · satellite and spatial positioning; tivities relating to large regions. · inertial positioning; · kinematic positioning; Every Member Country of the Union is entitled to · geodetic astronomy; nominate one representative to each Commission, ex- · marine positioning; cept those dealing with speci®c geographical areas; to · refraction. the latter Commissions, only Member Countries of the Union in the geographical area in question are entitled ± Section II: Advanced Space Technology to nominate one representative each. · development of space techniques for geodesy, such as: satellite radio-tracking techniques, A Commission is normally assigned to one Section. radio-interferometric techniques, satellite and lunar laser ranging, satellite altimetry, satellite- Each Commission may be organized according to its to-satellite tracking, satellite gradiometry, own requirements in compliance with the Statutes and geodetic measurements from space; By-Laws of the Association and subject to approval by · orbital computations; the Executive Committee, for instance through the for- · direct results of such techniques; mation of regional Sub-Commissions. · planetary and lunar geodetic techniques. 2A- Special Commissions may be formed to study ± Section III: Determination of the Gravity Field scienti®c problems of a long term character which re- · absolute and relative terrestrial gravity mea- quire close cooperation between specialists from di€er- surements; ent countries. · non tidal gravity variations; · determination of the external gravity ®eld and A Special Commission is normally assigned to a the geoid from gravimetry, gradiometry, geo- particular Section. Each Special Commission may be detic astronomy, space and inertial techniques; organized to its own requirements in compliance with · reduction and estimation of gravity ®eld the Statutes and By-Laws of the Association and subject quantities. to the approval by the Executive Committee, for in- stance through the formation of special Sub-Commis- ± Section IV: General Theory and Methodology sions to study de®ned aspects in its ®elds. · General mathematical models for geodesy; · statistical and numerical analysis; 3. Special Study Groups may be formed to study · data processing and management; speci®c scienti®c problems of limited scope which re- · optimization methods; quire close cooperation between specialists from di€er- · least squares methods; ent countries. · di€erential and integral theories of the gravity ®eld; A Special Study Group is normally assigned to a · theory of estimation, approximation and rep- particular Section. resentation of the gravity ®eld. 4. The setting-up and dissolution of the Commis- ± Section V: Geodynamics sions, the Special Commissions and the Special Study · reference systems; Groups are decided by the Executive Committee which 18 also speci®es whether the Commission, the Special 8. The President of the Association is elected for one Commission or the Special Study Group is to be placed period. He may not be re-elected to this oce, but the under the direct authority of the Association or of one of Council may appoint him as Honorary President. its Sections. 9. The First and Second Vice-Presidents are elected The list of Commissions, Special Commissions and for one period and may not be immediately re-elected to Special Study Groups shall be published in the Geode- the same oce. sist's Handbook after each General Assembly. 10. deleted. 5. The Association may also participate in joint sci- enti®c bodies with other Associations of the Interna- 11. The Secretary General is elected for one period tional Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, or, initially. He may be re-elected for two additional single representing this Union with other Unions. These bodies periods. shall be administered according to speci®c rules pro- ceeding from their relations with other agencies, but they 12. The same rules as in Art. 11 apply to Assistant shall report on their scienti®c work at each General Secretaries, other than the Assistant Secretary appointed Assembly of the Association. under Art. 37A.

The Executive Committee of the Association shall 13. A member of the Bureau or of the Finance decide whether the relationship with any such common Committee of the Union may not occupy the post of body is to be placed under the responsibility of the As- President, of First Vice-President or of Secretary General sociation or of one speci®c Section. This responsibility of the Association. includes the appointment of representatives to these common bodies as well as participating in the planning 14. Should the position of President become vacant of their future activities. in the interval between two Ordinary General Assem- blies, his duties devolve to the First Vice-President until the closure of the next Ordinary General Assembly. In II- Elections the same way the duties of the First Vice-President then devolve on the Second Vice-President. 6. Elections shall take place in the Council during each Ordinary General Assembly of the Association. Should the post of Secretary General become vacant, the President shall arrange without delay for the Exec- The President in oce, after taking advice from utive Committee to elect a replacement by correspon- members of the Executive Committee, shall appoint a dence so as to ensure the continuity of the work of the Nominating Committee consisting of a Chairman and Central Bureau. This election has e€ect until the closure three other members. The Nominating Committee, after of the next Ordinary General Assembly. taking advice from the Adhering Bodies of the Member Countries and ocers of the Association, shall propose 15. The Presidents of Sections are elected for one a candidate for each position to be ®lled by election in period and may not be immediately re-elected to the the Council. Candidates shall be asked to signify their same oce. acceptance of nomination and to prepare a resume, maximum 150 words, outlining their position, research 16. The Secretaries of Sections are elected for one interests and activities relating to the Association. The period but may be re-elected for one further period. delegates shall be informed of these nominations and the resumes, early in the General Assembly, and a notice The President of each Commission which is in a posted allowing for submission, over a period of at least Section shall be a Secretary of that Section. The maxi- 48 hours, of further nominations. Such nominations mum number of Secretaries in a Section shall be two, shall be in writing, shall be supported by at least two except where the number of Commissions in a Section is members of the Council, and shall be submitted with greater than one, the number of Secretaries shall then resumes as described above to the Secretary General. equal the number of Commissions plus one. Delegates shall be informed of these further nominations and resumes and of their supporters. 17. Should the position of President of Section be- come vacant between two Ordinary General Assemblies, Elections shall be by secret ballot. the Executive Committee shall appoint an interim member to take oce until the closure of the next No person may hold more than one of the following General Assembly. oces at the same time: President of the Association, Vice-President, President of a Section and President of a Should other vacancies occur, the Executive Com- Commission and a Special Commission. mittee may make interim appointments. 7. The time interval between the closures of two successive Ordinary General Assemblies of the Associ- 18. The Presidents of Commissions and Special ation is called here a period. Commissions are elected by the Council of the Associa- 19 tion for one period and may be immediately re-elected the meeting where they are presented. They may be for one further period. published in the Bulletin Ge ode sique subject to its edi- torial policy. 19. The Chairman of a Special Study Group is ap- pointed by the Executive Committee for one period only. IV- Publications

20. A person may be President or Chairman at the 28. The Association's journal is the Bulletin Ge ode - same time of no more than one of the bodies referred to sique, hereinafter referred to as the journal. The journal in Arts. 18 and 19. is published at regular intervals, through an agreement between the Association and a publishing company, or III- General Assemblies by other arrangement approved by the Executive Committee. The terms of any agreement for publication 21. The Association shall hold its own Ordinary of the journal shall be negotiated by the President and General Assemblies in conjunction with the Ordinary rati®ed by the Executive Committee. General Assemblies of the Union, at the same time and in the same country. There shall be one or more Editors-in-Chief for the journal, hereinafter referred to as the Editor. The Editor 22. Before any General Assembly, a detailed agenda shall be advised and assisted by a Board of Editors, is prepared by the Bureau of the Association. As far as hereinafter referred to as the Board. the scienti®c work is concerned, the agenda is drawn up by the Executive Committee. This agenda is sent to the The Editor shall be responsible for the scienti®c content member countries and to all the ocers of the Associ- of the journal. All scienti®c manuscripts shall be subject to ation so as to reach them at least two months prior to a refereeing process and the Editor shall make the ®nal the Assembly. In principle, only matters on the agenda decision on whether a manuscript is accepted for pub- may be considered during the sessions, unless a decision lication. The Editor shall keep the Association informed to do otherwise is passed by a two-thirds majority in the of the activities and status of operations of the journal. Council or in the Executive Committee. 28A. At the time of each General Assembly, the Editor 23. At each General Assembly, the President of the shall, in consultation and agreement with the President of Association shall present a detailed report on the sci- the Association, recommend candidates for membership enti®c work of the Association during his tenure. The of the new Board, which is to hold oce for the next Secretary General shall present a detailed report on the period. During the Assembly, the current Board shall elect administrative work and on the ®nances of the Associ- the members of the new Board from those recommended. ation for the same period. They both should submit After taking oce, the new Board shall elect one, or more, proposals regarding work to be undertaken during the Editors(s) for the next period. The nomination of the coming period, within the limits of expected resources. Editor(s) shall be approved by the Executive Committee.

These reports are handed to the delegates attending the The Editor and the members of the Board, shall each General Assembly before the opening of the Assembly. hold oce for one period, but shall be eligible to be elected for one further period. 24. The scienti®c meetings generally take place Sec- tion by Section, but the study of some questions may 28B. After each General Assembly, a special issue of require joint meetings of several Sections or Symposia the Bulletin Ge ode sique shall be published under the under chairmen appointed by the Executive Committee. name of ``Geodesist's Handbook''. This issue aims at providing detailed information on the Association, its Joint Symposia covering topics interesting two or structure and scienti®c activities, and other relevant more Associations within the Union may be arranged. technical and administrative information.

25. At each General Assembly, the work of each 29. After each General Assembly, a collection of the Section shall be reported by its President assisted by his reports presented by the Sections, Commissions and Secretaries. Similarly, the work of each Commission, Special Study Groups shall be published in the ``Travaux Special Commission or Special Study Group shall be de l'Association Internationale de GeÂodeÂsie''. This publi- reported by its President or Chairman. cation is supplied free of charge to the Ocers of the Association and to the Adhering Body of each Member 26. The inclusion on the agenda of scienti®c papers Country. for presentation at sessions of the General Assembly is decided by a committee consisting of one member of the 30. The Association also issues special publications Bureau and the Presidents of Sections. which contain information on recommended standards in geodesy. 27. Individual authors are responsible for the repro- duction of their scienti®c papers. These papers are dis- 31. At every General Assembly each Member Coun- tributed to the delegates by the Central Bureau prior to try of the Union is invited to supply an adequate number 20 of copies of its National Report on geodetic work done ocers of the Association, including those of the since the previous General Assembly. These National Commissions and sub-Commissions, shall be eligible Reports, as far as available, are distributed by the Central for appointment as Fellows and shall be invited to Bureau of the Association in the same manner as the become Fellows of the Association. Persons elected as ``Travaux de l'Association Internationale de Ge ode sie''. ocers of the Association or nominated as members of Commissions, Special Commissions of Special Study V- Administration Group, shall automatically become Associates of the Association. Persons from Member Countries who 32. The Council of the Association shall: apply, indicating previous participation in Association activities, or providing a recommendation from their a) examine questions of general scienti®c policy or national Adhering Body or a recommendation from an administration in the business of the Association and ocer or a Fellow of the Association, shall be eligible appoint such Committees as may, from time to time, be to become Associates, and shall be recommended by deemed necessary for this purpose; the Bureau.

b) elect the members of the Bureau and of the The Executive Committee is convened by the Presi- Executive Committee, the Assistant Secretaries of the dent of the Association, it shall meet at General As- Association, the Secretaries of Sections, the Presidents semblies and its members shall attend the meetings of of Commissions and of Special Commissions; the Council, with voice but without vote. It shall also meet normally at least once between General Assem- c) receive reports from the Secretary General and blies, one year ahead of the General Assembly, in order consider for approval the decisions or actions taken by to prepare the scienti®c agenda and the time-table dur- the Bureau and the Executive Committee since the last ing the next General Assembly. Council meeting; At a meeting of the Executive Committee, no member d) appoint the three members of the ad hoc may be represented by any other person, except a committee created for examining the ®nances of the President of a Section who may be represented by a Association, consider its recommendations and adopt Secretary of his Section. In order that the deliberations the ®nal budget; of the Executive Committee shall be valid, half at least of its members must be present or represented. e) consider proposals for changes in the Statutes and By-Law; The agenda for each meeting of the Executive Com- mittee shall be prepared by the Bureau and sent to the The Council is convened by the President of the As- members at least three months prior to the meeting. sociation. It shall normally meet during the Ordinary General Assemblies. 34. The Bureau of the Association shall:

33. The Executive Committee of the Association shall: a) draw up the agenda of the meetings of the Council and Executive Committee; a) initiate actions and issue guidelines, as re- quired, to guide the Association towards the achieve- b) ensure the adequate administration of the As- ment of its scienti®c objectives; sociation. It shall normally meet before each meeting of the Executive Committee. b) ®ll vacancies occurring between General As- semblies, in accordance with the present Statutes and 35. The President of the Association shall: By-Laws; a) be the representative of the Association in its c) set up and dissolve Commissions, Special dealing with National or International Organizations or Commissions and Special Study Groups; Institutions;

d) appoint Chairmen of Special Study Groups, b) convene and preside over the General Assembly and approve the election of the Editor(s) in Chief of the and over all meetings of the Council, Executive Com- Bulletin Ge ode sique; mittee and Bureau;

e) appoint members of the Cassinis Committee; c) submit a report to the General Assembly on the scienti®c work of the Association during his tenure; f) make recommendations to the Council on matters of General policy of the Association and on the He is a member of the Executive Committee of the implementation of its objectives; Union. In case of his absence, the First Vice-President shall act. g) on the recommendation of the Bureau, ap- point Fellows and Associates of the Association. Past 36. The Secretary General shall: 21

a) serve as secretary of the General Assembly, the It is desirable the the President of a Section, or else Council, the Executive Committee and the Bureau: ar- one of the Secretaries of the Section, should attend each range for meetings of these bodies, prepare and dis- of the Symposia related to the section. tribute promptly the agenda and the minutes of all their meetings; Before each General Assembly the President of a Section shall receive the reports of the Commissions, b) be the Director of the Central Bureau; Special Commissions and Special Study Groups within his Section and, assisted by the Steering Committee, c) manage the a€airs of the Association, attend to prepare a report on the activities of the Section to be correspondence, preserve the records; presented at the General Assembly.

d) circulate all appropriate information related to He shall receive suggestions for new Special Study the Association; Groups, and suggestions for continuation of existing Special Study Groups under Art. 43, and, after con- e) prepare the reports on the Association's activi- sulting his Section Steering Committee, shall coordinate ties, especially report to the General Assembly on the them and transmit his recommendations to the Execu- administration and the ®nance of the Association during tive Committee. the current period; Each Section Steering Committee shall meet at least f) perform such other duties as may be assigned to once during each Ordinary General Assembly and on at him by the Bureau. least one other occasion during the period. At the General Assembly meeting, or on some other appro- 37. To assist the Secretary General in the perfor- priate occasion, the Steering Committee shall review the mance of his duties to the Association, the Association activities of Commissions, Special Commissions and establishes a permanent agency, the Central Bureau, Special Study Groups over the past period, and for those including a variable number of employees paid out of which will be recommended for continuation, review Association funds. their programmes for the forthcoming period.

The Secretary General is also assisted by a small The Section Secretaries assist the Section President in number of Assistant-Secretaries, one of whom is located his duties. in the same oce as the Secretary General. All these functions are unpaid and only expenses incurred in 39. The President of a Commission is responsible for connection with them are repayable. initiating and directing its work and selecting its mem- bers, apart from those representatives of Member 37A. An additional Assistant Secretary to be known Countries appointed under Art. 2. as the Assembly Secretary may also be appointed by the Council on the recommendation of the Adhering Body The President of each Commission shall issue a brief of the country in which the next General Assembly takes description of the work to be performed and a list of place. If this procedure is not feasible then the Council members, to be published in the Geodesist's Handbook may delegate the appointment to the Bureau. after each General Assembly.

In cooperation with the Central Bureau, this Assis- To assist communication and cooperation within tant Secretary has responsibilities for liaison with the each Commission, members should be informed, on an organizers working on the preparation of the General annual basis, of results achieved and of outstanding Assembly. This Assistant Secretary shall be appointed problems. for one period only. 39A. The President of a Special Commission is re- sponsible for initiating and directing its work and se- VI- Activities of Sections, Commissions, Special lecting its members. Special Commission membership Commissions and Special Study Groups should be balanced so as to re¯ect international coop- eration in the subject and shall be limited to a member 38. The President of a Section is responsible for the not exceeding 30. scienti®c development within the area of his Section and is the representative of his Section on the Executive The President of each Special Commission shall issue Committee of the Association. Working closely with the a brief description of the work to be performed and a list Steering Committee he shall encourage, guide and co- of members, to be published in the Geodesist's Hand- ordinate the work of the Commissions, Special Com- book after each General Assembly. missions and Special Study Groups within his Section, and in particular keep the ocers of his Section as well To assist communication and cooperation within as the Bureau of the Association informed of the Sec- each Special Commission, members should be kept in- tion's activities, on an annual basis. formed, on an annual basis, of results achieved and of outstanding problems. 22

40. The Chairman of a Special Study Group is Symposia sponsored by the Association shall be responsible for initiating and directing its work and freely open to all scientists, in accordance with ICSU appointing its members. Special Study Group member- regulations. ship should be balanced so as to re¯ect international cooperation in its subject and shall be limited to a 47. Normally applications for Symposia to be held in number exceeding 20. the period between two Ordinary General Assemblies should be submitted by the Host Organization to the The Chairman of each Special Study Group shall Secretary General before the General Assembly pre- issue a brief description of the work to be performed and ceding that period. During this General Assembly other a list of members, to be published in the Geodesist's applications may be submitted to the Secretary General Handbook after each General Assembly. at least two days before the last meeting of the Council.

To assist communication and cooperation within The Council, on recommendation of the Executive each Special Study Group, members should be kept in- Committee, shall decide whether the Symposium in formed, on an annual basis, of results achieved and of question will be sponsored by the Association. outstanding problems In exceptional cases, the Executive Committee may 41. The President of the Association, the Central approve late applications. Such applications must be Bureau and the President of the relevant Section should submitted at least 18 months before the proposed date receive copies of all ocial correspondence and of no- for the Symposium. tices to members of Commissions, Special Commissions and Special Study Groups. 48. The Symposium Organizer must send an ocial announcement of the Symposium to the Bulletin 42. The reports of each Commission, Special Com- Ge ode sique at least one year in advance or immediately mission and Special Study Group should reach the after the approval by the Association; the announced President of each relevant Section at least three months date of the Symposium must not be changed later. before each General Assembly. These reports and the reports of the Sections are published in the ``Travaux de 49. Within three months after, the Symposium Or- l'Association Internationale de Ge ode sie''. ganizer shall provide a report to be published in the Bulletin Ge ode sique. This report should indicate 43. The period of work of each Special Study Group whether, where, and when the Proceedings will be pub- normally ends at an Ordinary General Assembly. In the lished. A Copy of the Symposium Proceedings, or else exceptional case that a continuation of the work is one copy of each paper presented at the Symposium, deemed necessary, the Special Study Group Chairman shall be sent to the Central Bureau of the Association. shall submit in writing a well-grounded proposal, in- cluding a suggestion for his successor, to his Section 50. Sponsorship by the Association means only o- President, at least three months before the General cial recognition and does not imply ®nancial support. Assembly. The Section President shall then make a recommendation to the Executive Committee. VIII- International Sienti®c Cooperation

44. Commissions, Special Commissions and Special 51. The Association may undertake directly, supervise Study Groups not assigned to one Section shall be under or cooperate in scienti®c work of an international or in- the responsibility of the President of the Association. terdisciplinary character. As a matter of principle, the Association should be represented at Congresses, Inter- 45. Commissions, Special Commissions and Special national Meetings, General Assemblies, etc... of scienti®c Study Groups are free to hold workings of their mem- organizations whose activities are connected with its own. bers. If they wish to arrange scienti®c Symposia, these The President of the Association or its designate will be are subject to the usual approval procedure for Sym- the representative of the Association at these meetings. posia of the Association. Symposia should be arranged only if the topic transcends the frame of one Commis- Travelling and accommodation expenses of the Del- sion, one Special Commission or one Special Study egate of the Association may be charged, in whole or in Group. part, to the Association. The Delegate shall prepare a report of the meeting, including the discussions relating VII- Symposia to geodesy, which may be published, in whole or in part, in the Bulletin Ge ode sique. 46. The Association may organize scienti®c Symposia to study particular questions of wide interest. The Association may also represent the Union in inter-Union Commissions or special joint Committees The Executive Committee is responsible for a bal- dealing with topics that are related to its own studies. anced selection of Symposia, to ensure a representative coverage of subjects and a good geographical distribution Elections of Association or Union geodetic repre- and to avoid duplication, overlap and undue frequency. sentatives to those permanent bodies shall be made by 23 the Executive Committee. These representatives shall be The Secretary General alone shall responsible for elected for one period and may be re-elected for one control of the ®nancial operations of the Association; further period. however for each bank account of the Association, there shall be one Assistant Secretary who shall also have IX- Finance access to the account.

52. The funds of the Association derive from: 54. At each Ordinary General Assembly of the As- sociation the budget proposal for the ensuing period a) the contributions of the member countries of the shall be presented by the Secretary General and sub- Union of which a proportion, determined by the Council mitted for approval to the Council. of the Union on recommendation of its Finance Com- mittee, is paid to the Association by the Treasurer of the The budget as approved by the Council shall be im- Union; plemented by the Secretary General.

b) the sale of publications; During the next Ordinary General Assembly, the Council shall examine all expenditures to ensure that c) any other source (including grants, donations, in- they were in accordance with the proposals previously terest, funds remaining after a symposium, etc...). approved. The Council shall appoint an ad hoc com- mittee for carrying out this examination in detail. 53. The Secretary General is responsible to the Bu- reau of the Association and to the Council for managing In addition, these accounts shall be audited by a the funds in accordance with the Statutes and By-Laws, quali®ed accountant and shall then be reported to the with the decisions of the Council and with the recom- Treasurer of the Union, as prescribed in Art. 20 of mendations of the Finance Committee of the Union. By-Laws of the Union. 24

STATUTS ET REGLEMENT INTERIEUR

I- STATUTS II- Administration

I- De®nition et mission de l'Association Inter- 5. L'AssembleÂeGeÂneÂrale de l'Association est constit- nationale de GeÂodeÂsie ue e par les De le gue s des Pays Membres, duà ment ac- ce dite s par l'Organisme Adhe rent de chaque pays, tel 1. L'Association Internationale de GeÂodeÂsie, ci-apreÁ s que de ®ni par les Statuts de l'Union. de signe e l'Association, est l'une des associations con- stituant l'Union GeÂodeÂsique et GeÂophysique Internatio- 6. Le Conseil de l'Association est constitue par les nale, ci-apreÁ sde signe e l'Union. De le gue s, appele sDe le gue s au Conseil, de signe setduà - ment accre dite s par les Organismes Adhe rents des Pays 2. L'Association a pour mission: Membres pour les repre senter aÁ chacune des re unions du Conseil, aÁ raison d'un De le gue par Pays Membre. a) de promouvoir l'e tude de tous les probleÁ mes Chaque membre du Conseil est soit un Compagnon, soit scienti®ques de la ge ode sie et d'encourager la recherche un Associe de l'Association. ge ode sique; Aucun membre du Bureau de l'Association ne peut b) de prendre toute initiative pour faciliter et co- eÃtre choisi comme De le gue au Conseil d'un Pays Mem- ordonner la coope ration internationale dans ce domaine bre. Le Pre sident de l'Association pre side les re unions et de promouvoir les activite sge ode siques dans les pays du Conseil, sans participer aux votes, sauf dans le cas en de veloppement; d'e galite de voix comme pre cise aÁ l'Art. 16 ci-apreÁ s.

c) d'assurer, sur le plan international, la discussion 7. La responsabilite de la direction des a€aires de et la publication des re sultats des e tudes, recherches et l'Association est de volue au Conseil de l'Association. travaux mentionne s aux paragraphes a) et b) ci-dessus. Les de cisions prises par le Conseil sont pre sente es aÁ l'Assemble eGe ne rale. Si une majorite aÁ l'Assemble e 3. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, l'Association comp- Ge ne rale est en de saccord avec les de cisions du Conseil, rend un petit nombre de Sections, chacune d'entre elles celui-ci doit reconside rer sa position et prendre une traitant une partie distincte de la ge ode sie. Des Com- de cision qui devient de ®nitive. missions, des Commissions Spe ciales, des Groupes Spe ciaux d'Etudes peuvent eÃtre cre e s selon des formes 8. Dans l'intervalle des re unions du Conseil, la ges- pre cise es dans le ReÁ glement Inte rieur. tion des a€aires de l'Association est de volue au Bureau et au Comite ExeÂcutif dont la composition et les attri- 4. Chaque pays adhe rant aÁ l'Union (Pays Membre) butions respectives sont de ®nies ci-apreÁ s. est admis aÁ se faire repre senter aÁ l'Association par des De le gue s. 9. Le Bureau de l'Association est constitue par le PreÂsident,lePremier Vice-PreÂsident et le SecreÂtaire 4A. Des scienti®ques peuvent devenir AlieÂs de GeÂneÂral, tous trois e lus par le Conseil. Le roà le du Bureau l'Association, soit en tant que Compagnons, soit en tant est d'administrer l'Association conforme ment aux pre - qu'AssocieÂs, selon des reÁ gles pre cise es dans le ReÁ glement sents Statuts et ReÁ glement Inte rieur et aux de cisions du Inte rieur. Conseil et du Comite Exe cutif.

10. Le Comite ExeÂcutif de l'Association est constitue par le Bureau, le Pre sident sortant et le second Vice- 25

Pre sident de l'Association, ainsi que par les Pre sidents d'ordre ®nancier ou non, et si la proce dure du vote par des Sections. correspondance s'applique.

Les Pre sidents Honoraires et les Secre taires Ge ne raux 16. Les de cisions au Conseil sont prises aÁ la majorite Honoraires de l'Association, les Pre sidents des Com- simple, sauf dans les cas spe cialement mentionne s dans missions, les Secre taires des Sections, les Secre taires les pre sents Statuts. Si, au cours d'un vote au Conseil, il adjoints de l'Association et le Re dacteur en Chef du yae galite de voix, la de cision appartient au Pre sident. Bulletin Ge ode sique peuvent assister, aÁ titre consultatif, La majorite simple ou la majorite des deux-tiers sont aÁ toute re union du Comite Exe cutif de l'Association. de termine es par la proportion des votes armatifs aÁ la somme de tous les votes (armatifs, ne gatifs, absten- Le roà le du Comite Exe cutif est de guider les Sections tions). Les bulletins blancs, les bulletins non valables et et autres organismes scienti®ques de l'Association vers la les votes non exprime s par les de le gue s pre sents sont re alisation de leurs aspirations scienti®ques, en assurant de compte s comme abstentions. entre eux une coordination ecace et en formulant les reÁ gles ge ne rales ne cessaires au bon de roulement des travaux scienti®ques de l'Association. IV- GeÂneÂraliteÂs

Les membres du Comite Exe cutif participent, aÁ titre 17. Les propositions formule es en vue de la modi®- consultatif, aÁ toutes les de libe rations du Conseil. cation d'un article des Statuts de l'Association doivent parvenir au Secre taire Ge ne ral au moins six mois avant la date ®xe e pour la re union du Conseil au cours de III- Droit de vote laquelle elles seront examine es. Le Secre taire Ge ne ral devra faire connaõÃtre aÁ tous les Pays Membres, au moins 11. Un De le gue au Conseil ne peut eÃtre le De le gue quatre mois avant la date ®xe e pour la re union du que d'un seul Pays Membre. Conseil, toutes les propositions recËues aÁ ce sujet.

Un Pays Membre non repre sente aÁ une re union du 18. Les Statuts de l'Association ne peuvent eÃtre Conseil peut voter par correspondance sur toute ques- modi®e s que par un vote du Conseil aÁ la majorite des tion bien pre cise eaÁ l'ordre du jour de ®nitif distribue aÁ deux tiers. l'avance aux Pays Membres, pourvu que les de bats n'aient pas introduit d'importants aspects nouveaux de Les pre sents Statuts, ou toute modi®cation ulte rieure, cette question, ni modi®e sa substance, et pourvu que le prennent e€et aÁ la cloà ture de la re union du Conseil aÁ bulletin de vote conside re soit parvenu au Pre sident laquelle ils ont e te approuve s. avant l'ouverture du vote. 19. Dans le cadre des Statuts de l'Association, le 12. Pour que les de libe rations du Conseil soient va- Conseil a pouvoir d'adopter un ReÁ glement Inte rieur. lables, la pre sence e€ective au Conseil de la moitie au moins des De le gue s des Pays Membres repre sente saÁ Ce ReÁ glement Inte rieur ne peut eÃtre modi®e que par l'Assemble eGe ne rale de l'Union est ne cessaire. un vote du Conseil aÁ la majorite simple.

13. Pour toutes les questions n'ayant aucune inci- Ce ReÁ glement Inte rieur, ou toute modi®cation ult- dence ®nancieÁ re, le vote au Conseil se fait par Pays e rieure, prend e€et aÁ la cloà ture de la re union du Conseil Membre, chaque Pays Membre ayant une voix, aÁ con- aÁ laquelle il (ou elle) a e te approuve (e). dition qu'il ait paye ses cotisations aÁ l'Union jusqu'aÁ la ®n de l'anne e civile qui pre ceÁ de le vote. 20. En cas de dissolution de l'Association, ses avoirs sont ce de saÁ l'Union. 14. Pour toutes les questions ®nancieÁ res, le vote au Conseil se fait par Pays Membre, aÁ condition e galement 21. Sauf au cas ouÁ les Statuts, ou le ReÁ glement In- que le pays conside re ait paye ses cotisations aÁ l'Union te rieur, en de cideraient autrement, les re unions de tra- jusqu'aÁ la ®n de l'anne e civile qui pre ceÁ de le vote. Le vail seront conduites selon les reÁ gles: ``Robert's Rules of nombre de voix attribue es aÁ chaque Pays Membre est Order''. alors e gal au nume ro de la cate gorie dans laquelle le Pays adheÁ re aÁ l'Union. 22. Les pre sents Statuts et le ReÁ glement Inte rieur sont e tablis en FrancËais et en Anglais. 15. Avant un vote en Conseil, il revient au Pre sident de de cider si la question prise en conside ration est Leur validite ne peut eÃtre mise en cause par toute erreur de caracteÁ re formel ou accidentel. 26

II- REGLEMENT INTERIEUR · the orie de l'estimation, l'approximation et la repre sentation du champ de pesanteur.

I- Structure de l'Association ± Section V: GeÂodynamique · systeÁ mes de re fe rence; 1. Les travaux scienti®ques de l'Association Interna- · observation et e tude des phe nomeÁ nes variant tionale de Ge ode sie sont re partis dans les Sections dont avec le temps: mouvement du poà le, rotation les attributions respectives sont de cide es par le Conseil terrestre, mare es terrestres, mouvements re - sur recommandation du Comite Exe cutif. La structure cents de l'e corce terrestre, variations de la pe- de ces Sections est revue tous les huit ans (soit deux santeur, topographie de la surface marine et pe riodes) par un Comite , appele Comite Cassinis, qui niveau moyen des mers; pre sente ses propositions au Comite Exe cutif. En raison · aspects ge ode siques des projets ge odynami- des relations complexes entre les di€e rentes activite sde ques internationaux; l'Association, des interactions entre les Sections sont · dynamique des planeÁ tes et de la lune; ne cessaires. · interpre tation ge ophysique de la pesanteur et des donne es s'y rapportant. L'Association comprend actuellement les cinq Sec- tions ci-apreÁ s: 1A- Chaque Section cre e en son sein un Comite Di- recteur constitue par le Pre sident et les Secre taires de la ± Section I: DeÂtermination de position Section, les Pre sidents des Commissions et des Com- · re seaux horizontaux et verticaux de pre cision; missions Spe ciales appartenant aÁ la Section et par toute · me thodes spatiales de positionnement; personne qui, ayant travaille dans la Section, est coopte e · me thodes inertielles de positionnement; par le Pre sident de Section. · me thodes cine matiques de positionnement; · astronomie ge ode sique; 2. Des Commissions peuvent eÃtre cre e es pour certa- · positionnement en mer; ines activite s qui ne cessitent une coope ration ou une · re fraction. organisation internationale importante, en particulier pour les probleÁ mes de longue dure e ou les activite s in- ± Section II: Technologie spatiale avanceÂe te ressant de vastes territoires. · de veloppement des techniques spatiales en ge ode sie, telles que: techniques radioe lectri- Chaque Pays Membre de l'Union a le droit de ques de poursuite de satellite, techniques ra- nommer un repre sentant dans chaque Commission, ex- dio-interfe rome triques, mesures de distance cepte dans celles traitant de zones ge ographiques parti- laser terre-satellite et terre-lune, altime trie par culieÁ res; dans ce dernier cas, seuls les pays membres satellite, poursuite de satellite par satellite, situe s dans la zone ge ographique conside re e peuvent gradiome trie par satellite, mesures ge ode siques nommer un repre sentant dans la Commission. depuis l'espace; · calculs d'orbites; Normalement, une Commission fait partie d'une · re sultats ge ode siques directement issus de ces Section. Chaque Commission peut s'organiser selon les techniques; exigences qui lui sont propres tout en respectant les · techniques ge ode siques pour la lune et les Statuts et ReÁ glement Inte rieur de l'Association et en se planeÁ tes. soumettant aÁ l'approbation du Comite Exe cutif; elle peut, par exemple, cre er des Sous-Commissions re gio- ± Section III: DeÂtermination du champ de pesanteur nales. · mesures terrestres absolues et relatives de pe- santeur; 2A- Des Commissions SpeÂciales peuvent eÃtre cre e es · variations de pesanteur non lie es aux mare es; pour e tudier des probleÁ mes scienti®ques aÁ long terme · de termination du champ exte rieur de pesan- reque rant une coope ration e troite entre spe cialistes de teur et du ge oaÁ l'aide de la gravime trie, de la di€e rents pays. gradiome trie, de l'astronomie ge ode sique, des techniques spatiales et inertielles; Normalement, une Commission Spe ciale fait partie · re duction et estimation des parameÁ tres du d'une Section. champ de pesanteur. Chaque Commission Spe ciale peut s'organiser selon ± Section IV: TheÂorie GeÂneÂrale et MeÂthodologie des exigences qui lui sont propres tout en se conformant · modeÁ les mathe matiques ge ne raux en ge ode sie; aux Statuts et ReÁ glement Inte rieur de l'Association et en · analyse statistique et nume rique; se soumettant aÁ l'approbation du Comite Exe cutif, elle · traitement et gestion des donne es; peut, par exemple, cre er des Sous-Commissions pour · me thodes d'optimisation; e tudier des probleÁ mes spe ci®ques dans son domaine. · me thodes des moindres carre s; · the ories di€e rentielle et inte grale du champ de 3. Des Groupes SpeÂciaux d'Etudes peuvent eÃtre cre e s pesanteur; pour e tudier des probleÁ mes scienti®ques particuliers 27 d'e tendue limite e mais qui requieÁ rent une coope ration Les e lections ont lieu au scrutin secret. e troite entre les spe cialistes de di€e rents pays. Une meÃme personne ne peut occuper en meÃme temps Normalement, un Groupe Spe cial d'Etudes fait partie plus d'un des postes suivants: Pre sident de l'Association, d'une Section. Vice-Pre sident, Pre sident de Section et Pre sident de Commission ou de Commission Spe ciale. 4. La cre ation et la dissolution des Commissions, des Commissions Spe ciales et des Groupes Spe ciaux 7. L'intervalle de temps se parant les cloà tures de deux d'Etudes sont de cide es par le Comite Exe cutif qui pre - Assemble es Ge ne rales Ordinaires successives de l'Asso- cise e galement si la Commission, la Commission Spe ci- ciation est appele ``peÂriode''. ale ou le Groupe Spe cial d'Etudes doit eÃtre place sous l'autorite directe de l'Association ou de l'une de ses 8. Le PreÂsident de l'Association est e lu pour une Sections. pe riode. Il n'est pas imme diatement re e ligible aÁ ce poste, mais le Conseil peut le nommer Pre sident honoraire. La liste des Commissions, des Commissions Spe ciales et des Groupes Spe ciaux d'Etudes est publie e dans le 9. Le Premier et le Second Vice-PreÂsidents sont e lus Manuel du Ge ode sien aÁ l'issue de chaque Assemble e pour une pe riode et ne sont pas imme diatement re e ligi- Ge ne rale. bles aux meÃmes postes.

5. L'Association peut aussi prendre part aux activite s 10. (Article supprimeÂ). d'organismes scienti®ques communs avec d'autres As- sociations de l'Union Ge ode sique et Ge ophysique In- 11. Le SecreÂtaire GeÂneÂral est e lu initialement pour ternationale ou, repre sentant l'Union, avec d'autres une pe riode. Il peut eÃtre re -e lu pour deux autres pe ri- Unions. Ces Organismes sont administre s suivant des odes, par pe riodes successives. reÁ gles spe ci®ques de coulant des relations avec les autres groupes, mais ils pre sentent un rapport sur leurs activite s 12. Ces meÃmes reÁ gles (Art. 11) s'appliquent aux scienti®ques aux Assemble es Ge ne rales de l'Association. SecreÂtaires adjoints de l'Association, aÁ l'exception du Secre taire adjoint e lu selon la proce dure pre vue aÁ l'Art. Le Comite Exe cutif de l'Association de cide si la 37A. participation aÁ un tel organisme commun doit eÃtre place e sous la responsabilite de l'Association ou de l'une 13. Les membres du Bureau et du Comite des Fi- des Sections. Cette responsabilite inclut la de signation nances de l'Union ne peuvent occuper les postes de des repre sentants aÁ ces organismes ainsi que la partici- Pre sident, Premier Vice-Pre sident ou Secre taire Ge ne ral pation aÁ la plani®cation de leurs activite s futures. de l'Association.

II- Elections 14. Si le poste de Pre sident devient vacant dans l'in- tervalle entre deux Assemble es Ge ne rales Ordinaires, les 6. Les e lections sont faites par le Conseil au cours de fonctions en sont assure es jusqu'aÁ la ®n de l'Assemble e chaque Assemble eGe ne rale Ordinaire de l'Association. Ge ne rale Ordinaire suivante par le Premier Vice-Pre si- dent. De la meÃme facËon, les fonctions du Premier Vice- Le Pre sident en exercice, apreÁ s avoir pris l'avis des Pre sident reviennent alors au Second Vice-Pre sident. membres du Comite Exe cutif, de signe un Comite de Nomination compose d'un pre sident et de trois autres Si le poste de Secre taire Ge ne ral devient vacant, le membres. Le Comite de Nomination, apreÁ s avoir pris Pre sident charge imme diatement le Comite Exe cutif l'avis des Organismes Adhe rents des Pays Membres et d'e lire par correspondance un remplacËant de facËon aÁ des Ociels de l'Association, propose un candidat pour assurer la continuite de fonctionnement du Bureau chacun des postes soumis aÁ e lection au Conseil. Les Central. Cette e lection n'a d'e€et que jusqu'aÁ la ®n de candidats doivent signi®er leur acceptation et fournir un l'Assemble eGe ne rale Ordinaire suivante. re sume de leur carrieÁ re, en 150 mots maximum, mettant en e vidence leur fonction actuelle, leurs inte reÃts de re- 15. Les PreÂsidents des Sections sont e lus pour une cherche et leurs activite s en rapport avec l'Association. pe riode et ne sont pas imme diatement re e ligibles aux Les de le gue s sont tenus informe s, treÁ stoà t au cours de meÃmes postes. l'Assemble eGe ne rale, de ces candidatures ainsi que des re sume s les accompagnant, en outre, des annonces sont 16. Les SecreÂtaires des Sections sont e lus pour une faites pour permettre, pendant une pe riode d'au moins pe riode et sont re e ligibles pour une autre pe riode. 48 heures, aÁ d'autres candidatures de se manifester. Celles-ci doivent eÃtres pre sente es par e crit, avoir l'appui Le Pre sident de chaque Commission appartenant aÁ d'au moins deux membres du Conseil, et eÃtre adresse es, une Section devient Secre taire de cette Section. Le accompagne es des re sume s tels que de crits ci-dessus, au nombre maximum de Secre taires dans une Section est Secre taire Ge ne ral. Les de le gue s ont connaissance de ces deux, sauf si le nombre de Commissions dans cette dernieÁ res candidatures, des re sume s, ainsi que des noms Section de passe un, dans ce cas le nombre de Secre taires des personnes apportant leur soutien. est e gal au nombre de Commissions plus un. 28

17. Si un poste de Pre sident de Section devient vacant 25. A chaque Assemble eGe ne rale, les travaux de entre deux Assemble es Ge ne rales Ordinaires, le Comite chaque Section font l'objet d'un rapport pre sente par Exe cutif de signe un Pre sident inte rimaire qui tient le son Pre sident assiste de ses Secre taires. De meÃme, les poste jusqu'aÁ la ®n de la prochaine Assemble eGe ne rale. travaux de chaque Commission, Commission Spe ciale ou Groupe Spe cial d'Etudes sont pre sente s par les pre - Dans le cas d'autres vacances, le Comite Exe cutif sidents respectifs. peut de signer des inte rimaires. 26. L'inscription de communications scienti®ques aÁ 18. Les PreÂsidents des Commissions et des Commis- l'ordre du jour des se ances de l'Assemble eGe ne rale est sions SpeÂciales sont e lus par le Conseil de l'Association de cide e par un Comite constitue par un membre du pour une pe riode et peuvent eÃtre imme diatement re -e lus Bureau et les Pre sidents des Sections. pour une autre pe riode. 27. Les communications scienti®ques individuelles 19. Le PreÂsident d'un Groupe SpeÂcial d'Etudes est sont reproduites par leur auteurs. Elles sont distribue es nomme par le Comite Exe cutif pour une pe riode seule- aux De le gue s par le Bureau Central avant la se ance aÁ ment. laquelle elles doivent eÃtre pre sente es. Elles peuvent eÃtre publie es dans le Bulletin Ge ode sique sous re serve d'en 20. Une meÃme personne ne peut eÃtre aÁ la fois pre si- satisfaire la politique d'e dition. dent de plus d'un des organismes vise s aux Art. 18 et 19.

IV- Publication III- AssembleÂes GeÂneÂrales 28. Le journal ociel de l'Association est le Bulletin 21. L'Association tient ses propres Assemble es GeÂodeÂsique, ci-apreÁ sde signe ``le Journal''. Le Journal est Ge ne rales Ordinaires en liaison avec celles de l'Union, aÁ publie aÁ intervalles re guliers, par une socie te d'e dition la meÃme date et dans le meÃme pays. lie e par accord aÁ l'Association, ou par tout autre moyen approuve par le Comite Exe cutif. Les termes sont ne g- 22. Avant chaque Assemble eGe ne rale, le Bureau de ocie s par le Pre sident et sont rati®e s par le Comite Ex- l'Association pre pare un ordre du jour de taille . Pour ce e cutif. qui concerne les travaux scienti®ques, l'ordre du jour est e tabli par le Comite Exe cutif. Cet ordre du jour est en- Un (ou plusieurs) Re dacteur(s) en Chef, de signe (s) ci- voye aux pays membres et aÁ tous les Ociels de l'As- apreÁ s ``le Re dacteur'', est (sont) en charge du Journal. sociation de facËon aÁ leur parvenir au moins deux mois avant la date de l'Assemble e. En principe, seules les Le Re dacteur est conseille et assiste par un Comite questions qui ®gurent aÁ l'ordre du jour sont prises en des Re dacteurs, ci-apreÁ sde signe ``le Comite ''. conside ration pendant les sessions; il peut en eÃtre au- trement par un vote acquis aÁ la majorite des deux tiers Le Re dacteur est responsable du contenu scienti®que soit en Conseil, soit au Comite Exe cutif. du Journal. Tous les articles scienti®ques sont soumis aÁ la proce dure de revue et le Re dacteur prend la de cision 23. A chaque Assemble eGe ne rale, le Pre sident de ®nale d'accepter ou non l'article pour le publier. Le l'Association pre sente un rapport de taille sur les activi- Re dacteur informe l'Association des activite s et de l'e tat te s scienti®ques de l'Association pendant la pe riode de des ope rations concernant le Journal. sa pre sidence. Le Secre taire Ge ne ral pre sente, pour la meÃme pe riode, un rapport de taille concernant les activ- 28A. A chaque Assemble eGe ne rale, le Re dacteur, ite s administratives et les ®nances de l'Association. Ils apreÁ s consultation et accord du Pre sident de l'Associa- soumettent chacun des propositions sur les activite saÁ tion, recommande des candidats pour devenir membres entreprendre au cours de la pe riode aÁ venir dans la du nouveau Comite appele aÁ ope rer pendant la pe riode mesure ouÁ les ressources envisage es le permettent. suivant l'Assemble eGe ne rale.

Ces rapports sont remis aux De le gue s pre sents aÁ Pendant cette Assemble e, le Comite en exercice e lit les l'Assemble eGe ne rale avant l'ouverture de cette As- membres du nouveau Comite parmi les candidats rec- semble e. ommande s. ApreÁ s son entre e en fonction, le nouveau Comite e lit un (ou plusieurs) Re dacteur(s) pour la 24. Les re unions scienti®ques ont ge ne ralement lieu pe riode aÁ venir. La de signation du Re dacteur doit eÃtre par Section, mais l'e tude de certaines questions peut approuve e par le Comite Exe cutif. ne cessiter des re unions communes aÁ plusieurs Sections ou des symposiums place s sous la responsabilite de Le Re dacteur, ainsi que les membres du Comite , sont pre sidents de signe s par le Comite Exe cutif. e lus pour une pe riode, mais sont susceptibles d'eÃtre re - e lus pour une pe riode supple mentaire. Des symposiums communs couvrant des sujets inte - ressant au moins deux Associations de l'Union peuvent 28B. ApreÁ s chaque Assemble eGe ne rale, il est publie eÃtre organise s. un nume ro spe cial du Bulletin Ge ode sique appele le 29

``Manuel du GeÂodeÂsien''. Cette publication a pour but de b) comble toute vacance de poste qui pourrait fournir des informations de taille es sur l'Association, sa survenir, entre deux Assemble es Ge ne rales, selon les structure, ses activite s scienti®ques et bien d'autres in- reÁ gles des Statuts et du ReÁ glement Inte rieur; formations aÁ caracteÁ re technique ou administratif. c) cre e et dissout les Commissions, Commissions 29. A l'issue de chaque Assemble eGe ne rale, l'en- Spe ciales et Groupes Spe ciaux d'Etudes; semble des rapports pre sente s par les Sections, Com- missions et Groupes Spe ciaux d'Etudes est publie sous le d) nomme les Pre sidents des Groupes Spe ciaux nom de ``Travaux de l'Association Internationale de d'Etudes et approuve l'e lection du(des) Re dacteur(s) en GeÂodeÂsie''. Cette publication est adresse e gratuitement Chef du Bulletin Ge ode sique; aux Ociels de l'Association et aux Organismes Adhe - rents des Pays Membres. e) nomme les membres du Comite Cassinis;

30. L'Association assure e galement des publications f) pre sente des recommandations au Conseil sur speÂciales qui pre sentent les re fe rences recommande es en les questions de politique ge ne rale de l'Association; ge ode sie. g) sur recommandation du Bureau, de signe les 31. A chaque Assemble eGe ne rale les Pays Membres Compagnons et les Associe s de l'Association. Les anc- de l'Union sont invite saÁ fournir un certain nombre iens Ociels de l'Association, y compris ceux des d'exemplaires de leur Rapport National sur les travaux Commissions et des sous-Commissions, ont vocation aÁ ge ode siques e€ectue s depuis la pre ce dente Assemble e eÃtre nomme s Compagnons de l'Association et sont in- Ge ne rale. Ces Rapports Nationaux, dans la mesure ouÁ vite saÁ le devenir. Les personnes e lues Ociels de l'As- ils sont disponibles, sont distribue s comme les ``Trav- sociation ou de signe es comme membres des aux de l'Association'' par le Bureau Central de l'Asso- Commissions, Commissions Spe ciales ou Groupes ciation. Spe ciaux d'Etudes deviennent automatiquement Asso- cie s de l'Association. Les personnes de Pays Membres qui en font la demande, en mentionnant leurs activite s V- Administration passe es au sein de l'Association, ou pre sentant une re- commandation de leur Organisme Adhe rent national ou 32. Le Conseil de l'Association: celle d'un Ociel ou d'un Compagnon de l'Association, peuvent eÃtre admises aÁ devenir Associe s et sont recom- a) examine les questions de politique scienti®que mande es par le Bureau. ge ne rale ou d'administration dans les a€aires de l'As- sociation et de signe, aÁ cet e€et, les Comite s qui, le cas Le Comite Exe cutif se re unit sur convocation du e che ant, peuvent eÃtre juge sne cessaires; Pre sident de l'Association. Il se re unit au cours des As- semble es Ge ne rales et ses membres participent, aÁ titre b) e lit les membres du Bureau et du Comite Ex- consultatif, aux re unions du Conseil. Il se re unit e gale- e cutif, les Secre taires adjoints de l'Association, les Sec- ment au moins une fois entre deux Assemble es Ge ne - re taires des Sections, les Pre sidents des Commissions et rales, un an avant l'Assemble eGe ne rale pour pre parer le des Commissions Spe ciales; programme des activite s scienti®ques et le projet d'em- ploi du temps de cette Assemble eGe ne rale. c) recËoit les rapports du Secre taire Ge ne ral et ex- amine, pour approbation, les de cisions ou mesures prises Lors d'une re union du Comite Exe cutif, aucun par le Bureau et le Comite Exe cutif depuis la dernieÁ re membre ne peut se faire repre senter par quiconque, sauf re union du Conseil; un Pre sident de Section qui peut eÃtre repre sente par un Secre taire de sa Section. Les de libe rations du Comite d) de signe les trois membres du comite ad hoc cre e Exe cutif sont de clare es valides si au moins la moitie des pour l'examen des ®nances de l'Association, e tudie ses membres sont pre sents au repre sente s. recommandations et adopte le budget de ®nitif; L'ordre du jour de chaque re union du Comite Ex- e) examine les propositions de modi®cation des e cutif est pre pare par le Bureau et adresse aux membres Statuts et du ReÁ glement Inte rieur. au moins trois mois avant la re union.

Le Conseil se re unit sur convocation du Pre sident de 34. Le Bureau de l'Association: l'Association. Il se re unit normalement pendant les As- semble es Ge ne rales Ordinaires. a) e tablit l'ordre du jour des re unions du Conseil et du Comite Exe cutif; 33. Le Comite ExeÂcutif de l'Association: b) assure l'administration de l'Association. a) prend les mesures et e tablit les reÁ gles ne cessaires aÁ l'accomplissement des missions scienti®ques de l'As- Il se re unit normalement avant chaque re union du sociation; Comite Exe cutif. 30

35. Le PreÂsident de l'Association: En collaboration avec le Bureau Central, ce Secre - taire Adjoint est responsable des relations avec les or- a) repre sente l'Association dans ses relations avec ganisateurs s'occupant de la pre paration de l'Assemble e les Organismes ou Institutions nationales ou interna- Ge ne rale. Ce Secre taire Adjoint n'est nomme que pour tionales; une seule pe riode.

b) convoque et pre side les Assemble es Ge ne rales et VI- ActiviteÂs des Sections, Commissions, Com- toutes les re unions du Conseil, du Comite Exe cutif et du missions SpeÂciales et Groupes SpeÂciaux d'Etudes Bureau; 38. Le PreÂsident d'une Section a la responsabilite du c) pre sente aÁ l'Assemble eGe ne rale le rapport sur de veloppement des activite s scienti®ques de sa Section et les activite s scienti®ques de l'Association pendant la il repre sente sa Section au Comite Exe cutif de l'Associ- pe riode de sa pre sidence. ation. En liaison e troite avec son Comite Directeur, il encourage, guide et coordonne les travaux des Com- Il est membre du Comite Exe cutif de l'Union. En cas missions, Commissions Spe ciales et Groupes Spe ciaux d'indisponibilite du Pre sident, le Premier Vice-PreÂsident d'Etudes de sa Section, et, en particulier, rend compte le remplace. annuellement des activite s de sa Section aux ociels de la Section ainsi qu'aux membres du Bureau de l'Asso- 36. Le SecreÂtaire GeÂneÂral de l'Association: ciation.

a) assume les fonctions de secre taire de l'Assem- Le Pre sident d'une Section, ou, aÁ de faut, l'un de ses ble eGe ne rale, du Conseil, du Comite Exe cutif et du Secre taires, doit assister aÁ chaque symposium concer- Bureau; il organise leurs re unions, pre pare et di€use nant la Section. promptement l'ordre du jour et les proceÁ s-verbaux de toutes ces re unions; Avant chaque Assemble eGe ne rale, le Pre sident d'une Section recËoit les rapports d'activite des Commissions, b) remplit les fonctions de Directeur du Bureau Commissions Spe ciales et Groupes Spe ciaux d'Etudes Central; rattache saÁ sa Section et, assiste du Comite Directeur, il pre pare alors le compte rendu des activite s de la Section c) geÁ re les a€aires de l'Association, se charge de la aÁ pre senter aÁ l'Assemble eGe ne rale. Il recËoit les sugges- correspondance et assure la conservation des archives; tions pour cre er de nouveaux Groupes Spe ciaux d'Etudes et pour continuer l'activite de Groupes de jaÁ d) distribue toutes les informations concernant existants, selon la proce dure expose eaÁ l'Art. 43. ApreÁ s l'Association; consultation du Comite Directeur de la Section, il co- ordonne ces demandes et transmet ses recommandations e) pre pare les rapports d'activite de l'Association, au Comite Exe cutif. en particulier il pre sente aÁ l'Assemble eGe ne rale le rap- port sur l'administration et les ®nances de l'Association Chaque Comite Directeur de Section se re unit au pour la pe riode en cours; moins une fois durant chaque Assemble eGe ne rale Or- dinaire et au moins aÁ une autre occasion au cours de la f) accomplit toutes autres taà ches qui lui sont pe riode entre deux Assemble es Ge ne rales. Lors de la con®e es par le Bureau. re union aÁ l'Assemble eGe ne rale, ou au cours de toute autre occasion approprie e, le Comite Directeur passe en 37. Pour aider le Secre taire Ge ne ral dans l'accom- revue les activite s des Commissions, Commissions plissement de ses taÃches envers l'Association, celle-ci Spe ciales et Groupes Spe ciaux d'Etudes pendant la e tablit une structure permanente, le Bureau Central, pe riode e coule e, et examine les programmes de celles et comportant un nombre variable d'employe s paye s sur ceux dont la poursuite de l'activite est propose e pour la des fonds de l'Association. pe riode suivante.

Le Secre taire Ge ne ral est e galement assiste d'un petit Les SecreÂtaires de Section assistent le Pre sident de nombre de SecreÂtaires adjoints, dont l'un deux re side Section dans ses fonctions. dans la meÃme localite que le Secre taire Ge ne ral. Ces fonctions sont gratuites et ne peuvent donner lieu qu'au 39. Le PreÂsident d'une Commission a la responsabilite remboursement des frais occasionne es par ces charges. d'en promouvoir et d'en diriger les travaux et d'en recruter les membres, aÁ l'exception des repre sentants des 37A. Un Secre taire Adjoint supple mentaire, de signe Pays Membres, de signe s comme indique aÁ l'Art. 2. ``Le SecreÂtaire de l'AssembleÂe'', peut e galement eÃtre nomme par le Conseil sur recommandation du pays ouÁ Le Pre sident de chaque Commission e tablit une breÁ ve se tiendra la prochaine Assemble eGe ne rale. Si cette description du travail aÁ accomplir et une liste des proce dure de nomination n'est pas re alisable, le Conseil membres, pour publication dans le Manuel du Ge ode - de leÁ gue cette nomination au Bureau de l'Association. sien apreÁ s chaque Assemble eGe ne rale. 31

A®n d'assurer la communication et la coope ration au e crite bien argumente e, y compris une suggestion pour sein de chaque Commission, les membres sont tenus la de signation de son successeur. Le Pre sident de Sec- informe s, annuellement, des re sultats obtenus et des tion pre sente alors une recommandation au Comite probleÁ mes en cours. Exe cutif.

39A. Le PreÂsident d'une Commission SpeÂciale ala 44. Les Commissions, Commissions Spe ciales et responsabilite d'en promouvoir et d'en diriger les trav- Groupes Spe ciaux d'Etudes non rattache saÁ une Section aux et d'en recruter les membres. particulieÁ re sont place s sous la responsabilite du Pre si- dent de l'Association. La re partition ge ographique de ces derniers doit ref- le ter une bonne coope ration internationale sur le sujet 45. Les Commissions, Commissions Spe ciales et d'e tude et leur nombre ne doit pas exce der 30. Groupes Spe ciaux d'Etudes sont libres d'organiser des re unions de travail de leurs membres. S'ils de sirent or- Le Pre sident de chaque Commission Spe ciale e tablit ganiser des Symposiums scienti®ques, ils doivent suivre une breÁ ve description du travail aÁ accomplir et une liste la proce dure d'approbation des symposiums pre vue par des membres, pour publication dans le Manuel du l'Association. Les symposiums ne peuvent eÃtre organise s Ge ode sien apreÁ s chaque Assemble eGe ne rale. que si leur sujet de borde du cadre d'activite d'une Commission, Commission Spe ciale ou d'un Groupe A®n d'assurer la communication et la coope ration au Spe cial d'Etudes. sein de chaque Commission Spe ciale, les membres sont tenus informe s, annuellement, des re sultats obtenus et des probleÁ mes en cours. VII- Symposiums

40. Le PreÂsident d'un Groupe SpeÂcial d'Etudes ala 46. L'Association peut organiser des symposiums sci- responsabilite d'en promouvoir et d'en diriger les trav- enti®ques pour e tudier des probleÁ mes particuliers d'in- aux et d'en recruter les membres. te reÃt ge ne ral.

La re partition ge ographique de ces derniers doit ref- Le Comite Exe cutif a la responsabilite de veiller au le ter une bonne coope ration internationale sur le sujet choix judicieux des symposiums, de facËon aÁ garantir une d'e tude et leur nombre ne doit pas exce der 20. e quitable repre sentation par sujet et une bonne re parti- tion ge ographique et aussi aÁ e viter des doubles emplois, Le Pre sident de chaque Groupe Spe cial d'Etudes des recouvrements et une fre quence injusti®e e. e tablit une breÁ ve description du travail aÁ accomplir et une liste des membres, pour publication dans le Manuel Les symposiums parraine s par l'Association sont du Ge ode sien apreÁ s chaque Assemble eGe ne rale. ouverts aÁ tous les scienti®ques, selon les reÁ gles du Conseil International des Unions Scienti®ques. A®n d'assurer la communication et la coope ration au sein de chaque Groupe Spe cial d'Etudes, les membres 47. Les propositions de symposiums pour la pe riode sont tenus informe s, annuellement, des re sultats obtenus entre deux Assemble es Ge ne rales Ordinaires sont nor- et des probleÁ mes en cours. malement soumises par les Organisateurs au Secre taire Ge ne ral, avant l'Assemble eGe ne rale pre ce dant cette 41. Le Pre sident de l'Association, le Bureau Central pe riode. Au cours de cette Assemble eGe ne rale d'autres et le Pre sident de la Section concerne e recËoivent copie propositions peuvent eÃtre soumises au Secre taire Ge ne - des correspondances ocielles et des notes aux membres ral, au plus tard deux jours avant la dernieÁ re re union du des Commissions, Commissions Spe ciales et Groupes Conseil. Spe ciaux d'Etudes. Le Conseil, sur recommandation du Comite Exe cutif, 42. Les rapports d'activite de chaque Commissions, de cide si l'Association doit parrainer tel ou tel sympo- Commission Spe ciale et Groupe Spe cial d'Etude doivent sium. eÃtre transmis au Pre sident de la Section concerne eau moins trois mois avant chaque Assemble eGe ne rale. Ces Dans des cas treÁ s exceptionnels, le Comite Exe cutif rapports ainsi que les rapports des Sections sont publie s peut donner son accord aÁ des demandes faites hors des dans les ``Travaux de l'Association Internationale de de lais normaux. De telles demandes ne peuvent eÃtre fa- GeÂodeÂsie''. ites moins de 18 mois avant la date propose e pour le symposium. 43. La pe riode d'activite de chaque Groupe Spe cial d'Etudes prend normalement ®n aÁ l'Assemble eGe ne rale 48. L'Organisateur d'un symposium doit envoyer une ordinaire. Dans le cas exceptionnel ouÁ une poursuite annonce ocielle au Bulletin Ge ode sique au moins un d'activite est juge ene cessaire, le Pre sident du Groupe an aÁ l'avance, ou imme diatement apreÁ s l'approbation Spe cial d'Etudes soumet aÁ son Pre sident de Section par l'Association; la date annonce e ne doit plus changer trois mois avant l'Assemble eGe ne rale une proposition ensuite. 32

49. Moins de trois mois apreÁ s le symposium, l'Or- IX- Finances ganisateur est tenu de fournir un rapport pour le Bul- letin Ge ode sique. Ce rapport doit indiquer si les Actes 52. Les ressources de l'Association proviennent: du symposium seront publie s, et ouÁ , et quand ils le seront. Les Actes du symposium, ou au moins une copie a) des cotisations des pays membres de l'Union de chaque communication pre sente e, doivent eÃtre adre- dont une partie, de termine e par le Conseil de l'Union sur sse es au Bureau Central de l'Association. recommandation de son Comite des Finances, est verse e aÁ l'Association par le Tre sorier de l'Union; 50. Le parrainage d'un symposium par l'Association signi®e une reconnaissance ocielle mais n'implique pas b) de la vente des publications; un soutien ®nancier. c) de toute autre origine (subventions, dons, in- te reÃts, fonds disponibles apreÁ s un symposium, etc...). VIII- CoopeÂration scienti®que internationale 53. Le Secre taire Ge ne ral recËoit du Bureau et du 51. L'Association peut coope rer aÁ des travaux scienti®- Conseil de l'Association, la responsabilite de ge rer ces ques de caracteÁ re international ou interdisciplinaire, elle ressources conforme ment aux Statuts et ReÁ glement In- peut e galement les entreprendre directement ou en sur- te rieur, ainsi qu'aux de cisions du Conseil et aux re- veiller la re alisation. En principe, l'Association est rep- commandations du Comite des Finances de l'Union. re sente e aux CongreÁ s, re unions internationales, Assemble es Ge ne rales, etc... des organismes scienti®ques Le Secre taire Ge ne ral est seul responsable de la ma- internationaux dont l'activite est en rapport avec la si- õÃtrise des ope rations ®nancieÁ res de l'Association, ce- enne propre. Le Pre sident de l'Association ou son de le - pendant un Secre taire Adjoint recËoit de le gation de gue repre sente l'Association aÁ ces re unions. signature pour chaque compte bancaire ouvert au nom de l'Association. Les frais de voyage et de se jour du repre sentant de l'Association peuvent eÃtre mis en totalite ou partielle- 54. A chaque Assemble eGe ne rale Ordinaire de ment aÁ la charge de l'Association. Un compte rendu de l'Association, le Secre taire Ge ne ral pre sente la proposi- ces re unions incluant les discussions en rapport avec la tion de budget pour la pe riode aÁ venir et la soumet au ge ode sie, est pre pare par ce repre sentant, en vue d'une Conseil pour approbation. publication, totale ou partielle, dans le Bulletin Ge ode - sique. Le budget, tel qu'approuve par le Conseil, est exe cute par le Secre taire Ge ne ral. L'Association peut aussi repre senter l'Union au sein de Commissions inter-Unions ou de Comite s spe ciaux A l'Assemble eGe ne rale ordinaire suivante, le Conseil communs traitant de sujets en rapport avec ses propres examine si les de penses ont e te engage es conforme ment e tudes. aux propositions pre ce demment approuve es. Le Conseil de signe un Comite ad hoc pour e€ectuer cet examen La de signation des repre sentants de l'Association ou dans le de tail. de l'Union aÁ ces organismes permanents est faite par le Comite Exe cutif. Ces repre sentants sont e lus pour une De plus, cette comptabilite est ve ri®e e par un comp- pe riode et peuvent eÃtre re -e lus pour une pe riode sup- table agre e et est ensuite pre sente e au Tre sorier de ple mentaire. l'Union, selon les prescriptions de l'Art. 20 du ReÁ gle- ment Inte rieur de l'Union. 33

GUY BOMFORD PRIZE, LEVALLOIS MEDAL

Rules For The Award Of The Guy Bomford ± An outline of the reasons for the nomination in- Prize cluding a general summary of the career and scienti®c achievement of the candidate. Purpose: The Guy Bomford Prize is awarded by the International Association of Geodesy for outstanding ± A review of the recent achievements of the candi- contribution to Geodesy. It was established by the dates which would merit the award, including references British National Committee for Geodesy and Geo- to key papers, published, alone or jointly, during the physics to mark the contributions to geodesy of Briga- preceding four-year period. dier G. Bomford, formerly of the University of Oxford and a Past President of the International Association of ± A curriculum vitae, publication list, and copies of Geodesy. It has been inaugurated by the I.A.G. in 1975. up to two key papers which are considered to justify The Prize is normally awarded at intervals of fours years candidature. on the occasion of the General Assembly of the I.A.G. held concurrently with the General Assembly of the ± The name and address of two referees who could be International Union for Geodesy and Geophysics. The consulted. following rules for the award of the Guy Bomford Prize may be altered by the I.A.G. Executive if a majority of Selection procedure: A screening committee will be its voting members sees a necessity to do so. appointed consisting of the presidents of the I.A.G. Sections and two other members to be appointed by the Eligibility: The Guy Bomford Prize is awarded to a I.A.G. Bureau. Based on the material submitted by the young scientist or to a team young scientists for out- National Committees, each member of the screening standing theoretical or applied contributions to geodetic committee will rank the nominations and send a short studies, particularly in the four year period preceding the list of three to the I.A.G. Bureau. The decision among General Assembly at which the award is made. Scientists the three top ranking candidates will be communicated who are under 40 years of age on December, 31, of the to all National Committees, and the successfull candi- year preceding the Assembly at which the award is date(s). The Prize may be withheld if, in the opinion of made, are eligible for the award. the I.A.G. Bureau, there is no suciently quali®ed candidate. Nominations: Nominations will be invited by the I.A.G. Bureau from all National Committees of Presentation of award: The Prize shall be presented I.U.G.G. member countries at least one year ahead of to the successfull candidate at the opening at the open- the General Assembly. Each committee can make one ing Plenary Session of the I.A.G. Assembly. He or she nomination which has not necessarily to be from its own shall be invited to deliver a lecture during the course of country. The deadline for nominations will normally be the I.A.G. Assembly. six months before the next General Assembly and will be explicitly started in the letter of invitation. Levallois Medal Nominations must be accompanied by: The Levallois Medal was established by the Interna- ± The full name, address, age, academic and/or tional Association of Geodesy in 1979 to honour Jean- professional quali®cations and position of the candi- Jacques Levallois, and to recognize his outstanding dates and the name of the National Committee making contribution to the I.A.G., particularly his long service the nomination. as Secretary General, 1960±1975. 34

The award of the Medal will be made in recognition made at any time if justi®ed by exceptional circum- of distinguished service to the Association, and/or to the stances. science of geodesy in general. A nomination for the award shall be made by an ad The Medal is normally awarded at four year inter- hoc committee consisting of the Honorary Presidents vals, on the occassion of the General Assemblies of the and must be con®rmed by the I.A.G. Executive Com- International Association of Geodesy and International mittee. The ad hoc committee shall prepare a citation, Union of Geodesy and Geophysics; but the award may suitable for publication, setting out the grounds for the be omitted if it is considered that there is no candidature proposed award before the General Assembly. of sucient merit, and an additional award may be 35

RULES FOR IAG SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS

These new Rules were prepared during the Executive 3. If one or more Sections, Commissions, or Special Committee meeting held in Paris, 3±10 March 1988. Study Groups wish to arrange a scienti®c symposium After some amendments they were adopted by the Bu- during the General Assembly this is subject to the usual reau and then the Executive Committee. approval procedure for IAG-Symposia (ref. 7). Sympo- sia should be arranged only if the topic covers at least They now become e€ective and especially applicable the frame of one Section, one Commission, or two to scienti®c meetings organized by the association itself. Special Study Groups. They do not con¯ict with those rules contained in the By Laws which more generally concern Symposia and 4. General Meetings of IAG may be considered as a workshops approved or sponsored by the IAG. These group of IAG-Symposia and Section Meetings held at new rules must be considered as a necessary and more the same time and place. detailed complement to Chapter VII of the By Laws, should they be approved by the Council. 5. At each General Assembly joint Symposia covering topics interesting two or more Associations within the 1. Scienti®c Meetings relevant to IAG may take place Union and/or other international scienti®c organiza- tions may be arranged. 1. during Ordinary General Assemblies of IAG, held at the same time and in the same country with Though the IAG may be asked to act as convenor or the Ordinary General Assemblies of the IUGG, co-convenor these Symposia follow the rules issued by the IUGG in these particular cases. 2. during Scienti®c General Assemblies and/or General Meetings of IAG, held in the period be- 6. The IAG may participate also in Joint Symposia at tween successive Ordinary General Assemblies, any other time outside of the General Assemblies obeying the same procedures. 3. at times and places outside of the General As- semblies and General Meetings of the IAG. 7. The IAG may sponsor scienti®c Symposia covering broad parts of Geodesy and having large attendance at 2. During the (Ordinary and Scienti®c) General As- any suitable time outside of the General Assemblies and/ semblies the scienti®c meetings generally take place or General Meetings, and may call them IAG-Symposia Section by Section (including the respectively assigned if the following conditions are ful®lled: Commissions and Special Study Groups) under the Chairmanship of the Section Presidents (called Section · the Symposium has to be sponsored by one or Meetings). The study of some questions may require more Sections or Commissions or at least by two joint meetings of several Sections under a chairman, Special Study Groups of IAG; appointed by the Executive Committee. The inclusion on the agenda of scienti®c papers for presentation at · the host organization of the symposium must ac- sessions of a General Assembly is decided by a Com- cept a Scienti®c Committee appointed by the Exec- mittee consisting of the Presidents of Sections. Besides utive Committee of IAG with the advice of the the scienti®c sessions the Sections, Commissions, and proposer of that symposium; Special Study Groups are free to hold working meetings of their members under the responsibility of the re- · the symposium must be open to all bona-®de sci- spective Presidents. entists in accordance with the ICSU Rules; 36

· the proceedings of the Symposium shall be pub- 9b) The Scienti®c Committee if responsible for a high lished within 6±8 months after the end of the Sym- standard of scienti®c value of the Symposium. The posium. Chairman of the Scienti®c Committee

IAG expects that immediately after the end of the a) invites participants after the Symposium is symposium the Chairman of the Scienti®c Committee approved by the Executive Committee, supply a short summary to be published in the Journal b) accepts or rejects requested invitations, of Geodesy. c) invites contributions and sets a dead line for submissions of abstracts, 8. Applications for approval as IAG-Symposium by the d) informs the Secretary General of all important Executive Committee of IAG should be submitted to the things about the Symposium immediately after. Secretary General of IAG at least tow years before the proposed date of the Symposium. The following infor- 9c) The Local Organizing Committee takes care of mation is essential to the proposal: the smooth running of the Symposium. It does not receive ®nancial help from the IAG, the necessary 1. Title expenses being met by the local funds or by contri- 2. Date and duration butions from the participants. 3. Location 4. Sponsoring and co-sponsoring Sections, Com-mis- The requirements of local organizations are gen- sions, SSG's of IAG, other co-sponsoring scienti®c erally as follows: organization: letters enclosed. 5. Suggested composition of the Scienti®c Com-mittee 1) 6. Suggested Local Organization Committee, host or- ganization a) Meeting Rooms suitable for the expected 7. Name and address for maintenance of contact number of participants and for the presentation 8. Estimated number of participants of scienti®c papers should be reserved. 9. Financial support expected from sources other than b) Adequate space for poster sessions should be the IAG reserved. It is important that the LOC make 10. Names of the proposed Editors of Proceedings provision for a supply of pins, sticky tape, etc... 11. The outlined Scienti®c Programme for mounting poster material and for noti®ca- 12. A detailed account of why the proposed Sympo- tion of participants of the time and venue of sium is useful and necessary at the time proposed poster displays. and its relationship with other meetings. c) Arrangements should be made for the display of visual materials: overheads, slides, ®lms and 9. Guide-lines for the agenda of the symposium videos. Participants should be advised of the ± activities of the Scienti®c Committee ®lm and video standard(s) available at the ± activities of the Local Organizing Committee meeting venue. (LOC) ± ®nancial considerations 2. Arrangements should be made for the reproduc- ± publication of the Proceedings. tion of participant's documents.

9a) IAG-Symposia have to be performed at a high 3. Sucient secretarial and technical assistance standard of scienti®c value and organized in a very should be secured, with careful attention to the re- e€ective way. The agenda may consist of any or all of quirement for projection equipment microphones, the following: tape recorders, etc...

a) Invited Review Papers, 4. In conjunction with the requirements of the Sci- b) Invited Papers, enti®c Committee, arrangements should be made to c) Contributed Papers, record verbal discussion. Reliance on tape recordings d) Contributed Poster Papers, if often unsatisfactory and providing each contributor e) Video Film, with a sheet of paper on which to record or summa- f) Discussion, including Panel Discussions. rize his remarks is advisable.

Discussion following papers is regarded as an es- 5. Information on accommodation (hostels, hotels, sential form of communication. It should be neces- etc...) should be agreed with the Chairman of SOC sary to devote at least 1/3 of the total meeting time to and sent discussion. The Scienti®c Committee should pay a) to the Executive Committee for acceptance particular regard to adequate provision for poster and sessions. b) to prospective participants in good time Block reservations are often advisable. 37

6. All participants should be asked to send their wishes 12. The IAG is willing to recognize also scienti®c as regards accommodation, excursions and social events meetings, organized by national bodies as important to the LOC. scienti®c event with bene®t for the international geodetic community and to sponsor them if the respective meet- 7. Receptions and excursions can be organized during a ing shall be open to all bona-®de scientists according to free period within the meeting, or just before or after the the ICSU Regulations and will be sponsored by one or meeting. A Guest Programme is usually welcome. more Sections, Commissions, or Special Study Groups of IAG and if the organizer shall obey the organisational 8. Participants should be informed of the reservations standard for IAG-Symposia. made for them and how to reach their hotel or the meeting rooms on arrival. These Meetings may be announced as ``International Meeting, organized by....., sponsored by IAG''. It is not 9. The LOC should provide a Preliminary and a Fi- permitted to use the term IAG-Symposium. Sponsorship nal Programme, including useful auxiliary informa- by the IAG means only ocial recognition and does not tion, to be distributed to each participant at the imply ®nancial support by the IAG. IAG may appoint appropriate time; A list of Participants, produced on an ocial representative to that meeting. IAG expects about the second day of the meeting is also extremely that the Proceedings of the meeting will be prepared by valuable if it corresponds closely with those actually the local organizers and published within 6-8 months present. after the end of the meeting.

10. The IAG has to arrange all proceedings of the IAG- Applications for sponsorship should be submitted to Symposia, that means the Symposia held during the the Secretary General not later than 18 months before General Assemblies and the General Meetings of IAG, the intended date of the meeting. and the Symposia approved in accordance with point 7 - in a series and giving each of them a number starting 13. In its decision about approval and/or sponsorship with the ®rst IAG-Symposium which was performed the Executive Committee takes into account a balanced after the 19th General Assembly of IAG, held in Au- selection of meetings, a representative coverage of sub- gust1987 in Vancouver, Canada. jects and a good geographical distribution. The IAG intends to avoid duplication, overlapping and undue 11. The IAG Executive Committee shall recognize also frequency. the scienti®c meetings organized by the Commissions, their Subcommissions, and working groups, and the The Secretary General shall publish annually a cal- Special Study Groups of IAG alone or jointly with other endar of future IAG-Symposia and other scienti®c international and national groups and bodies at any meetings organized by IAG-bodies or sponsored by IAG time outside of the General Assemblies, if they have in the Journal of Geodesy. been approved by the Executive Committee at the advice of the respective Section President in due time before the 14. The Executive Committee shall appoint an ocial ®rst announcement. If so the Meeting may be an- representative of the Association for each of the scien- nounced as ``International Meeting, organized by ti®c meetings to be governed by these rules. The repre- the...... of IAG''. sentative is obliged to watch the way in which the organizer of the meeting obey the IAG Rules for Sci- Is is not permitted to use the term IAG-Sympo- enti®c Meetings and to report about it to the Executive sium. Committee in due time. 38

IAG Fund

IAG Fund Payment: Please charge my: Eurocard, MasterCard, VISA, JCB The IAG Fund aims at supporting speci®c IAG ac- tivities. Its primary goals are: Card number: ± to provide travel support for young scientists to at- tend IAG Symposia and workshops, ± to assist in the organisation of IAG workshops in Expires: developing countries, and ± to provid an annual IAG Young Authors Award for Cheque enclosed: young scientists. Title: ______The fund was established by the IAG Executive Committee at its meeting in Columbus, Ohio, 1992, see Name:______Bulletin Geodesique, Vol. 68, pp. 41-42, 1994. Institution/Department: ______Contributors are divided in 3 groups: ______± Presidents Club (cummulative contributions of $ 1000 or more) Address: ______± Special contributors (annual contributors of $ 100 or more) Country: ______± Contributors (annual contributions of less than $ 100) Phone: ______

At its meeting in Copenhagen, 1995, Mr. R. Fors- Fax: ______berg, president Section III, was appointed to lead the fund-raising activities. E-Mail: ______

The rules for the IAG Young Authors Award and for Date: ______the IAG Travel award for yound scientists are given in a seperate section of the Geodesists Handbook. Signature: ______I wish to contribute to the IAG fund.

Annual basis One-and-for-all

Amount 39

IAG Young Authors Award ± IAG Travel Award

IAG Young Author Award March 1 of the year in which either an IAG General As- sembly or an IAG Scienti®c Assembly takes place. Purpose: To draw attention to important contribu- IAG Travel Award tions by young scientists in the Journal of Geodesy and to foster excellence in scienti®c writing. Purpose: To assist young scientists from member countries to present results of their research at IAG Eligibility: The applicant must be 35 years of age or meetings (general meetings, workshops, etc...) younger when submitting the paper for publication. The paper must present the applicant's own research, and Eligibility: The applicant must present results of his must have been published in the two annual volumes of or her research at the meeting and must be 35 years of the Journal of Geodesy (J of G) preceding either the age or less at the date of the application. The application IAG General Assembly or the IAG Scienti®c Assembly. must be supported by at least one IAG Fellow or two Although multiple author papers will be considered, Associates. single author papers will be given more weight in the selection process. Type of awards: There are two awards, one for meetings in the applicant's own country, the other for Award: The award consists of a certi®cate and a meetings outside the applicant's country. The ®rst group cheque of US $ 1000. Presentation of the awards will be is called IAG National Travel Award and has a maxi- made at each IAG General Assembly and each IAG mum ®nancial value of US $ 400. It is available for Scienti®c Assembly. Up to two awards will be presented meetings in developing countries. The second award is on each occasion for the two-year period corresponding called the IAG International Travel Award and has a to the annual volumes speci®ed above. maximum ®nancial value of US $ 800. The amounts can occasionally be adjusted by the IAG Executive Com- Nomination and selection: For each two-year period mittee. Normally, the total number of awards are limited the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Geodesy will pro- to 10 in any given year. pose a minimum of three candidates for the award. In addition, proposals made by at least three IAG Fellows Application procedure: Applicants are asked to send or Associates will be considered for the competition. The their application at least three months before the meet- voting members of the IAG Executive Committee will ing to: make the ®nal selection. It will be based on the impor- tance of the scienti®c contribution, which may be either IAG Central Bureau, General Secretary, theoretical or practical, and on the quality of the pre- University of Copenhagen, Dept of Geophysics, sentation. The name and picture of the award winner Juliane Maries Vej 30, and a short biography will be published in the Journal of DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. Geodesy. As a minimum, the application should contain: title, Procedure: Each year the conditions for the award will authors, and abstract of the paper to be presented, be announced in the Journal of Geodesy. Nominations acceptance by the organising committee (if available), should be sent to the General Secretary of the IAG, giving travel budget and sources of additional funding. The name, address, and age of the author (at date of submis- letter(s) of support (one IAG Fellow or two Associates) sion), the title of the paper on which nomination is based, should be sent separately and should be in a sealed and a brief justi®cation. Nominations must be received by envelope. 40

Selection procedure and criteria: Selection of appli- Additional bene®ts: The IAG will encourage organis- cants will be done by the IAG Bureau. It will be based ers of meetings to waive registration fees for all IAG on the letter(s) of support and the applicant's ability to Travel award winners. actually attend the meeting. Priority will be given to candidates from developing countries. 41

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

International Association of Geodesy XII IUGG General Assembly, Birmingham, UK, July 18±31, 1999 By Klaus-Peter Schwarz

Distinguished Guests, Hermann van Gysen, S. Africa in 1998 Friends and Colleagues, Luman Wilcox, USA in 1999 Ladies and Gentlemen, Three former IAG presidents ± Bomford, It is a pleasure to welcome you to the Opening Boulanger, KukkamaÈ ki ± where among those who Session of the IAG General Assembly here in Bir- passed away during this period. Let us honor their mingham. It is at General Assemblies where the many memory. facets of geodetic research become visible and interac- tions between geodetic and geophysical research be- When I checked the records I was surprised to come more pronounced. My welcome goes therefore, learn that one has to go back all the way to 1909, i.e. to a ®rst of all, to you as researchers who, over the past time before the IUGG was formed, to ®nd England as a four years, have contributed in one way or other to our host of an IAG General Assembly. There was one in discipline. Edinburgh in 1936, but considering the results of the last election in Scotland I felt that declaring Edinburgh to be A special welcome goes to the past IAG presi- an English city would clearly be a political statement. So dents who are present at this meeting: Helmut Moritz let me thank our English colleagues for taking the ini- (1979±83), Ivan I Mueller (1987±91), Wolfgang Torge tiative to invite us to an unambiguously English city and (1991±95) and to the award winners who will be honored to show us at the same time that Birmingham is much later on this morning: Torben Krarup, the recipient of more than a reminder of the industrial revolution. I the Levallois Medal, Veronique Dehant, the winner of want to mention speci®cally Allan Dodson and Paul the Bomford Prize, and Cheinway Hwang, this year's Cross for their work on our behalf. winner of the IAG Young Author Award. To summarize the accomplishments of four years It is the 22nd General Assembly of the IUGG, in 20 minutes is bound to be incomplete. What you will and the 35th of the IAG when counting from its be- see and hear are highlights of four years in the life of the ginnings in 1864. These quadrennial events mark time IAG, not a detailed record of all the fascinating and for the IAG as an organization. We look back on interesting research that took place. For details, I would achievements and forward to challenges. We also re- ask you to consult the Section reports. member those who have gone before us and who have shaped this organization which we are proud to repre- When the Executive met for the ®rst time in sent. May I ask you to stand to pay your respects to November 1995, a few months after the Boulder General those who served the IAG as ocers and who died Assembly, it started a broad discussion on the future during the past four years: direction of the IAG by looking at the following ques- tions: Isetan Hazay, Hungary in 1995 Attalah M. Wassef, Canada in 1995 What is the role of the IAG? (Scienti®c super- Guy Bomford, UK in 1996 structure; catalyst; honest broker; provider of geodetic Erik TengstroÈ m, Sweden in 1996 products?) Yuri D. Boulanger, Russia in 1997 Stanislaw Krynski, Poland in 1997 Does the IAG have (or need) a distinct pro®le? Tauno J. KukkamaÈ ki, Finland in 1997 Svend Saxov, Denmark in 1998 Which major research questions in geodesy re- Rudolf Sigl, Germany in 1998 main unsolved? 42

Which global projects would result in major anymore to which all the di€erent research activities can geodetic progress? contribute. By formulating the ®rst objective, the Exec- utive wanted to start a thinking process, which would What are functional models of international eventually lead to a clearly de®ned focus for IAG re- scienti®c cooperation? search.

Are strengths and weaknesses of the IAG due to After the initial discussions in November 1995, a its structure? major step forward in this direction was made at the Potsdam meeting in April 1997. At this meeting, R. Which alliances are strategic for IAG? Rummel presented a proposal for a Global Integrated Geodetic and Geodynamic Observing System (GIG- The result of the initial discussion was the iden- GOS) that incorporates many of the current activities ti®cation of four priority areas of IAG activity: and relates them to a common framework. Starting from this concept, he outlined the direction of future geodetic  Research research. The proposal emphasized that the adoption of  Education such a concept would not only give a focus to IAG  Developing countries research, but would also result in a much higher visi-  Services and communications. bility of the IAG contribution to Earth Sciences in general. After some lively discussion, the Executive A ®fth priority emerged out of the ongoing dis- agreed to consider this proposal at its next meeting after cussions in the Executive Committee and came to the more details had been made available. The proposal was forefront during the past two years. It has to do with the further discussed at the Section II symposium in Munich in 1998. It resulted in a resolution to the Executive  Structure of the IAG Committee recommending that a broad-based discus- sion on this concept and its implications for the IAG I will order my presentation around these pri- structure should be started at the General Assembly in ority areas and will make brief remarks on the ®rst three Birmingham. The Executive, at its meeting in March and the last. The fourth priority, services and commu- 1999 in Paris, concurred with the intent of this resolu- nications, will be presented in detail in the Secretary tion. Three sessions of the IAG-G6 symposium on General's report and in the report of the Editor-in-chief Wednesday next week (July 28) have been reserved to (1) of the Journal of Geodesy presented later in this session. analyze the current structure as represented by Sections, Commissions and Special Study Groups, to (2) review IAG Research 1995±99 the research contributions of the Services aliated with IAG, and to (3) discuss alternative structures for IAG The three general IAG research priorities that emerged research. We invite all of you to participate in these from the discussion in the ®rst executive meeting in discussions and especially in the panel discussion on Copenhagen were: Wednesday afternoon.

 Identify the focus of IAG research for the next The second priority recognizes the di€erence in decade accuracy that currently exists between the various  Strongly support any initiative that may lead to a methods of global positioning (SLR, VLBI, GPS) on the high-resolution satellite gravity mission one hand and the methods of global gravity ®eld and  Investigate the potential advantages of an `IUGG geoid determination on the other. One obvious reason Fundamental Reference and Calibration Net- for the lower accuracy in gravity ®eld approximation is work'. the lack of dedicated satellite missions for gravity ®eld research. Such missions would result in a much more The ®rst priority acknowledges the fact that the consistent global resolution of the gravity ®eld than is de®nition of a research focus for IAG may not be as available today. In 1995, when this discussion started, simple as it was in the past. Over the years, IAG has no mission in this area had been approved. The role of continuously extended the scope of its research. While the IAG in promoting such missions can only be sup- during the ®rst hundred years of IAG history the ex- portive, using its credibility as a scienti®c organization tensions were incremental and did not result in a change to make the case to the space agencies involved. This has of the underlying methodology, this has changed fun- been done to the extent possible by many individuals damentally during the last forty years. Geodesy today is working within IAG as well as by myself as the presi- a very di€erent and far more complex scienti®c enter- dent. The situation at this point in time is much more prise than forty years ago. Those of us who lived promising than it was back in 1995. There is the realistic through this change have been very fortunate because possibility that three dedicated gravity missions may be there were interesting challenges all across the spectrum launched within the next ®ve to six years and that we of geodetic research activities. Because of the unprece- actually may be entering a decade of potential ®eld dented growth of these activities, there is the danger, satellite missions. At this point, two of these missions are however that the major goals of geodetic research are scheduled to go ahead and the decision on the third one becoming blurred and that no meaningful focus exists will be made towards the end of this year. If all three 43 missions are successful, our knowledge of the Earth's  The active role of Commission VIII, commonly gravity ®eld will change dramatically and research in known as CSTG, in coordinating the di€erent this area will advance by leaps and bounds. space techniques used for geodesy and geody- namics. It has led to a proposal for new IAG The third research priority is more exploratory in Services in SLR and VLBI to be decided upon at nature. In the past, the collocation of di€erent mea- this meeting. It also has resulted in a major in- surement systems on the same fundamental stations has ternational project exploring the potential of provided valuable information that would not have been GPS/GLONASS integration. obtained by operating individual observational net-  The continuing e€orts of the Wegener Commis- works. With the growing interaction between the geo- sion to use space and terrestrial methods for the sciences, the idea of establishing an `IUGG Fundamental solution of regional geodynamics problems in Reference and Calibration Network' was a natural out- Europe and similar e€orts, such as Geodyssea, in growth of this past experience. A small working group other parts of the world. consisting mainly of CSTG members under the chair-  The publication of the new Global Geopotential manship of G. Beutler was charged to look into this Model EGM96 by NASA/OSU/NIMA after question and to recommend whether or not IAG should comprehensive testing of alternative solutions by take the leadership in organizing such a network. After a working group of the IAG Geoid Service. It meeting a number of times, the committee reported back was exemplary in showing the contribution IAG to the Executive at the Potsdam meeting in 1997 and can make to such an e€ort. recommended that a speci®c e€ort in this area was not  The coming of age of airborne gravimetry as a required. An International Space Geodetic Network method of high-resolution local geoid determi- (ISGN) exists already as a combination of all space nation and as a potential tool for resource ex- geodetic techniques and is well suited to take over the ploration. tasks planned for the IUGG network. The addition of  The advances made in using GPS for the remote di€erent measurement systems, such as seismic and sensing of the atmosphere and the potential im- magnetic data, was unlikely to add essential information. pact of such techniques on science and every day The Executive decided to follow this recommendation life. and to not promote such a special network.  The successful e€orts to use multiresolution techniques as an analysis tool in geodesy. IAG Section Research 1995±1999  The work performed by SSG 4.176 on Temporal Variations of the Gravity Field, which is exem- During the reporting period the Sections through plary for its interaction with other groups work- their Commissions, Special Study Groups and Services ing in the ®eld and its high level of participation. were the IAG bodies in which major advances in geo-  The increasing activity of the Services in provid- detic research were accomplished. They will be high- ing research products free of charge to the geo- lighted in the brief reports of the Section Presidents later detic and geodynamic community while con- on in this session and will be discussed in detail in the tinuing their role as international data providers. reports presented in the IAG symposia G1 to G5, later In this context the high visibility of IGS in the this week. To give a ¯avor of the accomplishments, I GPS user group must be speci®cally mentioned. would like to mention a few as examples, without any It is the only link many users have to IAG and its claim to completeness. Services.

 The active role of IERS in de®ning and imple- There are many other achievements that will be menting a global reference frame and the emer- mentioned in the Section Highlights given later on and gence of GPS as a major tool to accomplish frame in the reports to be published in the Travaux. Since most realization at regional and local scales due to of the accomplishments mentioned above were the result advances made in modeling, techniques, and of a team e€ort, no individuals have been named. quality control. However, the vision and the drive of many who were  The SIRGAS project which exempli®ed how a involved in these projects is one of the great assets of reference network for a whole continent can be IAG.Without such leaders we would not be where we established in a relatively short time, given the are today. information base provided by Services such as IGS and IERS and the cooperation between the IAG Educational Activities 1995±99 di€erent countries in this part of the world.  EUREF and EUVN which are the ongoing ef- Two priorities were de®ned in 1995 in the area of forts in Europe to integrate classical network in- education and training: formation with space geodetic data. This work, done under the auspices of Commission X, is  Develop an overall strategy for IAG educational exemplary for countries considering such action activities and coordinate them globally because it provides insight into the e€ort required  Develop a plan for IAG-approved graduate and the gain achieved. courses at the Ph.D level and make them avail- able worldwide. 44

International Summer Schools have been con- IAG in Developing Countries 1995±99 ducted by IAG since 1973 when the ®rst of them, held in Ramsau, Austria, had a formative in¯uence on many Four priorities were identi®ed in IAG's interac- who are active in IAG today. Since then, Summer tion with developing countries: Schools have been an acknowledged, albeit a somewhat spontaneous activity of IAG. They were organized by  Restructure the IAG Committee on Developing interested individuals and concentrated on research Countries (CDC) by regions topics of current interest. In recent years, the demand  Improve the communication between the CDC for a di€erent type of summer school, which presents the and the IAG Executive current status in areas of rapid technological advance  Use a major portion of the IAG Fund to provide (GPS, Geoid), has been increasing. The character of ®nancial support to promising young scientists such schools is perhaps best described as advanced from developing countries to attend IAG activi- training courses with a considerable amount of hands- ties on experience. In contrast to the research-oriented  Publish the CDC newsletter in the IAG section of Summer Schools, they are o€ered on a more regular the Journal of Geodesy basis. Since the overall activity in this area has been steadily increasing, it was felt that IAG should take the Although the `Internationale Erdmessung' was initiative in developing a concept for a broad o€ering of formed more than hundred years ago, the center of IAG such schools and for coordinating and promoting them activities is still in Europe. To give but one example, the on a world-wide scale. The ®rst IAG Vice-President, F. number of IAG-sponsored meetings that took place Sanso, declared his willingness to spearhead such an during the reporting period was thirty-two. Twenty-two e€ort. of them were held in Europe, two in North America, and eight in the rest of the world. Although some of these Since 1995, nine such schools have taken place, eight were major IAG meetings (Rio and Tokyo), the of which three had a research focus, three a training fact remains that IAG is simply not visible in many of focus and the remaining three were somewhere in be- the developing countries. To change this, the actions tween. The majority of these courses were held in Eu- above were proposed. rope, with only two being organized in other parts of the world, one in South America, the other one in Indone- The proposal to restructure the IAG Committee sia. There were plans for other schools outside Europe, on Developing Countries by regions was made by the which unfortunately had to be cancelled because of delegates from those countries at the Boulder meeting. It economic or organizational diculties. was felt that geodetic work in South America, Africa, and South-East Asia was too di€erent to be meaning- In terms of a general strategy for the coordina- fully discussed in a group composed of delegates from tion and promotion of such schools, the discussion is all these countries. In addition, travel costs for a com- still in ¯ux. At this point it is clear that IAG will conduct mittee working on a global scale would simply be pro- such schools only upon invitation. This invitation may hibitive and thus prevent a consistent functioning of the come from one or several countries that agree to be re- committee. It was therefore decided to work with sponsible for the local organization. IAG selects a team smaller committees on a regional to continental scale of lecturers making maximum use of quali®ed individ- and to delegate one representative for each region as uals in the speci®c geographic area where the school contact person to the IAG. To give voice to the concerns takes place. Once approved by the Executive, promotion of di€erent regions, the First Vice-President of the IAG, and ®nancial support will be available from IAG. Fernando Sanso, was asked to be the direct contact to the regional representatives. The concept worked very The idea behind the second priority is to make well in South America where SIRGAS had prepared the the best use of speci®c expertise available in a larger ground for cooperation, and where the IAG Scienti®c region to o€er a variety of graduate-level courses of high Assembly in Rio focussed some of the e€orts. It also had quality to Ph.D students in that region. IAG would a good start in South-East Asia where cooperation had accredit these courses as being of Ph.D-level quality and been initiated through the Tropical Summer School. The the academic centers would form a loose association and economic downturn in the region put some of the would recognize course and research work done at dif- planned activities on hold; as the situation starts to ferent centers for credit. A related idea was that a stu- stabilize, this activity will start again. Despite the good dent who completed such a program would in some way participation of African countries in Boulder, a corre- be accredited as an `IAG-scholar'. Because education is sponding Committee for Africa has so far not been es- in general a national, and in some cases even a provin- tablished, despite major e€orts by the Executive cial mandate, the diculties of creating an international Committee. degree are obvious. However, it seemed to be worth- while to explore the idea in the context of the EU and its To provide young scientists in these regions with emphasis of de®ning consistent degree requirements. A the funds to attend IAG-sponsored meetings, it was subcommittee of the EC was formed to explore this decided that most of the IAG Fund (voluntary contri- question. Its ®nal report has not yet been delivered. butions) and a part of the IAG budget would be used for this purpose. This clearly is a long-term investment, 45 which is made with a very small ®nancial base, and it participating in IAG activities would therefore be remains to be seen how successful it will be. Cooperation worthwhile considering. This would require a stronger with some of the major national and international re- involvement of the Services in IAG decision making. search institutions working in some of these regions might provide much better leverage for the rather lim- Another indicator that IAG research may be too ited IAG funds. The IAG Fund is currently overex- much con®ned by the Section structure becomes ap- tended and your support of these e€orts and your parent when looking at the program of this meeting. generosity will certainly be appreciated. The idea to IAG is involved in 13 Inter-Association and Union publish the CDC Newsletter as part of the IAG News- Symposia, as opposed to ®ve Section and one Associa- letter in the Journal of Geodesy has unfortunately not tion symposia. The reason for this is that, in addition to let to any practical results. After the untimely death of the three or four Inter-Association symposia proposed A. Wassef, nobody has been willing to coordinate this by IAG, more than double that number was proposed e€ort. by other Associations who wanted IAG involved in the topics discussed. This again indicates that the e€ect of Restructuring the IAG geodetic research is positively recognized outside our self-imposed boundaries. If IAG wants to represent all The discussions about the research focus of the forces driving geodesy today, the current structure IAG soon expanded into a discussion on whether or not should be examined. This examination will be driven by the current structure adequately supports IAG research IAG research priorities. Thus, the question of a new goals. Currently, IAG research goals are de facto de- IAG structure is closely linked to the question of an ®ned by Section research. This produces a tendency to IAG research focus discussed earlier. compartmentalize research and to obscure the view for the global forces that are driving geodesy today. Since The Executive has discussed these questions over the Section structure goes essentially back forty years, the past few years. At this point opinions on an ap- when terrestrial methods completely dominated geodesy, propriate IAG structure di€er widely, but there seems to it appears to be high time to review the structure in be a general agreement that looking at these questions terms of the fundamental change that has taken place seriously and with an open mind will be bene®cial to the since then. Modifying Section titles and changing Sec- IAG. It was therefore decided that a discussion of this tion goals may not be enough to take into account the question should start at this meeting and should be as fact that space methods today pervade all of geodesy broad based as possible. All of you are invited to join and are a major part of the research done in the Sec- this discussion on Wednesday next week and to express tions. These methods have changed the geodetic em- your opinions in the panel discussion which will be part phasis from local and regional problems to global of this program. We will look at both the research focus problems. Not in the sense that global problems are the and the structure question. It is hoped that in this way a only ones that matter, but in the sense that global, re- process can be initiated which will lead to a clear pro- gional, and local problems can all be solved in the same posal in about two years' time. We invite you to be part consistent framework and often with the same obser- of this process. vational procedures. They have also made it very obvi- ous that a new level of integration of all geodetic Concluding Remarks techniques is required. The question therefore is whether the current structure of IAG gives the best support to Let me close this address by expressing my sin- the major problems facing geodesy today. cere thanks to all members of the Bureau and the Ex- ecutive Committee. They have been far more than an The development of the Services over the last few administrative body and have personally contributed to years seems to indicate that there are weaknesses in the many of the achievements that I have outlined earlier. Section approach which hinder IAG to be as e€ective in May I ask you to express your appreciation by a round research as it could be. Many of the Services, which grew of applause while all the members of the Bureau and out of IAG, are now aliated with FAGS and serve a Executive stand. I would also like to extent these thanks much wider science spectrum than IAG. In the case of to those of you who contributed to the work of the IAG IERS where numbers are available, only about one third by working on Commissions, Services, Special Study are traditional geodetic users. In the case of IGS, the Groups, Committees, the Council and on the Editorial user group has a spectrum that is considerably wider Board. IAG can only survive if this voluntary work than even the geosciences. This indicates that geodetic continues. I hope that the challenges that are facing products are in demand by a much larger group than geodesy during the coming decade will make you want that encompassed by IAG. To restructure IAG in such a to be involved in this work. way that more of these users would become interested in 46

Laudatio for Torben Krarup Levallois Medal by Helmut Moritz

A committee consisting of all IAG Past Presi- I have the great pleasure and honour to hand dents unanimously recommended to award at this over now the Levallois Medal and the related certi®cate General Assembly the Levallois Medal to Dr.h.c. Tor- to you, Torben Krarup. The certi®cate reads: ben Krarup. I have the honor to present the laudatio.

This is an easy and pleasant task. Easy because The International Association of Geodesy Krarup, since about 1969, is generally recognized as the awards the Levallois Medal authority on physical geodesy. The name of least± squares collocation is inseparably connected with Tor- to ben. I am proud that this idea goes back to the time Torben Krarup when I was the chairman of an IAG Study Group on in recognition of distinguished service to the Mathematical Methods in Physical Geodesy of which he Association and the science of geodesy in general. was the most active and inspiring member. XXII IUGG/IAG general Assembly, His Letters on Molodensky's Problem sent to the Birmingham, UK, July, 1999. members of this Study Group became an in¯uential in- strument (the in¯uence reached as far as to the famous Signed. Klaus-Peter Schwarz, IAG president. Swedish mathematician Lars HoÈ rmander) although he could not be persuaded to publish them. In this he fol- lowed Carl Friedrich Gauss (Pauca sed matura). He shows that one can in¯uence the history of geodesy even without participating in the current paper industry.

Born March 2, 1919 in Odder (Denmark), he studied ®rst mathematics and physics and then geodesy in Copenhagen, ®nishing 1952. At the Danish Geodetic Institute he was instrumental in geodetic computations, having actively participated in the construction of the electronic computer GIER built at the Geodetic Insti- tute around 1960. So he was a pioneer also in this ®eld.

Torben Krarup is a wonderful person: kind, gentle, helpful, unsel®sh and, above all, inpeccably honest. He likes to spread his ideas in discussions with friends and in letters in a generous way.

I do not know a person more worthy of the Levallois Medal. In the name of the international geo- detic community, I congratulate you on this honor and thank you, Torben, for your great contributions to geodesy and for your equally great friendship. 47

Bomford Prize Presentation: Nutation, observation and theory

V. Dehant, Royal Observatory of Belgium

Due to the gravitational attraction of the Moon deduced from three dimensional images of the mantle and the Sun and also the planets, the Earth deforms and determined by the seismologists (tomography, 3D-lat- undergoes polar motion, variations of the length-of-day eral heterogeneities in seismic velocities). Phase transi- and nutations. The amplitudes of these induced defor- tions inside the mantle have been incorporated in the mations and forced motions are additionally modi®ed computation (Dehant and Wahr, 1991) and the model by the ocean and the atmosphere. These nutations can has been constrained by other geophysical data as the be observed by using Very Long Baseline Interferometry geoid and the tectonic plate velocities (Defraigne, Deh- (VLBI) and can be computed from an Earth model in- ant and Wahr, 1996). The ¯uxes derived in this model volving physical parameters for the Earth's interior. The deform the surface and the interfaces, and in particular comparison of the observation and the theory leads to a deform the core mantle boundary resulting in an in- better understanding of the physics of the Earth's inte- crease of the core ¯attening. A new transfer function for rior, which in turn, allows to readjust the model. nutation has been derived (Dehant and Defraigne, 1997) which includes all those e€ects. My work in the nutation ®eld can be described by di€erent steps improving the nutation models and In parallel, we worked on the rigid Earth nuta- starting from the adopted nutation model by the IAU tion theory and computed a new series (Roosbeek and and the IUGG based on the rigid Earth nutation series Dehant, 1998). We compared it with the ephemerides of Kinoshita (1977) convolved with the model of Wahr's and with other theories (Dehant et al., 1999a). From this (1981) nutation for an ellipsoidal rotating Earth, pri- comparison, it can be seen that our rigid Earth nutation marily in hydrostatic equilibrium, with an elastic inner series is precise enough (better than 10 microarcsecond) core, a liquid core and an elastic mantle. and thus there is no needed at present to derive a more accurate rigid Earth nutation series. The situation con- First, I introduced mantle inelasticity in the input cerning the Earth's transfer function is rather di€erent model. This work was completed for my Ph. D. in 1986 as explained here below. (Dehant, 1986, 1988). In that same year, Herring et al. (1986) pointed out that the discrepancy between the Comparisons have been performed for the non- observed and computed Free Core Nutation (FCN) rigid Earth nutation series with the VLBI observations. could explain the large residuals on the retrograde an- This has shown that our transfer function still su€ers nual nutation. Indeed this nutation frequency is close to from a lack of dissipation needed to explain the large the FCN normal mode frequency that can be excited out-of-phase parts missing in the retrograde annual when an angle between the rotation axis of the core and nutation and in the 18.6 year nutations. The core, and in the rotation axis of the mantle exists. While the theo- particular the core-mantle boundary electromagnetic retical value for an Earth a priori in hydrostatic equi- torque, are the major actors in the next development of librium is 460 days in inertial space, the observed value nutation theory. This future work is in the line of my is 432 days. This discrepancy can be resolved by responsibilities in the Special Bureau for the Core in the changing the core equatorial radius with respect to the frame of the International Earth Rotation Service polar radius by 500 meters (increase of the core ¯at- (IERS) (see Dehant et al., 1999c). tening). We (work in collaboration with J. Wahr and P. Defraigne) have then searched for a physical mechanism To be able to further compare observation and causing this increased ¯attening. We have computed, for theory, we decided to incorporate the atmospheric and a steady state convection, the convective ¯uxes derived oceanic corrections. We adopted the torque approach from the buoyancy forces associated with mass hetero- (see Dehant et al., 1996, de Viron et al., 1999), which geneities inside the mantle. The mass heterogeneities are consists in computing the pressure torque, the gravita- 48 tional torque and the friction torque exerted by the ¯uid Dehant V. and Wahr J.M., 1991, The response of a on the Earth. There are still unexplained di€erences compressible, non-homogeneous Earth to internal between our results and the results coming from the loading: Theory., J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 43, pp. angular momentum approach (which consists in con- 157±178. sidering that the variation of the Earth's angular mo- Dehant V. and Defraigne P., 1997, New transfer func- mentum can be directly deduced from the variations in tions for nutations of a non-rigid Earth., J. Geo- the atmospheric angular momentum and in the ocean phys. Res., 102, pp. 27,659±27,688. angular momentum). We are still working on that Dehant V., Bizouard Ch., Hinderer J., Legros H. and problem. Le€tz M., 1996, On atmospheric pressure pertur- bation on precession and nutations., Phys. Earth Within the WG on Non rigid Earth nutation planet. Inter., 96, 1, pp. 25±40. theory which I chaired, many points in the theoretical Dehant V., Bretagnon P., Francou G., Rocher P., Simon nutation computation and in the comparison with ob- J.-L., Kinoshita H., Souchay J., Roosbeek F., De- servation have been discussed and the most important fraigne P., Herring T. and Mathews P.M., 1999a, ®ndings are described in Dehant et al. (1999b). Comparison between the di€erent rigid and non- rigid Earth nutation theories., in: `Proc. Journes Another research activity that I conducted in the Systmes de Rfrence Spatio-temporels 1998', ed. N. frame of the nutation is the computation of the nuta- Capitaine, Paris, France, pp. 113±117. tions of the planet Mars. Nutations being sensitive to the Dehant V., Arias F., Bizouard Ch., Bretagnon P., state of the core (due to the resonance at the FCN pe- Brzezinski A., Bu€ett B., Capitaine N., Defraigne P., riod), their observation would provide us with infor- de Viron O., Feissel M., Fliegel H., Forte A., mation about the interior of Mars. This is one of the Gambis D., Getino J., Gross R., Herring T., Ki- principal aims of the Netlander geodesy experiment, noshita H., Klioner S., Mathews P.M., McCarthy which will ¯igh in 2005. D., Moisson X., Petrov S., Ponte R.M., Roosbeek F., Salstein D., Schuh H., Seidelmann K., So€el M., Acknowledgements Souchay J., Vondrak J., Wahr J.M., Weber R., Williams J., Yatskiv Y., Zharov V. and Zhu S.Y., I wish to thank the Central Bureau of the IAG 1999b, Considerations concerning the non-rigid for providing me this prize and the Belgian National Earth nutation theory., Celest. Mech., 72, 4, pp. Committee for Geodesy and Geophysics for presenting 245±310. me for this prize. Additionally, I would like to ac- Dehant V., Cardin Ph., Chulliat A., Defraigne P., de knowledge my colleagues P. Defraigne, O. de Viron, F. Viron O., Dormy E., Gre€-Le€tz M., Hinderer J., Roosbeek and T. Van Hoolst, the present Director of Holme R., Hulot G., Jackson A., Jault D., Kuang Royal Observatory of Belgium P. Pquet, my Ph.D. W., Legros H., Le Mouel J-L., Noir J., Pais A., adviser P. Melchior, my colleagues M. Feissel, S. Roosbeek F. and Van Hoolst T., 1999c, Special Mathews, J. Wahr, colleagues from the Observatoire de Bureau for the Core., Technical Note of the IERS, Paris, colleagues from the Institut de Physique du Globe ins press. de Strasbourg, all the members and correspondents of de Viron O., Bizouard Ch., Salstein D. and Dehant V., the WG on Non rigid Earth nutation theory, all the 1999, Atmospheric torque on the Earth rotation and members of the Netlander team, my family and friends. comparison with atmospheric angular momentum variations., J. Geophys. Res, 104, B3, pp. 4861± References 4875. Herring T.A., Gwinn C.R. and Shapiro I.I., 1986, Defraigne P., Dehant V. and Wahr J.M., 1996, Internal Geodesy by Radio Interferometry: Studies of the loading of an homogeneous compressible Earth with Forced Nutations of the Earth. 1. Data Analysis., J. phase boundaries., Geophys. J. Int., 125, pp. 173± Geophys. Res., 91, B5, pp. 4745±4754. 192. Kinoshita H., 1977, Theory of the rotation of the rigid Dehant V., 1986, Intgration des quations aux dforma- Earth., Celest. Mech., 15, pp. 277±326. tions d'une Terre elliptique, inlastique, en rotation Roosbeek F. and Dehant V., 1998, RDAN97: an ana- uniforme et noyau liquide., Ph.D. Thesis, Universit lytical development of rigid Earth nutation series catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, using the torque approach., Celest. Mech. Dynami- in French, 298 pp. cal Astron., 70, pp. 215±253. Dehant V., 1988, Nutations and inelasticity of the Wahr J.M., 1981, The forced nutations of an elliptical, Earth., in: Proc. of the 128th IAU Symp. on Earth's rotating, elastic and oceanless Earth., Geophys. J.R. Rotation and Reference Frames for Geodesy and astron. Soc., 64, pp. 705±727. Geodynamics', Washington, USA, 1986, eds. A.K. Babcock and G.A. Wilkins, Reidel Publ. Comp., pp. 323±330. 49

XXIIth IAG General Assembly Report of the Secretary General

C.C. Tscherning

The Secretary General of the International As- I.2 Publications sociation of Geodesy is pleased to submit to the XXIIth General Assembly his report on the activities of the I.2.1. Journal of Geodesy ± This is the ocial jour- Association for the period between the XXIth and the nal of the IAG which is published since 1991 January 1st XXIIth General Assemblies. by the German publishing company, Springer Verlag, following a merging of Bulletin Geodesique and manu- In accordance with the Statutes and By-Laws, scripta geodaetica. The Editor-in-Chief, Prof. P. Teun- the Secretary General reports on the administrative and issen, will deliver a report on the Journal at the General ®nancial a€airs, the President reporting on the scienti®c Assembly. work of the Association. The Journal of Geodesy also included the IAG I- Administrative activities of the Association Newsletter in generally each second issue. This News- letter was edited by Dr Ole Baltazar Andersen, IAG During the past period the main administrative activities Assistant Secretary General and contained information were: (i) meetings of the Bureau and Executive Com- about IAG activities, symposia announcements, book mittee where decisions were taken on future actions of reviews and fast bibliography. the Association (ii) publication of scienti®c and admin- istrative information. The content of the newsletter is also found on the Internet as a part of the IAG Home-page (I.3) I.1. Meeting of the Executive Committee I.2.2. Geodesist's Handbook ± The Handbook re- During this period the Executive Committee met three porting on the last general assembly and the structure of times: IAG was edited by the former Assistant Secretary Gen- eral Pascal Willis in the spring of 1996. Due to his e€ort ± in Copenhagen, Denmark, November 1995, the handbook were created on digital form, so that it ± in Potsdam, Germany, April 1997, could be made available immediately after its publication ± in Paris, France, in March 1999 through the IAG Home-Page. It has been corrected and maintained during the period 1996±99 by the Central and the Committee, held an informal meeting during Bureau. Especially the maintenance of the address list the Scienti®c Assembly in Rio de Janeiro, September has been a major task. The next Geodesist's Handbook 1997. Meetings of the Bureau prepared all those will be published by Springer Verlag in early 2000 in meetings. place of one regular issue of the Journal of Geodesy. This publication is now well appreciated by geodesists and The detailed reports of these meetings were non-geodesists, and the Bureau will try to make it published in the IAG Newsletter, which is published in available early after the General Assembly. Dr Ole An- the Journal of Geodesy. Large parts of those meetings dersen will act as the editor of this forthcoming issue. were devoted to the preparation of the Scienti®c As- sembly in Rio de Janeiro and of the present General I.2.3. Travaux de l'Association Internationale de Assembly. Godsie ± Volumes of the Travaux will continue to be 50 published by the Central Bureau of IAG. They contain ested in the information must now link up to the IAG the quadrennial reports concerning the activities of Sec- home-page where news are ¯ashed. tions, Commissions, Special Study Groups, Bureaus, and other Permanent Services, with the relevant bibliography. The Central Bureau has participated in experi- Dr Ole Andersen will be the editor of this forthcoming ments using Computer Supported Collaborative Work issue and has already sent speci®cations to collect in due Systems (CSCW) within the framework of the EU pro- time individual reports from authors. The target is to ject MANICORAL. The CSCW Systems will, when publish this volume in the fall of 1999. It will be made more mature, be important tools in the international available on the Web, and contingently also on a CD- cooperation. ROM. I.4. Scienti®c meetings I.2.4. Publication of Symposia Proceedings ± The IAG Symposia Proceedings are published in a special series by Springer Verlag, having the association presi- I.4.1. Symposia and Workshop ± The list of meetings dent as the editor. This procedure has been used for the sponsored by IAG is given in Appendix A. One can note publication of several Symposia (Proceedings no. 101 to the large variety of topics treated and the e€ort towards 114).The following have been published since Boulder: a good geographical distribution. It is necessary to re- ceive from the organizers information in due time on 115 GPS Trends in Precise Terrestrial, Airborne, and announcement, report and publication of proceedings. Spaceborne Applications, 1996 This information is redistributed as soon as possible by the Central Bureau through the IAG Newsletter and 116 Global Gravity Field and Its Temporal Varia- announced on the IAG home-page. tions, 1996 I.4.2. Scienti®c Meeting ± was held in Rio de Janeiro, 117 Gravity, Geoid and Marine Geodesy, 1997 September 1997. It was the fourth General Meeting of IAG after the ®rst one in Tokyo, May 1982. As the pre- 118 Advances in Positioning and Reference Frames, vious ones, this meeting was a real success (much due to 1998 the e€ort of Dr. D.Blizkow and co-workers) with a very active participation of geodesists from all continents. 119 Geodesy on the Move, 1998. Proceedings are published as Volume 115 and 116 in the proceeding series (see I.2.4.) and in the publication Sci- For the other Symposia and Workshops which ence Services. The publication was edited by Prof. I. are only sponsored by IAG or which are organized by Mueller, and its printing was supported by FAGS and IAG bodies (such as meetings of commissions or SSG) The Ohio State University. the organizers are free to choose their own publishing agency. They are however requested to have the pro- II- Finance ceedings published early after the Symposium and to inform the Central Bureau. The ®nancial report for the period 1991-1994 is presented in Appendix B. The following comments may be added: I.3. IAG Information System

The IAG Information System (IAGIS) which II.1. Receipts was established by P.Willis has now been converted to a web-based system maintained by the Central Bureau The receipts were stable from subvention point since 1995 (http://www.gfy.ku.dk/iag/). This system in- of view. The incomes from sales of publications did cludes information on various topics of potential interest considerably decrease. The head charge per participant, which are partly identical to sections of the Geodesist's (at both the Boulder and the Rio de Janeiro meetings), is Handbook: an important new source of income.

± directory of addresses which was permanently II.2. Expenditures updated and includes more than 2400 items ± geodetic data centers The expenditures were close to what was pre- ± educational institutions dicted with some signi®cant di€erences: ± symposia related to Geodesy ± bibliography The administrative expenses decreased compared ± IAG and IUGG structures with the previous period due to ± links to other geodetic home-pages. ± communication (fax, e-mail) paid by the De- The system of sending out informative e-mails partment of Geophysics, has been discontinued due to the problem of maintain- ± administrative travel decreased, due to University ing a correct list of e-mail addresses. The person inter- of Calgary support of the president. 51

A signi®cant increase of travel supports for scientists Appendix A (young and from developing countries) was possible due to the extra income from the head charge. Sponsored meetings and symposia

II.3. IAG Funds Workshop on Integrated Sensor Orientation: Theory, Algorithms and Systems, Barcelona, Sept. 4±8, 1995. The IAG Fund is now well established through volun- tary contributions from IAG aliates and fellows. Since 3rd International seminar GPS in Central Europe, 1995, more than 70 individuals have contributed a total Pench, Hungary, May 9±11, 1995. amount of 9500 US . The fund is primarily used to provide travel grants for young scientists and scientists Int. workshop of the ICSU supported HIBISCUS Pro- from developing countries. ject Munich, Feb. 15±16, 1996.

II.4. Bomford Prize Meeting of Subcommission SSC 8.1, Studies of the Baltic Sea, Riga, Latavia, March 28±29., 1996 The IAG Bureau declared Dr.Veronique Dehant the winner of the Bomford Prize 1999, on the recommen- 7. General Assembly of the WEGENER project, June 3± dation of a review committee consisting primarily of the 7, 1996,Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal. Presidents of Section. A cheque of 2000 US will be presented to her during this session. The EUREF Subcommission symposium May 22±25, 1996, Ankara. III. Educational Activities International Symposium on Gravity, Geoid, and Ma- rine Geodesy (GraGeoMar96), Tokyo, September 30± Several schools have been successfully organized, with October 5, 1996. participation from many countries: First Meeting of SSG 4.170 (Integrated Inverse Gravity ± International School ± GPS for Geodesy, Delft, Modelling), October 28±30, 1996, Walferdange, Lux- March 26±April 1, 1995 embourg. ± The International Summer School of Theoretical Geodesy, Como, May 27±June 7, 1996. Int. Conference GALOS (Geodesy and the Law of the ± XII International Course in Engineering Geodesy Sea) Bali, Indonesia. , in Graz, Austria, Sept. 7±16 1996. ± The Tropical school of Geodesy, Bandung, In- 1996 IERS (International Earth Rotation Service) donesia, 4±16 Nov., 1996. workshop and directing board meeting Paris, France, ± The 2. International School GPS for Geodesy, Oct. 9±19. 1996. Delft, The Netherlands, Mar. 2±8, 1997. ± The 2. Geoid School, Rio de Janeiro at the end of Int. Symp. On Kinematic systems in Geodesy, Geo- the IAG Scienti®c Assembly, 1997. matics and Navigation, KIS'97, Ban€, Canada, June 3± ± International School on Data Analysis and Sta- 6, 1996. tistical Foundations of Geomatics. Chania, Greece, May 25±30, 1998. Sessions at the IAPSO/IAMAS Joint Assemblies July 1± ± IAG School on Wavelets in the Geosciences, 9, 1996 in Melbourne, Australia. Delft, Oct. 4±9, 1998. ± The 3. Geoid School, Milano, Feb. 15±19, 1999. The Earth Tides Commission 13. Int. Symposium, July 14±18, 1996 Bruxelles, Belgium. Proceedings or lecture notes have been published from nearly all the schools. IAG Scienti®c Assembly, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3rd±9th September, 1997 IV. Conclusion The Int. Symposium on Current Crustal Movements Since the transition of the Central Bureau from Paris to and Hazard Reduction in East Asia and South-East Copenhagen much assistance has been obtained from Asia, Nov. 4±7, 1997 Wuhan, P.R. China. the Department of Geophysics, University of Copen- hagen. Especially thanks are due to the Department III Venezulean Congress of Geodesy, Maracaibo, Feb. Secretary, Mrs. Henriette Hansen, who also has func- 18±27, 1998. tioned as the secretary of the Association. 6th Int. Winter Seminar on Geodynamics on Long Pe- riodic variations in Earth rotation Sopron, Hungary, Feb. 23±27, 1998. 52

2nd Continental Workshop on the Geoid in Europe, Joint meeting of the Int. Gravity and the Int. Geoid Budapest, March 10±13, 1998. Commissions, Trieste, Sept. 7±12,1998.

ESA ENVISAT Radar Altimeter Calibration Work- IV Hotine-Marussi Symposium, Trento, Italy, Sept. 14± shop, Muntanya, Catalonia, March 18±20, 1998. (Co- 17, 1998 sponsored by IAG). 11. Int. Workshop on Laser Ranging. Deggendorf, Geodesy for Geotechnical & Structural Engineering, Germany, 21±25 Sept, 1998. Apr. 20±22, 1998, Eisenstadt bei Wien. IERS Workshop, Potsdam, Sept. 28±Oct. 2, 1988. Airborne Gravity and the Polar Gravity ®eld Greenland, Kangerlussuaq, June 2±4, 1998 Sec. Int. Symp.: Geodynamics of the Alps-Adria Area by means of Terrestrial and Satellite Methods. Dub- IAG Subcommission for Europe (EUREF) meeting, rovnik, Croatia, September 28±October 2, 1998. Bad Neuenhar-Arhweiler, June 10±13, 1998. IAG'98, Section II Symposium (IGGOS), Munich, The Ninth General Assembly of the Working group of Germany, October 5±9, 1998 European Geoscientists for the establishment of Net- works in Earth-Science Research (Wegener), June 29± The Ninth Intemational Symposium on Recent Crustal July 2, 1998, Krokkleiva, Norway. Movements, CRCM `98, Egypt, Nov. 1998.

32nd COSPAR Scienti®c Assembly 12±19 July, 1998, Annual Symposium of the IAG Subcommission for Nagoya, Japan (IAG Sponsored). Europe, Prague, June 2±5, 1999. APPENDIX B INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEODESY RESULT FOR THE PERIOD OF 1.1.1995±31.12.1998 EXPENDITURES RECEIPTS 11 ADMINISTRATION: 15 IUGG ALLOCATION 105,021.60 11.2 Quaters 797.19 2 UNESCO GRANTS 2,000.00 11.3 Supplies and Equipment 3,050.13 3 OTHER GRANTS 16,400.00 11.4 Communication 225.10 4 CONTRACTS WITH UNESCO 0.00 11.5 Travel 18,177.50 5 SALE OF PUBLICATIONS 4,110.21 11.6 Micellaneous 8,627.07 6 MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS: 8,888.64 11.7 Depreciation of Equipment 1,664.42 6.1 Gains on exchange 2,512.36 12 PUBLICATIONS: 6.2 Interest 3,792.86 12.1 Proceedings of assemblies 9,111.42 6.3 Others 8,166.72 12.3 Periodicals 2,549.17 6.5 Payment from AGU 10,613.62 13 ASSEMBLIES: 6.6 Rio fees and Rio Proceedings 4,208.14 13.1 Organization 4,764.48 6.7 Payments for EGG-97 CD 2,076.33 13.2 Travel assemblies 28,133.37 7 TOTAL RECEIPTS 167,790.48 14 SYMPOSIA & SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS 3,133.20 16 GRANTS (PERMANENT SERVICES, ETC.) 9,859.13 16.1 Bomford prize 1,923.85 17 CONTRACTS WITH UNESCO 0.00 18 MISCELLANEOUS: 18.1 Miscellaneous expenditures 609.35 18.2 Bank charges 1,906.47 18.3 Loss on exhange 3,158.53 19 TOTAL EXPENDITURES 97,690.38 Surplus 70,100.10 TOTAL 167,790.48 TOTAL 167,790.48 Balance 1998 in USD Assets Liabilities 20 Bank 31.12.1998 73,475.84 Net Capital 93,693.23 21 INVESTMENTS AND RESERVES 0.00 23.1 Accounts payable: Fund (Creditor) 0.00 24 Accounts receivable: Others 11,243.01 24.1 Accounts receivable: Fund 7,273.46 25 Value of Equipment 1,700.93 rounding 0.01 22 TOTAL 93,693.24 10 TOTAL 93,693.24 Net Capital 1998 in USD Open 1.1.1995 23,593.13 Surplus 31.12.1998 70,100.10 Balance 31.12.1998 93,693.23 93,693.23 93,693.23 93,693.23 53 APPENDIX B (contd.) 54 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEODESY RESULT IAG FUND FOR THE PERIOD OF 1.1.1995 ± 31.12.1998

EXPENDITURES RECEIPTS 11 ADMINISTRATION 0.00 15 IUGG ALLOCATION 0.00 12 PUBLICATIONS 0.00 2 UNESCO GRANTS 0.00 13 ASSEMBLIES 3 OTHER GRANTS 9,643.54 13.2 Travel Assemblies 9,000.00 4 CONTRACTS WITH UNESCO 0.00 14 SYMPOSIA & SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS 16,670.00 5 SALE OF PUBLICATIONS 200.00 16 GRANTS (Permanent Services, etc.) 6,777.14 6 MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS 16.1 Bomford 2,000.00 6.1 Gains on exhange 139.36 17 Contracts with UNESCO 0.00 6.2 Interest 2455.77 18 MISCELLANEOUS: 197.06 6.3 Others 292.35 18.2 Bank charges 552.80 7 TOTAL RECEIPTS 12,731.02 18.3 Loss on exhange 2,588.99 De®cit 25,054.97 19 TOTAL EXPENDITURES 37,785.99 TOTAL 37,785.99 TOTAL 37,785.99 Balance IAG FUND 1998 in USD Assets Liabilities 20 Bank 31.12.1998 0.00 Net Capital )7,273.46 21 Investments and reserves 0.00 23.1 Accounts payable: IAG (Creditor) 7,273.46 24 Accounts receivable (Debtor) 0.00 25 Value of Equipment 0.00 22 TOTAL 0.00 10 TOTAL 0.00 Net Capital 1998 in USD Open 1.1.1995 17,781.51 De®cit 25,054.97 )7,273.46 Balance 31.12.98 )7,273.46 )7,273.46 )7,273.46 APPENDIX C INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEODESY±BUDGET FOR 1999±2003 (ALL AMOUNTS IN USD) RECEIPTS EXsPENDITURES 15 IUGG ALLOCATION 100000 11 ADMINISTRATION 50000 2 UNESCO GRANTS 0 12 PUBLICATIONS 12000 3 OTHER GRANTS 0 13 ASSEMBLIES 60000 4 CONTRACTS 0 14 SYMPOSIA & MEETINGS 30000 5 SALES OF PUBLICATIONS 12000 16 GRANTS 25000 6 MISCELLANEOUS 35000 18 MISCELLANEOUS 6000 7 TOTAL RECEIPTS 147000 19 TOTAL EXPENDITURES 183000 8 BANKS (Jan. 1, 1999) 94000 20 BANKS (Dec. 31, 2003) 58000 (Approved by the IAG Council, Birmingham, July, 1999) 55 56

XXII'th General Assembly of the International Association of Geodesy

(Birmingham July, 1999)

Summary of the meetings by the Council and Executive Comittee during the General Assembly (O. Andersen, IAG information editor)

During the XXII'th General Assembly of the France (C. Boucher) International Association of Geodesy, the Greece (A. Dermanis) Hungary (Joszef) The Executive committee met on July 19, July Indonesia (Sutisnas) 24, July 27 Italy (F. Sanso) Japan (S. Takimoto) The Council met on July19, July 21, July 27 Malaysia (A. Samad) Netherlands (Teunissen J.G. Peter) Present were: K.P. Schwarz, (President), F.Sanso New Zealand (D. Grant) (1. Vice President), J.O. Dickey (2. Vice President), C.C. Nigeria (F. Fajemirokun) Tscherning (Secretary General), F. Brunner (President Norway (B.G. Harsson) Section 1), R. Forsberg (President Section 3), P. Holota Poland (L.W. Baran) (President Section 4), M. Feissel (President Section 5), Portugal (Torres, Joa Agria) C. Boucher (President Commission X), P. Willis (Sec- Romania (L. Atanasiu) retary Section 2), G. Beutler (President Commission Russia (Prilepin T. Mikhail) XII), M. Sideris (secretary Section 3), B. Heck (Secretary South Africa (R. Wonnacott) section 4), C. Wilson (Secretary section 5), T. Tanaka Sweden (M. Ekman) (President Commission VII), W. Torge (Past president), Switzerland (D. Schneider) I.I. Mueller (Honorary President), H. Moritz (Honorary Thailand (P. Paewpisakun) President), O. Andersen. (Assistant Sec General), The Turkey (H. Meteris) new Executive Committee members were invited to United Kingdom (A. Dodson) participate in the third meeting. United States of America (T. Herring) Venezuela (H. Henneberg) At the meetings (July19, July 21, July 27) of the Council, Zimbabwe (F. Podmore) 40 member countries were represented. During these meetings, topics concerning the Algeria (Kahlouche) activities and administrative a€airs of the International Argentina (F. Galban) Association of Geodesy were treated. Decisions or Australia (R. Coleman) conclusions were drawn as follows. Austria (E. Erker) Belgium (B. Ducarme) Brazil (D. Blitzkow) 1. Finances Canada (M. Sideris) Chile (J. Pinto) The Financial Report of the IAG for the period China (Hu J. Guo) 1st January 1995 to 31st of December 1998 was pre- Croatia (K. Colic) sented by the Secretary General during the IAG opening Czech Republic (P. Holota) session. In terms of IAG by-law 54 an ad-hoc Audit Denmark (F. Madsen) Committee must be appointed by the Council to exam- Germany (B. Heck) ine all expenditures and ensure that they were in ac- Egypt (A.A. Tealeb) cordance with the proposals previously approved. The Finland (R. Kuittinen) 57

Audit Committee appointed by the Council on 19th July The Audit Committee makes the following recom- 1999 consisted of: mendations

J. Adam, Hungary 4.1 It is recommended that the itemised allocation B.G. Harsson, Norway of expenditure and receipts be reviewed to give a truer R.T. Wonnacott, South Africa re¯ection of these expenditures and receipts. Unspeci®ed items such as miscellaneous and others should be kept to The Audit Committee met four times. a minimum amount. 4.2 It is recommended that the IAG Fund be in- The Audit Committee performed the following: corporated into the IAG Account primarily to facilitate the ecient handling of multi-currency transactions and 1.1 Examined an arbitrary selection of receipts and the administration of the accounts. bank statements of both the IAG Account and the IAG 4.3 The Audit Committee recommends that the Fund for the period of 1st of January 1995 to 31st of IAG Council accepts the Financial report for the period December 1998. The ®nal quadrennial report and the 1995±1999 as presented to the Council at Birmingham in interim annual reports for both the Account and the July 1999. Fund have been audited by the ®rm of authorised public accountants Hans Borge Nielsen. The Audit Committee had the following acknowledge- 1.2 Checked the balances appearing in the annual ment and quadrennial report of the IAG. 1.3 Examined expenditures to ensure conformity On behalf of the IAG Council, the Audit Com- with the budget for 1995±1999 as approved in Boulder in mittee would like to acknowledge the considerable time, July 1995. e€ort and support provided by the Department of 1.4 Made enquiries which were clari®ed by the Geophysics of the University of Copenhagen. In par- Secretary General C.C. Tscherning. ticular the work of the secretariat sta€ of the Depart- ment must be acknowledged. The Audit Committee makes the following comments on the IAG Account: 2. Elections

2.1 The accounts are well presented and expendi- The elections were prepared by the Nominating ture is supported by receipts and records. committee chaired by W. Torge, which presented its list 2.2 Multi-currency transfers have been clearly doc- of candidates at the ®rst meeting of the council on July, umented. 19. The election took lace in the council on Wedensday, 2.3 During the review period the reserves held by 21th. They resulted in the following structure of the IAG. the IAG rose by US 70.100,10 to US 93.693,23. This can be attributed to large savings on administrative Bureau items such as travel and communication. In addition, an unforeseen income from the AGU for a per capita President: Fernando Sanso (Italy) attendance at the Boulder General Assembly and the First Vice President: Gerhard Beutler Rio de Janerio Scienti®c Assembly increased the re- (Switzerland) serves. Secretary General: C. C. Tscherning (Denmark) 2.4 In spite of the surplus of US 70.100,10 the Audit Second Vice President: Denizar Blitzkow (Brasil) Committee found that total spending on Grants, Sym- posia, Assemblies and Publications was in accordance Section I: Positioning with the approved 1995±1999 budget. President: Alan Dodson, U The Audit Committee makes the following comments Secretary: Chris Rizos, Australia on the IAG Fund Claude Boucher (France)

3.1 The accounts are well presented and expendi- Section II: Advanced Space Technology tures supported by receipts and records. 3.2 At the end of the reporting period, the IAG President: C. K. Shum (USA) Fund showed a debt of US 7.273,46 which has been Secretary: Pascal Willis (France) covered by the IAG Account. The loss has been in- Comm VIII: H. Drewes (Germany) curred largely through travel grants and support pro- vided to young scientists for symposia and scienti®c Section III: Determination of the Gravity Field meetings. President: Michael G. Sideris (Canada) Secretary: Gerd Boedecker (Germany) Comm XIII: Martin Vermeer (Finland) 58

Section IV: General Theory and Methodology Comm XIII: International Gravity and Geoid Commission President: Bernhard Heck (Germany) President: Martin Vermeer (Finland) Secretary: Christopher Jekeli (USA) Yuanxi Yang (China) Comm V: Earth Tides President: Shuzo Takemoto (Japan) Section V: Geodynamics Comm XIV: Crustal Deformation President: Clark Wilson (USA) President: S. Zerbini (Italy) Secretary: Veronique Dehant (Belgium) 3.2. Special Commissions Comm V: President: Shuzo Takemoto (Japan) Comm XIV President: S. Zerbini (Italy) According to the IAG by-laws special commissions may be formed to study scienti®c problems of a long term Editor in Chief of the Journal of Geodesy character with requires close corporation between spe- cialists from di€erent countries. P.J.G. Teunissen (The Netherlands) All special commission were continued except for Assistant Secretaries of the Association SC 6 (Wegener Project) which was continued as a sub- commission in commission XIV. The following special Ole Baltazar Andersen (Denmark) commissions were installed for the period 1999±2003 Kristian Keller (Denmark) SC4: Application of Geodesy to Engineering Honorary Presidents: President: Heribert Kahmen (Austria)

H. Moritz (Austria). SC7: Satellite Gravity Field Missions P.V. Angus-Leppan (Australia) Chair: Karl-Heinz Ilk (Germany) I. I. Mueller (USA) W. Torge (Germany) SC1: Mathematical and Physical Founda- K.-P. Schwarz (Canada) tions of Geodesy Chair: P. Holota (Czech Republic) Honorary Secretaries General SC3: Fundamental Parameters J.-J. Levallois (France) Chair: E. Groten M. Louis (France) SC8: Sea Level and Ice Sheets President: Michael Bevis (USA) 3.3. Special Study Groups 3. Commissions, Special commissions and Special Study Groups Special study groups are formed to study speci®c sci- enti®c problems of limited scope. Therefore most groups 3.1. Commissions are terminated after four years. However, this time two special study groups were continues. These were SSG Former Commission III (International gravity com- 1.162 and SSG 3.167. All other special study groups mission) and Comm XII (International geoid com- were terminated. The following special study groups mission) were merged and a new commission XIII were installed for the period 1999±2003 were formed under the name The International gravity and geoid commission. Commission VII (Recent SSG 1.179: Wide Area Modelling for Precise Sat- crustal movements) were dissolved and a new com- ellite Positioning mission XIV on crustal deformation were established. Chair: S. Han (Australia) The following commissions were installed for the pe- riod 1999±2003 SSG 1.180: GPS as an Atmospheric Remote Sens- ing Tool Comm X: Global and Regional Geodetic Net- Chair: H. van der Marel works (The Netherlands) President: Claude Boucher (France) SSG 1.181: Regional Permanent Arrays Comm VIII: International Coordination Of Space Chair: R. Weber (Austria) Techniques For Geodesy And Geody- namics (CSTG) SSG 1.182: Multipath Mitigation President: H. Drewes (Germany) Chair: M.P. Stewart (Australia) 59

SSG 2.162: Precise Orbits Using Multiple Space 3.4. International Bureau, Services and Centres Techniques Chair: R. Scharroo (The Netherlands) The following bodies were established or asked to con- tinue their work. SSG 2.183: Spaceborne Interferometry Techniques Chair: Ramon Hanssen IGS International GPS Service (The Netherlands) Chair: Christopher Reigber (Germany) Director of the CB: Ruth Neilan (USA) SSG 2.192: Spaceborne GNS Atmosphere Sound- ing ILRS The International Laser Ranging Service Chair: Rob Kursinski (USA) Chair of the Governing Board: John Degnan (USA) SSG 2.193: Gravity Field Missions: Calibration and Validation Director of the Central Bureau: Chair: Pieter Visser (The Netherlands) John Bosworth (USA)

SSG 2.194: GPS Water Level Measurements IVS International VLBI Service Chair: Gerry Mader (USA) for Geodesy and Astrometry Directing Board Chair: W. SchluÈ ter (Germany) SSG 3.167: Regional Land and Marine Geoid Modelling BGI International Gravimetric Bureau Chair: I.N. Tziavos (Greece) Director: J-P. Barriot (France)

SSG 3.177: Synthetic Modelling of the Earth's IGeS International Geoid Service Gravity Field Director: F. Sans (Italy) Chair: Will Featherstone (Australia) IERS International Earth Rotation Service SSG 3.184: Use of Remote Sensing Techniques for Chair: Christoph Reigber Validating Heights and Depths Director, Central Bureau: Daniel Gambis Chair: Philippa Berry (UK) PSMSL Permanent Service For Mean Sea Level SSG 3.185: Merging Data from Dedicated Satellite Director: P.L. Woodworth (UK) Missions with Other Gravimetric Data Chair: Nico Sneeuw (Germany) BIPM Bureau International des Poids et Mesures ± Time Section SSG 3.186: Altimetry Data Processing for Gravity, Director Time Section: E.F. Arias (BIPM) Geoid and Sea Surface Topography Determination 3.5 Joint working Groups Chair: C. Hwang (Taiwan) The following Joint Working Group was installed for SSG 4.187: Wavelets in Geodesy and Geodynamics the period 1999±2003 Chair: W. Keller (Germany) IAG/IAPSO Joint Working Group SSG 4.188: Mass Density from Joint Inverse Geodetic E€ects of Non-Tidal Oceanic Processes Gravity Modelling Chair: R.S. Gross (USA) Chair: G. Strykowski (Denmark) 3.6 Committees reporting to the IAG Bureau SSG 4.189: Dynamic Theories of Deformation and Gravity Fields The following committee was installed for the period Chair: D. Wolf (Germany) 1999±2003

SSG 4.190: Non-probabilistic Assessment in Geo- ABLOS Committees reporting to the Bureau: detic Data Analysis Committee Geodetic and Marine Geo-Scienti®c As- Chair: H. Kutterer (Germany) pects of the Law of the Sea Chair: Bjorn Geirr Harsson SSG 4.191: Theory of Fundamental Height Systems Chair: C. Jekeli (USA) 60

4. IAG representatives to external bodies 5. Awards

BGI Directing Board: Dr. M.Vermeer (Finland), The Bomford prize President of the Gravity/Geoid Commission. The Bomford prize 1999 was awarded to Veronique IAPSO Commission on Mean Sea Level and Tides: Dehant, Royal Observatory of Belgium for her out- M. Bevis to be contacted. standing contribution to geodesy and particularly for her contribution in the nutation ®eld. The Bomform IAU Working Group on Astronomical Standards prize and the certi®cate was presented to V. Dehant by (WGAS): President K.-P. Schwarz during the opening ceremony E. Groten (Germany), continuing. of the General Assembly.

IAU ICRS Working Group: The Levallois Medal T. Herring (USA), continuing. The Levallois Medal was awarded to T. Krarup, Na- ICET Directing Board: tional Survey and Cadastre (KMS) Denmark in recog- Dr. S. Takemoto (Japan), nition of distinguished service to the association and to President Earth Tide Commission. the science of geodesy in general. The Levallois medal and the certi®cate were presented to T. Krarup by ICL: Professor H. Moritz during the opening ceremony of the S. Zerbini (Italy). General Assembly.

IERS Directing Board: 1998 IAG Young Authors Award C. Reigber (Germany), continuing, or his nominee. During the opening ceremony of the General Assembly in Birmingham the winner of the IAG Young Author IGS Governing Board: Award for 1998 was presented. The award consists of a G. Beutler (CH), (ex-ocio), certi®cate and a check of 1000US The award was given T. Herring (USA), IAG Representative. ISO TC Dr. Cheinway Hwang from the Department of Civil 211: Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. J. Ihde (Germany), continuing. It was given the paper: Inverse Vening-Meinesz formula and de¯ection-geoid formula: applications to the pre- IUGG Inter-Association Committee for dictions of gravity and geoid over the South China Sea, Mathematical Geophysics: Journal of Geodesy, vol 72, 5, pp. 304±312 M. Vermeer (Finland), continuing. 6. Resolutions IUSM Executive Board: I.I. Mueller (USA) IUGG K.-P. Schwarz (Canada), continuing to next meeting. New representatives will be nomi- Seven resolutions related to Geodesy were presented and nated if there is a need after the next meeting. accepted by the council of IUGG. The text of the res- olutions can be found as a separate chapter of this issue PAIGH (PanAmerican Institute for Geography and of the Geodesists handbook. History): W. Torge (Germany), continuing. IAG

SIRGAS: Seven resolutions were presented and accepted by the H. Drewes (Germany), continuing. council of IAG. The text of the resolutions can be found as a separate chapter of this issue of the Geodesists WMO/IUGG Working Group on data exchange for handbook 2000 forecast of natural disasters. S. Zerbini. 7. IAG new fellows SCAR WG-GGI.: R. Dietrich (Germany). The IAG executive committee appointed the following fellows of the International Association of Geodesy GALOS: B.-G. Harsson (Norway) O. Balt. Andersen, (Denmark), D. Arabelos (Greece), L. Ballani (Germany), B. Benciolini (Italy), M. H. Kahmen (alternatively F. Brunner) was suggested Bevis (USA), G. Blewitt (UK), J. Bosworth as IAG representative to the IUGG commission (USA), A. Cazenave (France), T. Clark (USA), on Mega Cities. J. Degnan (USA), V. Dehant (Belgium), H. 61

Drewes (Germany), B. Ducarme (Belgium), 8. IAG scienti®c Assembly 2001 W. Featherstone (Australia), W. Freeden (Ger- many), T. Herring (USA), K.-H. Ilk (Germany), The IAG scienti®c Assembly will be held in Budapest in P. de Jonge (The Netherlands), J. Johanssen Hungary in the beginning of September, 2001. (Sweden), P. Knudsen (Denmark), Z-X Li (PRC), J. Manning (Australia), N. Pavlis (USA), C. Ri- 9. IUGG General Assembly 2003 zos (Australia), C. Rocken (USA), I. Tziavos (Greece), M. Vermeer (Finland), M. Wei (Cana- The IUGG General Assembly will be held in Sapporo in da), D. Wolf (Germany), S. Zerbini (Italy). Japan in 2003. 62

IUGG resolutions adopted at the XXIIth General Assembly in Birmingham 1999 and related to Geodesy

IUGG RESOLUTION 1 4. national geodetic and geophysical observing systems are declining in many countries; Integrated Global Earth Monitoring Systems (IG- Arms that: EMS) IUGG will continue to play a leading role in the The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics evolution and utilization of an Integrated Global Earth Monitoring Systems (IGEMS) Recognizing that: theme for the bene®t of all scientists and soci- eties: 1. contemporary science and technology have now made it possible to observe in a sustained And urges: fashion (i.e., monitor) geophysical phenomena, processes, and ®elds across all disciplines and in governments and international agencies to sus- a truly global and near-real-time (synoptic) tain and improve national and international fashion (using remote sensing as well as direct geodetic and geophysical monitoring systems and sensing) for the ®rst time, making Earth System promote the free and unrestricted transfer of data. Science fully feasible; IUGG RESOLUTION 2 2. The International Council for Science (ICSU) ± together with CEOS (Committee on Protecting the GNSS Radio Frequency Spectrum Earth Observing Satellites), IGFA Interna- tional Group of Funding Agencies (for global change research)), IOC (Intergovernmental The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Oceanographic Commission), WMO (World Meteorological Organization), UNEP (United Recognizing that: Nations Environmental Program) ± already has a well established Federation of Astro- 1. space-base Global Navigation Satellite Sys- nomical and Geophysical Services (FAGS), has tems (GNSS) such as GLONASS, GPS (existing moved forward with planning an Integrated global positions systems), and GALILEO Global Observing Strategy (IGOS) that links (planned European satellite position system) GOOS (Global Terrestrial Observing System), play a crucial role in all ®elds of geodesy and and with analogous initiatives underway in geophysics; seismology, geodesy, geomagnetics, volcanolo- gy, hydrology, and other geophysical disci- 2. these elements constitute an essential system plines; for modern society, for example in communica- tion and in navigation of ships, airplanes, and 3. the IUGG has a well established role in fos- automobiles; tering long-term geodetic andgeophysical ob- servations for the bene®t of both geophysical And noting that: research and human society, perhaps most no- tably through its several Permanent Services; 3. the worldwide radiofrequency spectrum is regulated through the International Telecom- And noting with concern that: munications Union (IYU), and 63

4. at the next World Radio Conference (WRC) 3. to call upon the United Nations, national in April-May 2000, a vote will be taken on a authorities and international funding bodies to proposal by the mobile satellite communication support strongly international and national services (MSS) industry to share spectrum in the programs and institutions that develop and ap- radio navigation band used for GLONASS, ply the geo-sincere, so as to improve our un- GPS, and other satellite navigation services, derstanding of the geophysical world, and to which has the potential for undermining the create the basis for rational and e€ective deci- capabilities, utility and future growth of GNSS; sion-making by individuals, institutions and governments. Recommends and urges that: RESOLUTION 4 the ITU should not make changes to the existing allo- International Monitoring System for the Comprehen- cations of the radio frequencies for GNSS; sive Test Ban Treaty IUGG Members and Associations work with their na- The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics tional organizations to ensure that the ITU does not allow encroachment into the frequencies used by the GNSS. Recognizing:

IUGG RESOLUTION 3 1. the valuable contribution that data from the International Monitoring System for the Com- Geo-Sciences and Society prehensive Test Ban Treaty will have for geo- physical research, earthquake monitoring, assessment of earthquake and tsunami hazards, The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics and education;

Recognizing that: 2. that the International Monitoring System for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty will include 1. IUGG has a well established role and expe- an important global, international seismological rience in development and application of the network of seismic, hydro-acoustic, infra-sound geo-sciences; sensors;

2. IUGG is committed to serving society by 3. that free and open international exchange of putting its expertise at the disposal of people, data is the cornerstone of science; institutions and decision makers; And noting that: 3. Society is facing an unprecedented range of challenges that concern the Earth and its atmo- 4. Article IV Section A.10 of the Comprehensive sphere, oceans and freshwaters, the extreme Test Ban Treaty states that The provisions of hazards of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cy- this Treaty shall not be interpreted as restricting clones, ¯oods, droughts, and other geophysical the international exchange of data for scienti®c phenomena, and the interactions between hu- purposes; man activities and the Earth environment which de®ne sustainable development; Requests: Resolves: that open, free, and undelayed access be guaranteed to all raw and processed waveform data from the Inter- 1. to continue its e€orts in developing and ap- national Monitoring System for the Comprehensive Test plying the geo-sciences in the service of society, Ban Treaty, and be made available from the Interna- in particular the prevention and mitigation of tional Data Centre in Vienna, Austria, to other seis- natural disasters in continuation of the Interna- mological data centers; tional Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) program beyond the decade, and And encourages considering the problems of magacities; the international Monitoring System for the 2. to strengthen its ties with the other disciplines Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty to join the that have a role in dealing with hazards and with Federation of Digital Broad-band Seismo- sustainable development, to address these mat- graphic Networks. ters in a coordinated fashion; 64

IUGG RESOLUTION 5 Requires: Support of the International 1. that organizations inviting IUGG to hold a Climate and Global Change Programs General Assembly in their country submit their detailed invitation to the IUGG Secretary General The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics no later than 6 months prior to the General Assem- bly preceding the General Assembly that wish to Recognizing: invite;

the importance and the success of the international 2. that this invitation include details of all pertinent climate and global change programs sponsored or co- conditions relevant to the successful conduct of a sponsored by the International Council for Science large scienti®c meeting, including: the venue, climate, (ICSU), namely: the World Climate Research Pro- facilities, human resources and physical infrastruc- gram(WCRP), the International Geosphere Bio- ture available, lodging opportunities, transportation sphere Program (IGBP) and the International links; Human Dimensions Program (IHDP); And recommends: Resolves: 3. that the inviting organization take ®nancial re- to continue its commitment to and involvement in sponsibility for the General Assembly in cooperation these programs, and to call for continuing strong with the Union. leadership and support of these essential programs, which provide crucial scienti®c guidance to society IUGG RESOLUTION 7 into the future of the world's environment. Thanks

IUGG RESOLUTION 6 The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

Invitation of a General Assembly Gratefully records its appreciation

The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics for the organization and arrangements made for the XXII General Assembly. Recognizing: On behalf of all participants, the Council expresses its 1. the importance of making each General Assembly warm thanks to the U.K. National a scienti®c success, and Committee for IUGG, to the Royal Society, to the 2. the magnitude of the ®nancial implications of an University of Birmingham, to the Local Organizing IUGG General Assembly, Committee, to the Program Committee, and to all others involved in making the XXII General As- sembly a scienti®c success and an enjoyable meeting on the campus of the University of Birmingham. 65

IAG Resolutions adopted at the XXIIth General Assembly in Birmingham, 1999

RESOLUTION 1 d) these proposals, if adopted, establish a dan- gerous precedent to undermine the capabilities, The International Association of Geodesy utility and future growth of GNSS, considering recognizing the extreme and critical importance of protecting a) the vital interest to its national delegates of Global existing radio frequency spectrum allocations to Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as GNSS, and GLONASS, GPS and GALILEO, for a tremendous range of future applications in all ®elds of geodesy recommends and geophysics

b) the a€ordable support of GPS for sustainable in- 1. the Association and its national delegates open frastructure development, state-of-the-art transport active debate on spectrum issues to in¯uence each navigation and guidance, and other industrial sys- country's position at ITU and the WRC-2000; spe- tems, and ci®cally

c) the need to raise awareness of the global impor- a) in concert with related organisations they tance of GNSS and of critical issues a€ecting their should promote international e€ort to change use, since emphasis from purely telecommunication spec- trum needs to include also those of existing and a) for successful operation they require a dedi- future satellite based positioning, navigation and cated radio frequency spectrum protected from timing systems, and incursions into the allocated bands, b) national delegates should approach their ap- propriate national institution or WRC delegate b) this worldwide spectrum is supervised by the to register IAG's urgent concern for GNSS International Telecommunications Union (ITU) spectrum protection, while but decisions on band allocation are made by the World Radio Conference (WRC), 2. the IAG secretary general be directed to send a letter, in consultation with GNSS radio frequency c) the next WRC in April/May 2000 will vote on experts, to the appropriate ocial at ITU, advising proposals for the mobile satellite communica- them of the critical importance of this matter to IAG, tions services (MSS) industry to share spectrum in their scienti®c studies of the earth and in their in the radio navigation band used by GLON- practical applications of the results of this research; a ASS, GPS and other satellite navigation services, copy of this letter to be posted on the IAG website. so that Sponsored by Larry Hothem 66

RESOLUTION 2 5) a carbon dioxide content of air of 300 ppm is no longer appropriate The International Association of Geodesy recognizing noting

1) the longstanding requirement for a precise and the continuum dispersion formulae used by the rec- detailed determination of the Earth's gravity ®eld and ommendation below do not account for the e€ects of its ¯uctuation with time, documented in resolutions anomalous refractivity due to molecular resonances by IUGG, IAG and other organisations and resulting in the visible and near-infrared, in development by NASA and ESA of the GRACE and GOCE missions, where recommends a) GRACE will be the ®rst mission with satellite- to-satellite tracking between two low orbiters, 1) sub paragraphs (a) and (b) of Resolution No. 1 of and the 13th General Assembly of IUGG (Berkeley 1963) b) GOCE will be the ®rst with a gravity gradi- be cancelled ometer, and 2) the group refractive index in air for electronic distance measurement to better than one part per 2) the urgent need for both types of mission, million (ppm) with visible and near infrared waves in the atmosphere be computed using the computer a) GRACE concentrating on variations of earth procedure published by Ciddor & Hill in Applied gravity with time, and Optics (1999, Vol. 38, No. 9,1663±1667) and Ciddor b) GOCE on maximum spatial resolution, in Applied Optics (1996, Vol. 35, No. 9, 1566±1573), so that the two types permit wide application of 3) the following closed formulae be adopted for the gravity research to solid earth physics, ocean- computation of the group refractive index in air for ography, glaciology, hydrology, geodesy and sea electronic distance measurement (EDM) to within 1 level determination ppm with visible and near infrared waves in the at- mosphere: welcomes  273:15 N p 11:27 Á e N ˆ n 1†Á106 ˆ Á g such developments, and L L 1013:25 T T urges where NL is the group refractivity of visible and near infrared waves in ambient moist air, T is the tem- the space agencies to pursue these developments perature in Kelvin (ITS-90), T = 273.15 + t, t is the with vigour. temperature in degrees Celsius (C), p the total pres- sure in hectopascal (hPa) and e the partial water vapour pressure in hectopascal (hPa) and nL is the Sponsored by R. Rummel as President of Section II corresponding group refractive index.

RESOLUTION 3 The group refractivity Ng of standard air with 0.0375% CO2 content at T = 273.15 K (0 C), p = The International Association of Geodesy 1013.25 hPa, e = 0.0 hPa is as follows N ˆ n 1†Á106 recognizing g g 4:88660 0:06800 ˆ 287:6155 ‡ ‡ 1) the accuracy of the instrumentation used for ter- k2 k4 restrial electronic distance measurement and for measurements to satellites has improved greatly since where is the carrier wavelength of the EDM signal IUGG adopted a resolution on the refractive index of (in micrometre, lm) and ng the corresponding group air in 1963, refractive index. 2) new absolute and relative measurements of the refractive index of air have been made since 1963, These closed formulae deviate less than 0.25 ppm 3) more accurate refractive index formulae have been from the accurate formulae (see (2) above) between developed and older formulae have been found to be )30 C and +45 C, at 1000 hPa pressure, 100% relative in error since 1963, humidity (without condensation) and for wavelengths of 4) the international temperature scale was revised in 650 nm and 850 nm, for example. The 1 ppm stated 1990, and before makes some allowance for anomalous refractivity 67 and the uncertainty in the determination of the atmo- tions, with special emphasis on near infrared spheric parameters. wavelengths.

Where required, the phase refractivity Nph of Sponsored by the Ad-Hoc Working Group on Refractive standard air with 0.0375% CO2 content at T = 273.15 Indices of Light, Infrared and Radio Waves in the At- K(0C),p = 1013.25 hPa, e = 0.0 hPa may be cal- mosphere (convener: J. M. RuÈeger) of the IAG Special culated as follows Commission SC3 on Fundamental Constants (SCFC).

6 Nph ˆ nph 1†10 1:62887 0:01360 RESOLUTION 5 ˆ 287:6155 ‡ ‡ k2 k4 The International Association of Geodesy where is the carrier wavelength of the signal (in mi- crometre, lm) and nph the corresponding phase refrac- recognizing tive index. 1) the need for terrestrial and airborne gravity Sponsored by the Ad-Hoc Working Group on Refractive measurements due to the lack of gravity coverage Indices of Light, Infrared and Radio Waves in the At- over the polar caps by the planned satellite mis- mosphere (convener: J. M. RuÈeger) of the IAG Special sions, and Commission SC3 on Fundamental Constants (SCFC). 2) the need for improved geoid models in the polar RESOLUTION 4 regions,

The International Association of Geodesy recommends recognizing a concerted international e€ort to compile existing available gravity data and to encourage new gravity 1) the ultimate limit set by anomalous refractivity, due surveys in the polar regions. to absorption lines, to the accuracy of any con- Sponsored by Ren Forsberg as President of Section III. tinuous visible and near infrared refractive index formula, particularly the group refractive index, RESOLUTION 6 2) the scarcity, particularly in the near infrared, of the absolute refractivity measurements of dry air and The International Association of Geodesy moist air, on which present dispersion formulae are based, and recognizing 3) the scarcity of direct measurements of the group refractive index, and 1. the increasing role played by space techniques in all branches of geodesy, noting 2. the support by the IAG-related services for a broad range of geoscience activities outside the the preliminary work done towards computing the IAG, and magnitude of anomalous phase and group refractiv- ity in the visible and near infrared, 3. the need to further strengthen the contribution of IAG to the other geosciences, recommends recommends 1) further work on the e€ect of absorption lines on the phase and group refractive indices of air so as 1. a process, to be set in motion to de®ne long-term to compute the magnitude of anomalous refrac- goals for IAG research and e€ective ways of di- tivity for speci®c instruments and, ideally, pro- recting IAG activities towards these goals, vide software to correct for such e€ects, and 2. a proposal resulting from this process, to be 2) new absolute measurements of the refractivity of presented to a Council meeting at the Scienti®c the constituent gases of the atmosphere (includ- Assembly in 2001, for implementation at the ing water vapour) under non-laboratory condi- General Assembly in 2003, and 68

3. a Steering Committee, to be formed during the RESOLUTION 7 Birmingham meeting to initiate and organize the above process. The International Association of Geodesy expresses its thanks to the local organising committee and to the Sponsored by K.P. Schwarz as President of IAG University of Birmingham and their sta€, not forgetting the contribution of the Guild of Students, for all that they have done to make this last IAG Assembly of the old Millenium a memorable one. 69

STRUCTURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY AND GEOPYYSICS (IUGG) for the period IUGG 1999±2003

BUREAU IAPSO President: Masaru Kono (Japan) President: Paola Rizzoli (USA) Vice President: Uri Shamir (Israel) Secretary General: Fred Cam®eld (USA) Secretary-General: JoAnn Joselyn (USA) Treasurer: Aksel Hansen (Denmark) IASPEI Members: Junyong Chen (China) President: Brian Kennett (Australia) Harsh Gupta (India) Secretary General: Robert Engdahl (USA) Vere Shannon (South Africa) Assistant Sec. Gen. Vacant Assistant Treasurer: Anders Svensson (Denmark) IAVCEI Past President: Peter Wyllie (USA) President: Stephen Sparks (UK) Secretary General: Steve McNutt (USA )

The Secretary Generals of the Associations may attend EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE any meeting of the Executive committee of the Union in and advisory capacity ± The Bureau ± Editor of the Chronicle: ± The Past President of the Union: F. Melchior (Belgium) Peter Wyllie (USA) ± The Presidents of the Associations: FINANCE COMMITTEE IAG President: Fernando Sanso (Italy) Chairman: P. Pinet (France) Secretary General: Christian Tscherning (Denmark) Secretary: A.F. Sprilhaus (USA) Members: V.K. Gaur (India) IAGA E. Groten (Germany) President: David Kerridge (UK) M.J. Hamlin (UK) Secretary General: Herb Kroehl (USA)

IAHS President (to 2001): John Rodda (UK) President (2001±5): Kuniyoshi Takeuchi (Japan) Secretary General: Gordon Young (Canada)

IAMAS President: Hugh Davies (Switzerland) Secretary General: Roland List (Canada) 70

STRUCTURE of the INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEODESY for the period 1999±2003

BUREAU OTHER OFFICERS

President: Fernando Sanso (Italy) Editor in Chief of the Journal of Geodesy: First Vice President: Gerhard Beutler (Switzerland) P.J.G. Teunissen (The Netherlands) Secretary General: C.C. Tscherning (Denmark) Second Vice President: Denizar Blitzkow (Brasil) Assistant Secretaries of the Association: (Attends any meeting of the Bureau on invitation of the Ole Baltazar Andersen (Denmark) President.) Kristian Keller (Denmark)

Honorary Presidents: EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE H. Moritz (Austria) P.V. Angus-Leppan (Australia) ± The Bureau and the Second Vice President I.I. Mueller (USA) ± The Past President: K.-P. Schwarz W. Torge (Germany) ± The Section Presidents: K.-P. Schwarz (Canada) Section I: Positioning President: Alan Dodson (U.K) Honorary Secretaries General: Secretary: Chris Rizos (Australia) J.-J. Levallois (France) Comm X: Claude Boucher (France) M. Louis (France) (Secretaries on the sections and the other ociers may Section II: Advanced Space Technology attend any meeting of the Excutive Committee of the President: C.K. Shum (USA) Association in an advisory capacity.) Secretary: Pascal Willis (France) Comm VIII: H. Drewes (Germany)

Section III: Determination of the Gravity Field President: Michael G. Sideris (Canada) Secretary: Gerd Boedecker (Germany) Sections, Commissions, Special Commissions, Comm XIII: Martin Vermeer (Finland) Special Study Groups, International Services

Section IV: General Theory and Methodology Section I: Positioning President: Bernhard Heck (Germany) President: Alan Dodson, U Secretary: Christopher Jekeli (USA) Secretary: Chris Rizos (Australia) Yuanxi Yang (China) Commissions of Section I: Section V: Geodynamics Comm X: Global and Regional Geodetic President: Clark Wilson (USA) Networks Secretary: Veronique Dehant (Belgium) President: Claude Boucher (France) Comm V: President: Shuzo Takemoto (Japan) Comm XIV President: S. Zerbini (Italy) 71

Special Commissions of Section I: Co-chairs: Tilo SchoÈ ne (Germany) SC4: Application of Geodesy to Doug Martin (USA) Engineering President: Heribert Kahmen (Austria) International Services of Section II: Secretaries: Zhenglu Zhang (China) IGS International GPS Service GuÈ nther Retscher (Austria) Chair: Christopher Reigber (Germany) Director of the CB: Ruth Neilan (USA) Special Study Groups of Section I: SSG 1.179: Wide Area Modelling for ILRS The International Laser Rang- Precise Satellite Positioning ing Service Chair: S. Han (Australia) Chair of the Governing Board: John Degnan (USA) Director of the Central Bureau: John Bosworth (USA) SSG 1.180: GPS as an atmospheric remote sensing tool IVS International VLBI Service Chair: H. van der Marel for Geodesy and Astrometry (The Netherlands) Directing Board Chair: W. SchluÈ ter (Germany)

SSG 1.181: Regional Permanent Arrays Section III: Determination of the Gravity Field Chair: R. Weber (Austria) President: Michael G. Sideris (Canada) Secretary: Gerd Boedecker (Germany) SSG 1.182: Multipath Mitigation Chair: M.P. Stewart (Australia) Commissions of Section III: Comm XIII: International Gravity and Section II: Advanced Space Technology Geoid Commission President: C.K. Shum (USA) President: Martin Vermeer (Finland) Secretary: Pascal Willis (France) Special Study Groups of Section III: Commissions of Section II: SSG 3.167: Regional Land and Marine Comm VIII: International Coordination Of Geoid Modelling Space Techniques For Geodesy Chair: I.N. Tziavos (Greece) And Geodynamics (CSTG) President: H. Drewes (Germany) SSG 3.177: Synthetic Modelling of the Secretary: W. Bosch (Germany) Earth's Gravity Field Chair: Will Featherstone (Australia) Special Commissions of Section II: SC7: Satellite Gravity Field Missions SSG 3.184: Use of Remote Sensing Chair: Karl-Heinz Ilk (Germany) Techniques for Validating Co-Chair: Pieter Visser (The Netherlands) Heights and Depths Secretary: JuÈ rgen Kusche (Germany) Chair: Philippa Berry (UK)

Special Study Groups of Section II: SSG 3.185: Merging data from dedicated SSG 2.162: Precise Orbits Using Multiple satellite missions with other Space Techniques gravimetric data Chair: R. Scharroo (The Netherlands) Chair: Nico Sneeuw (Germany)

SSG 2.183: Spaceborne Interferometry SSG 3.186: Altimetry data processing for Techniques gravity, geoid and sea surface Chair: Ramon Hanssen topography determination (The Netherlands) Chair: C. Hwang (Taiwan)

SSG 2.192: Spaceborne GNS Atmosphere International Services of Section III: Sounding BGI International Gravimetric Chair: Rob Kursinski (USA) Bureau Co-chair: Klemens Hocke (Germany) Director: J.-P. Barriot (France)

SSG 2.193: Gravity Field Missions: IGeS International Geoid Service Calibration and Validation Director: F. SansoÁ (Italy) Chair: Pieter Visser (The Netherlands), Co-chair: Christopher Jekeli (USA) Section IV: General Theory and Methodology President: Bernhard Heck (Germany) SSG 2.194: GPS Water Level Measurements Secretary: Christopher Jekeli (USA) Chair: Gerry Mader (USA) Yuanxi Yang (China) 72

Special Commissions of Section IV: PSMSL Permanent Service For Mean SC1: Mathematical and Physical Sea Level Foundations of Geodesy Director: P.L. Woodworth (UK) Chair: P. Holota (Czech Republic) BIPM Bureau International des Poids Special Study Groups of Section IV: et Mesures ± Time Section SSG 4.187: Wavelets in Geodesy and Director Time Section: E.F. Arias (BIPM) Geodynamics Chair: W. Keller (Germany) Out of Section: ABLOS Committees reporting to the SSG 4.188: Mass Density from Joint Inverse Bureau: Committee Geodetic Gravity Modelling and Marine Geo-Scienti®c Chair: G. Strykowski (Denmark) Aspects of the Law of the Sea Chair: Bjorn Geirr Harsson SSG 4.189: Dynamic theories of deforma- tion and gravity ®elds IAG WG Working Group on Eduction Chair: D. Wolf (Germany) Chair: C.C. Tscherning

SSG 4.190: Non-probabilistic assessment in IAG-CDC Committee for Developing geodetic data analysis Countries (CDC) Chair: H. Kutterer (Germany) Chair: D. Blitzkow

SSG 4.191: Theory of Fundamental Height Systems Chair: C. Jekeli (USA)

Section V: Geodynamics President: Clark Wilson (USA) Secretary: Veronique Dehant (Belgium)

Commissions of Section V: Comm V: Earth Tides President: Shuzo Takemoto (Japan) Vice-President: Jacques Hinderer (France) Secretary: Oliver Francis (Belgium)

Comm XIV Crustal Deformation President: S. Zerbini (Italy) Vice-Presidents: B. Richter (Germany) H.G. Kahle (Switzerland) Secretary: T. Van Dam (USA)

Special Commissions of Section V: SC3: Fundamental Parameters Chair: E. Groten

SC8: Sea Level and Ice Sheets President: Michael Bevis (USA) Vice President: Reinhard Dietrich (Germany)

Joint Working Groups of Section V: IAG/IAPSO Joint Working Group Geodetic E€ects of Non-Tidal Oceanic Processes Chair: R.S. Gross (USA)

International Services of Section V: IERS International Earth Rotation Service Chair: Christoph Reigber Director, Central Bureau: Daniel Gambis 73

SECTION I

POSITIONING

President: Alan Dodson (UK) Secretary: Chris Rizos (Australia) Comm X: Claude Boucher (France)

Internet http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap/gps/iag_section1.htm

Terms of reference SSG 1.181: Regional Permanent Arrays Chair: R. Weber (Austria) Section I is concerned with the scienti®c aspects of the measurement and analysis of regional and global geo- SSG 1.182: Multipath Mitigation detic networks as well as satellite, inertial, kinematic and Chair: M.P. Stewart (Australia) marine positioning. The practical results of this research work should be made available through recommenda- Commission X: tions to National Survey Organisations. Applications of Global and Regional geodesy in engineering is a recent new task of Section 1. Geodetic Networks Tremendous advances of GPS surveying have oc- curred especially in precision and applicability. Howev- President: Claude Boucher (France) er, there are some remaining issues of accuracy and reliability of GPS surveying (hardware and software) Terms of Reference which need to be addresses carefully. Recently, GPS measurements have shown the potential to be used as The purpose is to focus on the variety of existing remote sensing tool of atmospheric parameters. control networks (horizontal or vertical, national or continental, global from space techniques) as well as their connections and evolutions. Structure The commission X has two types of subdivisions: Commissions: subcommissions and working groups.

Comm X: Global and Regional Geodetic Networks Subcommissions for large geographical areas: President: Claude Boucher (France) Europe North America Special Commissions: South America Africa SC4: Application of Geodesy to Engineering South East Asia and Paci®c President: Heribert Kahmen (Austria) ...... Secretaries: Zhenglu Zhang (China) Such subcommissions will deal with all types of net- GuÈ nther Retscher (Austria) works (horizontal, vertical and threedimensional) and all related projects which belong to the geographical Special Study Groups: area. Such a subcommission will be established only if sucient active countries in the area want to participate. SSG 1.179: Wide Area Modelling for Precise Satellite Positioning Working Groups for speci®c technical topics which Chair: S. Han (Australia) would be relevant to our activities.

SSG 1.180: GPS as an atmospheric remote sensing Such working groups should not substitute a SSG of tool IAG but rather look at technical and practical problems, Chair: H. van der Marel in particular by establishing speci®cations for the (The Netherlands) countries and also possibly training seminars. 74

In addition, Commission X will have a Steering Sub-Commission for North America Committee (SC) consisting of: President: Dennis Milbert (USA)

± president of the Commission Sub-Commission for South America ± presidents of the Sub-commissions President: Luiz Paolo Souto Fortes (Brazil) ± chairmen of the Working Groups Sub-Commission for Antarctica Each country member of IAG is allowed to appoint President (co-chairs): John Manning (Australia), one representative to Commission X. If the country Reinhard Dietrich (Germany) belongs to an area where a subcommission has been already established, the representative will be a de facto Sub-Commission for South East Asia and Paci®c member of the subcommission. A subcommission is free President (co-chairs): John Manning (Australia), to have speci®c rules in addition to those of the whole Jun Yong Chen (China) commission. In particular they may ask for more than one representative for speci®c reasons. Working Group on Datums and Coordinate Systems (WG1) Each country not yet being a full member of IAG is Chair: Bjorn Geir Harrson (Norway) welcomed to appoint an observer to the Commission. Working Group on the Worldwide Uni®cation of Members of Working Groups will be selected by the Vertical Datums (WG3) chairmens and approved by the SC after consultation of Chair: William Kearsley (Australia) relevant people and representatives of countries. National representatives Objectives (Australia) John Manning GRGN should play mainly a role of stimulation and (Austria) E. Erker coordination by helping the dissemination of informa- (Belgium) Carine Bruyninx tion, standardization, cooperation and education. (Brazil) Sonia Maria Alves Costa (Canada) Michael Craeymer The goals for the 2000±2003 quadriennium are: (China) Yan Ping Zhang (Croatia) Damir Medak 1. to expand the present GRGN web site in order to (Czech republic) Jan Kostelecky give a proper source of information of relevant (Denmark) F. Madsen activities, including subcommissions and working (Egypt) A. Tealeb groups, but also related activities at national or (Estonia) Artu Ellmann international level, such as survey agencies, interna- (Finland) Matti Ollikainen tional programs or projects, services such as IGS, (France) Michel Kasser IERS or others. This site should also provide (Germany Ewald Reinhart informations on standards and terminology, cata- (Hungary) Jozsef Adam logue of datums and cartographic coordinate systems (Israel) Yossi Melzer 2. to expand the list of national representatives and (Italy) Maurizio Barbarella involve them more in the Commission activities (for (Japan) Hiromichi Tsuji instance updates of the web system) (Luxembourg) Andre Majerus 3. to stimulate new subcommissions (Malaysia) Samad Bin Haji Abu 4. to update the list and charters of the Working (New Zealand) Graeme Blick Groups (Norway) Oddgeir Kristiansen 5. to stimulate the development of a modern frame (Poland) L.W. Baran for Africa (AFREF) (Portugal) Luisa Bastos 6. to stimulate the organization of training school (Russia) G. Demyanov related to the GRGN ®eld (modern networks, ITRF, (South Africa) Richard T. Wonnacott GPS,..) (Switzerland) D. Schneider 7. to promote ITRF as international frame and (United Kingdom) Peter Dare realize its densi®cation for all type of uses, help to (USA) Dennis Milbert remove misunderstandings wrt WGS84, and promote (Yugoslavia) Dragan Blagojevic ITRF for the new global navigation satellite systems, such as the european Galileo program Special Commission SC 4

Structure: Application of Geodesy to Engineering President: Claude Boucher (France) President: Heribert Kahmen (Austria) Sub-Commission for Europe (EUREF) Secretaries: Zhenglu Zhang (China) President: Jose Agria Torres (Portugal) GuÈ nther Retscher (Austria) 75

Terms of Reference Objectives

Rapid Developments in engineering, microelectronics ± New developements in Mobile Multi-Sensor Systems and the computer sciences have greatly changed both ± New applications for Mobile Multi-Sensor Systems instrumentation and methodology in engineering geod- ± Emerging Processing Techniques for Mobile Multi- esy. The objectives of the Special Commission are on the Sensor Systems one hand to document the body of knowledge in this ®eld and on the other hand to encourage new develop- Members ments and present them in a consistent frame work. Symposia and workshops will be planned to document Klaus Peter Schwarz (Canada) the current state of development in engineering appli- Armin Gruen (Switzerland) cations of geodesy. On the other hand working groups Bertrand Merminod (Switzerland) will be established in areas of current research interest Retscher Guenther (Austria) which will have special goals so that their research work Larry D. Hothem (USA) can be accomplished in a four year period. In addition Li Deren (China) collaboration with other international organisations as Rongxing Li (USA) ISPRS, FIG, ION, etc. is planned. D. Grejner-Brzezinska (USA) Yi D. Huang (UK) The following working groups are considered as Antonio Vettore (Italy) challenging: S. Puntavungkour (Thailand) Hans-Gerd Maas (Netherlands) Sueo Sugimoto (Japan) Working Group 1 (SC4 WG 1): C. Vincent Tao (Canada) Ahmed El-Mowafy (Arab Emirates) Mobile Multi Sensor Systems Youcef Hammada (Canada) Mohamed Aziz (State of Kuwait) Chair: Naser El-Sheimy (Canada) Michael Cramer (Germany) Co-Chair: Dr. Jan Skaloud (Switzerland) Craig Glennie (Canada)

Terms of Reference Working Group 2 (SC4 WG 2): To ful®l the need for up-do-date inventory and geo- metric data along transportation routes (roads, railways, Dynamic Monitoring of Buildings rivers, pipelines) Mobile Multi-sensor Systems (MMS) and System Analysis are being operated. In general, MMS have in common that they integrate a set of sensores mounted on a Chair: Wolfgang Niemeier (Germany) common platform and synchronized to a common time Co-Chair: Rainer Flesch (Austria) base. They are typically used in kinematic mode. In principle, they are capable of operating with the data Terms of Reference measured on the platform. No other information, such as known ground control, is needed, although it may be The world records for bridge span and building included as redundant information. Systems of this type height have increased more than tenfold in the second millenium. In the 20th century alone, the record height ± can be immediately deployed everywhere on the for a building has increased from 118 m to 452 m, while globe without the need for identifying existing the record for a bridge span has increased from 521 m to ground control. 1991 m. Both records have increased by factors 3.8 over ± employ a task-oriented system design through inte- this period. gration at the measurement level. Data ¯ow optimi- zation can therefore be a built-in feature. As can be seen from these records quality control of ± can be equipped with real-time quality control these structures is a challenging task. The goals of the features by including data redundancies in the monitoring methods are: assessment of the structural system design and by using a combination of real- behaviour, (safety inspection) and improvement of time data processing and expert knowledge to get maintenance (optimization of repair, early detection of homogeneous results. damages). The input for the monitoring methods can be ± generally use software georeferencing to transform forced or ambient vibrations. Then ``Forced Vibration the time-dependent measurement process into a Testing'' (FVT and ``Ambient Vibration Testing'' (AVT) sequence of georeferenced images which can be can be applied. considered as independent geometric units in post- mission processing. Instruments, used to monitor the motions, are often ®xed to the object under motion. That means, their The future and trends of MMS will be the main activity dynamic parameters change depending on the frequen- of the working group. cies of the motions. 76

The goal of this Working Group is, to study dynamic Heikki Virtanen (Finland) monitoring methods, sensor systems and system analysis Carla Braitenberg (Italy) models for quality control of larger structures. Inter- Ka roly Dede (Hungary) disciplinary collaboration will be necessary. Lajos VoÈ lgyes (Hungary) Pe ter Varga Hungary) Members: La szlo Ba nyai (Hungary)

Prof. Dr. Orhan Altan (Turkey) Mehmet Celebi (USA) Special Study Group 1.179 Dr. Otto Heunecke (Germany) Svend Kold Kohansen (Denmark) Wide Area Modelling for Dr. Miodrag Roic (Croatia) Precise Satellite Positioning Gethin Wyn Roberts (UK) Chair: S. Han (Australia) Working Group 3 (SC4 WG 3): Terms of Reference

Monitoring of Local Geodynamic Precise satellite positioning requires that carrier phase Processes and System Analysis measurements be used and that integer ambiguities of the carrier phase measurements be resolved in some way. Chair: Ewald BruÈ ckl (Austria) However, the distance from the mobile/user receiver to Co-Chair: Dr. Gyula Mentes (Hungary) the nearest reference receiver may range from a few kilometres to hundreds of kilometres. As the receiver Terms of Reference separation increases, the problems of accounting for distance-dependent biases increase and subsequently Monitoring and system analysis of landslides, mud- reliable ambiguity resolution for carrier phase-based ¯ows and rockslides has become of great importance, satellite positioning becomes an even greater challenge. since the population of the world is increasing dramat- ically and, as in many cases, housing estates and in- The goal of SSG1.179 is to study di€erent error dustrial sites were erected, without taking these modelling strategies, to eliminate or mitigate di€erent geodynamic processes into consideration. error sources over short, medium and long user-refer- ence receiver distances for: (1) reliable ambiguity reso- In mountanous areas, for instance, as in the Alpes, it lution if the errors can be e€ectively modelled at the is assessed that about 6% of the country is a€ected by centimetre level, and; (2) improvement in the positioning landslides. Along the Yangtze River, in the surrounding accuracy, if the errors can be modelled at the sub-cen- of the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir, for instance, about timetre level. In addition, the possible need to improve 100 landslides have to be monitored. In the average the stochastic model will be addressed, in order to ac- velocities can vary from 1 to 200 mm/year. In general the count for residual biases, which can not be done through movements are fairly regular especial in large slopes. In modi®cations to the functional model alone. some cases there are reactions according to the climate conditions. However, sometimes instabilities are possi- Objectives ble, which cause that the velocities are multiplied by a factor 100 and greater. Sometimes the result is a disaster. Error modelling through the improvement of func- tional models for medium-range, and long-range high ± The main goal of the Working Group is to study precision satellite positioning using multiple reference ± Computer controlled Multi-Sensor Systems record- stations, including: ing geodetical, geophysical and meteorological data. ± di€erent models of system analysis and ± multipath mitigation algorithms, ± models for disaster prediction. ± troposphere model re®nement, ± regional ionosphere modelling algorithms, Members ± orbit bias modelling, ± parametric modelling algorithms (for each error Hans-J. KuÈ mpel (Germany) source), and Dorothee Rebscher (Germany) ± integer bias estimation and validation, e.g., cycle slip Fabian Marcus (Germany) detection/repair and ambiguity resolution. Gerhard Jentzsch (Germany) T. A. Wunderlich (Germany) Error modelling through stochastic model re®nement, Fritz K. Brunner (Austria) including: Ladislav Brimich (Slovak Republic) L.A. Latynina (Russia) ± correlation analysis of carrier phase measurements Jussi KaÈ aÈ riaÈ nen (Finland) from satellite positioning systems, 77

± stochastic modelling algorithms suitable for post- R. Weber (Austria) processing applications, and M. Stewart (Australia) ± stochastic modelling algorithms suitable for real- time applications.

The continued study of ambiguity resolution techniques Special Study Group 1.180 in order to develop: GPS as an atmospheric remote sensing tool ± more ecient means of searching integer ambigui- ties, and Chair: H. van der Marel (The Netherlands) ± validation procedures for ambiguity resolution.

The application of these improvements to: Terms of Reference

± Short-range satellite positioning applications. Using networks of ground based GPS receivers it is ± Di€erential correction generation from multiple possible to observe the integrated water vapour (IWV) reference receiver GNSS network, in support of and the total electron content (TEC) of the Earth's at- medium-range high precision navigation. mosphere. While at ®rst these parameters were consid- ± Precise long-range GPS kinematic positioning. ered a mere nuisance, it is nowadays considered to be an ± Sub-millimetre engineering applications, e.g., con- important signal for atmospheric sciences. struction deformation monitoring, volcano monitor- ing, etc. Water vapour is one of the most important constit- uents of the atmosphere. It plays a crucial role in many The main activities of this group will be: atmospheric processes covering a wide range of tem- poral and spatial scales. Furthermore, it is also the most ± Set up a website providing all information related to important greenhouse gas and highly variable. Climate the SSG activities. research and monitoring, as well as operational weather ± Establish a literature reference list for this research forecasting, need accurate and suciently dense and focus. frequent sampling of the water vapour, to which exist- ± Development of questionnaires to determine what ing GPS networks could contribute signi®cantly. In algorithms and procedures are actually used, their order to be of any use for operational weather fore- present performance, and other characteristics. casting, ®rstly GPS networks must be able to provide ± Generating a set of standard data for testing integrated water vapour in near real-time (with a typical algorithms and procedures. delay of one hour), and secondly GPS observations ± Reporting achievements at symposia, and in partic- must be assimilated into numerical weather prediction ular at the next IAG conference in Budapest in 2001, (NWP) models. Dual frequency GPS receivers enable and submitting the ®nal report at the next IUGG the estimation of total electron content (TEC) along a congress in 2003. given satellite-receiver signal path. By combining ob- servations from regional and global networks of con- Members tinuously operating dual frequency receivers, para- meters describing the spatial and temporal distribution Shaowei Han (Chair, Australia) of total electron content can be derived. Such observa- Oscar L. Colombo (USA) tions of TEC, available globally on a near real-time Paul A. Cross (UK) basis, allow an excellent opportunity for monitoring Paul de Jonge (USA) ionospheric signatures associated with space weather. Hans-Juergen Euler (Switzerland) For example, the development of ionospheric storms Yanming Feng (Australia) can be observed in global patterns of TEC, while Yang Gao (Canada) small-scale irregularities in electron density (associated Changdon Kee (Korea) with scintillations) can be observed in short-term vari- Donghyun Kim (Canada) ations of TEC and/or spectral analysis of GPS phase Dariusz Lapucha (USA) observations. Jingnan Liu (China) Rock Santerre (Canada) The focus of the SSG is to explore the issues re- Julia Talaya (Spain) lated to Jinling Wang (Australia) Xinhua Qin (USA) ± the derivation of water vapour and TEC in near real- Peiliang Xu (Japan) time using GPS, Nigel Penna (UK) ± the assimilation of GPS water vapour data into Corresponding members: weather forecasting models, and use of GPS water vapour data for climate applications, S. Skone (Canada) ± the integration of GPS-derived TEC estimates and H. van der Marel (Netherlands) scintillation indices into space weather applications. 78

Due to di€erences in the way the IWV and TEC are Corresponding members: derived, it makes sense to organize the work in the special study group into an IWV and a TEC section. R. Weber (Austria)

Objectives Special Study Group 1.181 The main objectives of the special study group are: Regional Permanent Arrays 1) Identify key signatures observed in GPS-derived estimates of TEC, as associated with phenomena Chair: R. Weber (Austria) such as ionospheric and geomagnetic storms, scintil- lations, travelling ionospheric disturbances, mag- Terms of Reference netospheric substorms and auroral activity. 2) Assess methods to quantify the level and nature of In recent years an increasing number of GPS refer- ionospheric activity, based on TEC estimates ence stations have been established on both global and 3) Explore key issues related to the feasibility of regional scales. Ideally, the latter should represent local integrating TEC estimates, and TEC-based indices, densi®cations of the ITRF polyhedron. into space weather forecasting and nowcasting ± While, at the outset, these stations were built up in such issues include real-time requirements, and the most cases to monitor active tectonic regions, recently temporal and spatial resolution necessary for reli- the augmentation of real time surveying and probing of able detection and prediction of ionospheric phe- the atmosphere have become more nomena. important. 4) Identify key problems in GPS derived integrated water vapour, as associated with phenomena related Objectives to the near ®eld of the antenna, such as multipath and phase variations, and local weather (gradients, The work of this study group aims at the tie of re- mapping to the vertical), reprocessing and archiving gional GPS networks to the ITRF as well as to study of data, in relation to climate applications. ambiguity resolution within a network of multiple ref- 5) Explore key issues related to the assimilation of erence stations at baselines with a length of up to several GPS derived integrated water vapour observations tens of kilometres. Especially the appropriate modelling into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models ± of ionosphere and troposphere path delays as the lim- such issues include real-time requirements, temporal iting factors for ambiguity resolution and the in¯uence and spatial resolution, slant or vertical delays, of antenna phase centre variations should be discussed. temporal and spatial correlation and quality insur- ance issues. Concepts and realisations of virtual reference stations 6) Assess the potential impact of tropospheric will be compared. RTK solutions within active reference tomography using GPS estimated slant delays. station networks, the bene®ts of using combined GPS/ GLONASS receivers as well as the use of predicted IGS The activities of the SSG include: orbits are also the subject of the investigations. Last, but not least, reliable error models of the baseline solutions ± Compile a database including relevant literature and have to be formulated. research groups ± Facilitate discussions of key issues though web site To achieve these goals the SSG will: and email ± Periodic progress reports to members ± maintain a WWW Homepage, ± Organization of working group meetings ± study in-depth the concept of virtual reference stations and the associated atmospheric modelling, Members ± provide data from regional GPS/GLONASS arrays operated by the SSG members for case studies, and H. van der Marel (Netherlands) will collect test data sets, S. Skone (Canada) ± encourage participation in related symposia, M. Hernandes-Pajares (Spain) ± prepare recommendations and a comprehensive ®nal M. Knight (Australia) report on the SSG's activities. A.J. Mannucci (USA) P. Stewart (Canada) Members R. Warnant (Belgium) H. Baker (UK) R. Bingley (UK) M. Falvey (New Zealand) H. Bock (Switzerland) M. Bevis (USA) C. Bruyninx (Belgium) G. Dick (Germany) P. Clarke (UK) C. Rocken (USA) H. Dragert (Canada) 79

H. Hartinger (Austria) Objectives T. Herring (USA) J. Johansson (Sweden) 1) Evaluate and compare existing and developing P. de Jonge (USA) algorithms and techniques for multipath detection T. Kato (Japan) and mitigation. A. Kenyeres (Hungary) 2) Quantify and document the e€ectiveness of com- L. Wanninger (Germany) mercial receiver based multipath mitigation tech- R. Weber (Austria) niques for high precision positioning. 3) Investigate and document the properties of mul- Corresponding Members tipath in a variety of environments (particularly high risk environments). L. Mervart (Czech Republic) 4) Provide information and guidelines for multipath H. van der Marel (Netherlands) detection and elimination for high precision applica- tions.

Special Study Group 1.182 These objectives will be achieved by: Multipath Mitigation ± Initiating discussion between SSG members. ± Setting up an SSG website providing a focus for Chair: M.P. Stewart (Australia) multipath research with links to member's websites. ± Providing a comprehensive reference list for multi- path studies. Terms of Reference ± Creating a set of standardised multipath data sets to allow comparison between mitigation and detection The precision of raw carrier phase observations re- methods. corded by modern GNSS receivers is generally at the ± Setting up a digital library containing all pertinent sub-millimetre level. However, in all but the most benign information on multipath detection and mitigation environments, the achievable resolution of GNSS posi- techniques and technologies. tioning is one or more orders of magnitude worse. This discrepancy between the theoretical hardware-depen- The outcome of these activities will be summarised in a dent precision of the raw observations and the practical ®nal report containing classi®cation of detection and accuracy of GNSS position solutions can, in part, be mitigation techniques, a library of results from di€erent attributed to the e€ects of site-dependent electromag- environments and receivers, and a set of recommenda- netic scattering of incoming GNSS signals. If millimetre tions giving information on multipath detection and level (or better) GNSS accuracies are to be routinely mitigation. achieved in the future, these electromagnetic scattering e€ects (commonly referred to as multipath and di€rac- tion) must be eliminated. Members

The goal of SSG 1.182 is to study GNSS multipath Mike Stewart (Australia, Chair) detection and mitigation techniques with the aim of Penny Axelrad (USA) improving existing high precision positioning accuracies. Mike Braasch (USA) In the context of this SSG, multipath is loosely de®ned Paul Cross (UK) as the systematic errors in raw GNSS observations that Xiaoli Ding (Hong Kong) are due to any signal scattering e€ect caused by the local Luisella Giulicchi (Netherlands) environment surrounding an antenna. Furthermore, this Horst Hartinger (Austria) SSG will focus on carrier phase and code-based multi- Minghai Jia, Curtin (Australia) path in terms of e€ects on receiver operation for high Guillermo Ortega (Netherlands) precision applications. Finally, within the scope of the Jayanta Kumar Ray (Canada) group, the term GNSS is de®ned to encompass any type Chris Rocken (USA) of global positioning system (for example, NAVSTAR- Domenico Sguerso (Italy) GPS, GLONASS-GPS and GALILEO), or systems Rodney Walker (Australia) simulating GNSS signals (such as pseudolite arrays). 80

SECTION II ADVANCED SPACE TECHNOLOGY President: C.K. Shum (USA) Secretary: Pascal Willis (France) Comm VIII: H. Drewes (Germany)

Internet: http://geodesy.eng.ohio-state.edu/iag_sectionII/

Terms of Reference SSG 2.193: Gravity ®eld missions: calibration and validation Section II, Advanced Space Technology of the In- Chair: Pieter Visser (The Netherlands), ternational Association of Geodesy, is engaged in new Co-chair: Christopher Jekeli (USA) space techniques for geodesy, geodynamics, atmo- SSG 2.194: GPS Water Level Measurements spheric, oceanographic and other areas of Earth science Chairman: Gerry Mader (USA) studies. Its objectives include the participation and Co-chairs: Tilo SchoÈ ne (Germany) promotion of the research and applications using the Doug Martin (USA) modern space technologies for a wide variety of inter- disciplinary studies in Earth and planetary sciences. International Services: Section II organizes Commissions and Special Com- missions, Special Study Groups and various Services to IGS International GPS Service ful®ll its objectives. Chair: Christopher Reigber (Germany) Director of the CB: Ruth Neilan (USA) ILRS The International Laser Ranging Service Structure Chairman of the Governing Board: John Degnan (USA) Commissions Director of the Central Bureau: John Bosworth (USA) Comm VIII: International Coordination Of Space IVS International VLBI Service Techniques For Geodesy And Geodynam- for Geodesy and Astrometry ics (CSTG) Directing Board Chair: W. SchluÈ ter (Ger- President: H. Drewes (Germany) many) Secretary: W. Bosch (Germany)

Special Commissions: Commission VIII:

SC7: Satellite Gravity Field Missions International Coordination Of Space Chair: Karl-Heinz Ilk (Germany) Techniques For Geodesy Co-Chair: Pieter Visser (The Netherlands) And Geodynamics (CSTG) Secretary: JuÈ rgen Kusche (Germany) President: H. Drewes (Germany) Special Study Groups Secretary: W. Bosch (Germany)

SSG 2.162: Precise Orbits Using Multiple Space Tech- Terms of Reference niques Chair: R. Scharroo (The Netherlands) The general objectives of the Commission on Inter- SSG 2.183: Spaceborne Interferometry Techniques national Coordination of Space Techniques for Geodesy Chair: Ramon Hanssen (The Netherlands) and Geodynamics (CSTG) were de®ned during its es- SSG 2.192: Spaceborne GNS Atmosphere Sounding tablishment at the IUGG General Assembly in Canb- Chair: Rob Kursinski (USA) erra, Australia, in 1979. They may be summarized as Co-chair: Klemens Hocke (Germany) follows: 81

± Develop links between various groups engaged in the An overall space geodetic service for coordinating the ®eld of space geodesy and geodynamics by various observations and combining the original data of the techniques, individual techniques' measurements, however, does not ± coordinate the work of these groups, exist. Only the ®nal geodetic results emerging from the ± elaborate and propose projects implying interna- individual techniques' processing centers are, among tional cooperation, follow their progress, and report others, collected by the International Earth Rotation on their advancement and results. Service (IERS) and combined to derive the IERS Ce- lestial Reference Frame (ICRF), the IERS Terrestrial Besides its integration into IAG Section II, CSTG is Reference Frame (ITRF), and the Earth Rotation Pa- the Subcommission B2 of the ``Scienti®c Commission B rameters. Several other services and users are gaining on Space Studies of the Earth-Moon System, Planets from these products. and Small Bodies of the Solar System'' of the ICSU ``Committee on Space Research (COSPAR)''. It is Other space geodetic techniques, like satellite alti- closely related to the COSPAR ``Panel on Satellite Dy- metry, satellite gradiometry and interferometric syn- namics (PSD)''. thetic aperture radar (INSAR) are scienti®cally not organized on an international level at all. They are The commission operates through an Executive mainly managed by space agencies or space research Committee (EC) and several subcommissions and pro- groups with a limited open international scienti®c co- jects in carrying out the objectives stated in the charter. operation. Each subcommission and project has its own organiza- tional structure. Subcommissions cover long-term pro- A number of new missions of low orbiting satellites grams, projects generally consist of highly focused has recently been launched and will be launched in the activities over a limited period of time, may be with near future. The objectives of these missions (e.g., at- some programmatic implications. mospheric sounding, high resolution gravity ®eld de- termination) require a precise orbit determination CSTG is initiating international projects and sup- demanding for sophisticated algorithms and procedures porting the activities of national and international combining various measurement techniques available groups through the collection and dissemination of in- aboard the spacecrafts. formation by correspondence, publications, and inter- national meetings. Several international services, like the In this environment we envisage the following main International GPS Service (IGS), the International La- objectives for the next four years: ser Ranging Service (ILRS), and the International VLBI Service (IVS) evolved from CSTG projects or subcom- Coordination of Space Techniques missions, respectively. A strong link is maintained be- tween the services and CSTG by mutually integrating The individual space techniques, like VLBI, Laser representatives in their directing bodies. Ranging, and satellite microwave techniques provide indispensable contributions to geodesy. The operation The commission shall further promote geodetic space of the instruments, however, is costly and lead to a techniques in areas of the world in which there have considerable reduction of activities in the recent past. been few space geodetic measurements, and it shall push Budgetary constraints set the conditions for the instal- the scienti®c e€orts in comparing and combining the lation and maintenance of observatories rather than di€erent space techniques. The commission will also scienti®c reasons. Therefore, making optimum use of the encourage the development of new techniques and ap- existing tracking networks, optimizing observation plication areas. schedules and processing strategies, and coordinating new site installations will be the key objectives of CSTG The dissemination of information is done through the during the next years. The International Space Geodetic publication of the CSTG Bulletins distributed globally Network (ISGN) as a combination of the most impor- to all interested scientists, and in particular to the CSTG tant observatories will be dedicated to this task. national representatives and collaborators. Combination of Data Analysis Objectives At present, space geodetic measurements are gener- The ``classical'' space geodetic techniques, namely ally processed independently for each technique. The Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Satellite and combined processing of di€erent techniques, however, Lunar Laser Ranging (SLR, LLR), and the Global must lead to more reliable results, because identical Positioning System (GPS) have been very well estab- parameters (e.g., atmospheric e€ects, station velocities) lished in the past. They are individually organized in enter likewise into di€erent observations but are ad- services, planning their own measurement campaigns justed without making use of information from the other and schedules and providing their results, valuable ob- techniques. Furthermore, some satellites are equipped servation data and estimated parameters, to the scienti®c with various techniques (e.g., SLR, GPS, DORIS, community. New techniques (e.g., Glonass, Doris, PRARE). The rigorous combination of observations Prare) are building their organizations in a similar way. from di€erent techniques in geodetic parameter estima- 82 tion is therefore a principal objective of CSTG in the was established in 1989 as the Sites Issues Subcommis- next four years. sion and renamed at the XXI IUGG General Assembly in Boulder, 1995. Its objective is to identify, discuss and Integrating New Techniques and Methods disseminate information on the types of monumentation and local surveys of space geodetic observatories. Con- Other space techniques and analysis methods im- sidering the increasing number of those sites, a selected portant for geodetic parameter estimation, such as sat- number of sites with di€erent observation techniques ellite altimetry and precise orbit determination, have not will form the International Space Geodetic Network been included in CSTG so far. As these techniques and (ISGN). The subcommission shall identify these ISGN methods will play an important role in the future, e.g., in sites according to the criteria set up by the ISGN high resolution gravity ®eld determination, they shall be Working Group in 1999, and it shall coordinate the considered in the main CSTG objectives for the next activities of these stations. four years. A close cooperation with space agencies and mission operation centers is necessary.

Further Attendance of Microwave Techniques Subcommission:

Microwave techniques others than GPS (Doris, Coordination and Combination of the Analysis Glonass, Prare) are not yet organized in service like in Space Geodesy structures. They shall continuedly be studied and at- tended by means of organizing speci®c observation Chair: T. Herring (USA) campaigns and analysis projects until they get their own organizational structure in services or other bodies. The subcommission is a follow-on of the former CSTG project with the same name which was estab- Publications lished at the XXI IUGG General Assembly in Boulder, 1995. The objective is to study the algorithms and pro- Dissemination of data, results, and other information cedures for optimally combining measurements of dif- is considered an essential objective of CSTG. It is ferent space geodetic techniques. The subcommission planned to continue the publication of the CSTG Bul- shall encourage common processing strategies to the letins and to edit at least one volume per year. individual techniques' analysis centers and develop methods and approaches for the combination of original Structure observation data in an early stage of the adjustment.

The structure of CSTG is given in the following in terms of the Executive Committee, the Subcommissions Subcommission: and the Project. Precise Satellite Microwave Systems Executive Committee: Chair: P. Willis (France) H. Drewes (Germany) G. Beutler (Switzerland) The subcommission was established at the XXI J. Bosworth (USA) IUGG General Assembly in Boulder, 1995. Its objective T. Herring (USA) was to coordinate activities with the new satellite mi- P. Willis (France) crowave techniques (Glonass, Doris, Prare) and to W. Bosch (Germany) maintain the link to the International GPS Service M. Rothacher (Germany) (IGS). As the mentioned microwave techniques may be G. Tavernier (France) integrated into own new services or existing scienti®c C. Boucher (France) entities, the subcommission shall only be continued as R. Neilan (USA) long as a technique is not incorporated in an own J. Degnan (USA) structure (service or project). W. Schlueter (Germany) J. Dow (Germany)

Subcommission: Subcommission: Multi-Mission Satellite Altimetry International Space Geodetic Network (ISGN) Chair: W. Bosch (Germany) Chair: J. Bosworth (USA) This subcommission was newly installed at the XXII The subcommission is the successor of the former IUGG General Assembly in Birmingham, 1999. Its main Geodetic and Geophysical Sites Subcommission which objectives are to promote free scienti®c access to all 83 satellite altimetry data, to study synergies among dif- A.A. Shaker (Egypt) ferent altimetry missions as well as with respect to other M. Poutanen (Finland) remote sensing techniques, and to set up the require- P. Willis (France) ments for a stable, uni®ed multi-mission long-term re- W. Schlueter (Germany) cord of altimeter data. It shall study new techniques and I. Fejes (Hungary) application areas, such as o€-nadir altimetry, altimeter G. Even-Zur (Israel) pro®les over land, laser altimeters etc. Another objec- G. Bianco (Italy) tives is the work on mission independent data structures T. Kato (Japan) and standards. The subcommission shall investigate the G. Breger (Luxembourg) possibilities for the establishment of an international B. Ambrosius (Netherlands) altimeter service as an element of an Integrated Global P. Denys (New Zealand) Geodetic Observing System. B. Engen (Norway) J. Zielinski (Poland) J. Oso rio (Portugal) Subcommission: M. Prilepin (Russia) M. Pe rez-Urquiola (Spain) Precise Orbit Determination for J. Johansson (Sweden) Low Earth Orbiting Satellites W. Gurtner (Switzerland) T. Moore (United Kingdom) Chair: M. Rothacher (Germany) R.W. Smith (USA) M. Hoyer (Venezuela) This subcommission was newly installed at the XXII IUGG General Assembly in Birmingham, 1999. Its gen- eral objectives are to coordinate and to study mission- Special Commission SC7 independent aspects related to precise orbit determina- tion (POD) of low orbiting satellites (LEO) using space- Satellite Gravity Field Missions borne GPS receivers, to study di€erent empirical LEO orbit models, and to work on mission-independent data Chair: Karl-Heinz Ilk (Germany) structures. For the next four-years time period, special Co-Chair: Pieter Visser (The Netherlands) studies shall be carried out on the interface between GPS Secretary: JuÈ rgen Kusche (Germany) and Glonass determination of orbits and of other pa- rameters (e.g., tropospheric zenith delay). Guidelines for Terms of Reference the scienti®c community concerning the use of LEOs in geodesy, geodynamics, and atmospheric sciences shall The investigation of the Earth's gravity ®eld enters a result from the work of this subcommission. new era at the turn of the new millenium. Despite the fact that a remarkable improvement of our knowledge of the gravity ®eld has been achieved during the past Project on Doris decades, the coming years promise another giant step in better understanding the Earth system. During the last Chair: G. Tavernier (France) three decades, two satellite-borne gravity measurement concepts have been discussed which are based on the This project was established at the XXII IUGG same physical principle: Satellite-to-satellite Tracking General Assembly in Birmingham, 1999, considering the (SST) and Satellite Gravity Gradiometry (SGG). In case increasing importance of the Doris technique and the of SST the relative motion is measured along the line-of- ongoing activities to install an International Doris Ser- sight(s) of two (or more) satellites. vice (IDS). The project shall coordinate the establish- ment of such a service in cooperation with CSTG and the The concept is possible either in the so-called low-low other international space geodetic services. If an IDS is or in the high-low mode. In the former case, the satellites installed, it will be discontinued like the other techniques' have approximately the same altitude (200 to 400 km). subcommissions (GPS, SLR/LLR, VLBI) in the past. In this case, both satellites are equally sensitive to gravity ®eld irregularities. In the latter case, only one National Representatives (the gravity ®eld sensitive) satellite is placed into a low orbit while the other (observing) satellite(s) describe A. Kealy (Australia) orbits with high altitudes. In case of SGG, the elements H. Suenkel (Austria) of the gravity gradient or linear combinations thereof R. Warnant (Belgium) are intended to be measured simultaneously, depending K. Pereira (Brazil) on the sensitivity axes realized in the gradiometer in- R. Langley (Canada) strument. It can be shown that the observations in these F. Yang (China) three cases can be related to the M. Solaric (Croatia) M. Bursa (Czech Republic) ± gravitational potential V in case of high-low SST, to P. Knudsen (Denmark) the 84

± gradient of the potential grad V, in case of low-low ± investigate scienti®c and commercial applications of SST, and to the a very precise high resolution gravity ®eld, and ± gradient of the gradient of the gravitational potential ± suggest alternative techniques and discuss future grad grad developments. ± V (gravitational tensor), in case of SGG To achieve this the home page of SC7 will be rede- After careful selection procedures, three mission signed and will give links to the most important addresses concepts were successful and will be realized in the related to these missions. We will include a discussion coming years: CHAMP, a German multi-sensor satellite board where suggestions can be made to various topics. mission with international contributions will be laun- National and international activities related to the ched in April 2000 and GRACE, a combined high-low/ gravity ®eld missions will be distributed to the interested low-low SST mission as a joint American-German mis- community. It is intended to complete a bibliography sion will follow in June 2001. The European SGG ± and a list of references related to these topics. mission concept GOCE was successful in a hard mission selection process of ESA and put at the ®rst place out of The active members of the Special Commission will four candidate Earth Explorer Core missions in Octo- be de®ned by the members actively involved in projects. ber, 1999 in Granada/Spain. The launch is envisaged for As a ®rst step we de®ne a couple of projects; but the list the year 2004. CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE have the of projects shall be extended, or certain projects re- potential to revolutionize the knowledge of the system nounced if there are no interest in them. earth. Not only the static part of the gravity ®eld can be determined with unattained accuracy also an eventual There are three main problem areas; each of it con- time dependency can be derived. sists of several Special topics:

Despite the fact that all three missions have the po- ± Analysis of the observation system: on the ¯ight tential to measure the gravity ®eld by sort of relative validation and calibration of satellite data of various measurements between free falling sensors, they are not missions, in cooperation with SSG 2.193, integrated redundant. Indeed, the characteristics of high-low SST, sensor analysis, new sensors (laser interferometers, low-low SST and SGG are rather complementary than alternate gradiometers and accelerometers), competitive. SST is superior in the lower harmonics be- ± Modelling and data analysis aspects: comparison of low degree and order 50 to 60. A mission like GRACE, analysis techniques (global and regional), therefore, is optimal for studying time-varying gravity ± Gravity ®eld modelling aspects with view to the time e€ects at moderate wavelengths. The static part of the dependency of the gravity ®eld -cooperation with gravity ®eld up to approximately degree 50 can be ex- SSG 4.187: Wavelets in geodesy and geodynamics pected with high accuracy. A condition to detect temporal (W. Keller), e€ects is a corresponding mission duration of several ± Combination of satellite data and terrestrial data ± years. Satellite gradiometry is superior for obtaining high cooperation with SSG 3.185: Merging data from spatial resolution from a moderate mission length. A re- dedicated satellite missions with other gravimatric cent study showed that increase of measurement precision data (N. Sneeuw), or decrease of altitude results in a clear gain of spatial ± Calibration of satellite derived data, including resolution in case of SGG, while this e€ect is very mod- downward/upward continuation, erate in case of SST. A SGG mission like GOCE is su- ± Applications in geosciences, oceanography, climate perior in the short wavelengths parts of the gravity ®eld change studies and other inter-disciplinary research up to a spherical harmonics degree of 250. The results of a topics in earth sciences: mission like GOCE start to be better than those of a low- ± oceanographic aspects, low SST mission from degree 60 to 80 on. A high-low SST ± inversion of the gravity ®eld, mission like CHAMP can provide an improvement in the ± structure of atmosphere and ionosphere, knowledge of the gravity ®eld of approximately one order ± temporal variations of the gravity ®eld and the of magnitude over present models for wavelengths be- cryosphere, tween 400 to 2000km. The recent decisions to realize these ± temporal variations of the gravity ®eld and the satellite gravity ®eld missions represents an enormous hydrosphere. challenge for the geo-sciences.

Objectives Members

The main objective of SC7 is to create a forum that A. Albertella, D. Arabelos, G. Balmino, V. Belikov, distributes information and integrates all current inter- S. Bettadpur, B. Chao, R. Forsberg, W. Freeden, national activities related to gravity ®eld determination M.v. Gelderen, E.W. Grafarend, B. Heck, M. Hirsch, by satellite-to-satellite tracking and satellite gravity K.H. Ilk, W. Keller, R. Klees, R. Koop, D. McKen- gradiometry. The Special Commission shall zie, J. Kusche, F. Migliaccio, E. Klingele, Ph. Moore, H.J. Paik, R. Rapp, Y. Ricard, St. Rudolph, R. ± inform the geodetic community about all activities Rummel, F. Sanso, E.J.O. Schrama, M. Schreiner, P. related to these missions, Schwintzer, C.K. Shum, N. Sneeuw, H. Suenkel, B. 85

Tapley, C.C. Tscherning, I. Tziavos, J. Wahr, M. navigation satellites are equipped with more than one Watkins, C. Wunsch, M. Vermeer, P. Visser. tracking system. An important aspect is also to assess the respective tracking station coordinate solutions and evaluate mis®ts between the solutions. Special Study Group 2.162 GRACE will provide precise satellite-to-satellite tracking in a low-low con®guration. Since precise orbit Precise Orbits Using information for this satellite is so important, it will be Multiple Space Techniques wise to combine this tracking data type with e.g., the readings of the accelerometers. This is a joint research Chair: R. Scharroo (The Netherlands) topic with IAG SSG 2.193.

Terms of Reference The focus of this study group will be to further evaluate and characterize the various tracking systems, Modern satellites that require precise positioning are develop and assess new tracking techniques, and apply equipped with several independent tracking devices. The the products to improve the state-of-the-art in precision ERS satellites were the ®rst to combine Satellite Laser orbit determination. Ranging (SLR) and Doppler tracking with the Precise Range And Range-rate Equipment (PRARE) for precise Activities orbit determination in support of the radar altimeter (RA). It was soon shown that the RA itself proves an ± Characterize the strengths and weaknesses of all of important tracking device. Interferometric Synthetic the current and proposed precise tracking techniques Aperture Radiometry (InSAR) has recently developed including SLR, DORIS, GPS, TDRSS, GLONASS, to become another demanding consumer of precise sat- PRARE, and satellite altimetry. ellite orbits. ± Where possible, assess the impact of multiple track- ing techniques on a single spacecraft (i.e. T/P, GPS- TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) carries, apart from its 35, GPS-36, ERS-2, GFO, CHAMP, and future RA, four independent tracking systems including SLR, spacecraft). Doppler Orbitography and Radio Positioning Integrat- ± Study the possibilities to use GRACE SST in ed by Satellite (DORIS), Global Positioning System combination with the accelerometer measurements (GPS), and the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite Sys- for precise orbit determination (in cooperation with tem (TDRSS). For the ®rst time, the force model errors, SSG 2.193). especially gravity, have been reduced to a point where a ± Attempt to resolve discrepancies between the various comparison of the various satellite tracking systems at techniques: e.g. the unexplained ``Z-bias'' observed or near their noise level is possible. between the SLR/DORIS and GPS based T/P orbits and peculiar static biases and variant drifts between Results, as expected, show that each system has its coordinates of collocated SLR, DORIS and GPS own strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, recent precise stations (in cooperation with the IAG Subcommis- orbit determination improvements for ERS-2 and T/P sion on Precise Orbit Determination for Low Earth have been obtained using a combination of multiple Orbiting Satellites). tracking techniques. With PRARE on ERS-1 and GPS ± Develop and evaluate alternative tracking tech- on Geosat Follow-On (GFO) on the limb, orbits for niques to further improve satellite positioning: e.g. these satellites will likely remain to be based partly on use multi-mission altimeter cross-overs in simulta- altimeter tracking data. neous orbit determination, or use SLR/DORIS orbits from T/P to re®ne the TDRS and TDRSS- The next generation of altimeter satellites (Jason-1, user satellite ephemerides. Envisat and Cryosat) will also be equipped with several ± Study possibilities for precise near real-time and tracking systems to support their altimeter, either DO- real-time orbit determination for altimeter satellites RIS or GPS in combination with SLR. There are great and other satellites with important real-time appli- expectations for achieving orbits with sub-centimeter cations like altimeter. precision with a latency of about a month. Operational near real-time orbit determination is rapidly gaining interest and precision. With the approach of DIODE Members real-time orbits will be at hand. Boudewijn Ambrosius (The Netherlands) In the future navigation and tracking satellites (GPS, Per-Helge Andersen (Norway) GLONASS, and TDRS) will start demanding higher Jean-Paul Berthias (France) precision orbit determination, because they are and will Willy Bertiger (USA) be used as reference for Low Earth Orbiters (LEOs) in John Dow (Germany) high-low satellite-to-satellite tracking con®gurations (cf. Ramesh Govind (Australia) IAG Subcommission on Precise Precise Orbit Determi- Bruce Haines (USA) nation for Low Earth Orbiting Satellites). Some of these Jaroslav Klokocnik (Czech Republic) 86

Scott Luthcke (USA) characteristics of the ionosphere on short spatial F.-H. Massmann (Germany) scales (below 100 km). Statistical (model) based FrancËois Nouel (France) approach to the atmospheric signal (Atmospheric Erricos Pavlis (USA) Phase Screen). John Ries (USA) ± Evolve applications of water vapor mapping using Markus Rothacher (Switzerland) InSAR. Remko Scharroo (The Netherlands) ± Develop a quality description of interferometric Ernst Schrama (The Netherlands) products (Bayesian approach) Ladislav Senhal (Czech Republic) ± Develop methods for integrated deformation analy- C.K. Shum (USA) sis using InSAR, GPS, levelling, and geophysical Tim Springer (Switzerland) data. Mike Watkins (USA) ± Analyze the e€ects of temporal decorrelation: fur- Rene Zandbergen (Germany) ther assessment of the relation between temporal Shengyuan Zhu (Germany) decorrelation and various types of terrain, expected Pieter Visser (The Netherlands) decorrelation due to weathering, e€ect of ground cover, phase stability of man-made and natural permanent scatterers. Special Study Group 2.183 ± De®ne data and instruments requirements of science users for orbiting and planned SAR instruments. Spaceborne Interferometry Techniques ± Exploiting the potential of InSAR in the commercial and industrial sector (near real-time data processing, continuous data ¯ow, mosaicking). Chair: Ramon Hanssen (The Netherlands) ± Prepare a report on the SSG's activities and recom- mendations. Terms of reference Members: The work of SSG 2.183 will focus on identifying practical procedures, as well as mathematical techniques Falk Amelung (USA) that can be applied to describe the quality of the inter- Richard Bamler (Germany) ferometric products. Alessandro Ferretti (Italy) Satoshi Fujiwara (Japan) Objectives Linlin G.E. (Australia) Rick Guritz USA) ± The objectives of the SSG are: Ramon Hanssen (The Netherlands) ± to develop techniques and algorithms that allow Johan Mohr (Denmark) extracting unambiguously topographic, deforma- David Sandwell (USA) tion, and atmospheric signal from spaceborne re- Andrew Wilkinson (South Africa) peat-pass radar interferometry, Howard Zebker (USA) ± to develop methods that allow describing the quality, in terms of accuracy and reliability, of the interfero- metric products taking the most signi®cant error sources into account, and Special Study Group 2.192 ± to validate topographic and deformation maps for various applications and under various environmen- Spaceborne GNS Atmosphere Sounding tal conditions. Chair: Rob Kursinski (USA) Tasks Co-chair: Klemens Hocke (Germany)

The above mentioned terms of reference result into a Terms of Reference series of tasks: Global Navigational Systems (GNS) are continu- ± Develop phase unwrapping methodologies. Descrip- ously sounding the Earth's atmosphere. By means of tion of the quality of each pixel, quality measures, GNS receivers onboard of low Earth orbit (LEO) sat- proper choice of the norm, quality description of the ellites and the radio occultation method, high resolution unwrapped phases, phase unwrapping strategies in atmospheric pro®les of density, temperature, geopoten- highly decorrelated interferograms (patch unwrap- tial height, water vapour and electron density are ob- ping). tained. These pro®les are attractive for climate ± Investigate the atmospheric signal. Role of weather monitoring, weather forecast, space weather and atmo- radar data, synergy of various sensors on board of spheric research on a global scale. future satellite missions (e.g., MERIS on board ENVISAT), role of permanent GPS tracking net- Originally the radio occultation method has been works, assessment of the spatial and temporal developed and applied for discovery of planetary at- 87 mospheres and observation of solar wind and corona. In Members the 90s, the well-known technical report by Melbourne et al. (1994) and observational results of the GPS/MET Dave Anderson (USA) satellite mission convinced an increasing number of Mikhail Gorbunov (Russia) scientists from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and Jennifer Haase (France) South America to join the radio occultation community, Sean Healy (UK) mainly consisting of US-american and Russian scien- Benjamin Herman (USA) tists. David P. Hinson (USA) Klemens Hocke (Germany) Numerous GNS/LEO satellite missions are in various Per Hoeg (Denmark) stages of evolution from data acquisition (Oersted, Cheng Huang (China) Sunsat), launch in 2000 (CHAMP, SAC-C and IOX) or Kiyoshi Igarashi (Japan) in the slightly more distant future (e.g., Metop, COS- Nobert Jakowski (Germany) MIC, ACE). GNS atmosphere sounding covers the Joanna Joiner (USA) ®elds of atmospheric sciences, geodesy, radio engineer- Gottfried Kirchengast (Austria) ing and remote sensing. Rob Kursinski (USA) Sanjay S. Limaye (USA) Based on recent interest and developing research, Juha-Pekka Luntama (Germany) GNS re¯ection science will also be included as a study Garth Milne (South-Africa) topic. This involves using the GNS signals re¯ected o€ Antonio Rius (Spain) Earth's surface to study surface properties such as Pierluigi Silvestrin (NL) ocean height and wind speed. The GPS receivers on Toshitaka Tsuda (Japan) SAC-C and CHAMP will have antennas directed at the Ming Yang (Taiwan) surface to perform some initial surface re¯ection ob- Xiaolei Zou (USA) servations. Associate members Objectives Bechir Belloul (France) International research, cooperation and projects will Benjamin F. Chao (USA) lead to improved technological solutions, data analysis John Eyre (UK) methods, applications and discovery of new potentials E. Tuna Karayel (USA) of GNS atmosphere sounding. This may further es- Luis Kornblueh (Germany) tablish the role of spaceborne atmospheric GNS Lou Lee (Taiwan) sounding as accurate and ecient remote sensing Jann-Yeng Liu (Taiwan) technique for the Earth's atmosphere. Impacts of our Mette Dahl Mortensen (Denmark) research activities and occultation data on other ®elds William G. Melbourne (USA) such as telecommunications, SAR, aviation and navi- Christoph Reigber (Germany) gation are likely. Our study group shall function as Victor H. Rios (Argentina) focal point in the discussions and developments in the Giulio Runi (Spain) following areas: M.N. Sasi (India) Kaoru Sato (Japan) 1. Coordination of ongoing and planned LEO obser- C.K. Shum (USA) vations Wim Spakman (NL) 2. Hardware and software developments for sounding Andrea Steiner (Austria) the lower troposphere Paul R Straus (USA) 3. Use of Y-code and/or additional carrier frequencies Makoto Suzuki (Japan) 4. Radio wave propagation in the Earth's atmosphere: Stig Syndergaard (Denmark) Theory, Simulation, and Observation Jens Wickert (Germany) 5. Data analysis, Data assimilation and Tomography Jim Yoe (USA) 6. Accuracy, Resolution and Validation of GNS David Bromwich (USA) sounding data Alex Flores (Spain) 7. Weather forecast, Atmospheric monitoring and Ramesh Govind (Australia) research by use of spaceborne atmospheric GNS George A. Hajj (USA) sounding data Stefan Heise (Germany) 8. Space Weather, Ionospheric monitoring and re- Ying-Hwa (Bill) Kuo (USA) search by use of spaceborne atmospheric GNS John LaBrecque (USA) sounding data Christian Marquardt (Germany) 9. Surface re¯ection research by use of spaceborne Manuel Martin-Neira (NL) GNS surface re¯ection data Thomas K. Meehan (USA) 10. Operational aspects and planning of LEO constel- Alexander Pavelyev (Russia) lations, future experiments Christian Rocken (USA) 88

Torsten Schmidt (Germany) Activities William Smith (USA) Sergey Sokolovskiy (Germany) The activities will be in close coordination with Thomas P. Yunck (USA) Special Commission SC7: Gravity Field Determination Changyin Zhao (USA) by Satellites, chaired by K-H. Ilk. It is anticipated that Cinzia Zu€ada (USA) this SSG will contribute and complement the ongoing activities in this Special Commission. In addition, a cross-fertilization is expected to take place with Section Special Study Group 2.193 III: Determination of the Gravity Field, especially in relation to the validation part of the activities of this SSG. Finally, in many cases a precise orbit determina- Gravity ®eld missions: tion of the gravity ®eld satellites is a prerequisite, linking calibration and validation the activities of this SSG with those of SSG 2.162 Precise Orbits Using Multiple Space Techniques, chaired by Chair: Pieter Visser (The Netherlands), R. Scharroo. Co-chair: Christopher Jekeli (USA) A number of di€erent categories of possibilities for Terms of Reference calibration and validation can be distinguished:

At least three future missions will be ¯own by the ± pre-¯ight calibration of the science instruments; on- middle of the next decade that will employ advanced and the-¯y calibration and validation; unprecedented techniques for global gravity ®eld map- ± use of ground truth data; ping. These missions are the German CHAMP, the US/ ± comparison with existing state-of-the-art gravity German GRACE and ESA GOCE satellites. CHAMP ®eld models; will produce the ®rst consistent long-wavelength mean ± intercomparison between gravity ®eld products from gravity ®eld model employing a geodetic-quality GPS di€erent missions, but also based on di€erent receiver for high-low Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking instruments within one mission. (SST) in combination with a high-quality accelerometer measuring non-conservative forces. GRACE aims at For each of the above categories, with possible additions monitoring long- to medium-wavelength gravity ®eld in due course, the special study group will focus on variations, but will also enable the mapping of the mean global gravity ®eld with a resolution signi®cantly sur- ± identifying methods and tools for calibration and passing existing models. To this aim GRACE will con- validation of the di€erent levels of gravity ®eld sist of two low-¯yers enabling high-accuracy low-low products; SST tracking in combination with GPS high-low SST ± assessing the merit of these methods and tools; and accelerometers. Finally, GOCE will be the ®rst ± assessing the maturity of these methods and satellite equipped with a spaceborne gravity gradiometer ± tools and (additional) steps required for implemen- (SGG) together with a high-quality GPS/GLONASS tation. receiver. GOCE aims at recovering the global mean gravity ®eld with unprecedented resolution. Members The focus of this study group will be to evaluate and characterize the possibilities and methods for calibration Miguel Aguirre (The Netherlands) and validation of the di€erent levels of CHAMP, Dimitri Arabelos (Greece) GRACE and GOCE gravity ®eld related products and Srinivas Bettadpur (USA) measurements, ranging from the high-low, low-low SST, Richard Coleman (Australia) accelerometer and the SGG measurements to the ®nal Rene Forsberg (Denmark) high level gravity ®eld products, for example, spherical Cheng Huang (China) harmonic models, geoid or gravity anomaly maps, and Cheinway Hwang (Taiwan) their accuracy assessments. Karl-Heinz Ilk (Germany) Chris Jekeli (USA) The calibration entails the conversion of the raw in- Steve Kenyon (USA) strument measurements into engineering units within Gerard Kruizinga (USA) known limits of accuracy and precision, for example cm Juergen Mueller (Germany) and mm/s for the SST measurements, m/s2 for the ac- Felix Perosanz (France) celerometer and m/s2/m for the di€erential accelerome- Tadahiro Sato (Japan) ter measurements by the gradiometer. The validation Martijn Smit (The Netherlands) concerns the conversion of these engineering quantities Dru Smith (USA) into geophysical units with sucient accuracy, for ex- Hans Suenkel (Austria) ample cm for geoid undulations, mgal for gravity Peter Schwintzer (Germany) anomalies and E (Eotvos Units) for the gravity gradi- Pieter Visser (The Netherlands) ents. John Wahr (USA) 89

Associate members dition, the issues of techniques to account for wave or directional wave modeling to reduce GPS to sea level Alberto Anselmi (Italy) measurements, calibration of buoy measurements, error Georges Balmino (France) estimates, in¯uence of sea state, etc. will also be con- Stefano Cesare (Italy) sidered. Reinhard Dietrich (Germany) Yoichi Fukuda (Japan) The objectives of this study group include the ad- Johnny Johannessen (Norway) dressing of technical issues of the use of a robust GPS Helmut Oberndorfer (Germany) water level measurement system, its reliability, error Christian LeProvost (France) budgets, and to exploit the increasing vast areas of its John Manning (Australia) applications, including altimeter calibration, coastal Reiner Rummel (Germany) circulation and tides measurements. Jens Schroeter (Germany) Avri Selig (The Netherlands) C.K. Shum (USA) Objectives Christian Tscherning (Denmark) Pierre Touboul (France) The proposed list of activities and research topics is Phil Woodworth (United Kingdom) as follows: Changyin Zhao (USA) Yaozhong Zhu (China) ± Intercomparison between the wave spectra from GPS buoys and wave rider buoys ± Studying the behavior of di€erent buoy types (Question: to which degree a buoy type represents Special Study Group 2.194 the correct msl and/or wave spectra.) ± How bottom mounted pressure sensors may con- GPS Water Level Measurements tribute to a relative, and long term calibration and drift estimation of an altimeter Chair: Gerry Mader (USA) ± Develop or improve GPS kinematic software prod- Co-chairs: Tilo SchoÈ ne (Germany) ucts to give stable solution for buoys under high Doug Martin (USA) motion conditions ± Develop/test low cost/reliable data transfer tech- Terms of Reference niques for GPS data from o€ shore buoys ± Intercomparison of SWH and wind estimates The determination of absolute sea level and its ± How can GPS buoys contribute to atmospheric changes requires an integrated approach based on sev- soundings, weather prediction models and tide eral techniques. Most relevant among those are satellite models altimetry, tide gauges, GPS equipped buoys and land ± How can a GPS buoy contribute to develop 'transfer based GPS stations tied to tide gauge benchmarks. functions' between satellite crossovers and shore based tide gauge systems GPS-buoy water level measurements represent one new technique which encompasses distinct advantages Members over satellite altimetry (radar and laser) and tide gauges. It represents geocentric measurements and has the po- Juan-Jose Benjamin (Spain) tential ability to be deployed for various applications to Pascal Bonnefond (France) enhance spatial and temporal sampling of water level Richard Coleman (Australia) measurements, i.e., deep/coastal ocean, lakes, river, Reinhard Dietrich (Germany) semi-enclosed seas, littoral regions, harbors, etc. Xiaoli Ding (Hong Kong) Richard Francis (NL) The potential applications of GPS-buoy water level Roberto Gutierrez (USA) measurements include absolute calibrations of radar Bruce Haines (USA) (and laser) altimeters, coastal circulation, coastal tide Guenter W (Germany) modeling, lake/river water level monitoring, ship harbor Cheng Huang (China) navigation, wave height and direction measurements, Hans-Gert Kahle (Switzerland) etc. Gerard L.H. Kruizinga (USA) Pete Lessing (USA) A number of technical issues, including automation Tom Lippmann (USA) requirements (power, communication bandwidth, ro- Yves Menard (France) bustness), hardware design (receiver, pressure sensor, A.R. de Mesquita (Brazil) tiltmeter or gyro, batteries, etc.), GPS kinematic solu- Terry Moore (UK) tion techniques and potential Real-Time Kinematic Michael Parke (USA) (RTK) considerations, are among a list of diculties for Antonio Ruis (Spain) this unique space geodesy technique to mature. In ad- Yuchan Yi (USA) 90

Associate Members The IGS Terms of Reference (comparable to the by-laws of the organization) describes in broad terms the goals John Blaha (USA) and organization of the IGS. These are available from George Born (USA) the internet at: http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/organization/ Alexander Braun (Germany) bylaws.html Gunter Liebsch (Germany) Kevin Key (USA) To accomplish its mission, the IGS has a number of Bruce Parker (USA) components: an international network of nearly 200 Matthias Rentsch (Germany) continuously operating dual-frequency GPS stations, Monica Roca (NL) more than a dozen regional and operational data C.K. Shum (USA) centers, three global data centers, seven analysis cen- ters and a number of associate or regional analysis centers. The Central Bureau for the service is located International Services at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which maintains the Central Bureau Information System (CBIS) and en- International GPS Service (IGS) sures access to IGS products and information. An in- ternational Governing Board oversees all aspects of the http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov IGS. The IGS is an approved service of the Interna- tional Association of Geodesy since 1994 and is rec- Chair: Christopher Reigber (Germany) ognized as a member of the Federation of Director of the Central Bureau: Ruth Neilan (USA) Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis Services Deputy Director of the Central Bureau: (FAGS) since 1996. Angelyn Moore (USA)

Development Operations

The IGS global system of satellite tracking stations, The IGS has developed a worldwide system com- Data Centers, and Analysis Centers puts high-quality prising satellite tracking stations, Data Centers, and GPS data and data products on line in near real time to Analysis Centers to put high-quality GPS data and data meet the objectives of a wide range of scienti®c and products on line within a day of observations. For ex- engineering applications and studies. ample, following the Northridge, California, earthquake in January 1994, analysis teams using IGS-supplied data The IGS collects, archives, and distributes GPS ob- and products were able to quickly evaluate the disaster's servation data sets of sucient accuracy to satisfy the immediate e€ects by determining station displacements objectives of a wide range of applications and experi- accurately to within a few millimeters. mentation. These data sets are used by the IGS to gen- erate the data products mentioned above which are The IGS global network of permanent tracking sta- made available to interested users through the Internet. tions, each equipped with a GPS receiver, generates raw In particular, the accuracies of IGS products are su- orbit and tracking data. The Operational Data Centers, cient for the improvement and extension of the Inter- which are in direct contact with the tracking sites, collect national Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), the the raw receiver data and format them according to a monitoring of solid Earth deformations, the monitoring common standard, using a data format called Receiver of Earth rotation and variations in the liquid Earth (sea Independent Exchange (RINEX). The formatted data level, ice-sheets, etc.), for scienti®c satellite orbit deter- are then forwarded to the Regional or Global Data minations, ionosphere monitoring, and recovery of Centers. To reduce electronic network trac, the Re- precipitable water vapor measurements. gional Data Centers are used to collect data from several Operational Data Centers before transmitting them to Mission the Global Data Centers. Data not used for global an- alyses are archived and available for online access at the The primary mission of the International GPS Service, Regional Data Centers. The Global Data Centers ar- as stated in the organization's Terms of Reference, is chive and provide on-line access to tracking data and data products. ``to provide a service to support, through GPS data products, geodetic and geophysical research activi- Products and Applications ties. Cognizant of the immense growth in GPS applications the secondary objective of the IGS is The IGS collects, archives, and distributes GPS ob- to support a broad spectrum of operational activities servation data sets of sucient accuracy to meet the performed by governmental or selected commercial objectives of a wide range of scienti®c and engineering organizations. The service also develops the neces- applications and studies. These data sets are used to sary standards/speci®cations and encourages inter- generate the following products: national adherence to its conventions.'' 91

± GPS satellite ephemerides The International Laser Ranging Service ± Earth rotation parameters (ILRS) http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ± IGS tracking station coordinates and velocities ± GPS satellite and IGS tracking station clock infor- Chairman of the Governing Board: mation John Degnan (USA) Director of the Central Bureau: IGS products support scienti®c activities such as John Bosworth (USA) improving and extending the International Earth Ro- Secretary: Michael Pearlman (USA) tation Service (IERS) Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), monitoring deformations of the solid Earth and Development variations in the liquid Earth (sea level, ice sheets, etc.), and in Earth rotation, determining orbits of scienti®c For many years, international SLR activities had satellites and monitoring the ionosphere. For example, been organized under the Satellite and Lunar Laser geodynamics investigators who use GPS in local regions Ranging (SLR/LLR) Subcommission of the CSTG. The can include data from one or more nearby IGS stations, Subcommission provided a venue for organizing track- ®x the site coordinates from such stations to their ITRF ing campaigns, adopting data formats, reporting on values, and more importantly, use the precise IGS orbits network status, and sharing technology. However, without further re®nement. Data from an investigator's membership and commitment to the Subcommission local network can then be analyzed with maximum ac- were informal, and the main focus was on systems and curacy and minimum computational burden. Further- data acquisition rather than on the production of the more, the results will be in a well-de®ned global most meaningful data products for end users. reference frame. With strong encouragement from Gerhard Beutler, An additional aspect of IGS products is for the then President of the CSTG, the CSTG SLR/LLR densi®cation of the ITRF at a more regional level. This Subcommission Steering Committee undertook the for- is accomplished through the rigorous combination of mation of the ILRS. A draft Terms of Reference, de- regional or local network solutions utilizing the Solution tailing the mission and the organization of the new Independent Exchange Format (SINEX) and a process service was written and accepted by the CSTG Executive de®ned in the densi®cation section. Board in May 1997. A joint CSTG/IERS Call for Par- ticipation in the new ILRS was drafted by the SLR/LLR In the future, the IGS infrastructure could become a Subcommission Chairman, John Degnan, and the SLR valuable asset for support of new ground-based appli- Representative to the IERS Directing Board, Bob cations hand could also contribute to space-based mis- Schutz, and issued on 24 January 1998. Institution sions in which highly accurate ¯ight and ground proposals in response to the Call were evaluated at a di€erential techniques are required. special meeting of the CSTG SLR/LLR Subcommission Steering Committee and subsequently approved by both Governing Board Members: the CSTG Executive Board and the IERS Directing Board on 18 April 1998. ILRS approval was granted to Christoph Reigber (Germany) 46 tracking stations, 4 Operations Centers, 3 Analysis Gerhard Beutler (Switzerland) Centers, 4 Lunar Analysis Centers, 18 Associate Anal- Mike Bevis (USA) ysis Centers, 2 Global Data Centers and 1 Regional Geo€ Blewitt (UK) Data Center. The Central Bureau was established at the Claude Boucher (France) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center with John Bos- Carine Bruyninx (Belgium) worth as Director and Michael Pearlman of the Har- John Dow (Germany) vard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics as Secretary. Bjorn Engen (Norway) Appointments and elections of Governing Board mem- Joachim Feltens (Germany) bers were carried out during the summer of 1998. On 22 Remi Ferland (Canada) September 1998, the CSTG SLR/LLR Subcommission was ocially disbanded, and replaced by the First ILRS Gerd Gendt (Germany) th Tom Herring (USA) General Assembly, held in conjunction with the 11 John Manning (Australia) International Workshop on Laser Ranging in Deggen- Ruth Neilan (USA) dorf, Germany. The ®rst ILRS Governing Board meet- Carey Noll (USA) ing was held on 25 September 1998; John Degnan was Paul Paquet (Belgium) elected by the Board as Chairperson, and the Coordi- Jim Ray (USA) nators and Deputy Coordinators for the various Markus Rothacher (Germany) Working Groups were also selected. Robert Sera®n (USA) Tim Springer (Switzerland) Mission Michael Watkins (USA) James Zumberge (USA) The ILRS collects, merges, analyzes, archives and distributes Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Lunar 92

Laser Ranging (LLR) observation data sets of su- Wolfgang Seemueller, Elected, Data Centers Rep., Data cient accuracy to satisfy the objectives of a wide range Formats & Procedures WG Deputy Coordinator, of scienti®c, engineering, and operational applications Peter Shelus, Elected, Lunar Rep., Analysis WG Deputy and experimentation. The basic observable is the pre- Coordinator cise time-of-¯ight of an ultrashort laser pulse to and Francois Barlier, Elected, At-Large, Missions WG from a satellite, corrected for atmospheric delays. Deputy Coordinator These data sets are used by the ILRS to generate a John Luck, Elected, At-Large, Data Formats & Proce- number of fundamental data products, including but dures WG Coordinator not limited to: Products ± Centimeter accuracy satellite ephemeredes ± Earth orientation parameters (polar motion and The products of the Analysis, Lunar Analysis, and length of day) Associate Analysis Centers are made available to the ± Three-dimensional coordinates and velocities of the scienti®c community via the two Global Data Centers: ILRS tracking stations ± Time-varying geocenter coordinates ± Crustal Dynamics Data Information System ± Static and time-varying coecients of the Earth's (CDDIS) at the NASA Goddard Space Flight gravity ®eld Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA, ± Fundamental physical constants ± European Data Center (EDC), Munich, Germany, ± Lunar ephemeredes and librations and one Regional Data Center, ± Lunar orientation parameters ± Shanghai Observatory, Shanghai, PRC.

Structure The accuracy of SLR/LLR data products is sucient to support a variety of scienti®c, engineering, and op- The ILRS accomplishes its mission through the fol- erational applications including: lowing permanent components: ± Realization of global accessibility to and the im- ± Tracking Stations and Subnetworks provement of the International Terrestrial Reference ± Operations Centers Frame (ITRF) ± Global and Regional Data Centers ± Determining the precise location of the geocenter ± Analysis, Lunar Analysis, and Associate Analysis relative to the global network and its time variations Centers ± Monitoring three-dimensional deformations of the ± Central Bureau (Director, J.M. Bosworth) solid Earth ± Governing Board and Working Groups (Chairper- ± Monitoring Earth rotation and polar motion son, 1998, J.J. Degnan) ± Monitoring the static and dynamic components of the Earth's gravity ®eld and geoid Information on these permanent components via the ± Supporting, via precise ranging to altimetric satel- ILRS Home Page at the following URL address: lites, the monitoring of variations in the topography http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/ilrs_home.html of the liquid and solid Earth (ocean circulation, mean sea level, ice sheet thickness, wave heights, vegetation canopies, etc.) Governing Board ± Tidally generated variations in atmospheric mass distribution Hermann Drewes, Ex-Ocio, CSTG President ± Calibration and validation of microwave tracking John Bosworth, Ex-Ocio, Director ILRS Central techniques (e.g., GPS, GLONASS, DORIS, and Bureau PRARE) Michael Pearlman, Ex-Ocio, Secretary, ILRS Central ± Picosecond global time transfer experiments Bureau ± Determination of non-conservative forces acting on Werner Gurtner, Appointed, EUROLAS, Networks & the satellite Eng. WG Coordinator ± Astrometric observations including determination of Wolfgang Schleuter, Appointed, EUROLAS, Networks the dynamic equinox, obliquity of the ecliptic, and & Eng. WG Deputy Coord. the precession constant David Carter, Appointed, NASA ± Gravitational and general relativistic studies includ- John Degnan, Appointed, NASA, Governing Board ing Einstein's Equivalence Principle, the Robertson- Chair Walker j parameter, and time rate of change of the Yang FuMin, Appointed, WPLTN gravitational constant, G Hiroo Kunimori, Appointed, WPLTN, Missions WG ± Lunar physics including the dissipation of rotational Coordinator energy, shape of the core-mantle boundary (Love Bob Schutz, Appointed, IERS Representative to ILRS Number k2), and free librations and stimulating Richard Eanes, Elected, Analysis Rep. mechanisms Ron Noomen, Elected, Analysis Rep., Analysis WG ± Solar System ties to the International Celestial Coordinator Reference Frame (ICRF) 93

Publications (Analysis, Network, Technology). The elections were carried out in the period from December 15, 1998 to Many ILRS and related publications and reports can January 1999 via e-mail by the Associate Members. The now be accessed online via the ILRS Home Page at the Steering Committee formed the Directing Board on the following URL address: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/ilr- basis of the elections, the proposals for Coordinators, s_home.html and include: and the nominations for the At Large members. The initial Directing Board held its ®rst meeting on February ± ILRS Terms of Reference and Working Group 11, 1999 at Wettzell. Charters ± ILRS Annual Report (®rst volume to be published in ®rst quarter 2000) Objectives ± ILRS General Assembly Minutes and Reports ± ILRS Governing Board Minutes The International VLBI Service for Geodesy and ± ILRS Working Group Minutes and Reports Astrometry (IVS) is an international collaboration of ± ILRS Associates Telephone and Email Directory organizations which operate or support Very Long ± ILRS Organizations and Technical Contacts Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) components. The pri- ± Science and Engineering References and Reports mary objective of IVS is to foster VLBI programs as a joint service to support geodetic, geophysical, astro- metric, and other research and operational activities. This is accomplished through close coordination to provide high-quality VLBI data and products. International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) The second objective of IVS is to promote research http://ivscc.gsfc.nasa.gov and development activities in all aspects of the geodetic and astrometric VLBI technique. This objective also Directing Board Chair: W. SchluÈ ter (Germany) supports the integration of new components into IVS. Coordinating Center Director: N. Vandenberg (USA) The further education and training of VLBI participants is supported through workshops, reports, electronic Development network connections, and other means.

Encouraged by the success of the International GPS The third objective of IVS is to interact with the Service (IGS), established in 1992, the president of the community of users of VLBI products and to integrate CSTG, Gerhard Beutler, University of Berne, proposed VLBI into a global Earth observing system. IVS in- in May 1997 to organize the SLR/LLR and the VLBI teracts closely with the International Earth Rotation subcommissions of the CSTG into comparable services. Service (IERS) which is tasked by the IAU and IUGG His vision was twofold: ®rst, a service will guarantee with maintaining the international celestial and terres- much more strongly the provision of highly reliable trial reference frames and with monitoring Earth products and second, the SLR/LLR and the VLBI rotation. techniques urgently needed more acceptance and sup- port in the scienti®c community. The coordination of the To meet these objectives, IVS coordinates VLBI ob- activities within services of the SLR/LLR and VLBI serving programs, sets performance standards for VLBI communities will strongly concentrate resources and stations, establishes conventions for VLBI data formats increase the potential to improve the techniques. and data products, issues recommendations for VLBI data analysis software, sets standards for VLBI analysis Tomas A. Clark, in his function as chairman of the documentation, and institutes appropriate VLBI pro- CSTG VLBI Subcommission, drafted the Terms of duct delivery methods to ensure suitable product quality Reference for the IVS in October 1997. The ®nal version and timeliness. IVS closely coordinates its activities with was worked out by a Subcommission Steering Com- the astronomical community because of the dual use of mittee whose members were James Campbell (chair- many VLBI facilities and technologies for both astron- man), Yasuhiro Koyama, Chopo Ma, Arthur Niell, omy and astrometry/geodesy. Axel Nothnagel, Jim Ray and Nancy Vandenberg. The Terms of References were presented and approved at the Products CSTG Executive Committee Meeting in Nice/France in April 1998. The Call for Participation was distributed on VLBI data products contribute uniquely to these June 1, 1998. The Steering Committee evaluated the important determinations: proposals and accepted all of them in October 1998. ± de®nition and maintenance of the celestial reference In November 1998, the Steering Committee, in ac- frame cordance with the Terms of Reference, released the call ± monitoring universal time (UT1) and length of day for nominations for representative positions on the Di- (LOD) recting Board (due to December 10, 1999) and the call ± monitoring the coordinates of the celestial pole for proposals for the positions of the Coordinators (nutation and precession) 94

These results are the foundation of many scienti®c All together there are: 74 components, representing and practical applications requiring the use of an accu- 30 institutions in 15 countries, 229 individuals who are rate inertial reference frame, such as high-precision Associate Members forming the IVS today. navigation and positioning. IVS provides, through the collaborative e€orts of its components, a variety of sig- The current IVS Directing Board consists of the fol- ni®cant VLBI data products with di€ering applications, lowing members: timeliness, detail, and temporal resolution, such as: James Campbell (Germany) ± all components of Earth orientation parameters at Wayne Cannon (Canada) regular intervals Nicole Capitaine (France) ± terrestrial reference frame Marshall Eubanks (USA) ± VLBI data in appropriate formats Ed Himwich (USA) ± VLBI results in appropriate formats Tetsuro Kondo (Japan) ± local site ties to reference points Chopo Ma (USA) ± high-accuracy station timing data Shigeru Matsuzaka (Japan) ± surface meteorology, tropospheric and ionospheric Axel Nothnagel (Germany) measurements Wolfgang SchluÈ ter (Germany, Chair) Paolo Tomasi (Italy) All VLBI data products are archived in IVS Data Nancy Vandenberg (USA) Centers and are publicly available. Alan Whitney (USA)

Structure Publications and Meetings

IVS accomplishes its goals through seven types of IVS published an Annual Report in 1999, shortly components. Today the IVS has: 30 Network Stations, 3 after its inauguration, to inform the international com- Operation Centers, 7 Correlators, 6 Data Centers, 18 munity about IVS and to serve as a baseline from which Analysis Centers, 9 Technology Development Centers, 1 to measure future progress. The report is available from Coordinating Center. the Coordinating Center. 95

SECTION III DETERMINATION OF THE GRAVITY FIELD President: Michael G. Sideris (Canada) Secretary: Gerd Boedecker (Germany) Comm XIII: Martin Vermeer (Finland)

Internet http://www.ucalgary.ca/sideris/IAG/sectionIII.html

± absolute and relative terrestrial gravity measure- Terms of Reference ments, ± gravity networks and control stations, Section III, determination of the gravity ®eld, is en- ± non-tidal gravity variations, gaged in the determination and modelling of the earths ± determination of the external gravity ®eld and geoid gravity ®eld variations. Knowledge of the gravity ®eld the di€erent gravity ®eld data types, and variations is of prime importance for geodesy, geophysics ± reduction and estimation of gravity ®eld quantities. and navigation, and ecient and accurate modelling of such variations is a key geodetic research activity. Within the modelling especially the precise determination of the Structure geoid is of great contemporary signi®cance due to re- quirements from satellite geodesy and oceanography. Commissions:

The gravity ®eld may be determined by a multitude of Comm XIII: International Gravity and Geoid measurements: satellite tracking, absolute and relative Commission gravimetry, gravity gradiometry, GPS-levelling, satellite President: Martin Vermeer (Finland) altimetry, astronomical de¯ections of the vertical, etc. Currently the global determination of the gravity ®eld is Special Study Groups: signi®cantly improved due to advances in satellite tech- niques, the release of terrestrial gravity data from for- SSG 3.167: Regional Land and Marine Geoid Mod- merly classi®ed sources, and the development of ecient elling airborne gravity survey techniques. Compared to just a Chair: I.N. Tziavos (Greece) few years ago, the global data coverage is improved to SSG 3.177: Synthetic Modelling of the Earth's Grav- such a degree that the only major regions in the world ity Field void of data now are some tropical jungle regions and Chair: Will Featherstone (Australia) Antarctica. SSG 3.184: Use of Remote Sensing Techniques for Validating Heights and Depths The development of new global reference models, in- Chair: Philippa Berry (UK) corporating the advance in terrestrial data coverage and SSG 3.185: Merging data from dedicated satellite new satellite data, will be a major bene®t to all geode- missions with other gravimetric data sists in utilization of all these global gravity ®eld data. Chair: Nico Sneeuw (Germany) SSG 3.186: Altimetry data processing for gravity, In the ®eld of gravimetry, building up national and geoid and sea surface topography deter- international networks of absolute and relative gravi- mination metry continues to be a key element within the frame- Chair: C. Hwang (Taiwan) work of Section III. With the increasing accuracy of these nets, now approaching 10)9 g, the study of non- tidal gravity changes becomes increasingly important for International Services: geodynamic studies. BGI International Gravimetric Bureau The developments in the the gravity ®eld determina- Director: J-P. Barriot (France) tion expressed in the formal IAG By-Laws, in which IGeS International Geoid Service Section III is responsible for: Director: F. SansoÁ (Italy) 96

Commission XIII Functions

G International Gravity and The functions of the I GC shall be: Geoid Commission 1. To ®nd solutions to problems requiring interna- President: Martin Vermeer (Finland) tional cooperation in gravity and geoid research and review the results of such investigations; Program of Activities 2. To recommend and coordinate international pro- grammes for scienti®c investigation in gravity, geoid 1. The International Gravity and Geoid Commission and related matters which call for concerted action G by its members and interested organizations; (I GC) promotes scienti®c investigations of the Earth's gravity ®eld, its relationship with the form 3. To make recommendations to international orga- and processes of the Earth's interior and exterior, nizations in matters which relate to the Commis- and its variations with time. It does so through the sion's programme; concerted actions of its members to acquire homo- 4. To promote and make recommendations for the geneous, geolocated gravity value coverage of the exchange of gravity data and the publication of Earth's surface and to derive useful representations results of scienti®c investigations; of the gravity ®eld. Hence it constitutes the primary 5. To make recommendations to strengthen education activity centre of the IAG for information related to and training programmes in gravity, its technology, the gravity ®eld not only for geodesists, but for all and in precise geoid determination; G 6. To assist developing countries in geoid- and gravity- geophysicists. For this purpose, the I GC regulates the operations of two services. related research and technology development; 7. To promote scienti®c investigation of gravity and ± The Bureau Gravime trique International (BGI) geoid on behalf of the international community, maintained by France at Toulouse, was established taking into account special interests and rights of for the acquisition, processing, and distribution of countries concerning scienti®c research in the zones gravity data in order to promote the free exchange under their jurisdiction; of gravity data among the member countries. 8. To assist in operational aspects, such as: data ± The International Geoid Service (IGeS) at the collection, geoid determinations through computer Politecnico di Milano, was established and is centres ®nanced nationally or by international further to be developed as a focal point and service organizations, execution of computational tasks of centre for representation of the gravity potential regional character, organization of vertical posi- such as the geoid, through data collection and tioning campaigns for geoid control, and organiza- dissemination and research and education in the tion of contacts to oceanographers in need of ®eld of geopotential determination and exploita- gravity and geoid data; tion for geodetic, geophysical and oceanographic 9. To evaluate, exchange and make available tested purposes. software and data sets; and 10. To organize expert meetings and international 2. The Commission shall seek to collaborate with all Schools.

international and national organizations concerned G G In carrying out all its functions, the I GC shall bear with the work of the I GC, particularly for the bene®t of the developing countries. in mind the special needs and interests of developing 3. The Commission will encourage and promote special countries. campaigns to develop and compare instruments, techniques and procedures for the adjustment of Cooperation the results of gravity surveys and for the precise G determination of the geoid. The I GC shall give due attention to supporting the 4. The Commission will review its functions from time objectives of the international organizations with which G to time to ensure its activities are commensurate with it collaborates and which may request I GC to act, as the needs of the geodetic community. appropriate, as the medium for discharging certain of 5. The Commission will organize at least one meeting of their responsibilities in matters relating to gravity and G a global nature in the four-year period between the geoid investigations. The I GC may also request these IUGG/IAG Assemblies. In addition, it will encour- organizations to take its requirements into account in age regional meetings or workshops dedicated to planning and executing their own programmes. speci®c problems, where appropriate. 6. The Commission will issue a compilation of nation- Organization al reports of its member countries on gravity and geoid related activities during the past four-year The Assembly of the IG C shall be its principal organ period, to be submitted at the IUGG/IAG Assem- G and, without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph of blies. this Article, shall make all decisions necessary to ful®ll G the functions of the I GC. 97

The Assembly consists of national representatives for The subcommissions marked with a * can be seen as countries that are members of IAG. Each country will continuations of already existing regional subcommis- have one vote, but may accompany its representative to sions for geoid studies. sessions of the Assembly with alternates and advisers as deemed necessary. National Representatives

In accordance with the By-Laws of the IAG, the Spain Miguel J. Sevilla president of the Commission is appointed by the Council China Jiancheng Li of the IAG. Every four years, the Assembly shall elect Sweden Lars SjoÈ berg two Vice-Presidents and a Secretary at its ordinary ses- New Zealand Merrin Pearse sion. They, along with the President, shall constitute the Czech Republic Petr Holota Executive Board. The President may appoint a second Luxembourg Bernard Reisch Secretary to assist with the operation of the Commis- Denmark Rene Forsberg sion. Egypt S. Riad Germany T. Gruber The Executive Board shall exercise the responsibili- Poland Marcin Barlik ties delegated to it by the Assembly and act on its behalf Australia Bill Kearsley in the implementation of decisions of the Assembly. Japan Shuhei Okubo Hungary Geza Csapo The Executive Board shall review the e€ectiveness of Portugal JoaÄ o CatalaÄ o the operating structure of the Commission and make Norway Dag Solheim recommendations to the Assembly on structural or other South Africa Prof CL Merry necessary changes. Canada Anthony Lambert Croatia Kresimir Colic Services Belgium B. Ducarme Estonia Harli Juergenson Russia P.Medvedev IG C supports the operation of and liaison with the G Israel Dan Sharni Services: Italy Riccardo Barzaghi USA Steve Kenyon [BGI]- Bureau Gravime trique International: The Greece Dimitris Arabelos Commission supports the continuing operation of UK Roger Hipkin the BGI, with emphasis on expanding its gravity data Austria N. KuÈ htreiber base to include areas for which no gravity data have been released, and to improve coverage of gravity on land and on the oceans. [IGeS]- International Geoid Service: IGeS's mandate Special Study Group 3.167 is to collect and compute geoids of the world, to organize of geoid schools, to distribute geoid software Regional Land and and to perform studies on the use of satellite altimetry Marine Geoid Modelling and dedicated satellite missions for geoid research. Chair: I.N. Tziavos (Greece) Working Groups, Subcommissions Objectives and Tasks The Commission can establish topical or regional working groups (the latter called subcommissions) to The objectives of SSG 3.167 re¯ect the research work solve speci®c scienti®c problems or regionally coordinate already done and the results already achieved and focus activities. The Working Groups shall communicate to its on open problems and new questions related to geoid members mainly by circular letters, with copies to the modelling. In order to consolidate the current state of G knowledge in regional geoid modelling and seek open President of the I GC and the President of Section III, and other relevant interested parties. issues, the following objectives and tasks present them- selves: Working groups proposed for 1999±2003 include: ± Theoretical work on the modelling of non-linear ± WG on Intercomparison of Absolute Gravimeters e€ects, terrain e€ects, etc., in the frame of studying (Leonid Vitushkin) the Boundary Value Problems (BVPs) is of main ± WG on the Arctic Gravity Project (Rene Forsberg) importance. The study of di€erent models and ± WG on Antarctica (Alessandro Capra) numerical techniques is necessary. ± SC for Europe* (Ambrus Kenyeres) ± Study of the di€erences between the modelling ± SC for South-America* (Denizar Blitzkow) procedures for land and marine geoids with special ± SC for South-East Asia* (Bill Kearsley) emphasis on the peculiarities in working across the ± SC for North America (Marc Veronneau) land/sea boundary. Numerical tests should be car- 98

ried out in di€erent test areas in order to draw scienti®c directions for further investigation will be conclusions on the optimal combination of terres- proposed. trial, marine, airborne and satellite data. ± Comparative study between methods in order to More information about the meetings of the study identify the key issues that remain to be tackled in group, the joint Symposium, and any other activity will the optimal way of working with heterogeneous be announced in the web home page of the SSG: http:// data. Investigation on the importance of satellite olimpia.topo.auth.gr/ssg3167 altimetry in combination solution in coastal areas. Optimization of regional scale geoid solutions. Members ± Development of new approximation and numerical techniques that hold the promise of a closer repre- Tziavos, I.N. (Greece) sentation and/or more e€cient regional geoid com- Abd-Elmotaal, H. (Egypt) putation. Special work is recommended in input/ Barzaghi, R. (Italy) output system theory algorithms, improvement of Catalao, J. (Portugal) error propagation methodologies and kernel modi®- Chen, J.Y. (China) cation techniques in the space and frequency domain. Dahl, O.C. (Norway) ± The contribution of GPS to the validation geoid Denker, H. (Germany) solutions. Improvement of existing and development Featherstone, W. (Australia) of new techniques for a common adjustment of GPS Haagmans, R. (Netherlands) and geoid heights. The impact of GPS in studying Hipkin, R. (United Kingdom) the compatibility of neighbouring datums through Jiang, Z. (France) geoid determination. Numerical tests between dif- Kaminskis, J. (Latvia) ferent datums of neigbouring countries. Kuehtreiber, N. (Austria) ± The importance of geophysical data in regional-scale Kuroishi, Y. (Japan) geoid studies. Modelling of the upper crust density in Marti, U. (Switzerland) terrain e€ect computations. Correlation studies be- Merry, C. (S. Africa) tween geophysical and geodynamic parameters and Smith, D. (USA) geoid heights. Toth, Gy. (Hungary) ± The impact of oceanographic information for an Tsuei, G. (Taiwan) accurate regional-scale marine geoid solution. Sea Veronneau, M. (Canada) surface topography studies using oceanographic and geodetic methodologies. Numerical tests and com- Associate members parisons. The sea surface topography as a product of combination solutions. Duquenne, H. (France) ± Availability of regional geoids. Di€erent forms of Fernandes, J. (Portugal) publishing regional geoids (maps, gridded heights, Fukuda, Y. (Japan) function coecients, data compression techniques). Hwang, C. (Taiwan) ± The impact of new dedicated satellite missions and Jekeli, Chr. (USA) airborne gravimetry on precise regional geoid deter- Kearsley, A.H.W. (Australia) mination. Knudsen, P. (Denmark) Krynski, J. (Poland) Proposed Program of Activities Kuhn, M. (Germany) Milbert, D. (USA) The ®rst year, it is recommended to the members to Papp, G. (Hungary) work with real or simulation data, in sub-groups or in- Prijatna, K. (Indonesia) dividually, on the topics mentioned before. The ®rst Sanchez, L. (Colombia) results from all these activities will be discussed, in the Sevilla, M. (Spain) frame of the IAG International Symposium on Gravity, Zhang, K. (Australia) Geoid and Geodynamics 2000, which will be held in Ban€, Canada, July 31 ± Aug. 4, 2000, and where we will have the ®rst ocial meeting of our SSG. Special Study Group 3.177

For the year 2002 (one year before the XXIII IUGG/ Synthetic Modelling of the IAG General Assembly in Saporo) I plan to organize a Symposium in collaboration with chairmen of several or Earth's Gravity Field all other study groups of IAG Section III (Determina- tion of the gravity ®eld). This Symposium will be held in Chair: Will Featherstone (Australia) Thessaloniki or in the Halkidiki penninsula, a pictur- esque touristic place close to Thessaloniki. In this Aims and Objectives Symposium papers will be presented from the members of our study group and other SSGs related to their sci- The aims and objectives of the SSG include, but are not enti®c activities and the results obtained, and the new limited to: 99

± address the theoretical and practical basis of pro- Corresponding Members ducing a synthetic model of the Earth's gravity ®eld; ± study the e€ects of the various approximations Fabio Boschetti (Australia) currently made in physical geodesy; Hans Engels (Germany) ± reach a consensus on the correct methods to test or Jonathan Evans (UK) compare the theories, approximations, approaches Rene Forsberg (Denmark) and Jonathan Kirby (Australia) ± software being developed, or in use, for physical Michael Kuhn (Germany) geodesy; Gabi Laske (USA) ± produce a gravity ®eld model with realistic noise Adam Dziewonski (USA) spectra from various sources (both correlated and Marcel Mojzes (Slovak Republic) un-correlated); Edward Osada (Poland) ± to allow the study of the propagation of errors in Spiros Pagiatakis (Canada) current gravity ®eld modelling methods; Michael Sideris (Canada) ± produce a model that generates data in various Dru Smith (USA) formats, so as to ensure its wide-spread application; Hans Suenkel (Austria) ± supply the results (papers and software) to research- Christian Tscherning (Denmark) ers in physical geodesy and geophysics world-wide. Jack Weightman (UK)

Suggested Methodology Special Study Group 3.184 One suggested approach to constructing the SEGM is to model the broad/deep structure of the Earth's gravity Use of Remote Sensing Techniques for ®eld using spherical harmonics, point mass or digital density models (eg. REM). The gravitational e€ects of Validating Heights and Depths the Earth's crust and topography can be modelled using recent global digital density and terrain models and su- Chair: Philippa Berry (UK) perimposed on the broad deep structure component of the SEGM. Terms of Reference

The detailed structure of the SEGM in speci®c areas Global and regional scale Digital Terrain Models can be re®ned using regional datasets, which avoids (DTMs) have a wide range of applications within problems of data con®dentiality and large computation geodesy. Crucially, topographic and bathymetric data time. These can be superimposed on the global ®eld. In form a key part of the processing and interpretation of areas where detailed local data are not available, it will gravity data at all spatial scales. be necessary to simulate the gravity ®eld completely arti®cially (eg. by recursing the global data using fractal The work done in the frame of SSG3.163 showed that techniques). very signi®cant de®ciencies exist in current DTMs, and many problems are still open for investigation after four years of work of this SSG. However, the experience Members gained within SSG3.163 showed that remote sensing techniques are promising tools for the evaluation of Will Featherstone (Australia) heights and depths on regional and global scales, with Yoichi Fukuda (Japan) major contributions expected from current and planned Erik Grafarend (Germany) space missions such as the Shuttle Topographic Mission, Roger Haagmans (Netherlands) the ICESAT mission and ENVISAT. Together with the Roger Hipkin (UK) rapidly increasing availability of stereo SAR and inter- Simon Holmes (Australia) ferometric SAR DEM data for topographic work, this Chris Jekeli (USA) means that the next four years will encompass a period Ruediger Lehman (Germany) where many new datasets are being created. Zdenek Martinec (Czech Republic) Yuri Neyman (Russia) Roland Pail (Austria) Objectives Gabor Papp (Hungary) Doug Robertson (USA) With the growing need for precise elevations and Walter Schuh (Austria) depths on both regional and global scales, it is an ap- Gabriel Strykowski (Denmark) propriate task for geodesists to provide high quality Gyula Toth (Hungary) models to the growing market of users. A key objective Ilias Tziavos (Greece) of this study group is therefore the production of im- Petr Vanicek (Canada) proved topographic and bathymetric data for geodetic Peter Vajda (Slovak Republic) requirements. The de®nition of a strategy for inclusion Martin Vermeer (IGGS, Finland) of new data from current and forthcoming space mis- 100 sions for the requirements of geodesy will also form a Steve Kenyon (USA, NIMA) key part of the work of this study group. Roland Klees (Netherlands) Nikos Pavlis (USA) Activities Dave Sandwell (USA) Dru Smith (USA) Comparisons of actual (measured) depths and pre- Gabriel Strykowski (Denmark) dicted depths; bathymetric prediction methods including G.-C. Tsuei (China) inversion of gravity data and use of satellite altimetry; Hilary Wilson (Germany) also including comparison of bathymetry models with oceanographic model predictions and observations. Corresponding members Use of space and airborne radar and laser altimetry for the evaluation of errors in regional and global scale W. Featherstone (Australia) DTMs; identi®cation of regions of poor topographic R. Hipkin (UK) representation and incorporation of improved heights M. Sideris (Canada) where possible. C.C. Tscherning (Denmark)

Exploitation of new techniques (SAR, InSAR etc) for improvement of regional DTMs, and evaluation of e€ect of errors in regional DTMs on derived gravity Special Study Group 3.185 models. Merging data from dedicated satellite Investigation of new mission datasets as these become missions with other gravimetric data available; assessment of the impact of these data on existing topographic and bathymetric models. De®nition Chair: Nico Sneeuw (Germany) of a strategy for inclusion of new data, primarily from space based techniques, to enhance model representa- Terms of Reference tion in priority areas. The next years will be exciting times for global Estimation of ice sheet thickness using radar and gravity ®eld modelling. Starting early 2000, a series of optical space mission datasets, together with in-situ da- dedicated gravity ®eld missions will ¯y, that will map the ta. gravity ®eld of the earth with unprecedented accuracy and resolution. These are the hi-lo SST mission Initial inputs to this work are anticipated from the CHAMP (spaceborne GPS + accelerometry), the lo-lo directly related session at EGS (April 2000). In SST mission GRACE (range and range-rate + space- `Quantifying the earth system: geodesy's fundamental borne GPS + accelerometry) and the SGG mission contribution'. Session: `Topography and Surface GOCE (gradiometry + spaceborne GPS). Changes'. Convenors: S. Ekholm & P.A.M. Berry. Meetings will also be held during the following confer- The data distribution from these missions will be ences on an ad-hoc basis: spatially homogeneous, except for polar gaps in case of non-polar orbits. Also spectrally, i.e. in terms of spher- July 2000: Int. Symposium on Gravity, Geoid & ical harmonic error coecients, the mission results are Geodynamics expected to be homogeneous. However, each mission has its own spectral window, that only partially overlaps 2001: IAG General Assembly with others. 2002: EGS meeting 2002; AGU fall meeting At the same time, improvements in terrestrial gravity 2003: EGS meeting ®eld information have continued and still continue. The 2003: IUGG 23 General Assembly amount of surface gravimetry data keeps increasing. Also developments in airborne gravimetry, regarding Members data distribution (arctic, marine,...) and quality, greatly enhance the terrestrial gravity database. Philippa Berry (UK, chair) Jerome Benveniste (Italy) Denizar Blitzkow (Brazil) Objectives Anita Brenner (USA) Peter Challenor (UK) The analysis of data from these dedicated gravity Simon Ekholm (Denmark) ®eld missions and the possible combination with existing Joanna Fernandes (Portugal) gravity ®eld information pose interesting and challeng- Yoichi Fukuda (Japan) ing questions, both from theoretical and numerical Alan Hittelman (USA, NGDC) perspectives. Data from these missions have to be Bill Kearsley (Australia) merged among themselves and with the terrestrial 101 gravity information. This merging process will be the ± The CHAMP testbed: CHAMP will be launched central research issue of this Special Study Group. In during the ®rst half of 2000. Data will follow later particular the following objectives are de®ned. that year. These data will be analyzed and employed in the framework of this SSG. ± To investigate issues related to merging, where ± Provide the CHAMP/GRACE/GOCE communities merging is to be understood in the spatial domain, with proposals, schemes and advice as to their in the spectral domain and at the level of combining merging strategies. normal matrices. ± To come up with results and proposals that may support CHAMP/GRACE/GOCE communities in Members their data processing and merging strategies. N. Sneeuw (Germany) These objectives are to be realized through research A. Albertella (Italy) into the following ®elds: S.V. Bettadpur (USA) J. Bouman (Netherlands) ± Satellite-only solutions. Merging data from dedicat- A. Bruton (Canada) ed gravity ®eld missions into satellite-only models. T. Gruber (Germany) ± Combination solutions. Merging data from dedicat- S. Kenyon (USA) ed gravity ®eld missions with existing gravity ®eld J. Kusche (Germany) information. J.M. Lemoine (France) ± Orbital e€ects. Each mission has its own spatial N.K. Pavlis (USA) characteristic, in terms of ground-track pattern, W.D. Schuh (Austria) inclination, and height pro®le. Research items are: polar gaps, regularization and downward continua- tion. ± Terrestrial data distribution. The irregular data Special Study Group 3.186 distribution of terrestrial gravity ®eld information ± and of altimetry derived gravity anomalies (land-sea Altimetry data processing for gravity, geoid problem) requires research into gridding strategy and sea surface topography determination and into alternative representations. ± Weighting schemes for merging normal matrices. Chair: C. Hwang (Taiwan) One of the lessons from the EGM96 development is, that weighting of data-subsets and calibration of Terms of Reference normal matrices is a topic for extensive further research. This will be a central research issue. Since the Seasat mission of 1978, satellite altimetry ± (Block-)diagonal approach. In view of the high has found its wide applications in geodesy, geophysics degree spherical harmonic development, the trade- and oceanography. As new satellite missions such as o€ between mathematical rigour and computational GFO-1, ENVISAT and JASON-1 will contribute more viability of gravity ®eld solutions is an important to the existing data sets of Seasat, Geosat, ERS-1/2, and research item. TOPEX/POSEDION, these applications will continue to grow. But there are still many applications to be ex- Although CHAMP and GRACE are, due to their plored, many problems to be solved, and many data long mission life-time, destined to measure time-varia- processing techniques to be improved. For example, tions of the Earth's gravity ®eld as well, this Special coastal geoids, gravity anomalies, tide-models and Study Group will focus on the stationary geopotential bathymetry models derived from satellite altimetry have only. important engineering applications, which did not re- ceive much attention in the past. But exploiting satellite altimetry in coastal areas requires much more sophisti- Activities cated correction models and data processing techniques than in the open oceans. The data and coordinate sys- ± Evaluate existing methods and approaches to ``merg- tems of di€erent satellite missions should be properly ing'' (spatial, spectral and at normal matrix level). weighted/corrected and uni®ed in order to obtain an ± Develop strategy and theory for optimal weighting optimal multi-satellite data set for subsequent analyses. of data-subsets and calibration of normal matrices. Shipborne gravity data are abundant in many areas of ± Research into necessity of terrestrial data at the the oceans, and have high quality and good spatial spectral domains, covered by the dedicated satellite resolution. They should be combined with altimetry data missions. for global gravity and geoid computation and estimation ± Address the question to what level block-diagonal of high-degree geopotential model. Bathymetry model is approaches or even diagonal ones (quadrature) an important element in, e.g., the general circulation might replace full normal matrix inversion in certain model of the world oceans and the hydrodynamic tide spherical harmonic ranges. Or is full-matrix inver- model, and should be optimally derived with altimetry sion the way to go? and other data. Eddies in coastal areas are associated 102 with coastal upwellings, which are extremely important Y. Wang (USA) for marine production. Can altimetry be used to identify Y. Yi (USA) coastal eddies? How accurate should the altimeter measurement and the tide and geoid models be in order to do this? International Service

This SSG point outs selected problems of satellite International Gravimetric Bureau (BGI) altimetry as listed below to challenge all altimetric sci- http://bgi.cnes.fr:8110 entists. Director: J-P. Barriot (France) Activities Objectives and Terms of Reference This SSG encourages members to tackle the follow- ing problems: The main task of BGI is to collect, on a world-wide basis, all gravity measurements and pertinent informa- ± improving the quality of coastal altimeter data by tion about the gravity ®eld of the Earth, to compile them improving geophysical corrections, retracking wave- and store them in a computerized data base in order to forms and ``tuning'' altimeter measurements. redistribute them on request to a large variety of users ± promoting engineering applications of coastal for scienti®c purposes. The data consists of: gravimeter altimetry with high quality coastal geoid, gravity observations (mainly location ± three co-ordinates, anomaly, bathymetry, ocean tide and sea surface gravity value, corrections, anomalies...), mean free air topography models from altimetry. gravity values, gravity maps, reference station descrip- ± investigating the best method and the best altimeter tions, publications dealing with the Earth's gravity ®eld. data type for computing gravity anomalies, mean Other data types are sometimes used for data validation sea surface heights from multi-satellite altimeter and geophysical analysis, such as satellite altimetry de- data; a team will be formed to assess the accuracies rived geoid height and gravity anomalies, digital terrain of various global mesh and gravity anomaly models, spherical harmonic coecients of current global models. geopotential models. ± developing a best technique to compute bathymetry from altimeter-derived geoids or gravity anomalies, BGI has been developing various algorithms and with emphasis on the downward continuation and software for data validation and analysis, as well as its ®ltering problems. own data management system. A large number of ser- ± ®nding a best strategy and data sources to combine vices are o€ered to the users (see below). shipborne gravity/airborne gravity and altimeter data for generating global and regional gravity All kinds of gravity data can be sent to BGI, with or anomalies and geoids. without restrictions of redistribution to be speci®ed by ± Improving orbit accuracies of altimetric satellites the contributors, sometimes in the form of a protocol of and accuracies of the long wavelength gravity ®eld usage. by crossover and other methods. ± unifying the coordinate systems between two or Structure and membership more satellite missions for determining long-term time series of oceanographic parameters. ± BGI is one of the oces of the Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis Ser- Members vices (FAGS). It may also be considered as an executive oce of the International Gravity and V.D. Andritsanos (Greece) Geoid Commission (IGGC). O. Andersen (Denmark) ± It has a Directing Board composed of the following D. Chao (China) members: S.A. Chen (Taiwan) Y. Fukuda (Japan) Voting members: J.W. Kim (Korea) J. Klokocnik (Czech Republic) M. Vermeer (Finland) IGGC President P. Knudsen (Denmark) R. Forsberg (Denmark) IGGC Vice-President J. Li (China) M. Sideris (Canada) IGGC Vice-President P. Medevedev (Russia) J.P. Barriot (France) BGI Director P. Moore (UK) G. Boedecker (Canada) Section III Secretary M. Rentsch (Germany) J.E. Faller (USA) to be elected T. SchoÈ ne (Germany) E. Groten (Germany) to be elected C.K. Shum (USA) P.P. Medvedev (Russia) to be elected G. Venuti (Italy) S. Takemoto (Japan) to be elected 103

Non voting members: Providing data to BGI

L. Robertsson (France) Chair of WG6 Essential quantities and information for gravity data B. Richter (Germany) Chair of WG7 submission are: M. Becker (Germany) Chair of WG8 J. Liard (Canada) Secretary Position of the site: E. Klingele (Switzerland) Secretary ± latitude, longitude (to the best possible accuracy), ± elevation or depth: Ex-ocio: ± for land data: elevation of the site (on the physical surface of the Earth); F. Sanso (Italy) IGeS Director ± for water stations: water depth. P. Paquet (Belgium) (FAGS repr) Measured (observed) gravity, corrected to eliminate The central oce is located in Toulouse, France, in the periodic gravitational e€ects of the Sun and Moon, the premises of the Observatoire Midi-Pyre ne es, of and the instrument drift. which it is one of the services. The other supporting organizations are: the Centre National d'Etudes Spati- Reference (base) station (s) used. For each reference ales, the Bureau de Recherches Ge ologiques et MinieÁ res, station (a site occupied in the survey where a previously the Institut Ge ographique National, the Centre Na- determined gravity value is available and used to help tional de la Recherche Scienti®que (via the Institut establish datum and scale for the survey), give name, National des Sciences de l'Univers), the Ecole Supe ri- reference station number (if known), brief description of eure des Ge omeÁ tres et Topographes, the Institut de location of site, and the reference gravity value used for Recherche pour le De veloppement, the Service Hy- that station. Give the datum of the reference value; ex- drographique et Oce anographique de la Marine. There ample: IGSN 71. exists a covenant between these agencies to guarantee their support to the BGI. Give supplementary elevation data for measurements made on towers, on upper ¯oor of buildings, inside of Address mines or tunnels, atop glacial ice. When applicable, specify whether gravity value applied to actual mea- surement site or it has been reduced to the Earth's Bureau Gravime trique International physical surface (surface topography or water surface). 18, Avenue Edouard Belin Also give depth of actual measurement site below the 31401 Toulouse Cedex 4, France water surface for underwater measurements. Phone: 33-5 61 33 29 80 Email: [email protected] For marine gravity stations, gravity value should be corrected to eliminate e€ects of ship motion, or this ef- BGI Bulletin d'Information fect should be provided and clearly explained.

The oce issues a Bulletin d'Information twice a year Additional information are optional, but welcome. (generally in June and December).

It contains: Services

± general information in the ®eld of the Bureau itself, The most frequent service BGI can provide is data about new available data sets, retrieval over a limited area. Data are sent on diskettes ± communications at meetings dealing with gravimetry or printouts or transferred electronically. Data coverage (e.g. IGGC meeting). plots may also be provided, usually over 20° *20° ar- eas. Cases of massive data retrieval requests may be Every four years, an issue (which may be an addi- considered; they are studied and may be processed in a tional one) contains the National Reports of Activities speci®c way. The simplest way for users is to acquire in Gravimetry. the open ®les of the BGI data base which are on two CDs. The full catalogue of the holdings is issued every two years. The Bulletin is sent free of charge to indi- Other services include: viduals and institutions which currently provide infor- mation and/or data to the Bureau. In other cases, ± data screening, information and subscription prices can be obtained on ± provision of gravity base station information, request. ± data evaluation and gridding, ± computation of mean values, There exist 85 issues and about 360 subscribers as of ± contouring, December 1999. ± supply of, or information on existing maps. 104

The costs of the services have been established in view ± to provide the international community with tech- of the categories of users-mostly contributors of mea- nical schools where consolidated techniques of geoid surements and scientists, and also considering the large determination, be demonstrated and students amount of our host organizations. The charging policy trained in the use of the relevant software, is explained in detail in the Bulletin d'Information. ± to produce, at least once per year, an IGeS Bulletin on geoid related matters and to disseminate special Some of the services may be provided free of charge publications on geoid computations, e.g. lecture upon request, to data contributors, individuals working notes of the schools. The Bulletin has a technical and in universities, such as students, and generally to any applied nature and will not accept papers that could person who can contribute to the BGI activities on a be published on the International Journal of Geod- data or documentation exchange basis. esy.

Activities Data and software given to IGeS remain property of the source, which can dictate the conditions of use and restrict their distribution. IGeS itself can indeed perform ± continue publication of the Bulletin d'Information, geoid computations within di€erent projects, but not in ± continue data collection, archiving and distribution: economic competition with Firms or Public Organiza- emphasis will be on those countries which have not, tions institutionally devoted to that. or seldom, contributed to the BGI data bank. First priority is then given to careful data evaluation; Land data and marine data are validated using Structure di€erent software. Satellite altimetry derived free-air anomalies are to be more and more frequently used The Service is for the moment provided by a Main to validate sea measurements. Centre, at the Politecnico of Milano, and by individual ± assist IGGC in setting up the International Absolute scientists, called advisors, though in future more Centres Gravity Data Base Station (IAGBN), and assist in could join the organization. IGeS is related to IAG, the intercomparisons of instrument. being the operative arm of the International Commis- ± establish simple procedures for the collection and sion for the Geoid, operating within IAG ± Section III. archiving of absolute measurements. As such it has a Directing Board which receives a report ± link with the commission for the Geoid in data and de®nes the long-term program of the Service. preparation in view of geoid computations and evaluations to be performed by the International The Directing Board is composed by: Service for the Geoid. President of Section III ± assist in promoting satellites techniques to improve Secretaries of Section III our global knowledge of the Earth's gravity ®eld: Director of BGI satellite-to-satellite tracking, satellite gradiometry, Director of IGeS; etc... in this way a strong link is created between the two services of Section III, namely IGeS and BGI. International Service. The Director of IGeS is nominated by the President International Geoid Service (IGeS) of the International Geoid Commission, upon recom- mendation of the past Directing Board. http://ipmtf14.topo.polimi.it/iges/ The IGeS-Main Centre is supported by Italian au- Director: F. SansoÁ (Italy) thorities, which nominate its Director, upon recom- mendation of the International Geoid Commission. Its Objectives structure, tools and activities are illustrated in the IGeS reports to the International Geoid Commission. In the The main tasks of IGeS are present period Director of IGeS as well as of its main centre is Fernando Sans (Italy). The IGeS advisors are ± to collect data referring to the geoid on a worldwide individual members of IGeS, which have had an out- scale, when possible to validate them and to standing activity in the ®eld of geoid determination and disseminate them upon request among the scienti®c also can represent IGeS in both research and teaching community: other auxiliary data can also be collect- activities. ed by IGeS, when useful for the geoid determination, and might be made available with the sharp exclu- At present, beyond the members of the Directing sion of gravity anomalies data, Board, the following distinguished scientists are IGeS ± to collect, test and, when allowed, to distribute advisors: software for the geoid determination, ± to conduct researches on the best procedures for the C.C. Tscherning (Denmark) geoid determination, possibly from di€erent sources M. Sideris (Canada) conveniently combined, W. Kearsley (Australia) 105

D. Milbert (USA) Future Programs H. Denker (Germany) M. Vermeer (Finland) Beyond usual activities of IGeS, the following pro- D. Arabelos (Greece) grams are worth of speci®c mention: M. Sevilla (Spain) B. Benciolini (Italy) ± participation to the International ESA Gradiometric R. Barzaghi (Italy) Mission (GOCE); ± organization and support to the International Pro- The list is open and nominations are welcome by ject for the determination of the Geoid in South IGeS Director. America, under the chair of Denizar Blitzkow ([email protected]); Finally within the structure of IGeS, Working ± computation of improved geoids for Italy and the Groups can be established for speci®c purposes, limited Mediterranean area; in time. At present one W.G. (Global Gravity Field ± study and possibly ®rst computations for the solu- validation) has been set up with the chair of T. Gruber tion of the problem of the uni®cation of height ([email protected]). The purpose of the W.G. is to datums; standardise the procedures of validation and combina- ± study of improved methodologies for the determi- tion of global models using data from the forthcoming nation of the geoid at global and local level; gravity ®eld spatial missions and terrestrial measure- ± organization of 3 International Geoid Schools, the ments. ®rst of which will be in Malaysia in February 2000. 106

SECTION IV GENERAL THEORY AND METHODOLOGY President: Bernhard Heck (Germany) Secretary: Christopher Jekeli (USA) Yuanxi Yang (China)

Internet: http://www.gik.uni-karlsruhe.de/iag_sectionIV.html

Terms of Reference Special Study Groups:

As stated in the by-laws, Section IV has primarily a SSG 4.187: Wavelets in Geodesy and Geodynamics methodological character. Its scope is not con®ned to Chair: W. Keller (Germany) one particular topic in Geodesy which would be peculiar to this Section only, but rather all topics are shared in SSG 4.188: Mass Density from Joint Inverse Gravity one way or another with other IAG Sections, with the Modelling accent of the research pointing towards the systematic Chair: G. Strykowski (Denmark) mathematical treatment of geodetic problems. SSG 4.189: Dynamic theories of deformation and The Section keeps its basic structure as in the last gravity ®elds period which originated from the preparatory work Chair: D. Wolf (Germany) done by K.P. Schwarz and the decision of the Section IV Steering Committee to adopt a new organization, by SSG 4.190: Non-probabilistic assessment in geodetic establishing a novel structure in the core of the Section data analysis at that time, i.e. the Special Commission on Mathe- Chair: H. Kutterer (Germany) matical and Physical Foundations of Geodesy. SSG 4.191: Theory of Fundamental Height Systems This Special Commission (even this name was born in Chair: C. Jekeli (USA) Section IV) follows the original and standing concern to collect real specialists on the mathematical treatment of Special Commission SC1 various geodetic problems, e.g. geodetic boundary-value problems, statistical problems in geodesy or problems in Mathematical and Physical Foundations geometry, relativity, cartography, theory of orbits and dynamics of systems, and put them work on the as- of Geodesy sessment of dicult questions, open ever since many 4-years periods. Chair: P. Holota (Czech Republic)

In this concept the new S.S.G.'s are on the contrary Objectives in duty to treat a much smaller range of problems, focussing on some very speci®c open questions to be The Special Commission on Mathematical and solved as a rule in one 4-year period. Collective nu- Physical Foundations of Geodesy (CMPFG) was es- merical experiments in the framework of S.S.G's are tablished by the International Association of Geodesy encouraged, when possible. during the XXth General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in Vienna in 1991. It is Special Commission 1 in Section IV of the IAG and Structure expresses the need for a permanent structure working on the foundations of geodesy. Special Commissions The establishment of the special commission is es- SC1: Mathematical and Physical Foundations sentially associated with the preparatory work done by of Geodesy K.-P. Schwarz (the president of Section IV at that time) Chair: P. Holota (Czech Republic) and the decision taken by the Section IV Steering 107

Committee. For two periods the special commission was of the CMPFG program by IAG the following sub- then successfully chaired by E.W. Grafarend. commissions will be established, the ®rst four of them will continue and further develop the work already done The main objectives of the special commission are the in the last period: following: Subcommission 1 ``Statistics and Optimization'' Chair: P. ± to encourage and promote research on the founda- Xu (Japan) tions of geodesy in any way possible; Working Group ``Spatial statistics for geodetic science'' ± to publish, at least once every four years, compre- Chair: B. Scha€rin (USA) hensive reviews of speci®c areas of active research in Subcommission 2 ``Numerical and Approximation Meth- a form suitable for use in teaching as well as research ods'' Chair: W. Freeden (Germany) reference; Subcommission 3 ``Boundary Value Problems'' Chair: R. ± to actively promote interaction with other sciences; Lehmann (Germany) ± to closely cooperate with the special study groups in Subcommission 4 ``Geometry, Relativity, Cartography Section IV. and GIS'' Chair: V. Schwarze (Germany) Subcommission 5 ``Hydrostatic/isostatic Earth's Refer- The research program of the CMPFG envisaged for ence models'' Chair: A.N. Marchenko (Ukraine) the next four years will mainly focus on statistical problems in geodesy, numerical and approximation The following distinguished scientist have been invited methods, geodetic boundary value problems, on prob- to work in the CMPFG and its Subcommissions: lems in geometry and di€erential geodesy, relativity and cartography, on equilibrium reference models and also on the theory of orbits and dynamics of systems. Ex-ocio members

This broad spectrum of research objectives is con- ± B. Heck (Germany), President of Section IV nected with a subdivision of the research program into ± C. Jekeli (USA), Secretary of Section IV, Chair SSG speci®c tasks. The majority of them will be assigned to 4.191 subcommissions within the CMPFG, which in a certain ± Yuanxi Yang (China), Secretary of Section IV measure will continue that structure of the CMPFG that ± W. Keller (Germany), Chair SSG 4.187 proved to be ecient in the last period. ± G. Strykowski (Denmark), Chair SSG 4.188 ± D. Wolf (Germany), Chair SSG 4.189 The theory of orbits and dynamics of systems, is an ± H. Kutterer (Germany), Chair SSG 4.190 exception. The experience from the last period supports our opinion that the topic should be treated within the special commission itself, rather than in a subcommis- Individuals sion. The intention is to embody problems related to integration methods, modelling, to the analysis of per- M. Bougeard (France) turbations and their causality, but also to qualitative C. Cui (Germany) aspects in the temporal evolution of trajectories. A. Dermanis (Greece) E.W. Grafarend (Germany) Workshops of the CMPFG will be organized at least E. Groten (Germany) once between general assemblies and specialists from K.H. Ilk (Germany) other disciplines will be invited to contribute to these J. Janak (Slovak Republic) workshops. Representation on scienti®c bodies which R. Klees (The Netherland) can contribute to the work of the CMPFG or which L. Kubacek (Czech Republic) should be aware of the research results will be sought on Z. Martinec (Czech Republic) mutual basis. G. Moreaux (Denmark) J. Otero (Spain) Structure M. Petrovskaya (Russia) R. Rummel (Germany) Membership of the CMPFG is restricted to 30 F. Sacerdore (Italy) members, one third of which is replaced every four K.P. Schwarz (Canada) years. Chairmen of special study groups within Section M. Sideris (Canada) IV are automatically members of the CMPFG. The N. Sneeuw (Germany) Section IV President as well as Section IV Secretaries are H. SuÈ nkel (Austria) ex ocio members. Other members are proposed by the L. Svensson (Sweden) Special Commission President and approved by the P. Teunissen (The Netherlands) Section President. C.C. Tscherning (Denmark) P. Vanicek (Canada) Subcommissions and working groups will be formed G. Venuti (Italy) by the CMPFG as deemed appropriate to study de®ned M. Vermeer (Finland) aspects in its ®eld. In 1999 immediately upon approval R. J. You (Taiwan) 108

Maintenance of liaisons with related activities: techniques should be developed correspondingly. Thus all novel ideas to set spatial data on a solid IUGG Committee on Mathematical Geophysics: foundation are most welcome. M. Vermeer (Finland) ± Global Optimization Method. Global optimization should also be an important area to work, since almost all practically important models are nonlinear. Subcommissions: On the other hand, this fascinating area is still waiting for great development. Again, we would be pleased to Subcommission 1 see the contributions from the Earth scientists. Statistics and Optimization ± Traditional Topics. In addition to the above men- tioned areas, let us not forget those traditional Chair: Peiliang Xu (Japan) topics, stochastic boundary value problem; linear and/or nonlinear model; linear/nonlinear dynamical Research Program models; observability and invariance, to name a few, but keeping in mind that we are working on the After discussing the goals of this Subcommission for foundation, or the scienti®c side of geodesy. the next four years with various (old and new) members, we felt that the scope should be extended somewhat to Beside the ex ocio and individual members of the also include optimization issues, and that particular CMPFG also the following scientists have been invited emphasis should be placed on areas such as the Theory to work in Subcommission 1 as of Inverse Problems, Nonconventional Models for Space Applications, Spatial Information Theory, Global Additional Members Optimization Methods, and the Advancement of Tra- ditional Topics. The extended scope should be docu- J.A.R. Blais (Canada) mented in the augmented name of the Subcommission. Y. Kagan (USA) M. Sambridge (Australia) We anticipate particularly fruitful, original and fun- Y.X. Yang (China) damental contributions to the aforementioned topics by S.D. Pagiatakis (Canada) our regular as well as corresponding members. By no means, however, do we want to restrict our creativity to Corresponding Members the areas as described; on the contrary, we welcome all participants who distinguish themselves by a certain O. Abrikosov (Ukraine) degree of curiosity, novelty, and inventiveness while M.Y. Markuze (Russia) keeping a sense for systematic issues. In this spirit we C. Shi (China) o€er the following agenda:

± Inverse Problem Theory. We strongly encourage all Working Group novel theoretical work on improved estimation, comparison, testing, from all kinds of points of Spatial Statistics for Geodetic Science view. However, our ®nal goal is to ®nd an estimate that is the closest to the true but unknown ®eld, to Chair: B. Scha€rin (USA) check or to con®rm whether a certain (geo) physical hypothesis can be tolerated by the collected data, and to provide a guide for further improvement and Research Program theory development. ± Models for Space Applications. We are used to a Within the general discipline of statistics, methods linear or nonlinear model, with all the model which relate each "data point" to a location allow for an parameters being real-valued and with all the noise analysis with spatial resolution that might otherwise be being assumed to be additive. These assumptions are lost. The data do not need to be point data themselves, not acceptable in the time of space techniques. For but could have been derived from a certain area by av- GPS, we have to deal with integer unknowns; for eraging. Key is, however, that we have to deal with both SAR, we have to deal with multiplicative noise. Thus probabilistic and spatial distributions. we strongly recommend all kinds of statistical work, for instance, model parameter estimation, variance- In many cases, even for nonergodic or nonisotropic component estimation, and testing, on these new processes, the spatial connection supports the statistical types of observation models. analysis and vice versa. This has been known in geodetic ± Spatial Information Theory. In this regard, we will science for a long time, and various techniques have encourage any research on probabilistic models for been developed over the years to take this fact into ac- manifolds that are of special interest in the Earth count. Now is the time to ®nd a unifying framework Sciences, for instance, directions, referentials and with respect to which every single procedure can be in- tensors. The error model to assess spatial informatic terpreted and compared to others as far as their ad- data is also far from satisfactory. Hypothesis testing vantages and shortcomings are concerned. 109

There is also ample room for new developments, ization by multiresolution, fast evaluation techniques, particularly in view of increased use of Geographical etc. should be tested numerically. Information Systems for geodetic purposes. Among the topics of interest are: The uncertainty principle gives appropriate bounds for the quanti®cation of space and frequency properties ± the role of point, line and block data; of trial functions in geodesy. The main statement is that ± the data quality (accuracy, reliability, correlations, sharp localization in space and in frequency are mutually etc.) and their spatial distribution; exclusive. Extremal members in the space/frequency re- ± geostatistical methods for TINs (Triangular regular lation are spherical harmonics and the Dirac func- Networks) and raster data; tion(al)s. Members ``in between'' are bandlimited and ± the use of homeograms versus variogram and non-bandlimited kernel functions (in the jargon of con- covariance function, respectively ``reproducing ker- structive approximation: radial basis functions). Al- nel''; though all these trial functions may be used to ± hypothesis testing for spatial regions; approximate the Earth's gravitational potential (in a ± spatial support for ill-posed problems. suitable topology), their di€erent numerical properties must be investigated in more detail. In this respect the uncertainty principle should be consulted as an appro- Additional Members priate tool for quantitative decision. In addition, new types of trial functions like the Shannon kernel, smoothed Shaofeng Bian (Germany) Shannon kernels, the Abel-Poisson kernel, the Gauss- W. Caspary (Germany) Weierstrass kernel, the Tikhonov kernel and locally K. Kraus (Austria) supported kernels have to be discussed in several aspects. S. Meier (Germany) Seen from numerical point of view, the use of Corresponding Members spherical harmonic expansions of higher and higher degree for the determination of the gravitational ®eld N. Cressie (USA) and the ®gure of the Earth meets with essential problems J. Pilz (Austria) for several reasons (e.g. Nyquist rate, uncertainty prin- ciple). It is not appropriate to model local behaviour by non-localizing functions. The polynomial nature of these functions causes severe numerical diculties due to their Subcommission 2 oscillatory character. The evaluation of high order spherical harmonics may be unstable. Therefore one Numerical and Approximation Methods should concentrate on combined models, where expan- sions in terms of spherical harmonics are combined with Chair: W. Freeden (Germany) local methods, e.g. radial basis function techniques as splines, wavelets, mass-points, ®nite elements, etc. Research Program Isotropy preserving approximation methods must be The spherical representation of the Earth's external compared with non-preserving techniques for geodetic gravitational potential by means of spherical harmonics obsevables of scalar, vectorial and tensorial nature. is essential to solving many problems in today's physical geodesy. In future research, however, spherical har- Future spaceborne observations combined with ter- monic expansions may not be the most natural or useful restrial and airborne activities will provide huge datasets way. The season is that one has to think of the potential of the order of millions of data. Standard mathematical as a ``signal'' in which the spectrum evolves over space in theory and numerical methods are not at all adequate signi®cant way. In other words, at each point the po- for the solution of data systems with a structure such as tential refers to a certain combination of frequencies; this, because these methods are simply not adapted to and in dependence of the mass distribution inside the the speci®c character of the spaceborne problems. They Earth, the contribution to the frequencies and, therefore, quickly reach their capacity limit even on very powerful the frequencies themselves are spatially changing. This computers. A reconstruction of the gravitational ®eld space-evolution of the frequencies is not re¯ected in the from future data material requires much more: Eco- Fourier transform in terms of non-space localizing nomical and ecient combination of large data sets of spherical harmonics, at least not directly. In conclusion, di€erent types and from di€erent heights. In particular, speci®c methods of achieving a space-dependent fre- the vectorial and tensorial nature of satellite data in quency analysis in geopotential determination have to be satellite-to-satellite tracking and satellite gravity gradi- proposed. Known from recent publications are win- ometry, respectively, is a challenging problem in this dowed Fourier transform and wavelet transforms. The connection. Future numerical procedures should be able results of the wavelet theory include aspects of con- to handle such problems automatically. structive approximation (i.e. basis property), decorrela- tion, fast computation, data compression, etc. In future, The demanded high accuracy of future models has to biorthogonalization processes, lifting scheme, regular- take into account the true surface of the Earth. There- 110 fore, numerical methods usable for non-spherical K.J. Witsch (Germany) boundaries should be an important goal for future de- A.I. Yanushauskas (Lituania) velopments. This includes ®nite di€erence methods, ®- nite element methods, all boundary element techniques as well as sphere-oriented methods (like harmonic Subcommission 4 splines or harmonic wavelets). For the numerical e- ciency, the use of multilevel or multiresolution tech- Geometry, Relativity, Cartography, GIS niques is indispensable. Chair: V. Schwarze (Germany) Beside the ex ocio and individual members of the CMPFG also the following scientists have been invited to work in Subcommission 2 as Research Program

Additional Members Geometry ± the generalized Marussi±Hotine approach to di€er- S. Beth (Germany) ential geodesy, including schemes for integrating the M. Belikov (Russia) Hotine±Marussi equations J. Engels (Germany) ± conceptual foundations of Gaussian di€erential O. Glockner (Germany) geodesy V. Michel (Germany) ± further investigations of the geometry of plumblines F.J. Narcowich (USA) (orthogonal trajectories of a family of equipotential L. SoÈ berg (Sweden) surfaces), plumblines as geodesics in a conformally ¯at 3-manifold Subcommission 3 ± Fermi coordinates on a biaxial ellipsoid of revolution as a generalization of the Soldner Boundary Value Problems coordinates, the deviation equation

Chair: R. Lehmann (Germany) Relativity

Research Program ± de®nition of Earth-®xed and slowly non-rotating reference systems within the framework of General The following geodetic boundary value problems relativity (BVPs) will be considered: ± consistent modelling of geodetic measurement tech- niques within the ®rst post-Newtonian approxima- ± Pseudo-BVPs with boundary conditions relating to tion di€erent boundaries ± analysis of the gravitational ®eld of the Earth within ± Free-datum and multi-datum BVPs, as they arise the ®rst post-Newtonian approximation (orbit per- from unknown height datums and/or unknown local turbations and gravity gradients in a local pseudo- datums orthogonal frame) ± Mixed BVPs, e.g. various types of altimetry-gravi- ± propagation of electro-magnetic signals travelling metry problems through curved space-time from a satellite to the ± Stochastic BVPs with stochastic boundary condi- Earth's surface in geometric-optical approximation tions and/or stochastic boundary surface for a refractive, dispersive and magnetized medium ± Overdetermined and constraint BVPs, particularly with a truncated global spherical harmonics expan- Cartography sion as constraint for the solution ± Gravitational BVPs, where the centrifugal part of ± curvilinear datum transformation the Earth's gravity ®eld has been reduced from the ± the Earth's topographic surface as a 2-manifold and boundary conditions its embedding in an Euclidean 3-space, geodesics on ± BVPs on special surfaces (ellipsoids, etc.) the Earth's topographic surface and its Delaunay triangulation, map projections of the Earth's top- Beside the ex ocio and individual members of the graphic surface CMPFG also the following scientists have been invited ± map projections of the geoid (Law of the Sea) in to work in Subcommission 3 as spheroidal-spherical harmonic series ± map projections of an ellipsoid of revolution: the Additional Members Hotine oblique Mercator projection, pseudo-cylin- drical/equiareal projections of an ellipsoid of revo- M. GuÈ nter (Germany) lution, the triple map projection: The Earth's Yu. M. Neyman (Russia) topographic surface, ellipsoid of revolution, plane; N. Weck (Germany) map projections based on the second fundamental W. Wendland (Germany) form of a surface 111

± map projections of a space-time manifold; analysis The main task of the Subcommission is the evolution of various space-time charts from the viewpoint of of a hydrostatic/isostatic Earth's density model for the cartography interpretation of the global gravity ®eld. In particular the research will focus on: Geodetic Information Systems (GIS) ± the integration of available data (including funda- ± representation of the terrestrial gravitational ®eld mental geodetic constants and seismic data, as and the Earth's surface supporting information) and the strati®cation of ± Geodetic coordinate systems as a basis of GIS; the Earth; quality control ± solutions of di€erential equations governing hydro- static/adiabatic/isostatic models and their parame- Beside the ex ocio and individual members of the terization. CMPFG also the following scientists have been invited ± piecewise hydrostatic/adiabatic Earth's models; to work in Subcommission 4 as ± the estimation of isostatic radial deviations from the hydrostatic/adiabatic Earth's model; Additional Members ± deviations of the real Earth from a hydrostatic/ isostatic reference model; C. Boucher (France) ± temporal variations and a space-time mass density G. Hein (Germany) distribution. D. Milbert (USA) J. Mueller (Germany) The ®rst three items have a dual character. The so- M. Schmidt (Germany) lution of the respective inverse problem, which essen- tially is of non-linear nature, yields a hydrostatic/ adiabatic Earth's model. This may then be used for Subcommission 5 further linearization and investigations of occurring deviations, thus also in the solution of the remaining Hydrostatic/isostatic Earth Reference Models tasks. Special attention will be given to the last item.

Chair: A.N. Marchenko (Ukraine) One of the ®rst opportunities for the Subcommission to meet are the International Conferences which will be Research Program organized by the State University ``Lviv Polytechnic'' in Lviv (Ukraine), April, 2000 and in Alushta (Crimea, The problem of the standard Earth's density model Ukraine), September, 2000. was formulated by the IAG in 19971 and some models (as e.g. PREM, 1981) were produced by geophysicists. Beside the ex ocio and individual members of the Later also temporal variations of low-degree harmonic CMPFG also the following scientists have been invited coecients were observed. to work in Subcommission 5 as

At present a logical step is to collect and integrate Additional Members available data of geodetic, geophysical and astronomical nature (as e.g. fundamental geodetic constants, seismic O.A. Abrikosov (Ukraine) velocities, temporal variations, etc.) for the construction D. Lelgemann (Germany) of (1D and 3D) global density models that can also serve G. Papp (Hungary) as a reference for subsequent interpretations of the gravity ®eld.

Obviously, an immediate way of constructing Earth's Special Study Group 4.187 reference models can be essentially associated with an analysis of solutions of the famous Clairaut, Poisson, Wavelets in Geodesy and Geodynamics Williamson-Adams and other di€erential equations which corresponds to the so-called hydrostatic/adiabatic Chair: W. Keller (Germany) Earth (time-independent version). In this step the work should result in a suitable parametrization of the contin- uous and also piecewise continuous density distribution. Program of Activities

The second step then consists of a transformation of 1) Application of wavelets as base functions for the an hydrostatic/adiabatic model into a hydrostatic/adia- numerical solution of Geodetic Boundary Value Prob- batic/isostatic Earth's model in a global scale. Obvi- lems: ously, the time-dependent Earth's model is the most dicult case. It requires investigations of existence, ± Investigation of the convergence rate of the corre- uniqueness and stability problems of solutions to an sponding Galerkin method inverse time-dependent geodetic/geophysical problem. ± Development of error estimates 112

2) Application of wavelets for pattern recognition: Earth's interior are based on the surface gravity data and, thus, a construction of the adequate model of the ± Test of the suitability of standard wavelets for the mass density distribution for the shallow parts of the detection of typical geophysical signatures subsurface will help to separate the surface gravity signal ± Modi®cation of standard wavelets for the improve- generated by these sources. For example, a correct sep- ment of their performance in pattern recognition aration is vital for studies of isostasy.

3) Modi®cation of wavelet analysis techniques The overall task of this study group will be to bridge the existing gap between solid earth's geophysics and physical ± Construction of smooth orthogonal wavelets in geodesy in a similar way as it is done in satellite altimetry, Euclidean spaces as well as on the sphere where geodesists and oceanographers work together. ± Construction of ecient quadrature formulas for the Present days methods of physical geodesy are based on computation of the initial wavelet coecients of a mathematical tradition of gravity reductions, which often given data set circumvents the problem of explicit and direct addressing ± Development of error estimates for the wavelet of the local mass density distribution. In this way, and approximation- and aliasing error because of the inherent ill-posedness of the inverse gravimetric problem, a gravi-equivalent mass density Members distribution is implicitly/explicitly used. By using these equivalent models it is still possible to reproduce the ex- B. Scha€rin (U.S.A.) isting surface data, but the extrapolation of the statements P. Maass (Germany) outside the scope of the data is doubtful. This will not be R. Lehmann (Germany) the case if an adequate mass density model is constructed. J. Zavoti (Hungary) L. Liu (China) In geophysics, we now have gotten beyond the need K. Arfa-Kaboodvand (Germany) to restrict density models to two-dimensional cross sec- P. Zatelli (Italy) tions. There is clearly a need to develop three-dimen- R. Haagmans (Netherlands) sional models of mass distributions. Furthermore, what C. Kotsakis (Canada) need to be studied are the mathematical limitations in- A. Bruton (Canada) herent in potential-®eld modeling (especially non- M. Schmidt (Germany) uniqueness and existence) and how these limitations are relaxed with the addition of ancillary datasets (e.g., Associate member seismic tomography and heat ¯ow).

Y. Kuroishi (Japan) Program of Activities

Special Study Group 4.188 ± Mathematical description based on physics. Studies of the ambiguity domain of the inverse gravimetric Mass Density from problem especially in connection with the limitations of the domain imposed by the physics, e.g. a physical Joint Inverse Gravity Modelling mass density contrast is bounded. De®nitions: What do we understand by a mass density model? Chair: G. Strykowski (Denmark) (discrete/continuous description, spatial resolution, ... etc.) How does mass density information manifest Objectives itself in surface gravity data and in other types of geophysical data? Such consideration are important The objective of this study group is to go more di- in order to understand how to couple di€erent types rectly and explicitly into a problem of mass density of geophysical data (strong/weak coupling). Thus, modelling from surface gravity data and from other the goal of this study will be to formulate some types of geophysical data (seismic, magnetic, heat general statements about how to use di€erent types ¯ow,... etc.). Thus, the work of the group will focus on of geophysical data in order to extract information adequate modelling of the source of the primary ob- about local mass density distribution. servables in physical geodesy, the various quantities as- ± Modelling and case stories. Both the methodological sociated with the surface gravity signal. There are many and the practical aspects of modelling will be reasons for undertaking this task: (i) the adequate mass studied, especially in connection with the above. Is density model yields adequate models both of the ex- mass density adequately parametrized in the meth- ternal and of the internal gravity ®eld; (ii) the adequate ods used? Is the mathematical coupling between mass density model makes it possible to construct an di€erent types of geophysical data adequate? How to accurate gravimetric geoid; (iii) terrain corrections of the design observables or combination of them to expose surface gravity data can be viewed as a reduction for the certain aspects of mass density distribution? Thus, gravitational attraction of the mass density anomaly the focus of this activity will be on clarifying a associated with the transition from the terrain to the free somehow dicult problem of the appropriate choice air; (iv) a number of geophysical statements about the of coupling and parametrization in practical model- 113

ling. In the existing methods these choices are often Program of Activities taken out of mathematical convenience. However, are these choices also adequate as compared to the ± Use of conventional Love-number formalism for physics of the problem? studying elementary sources (normal and tangential ± Mass density and physical geodesy. The goal of this surface forces, volume forces) activity is to study (often implicit) assumptions on ± Development of generalized Love-number formal- the mass density distribution in standard methods ism for studying complex sources (dislocations) used in physical geodesy. In these way the relation ± Development of generalized Love-number formal- between e.g., di€erent methods of geoid modelling ism for studying periodic processes (Fourier-trans- and the assumptions will be exposed. Hopefully, this formed Love numbers) and aperiodic processes gives an insight into why the results obtained by (Laplace-transformed Love numbers) di€erent methods do not agree. Furthermore, one ± Solutions for generalized viscoelastic earth models to can ask whether the assumptions are adequate to study geophysical processes responsible for defor- describe the local mass density distribution? If not, mation and gravity changes the group will try to come with some ideas of what to ± Study of e€ects due to density strati®cation, com- do about it? pressibility, phase boundaries, rheology and lateral heterogeneity Members ± Prediction of deformation and gravity changes caused by atmospheric, cryospheric, hydrospheric L. Ballani (Germany) and solid-earth forcing functions R. Barzhaghi (Italy) ± Inversion of observed deformation and gravity F. Boschetti (Australia) changes in terms of mantle rheology or forcing G. Gerstbach (Austria) function P. Holota (Czech Republic) B. Meurers (Austria) Members O.C.D. Omang (Norway) G. Papp (Hungary) H. Abd-Elmotaal (Egypt) I.L. Prutkin (Russia) J.-P. Boy (France) T. Romanyuk (Russia) V. Dehant (Belgium) S. Schmidt (Germany) R. Eanes (USA) D. Sharni (Israel) J. Engels (Germany) V. Starostenko (The Ukraine) J. Fernandez (Spain) G. Strykowski (Denmark) G. Kaufmann (Australia) I. Tziavos (Greece) Z. Martinec (Czech Republic) M. Veronneau (Canada) G.A. Milne (United Kingdom) H.-P. Plag (Norway) Associate members W. Sun (Sweden) P. Varga (Hungary) W. Featherstone (Australia) K. Wieczerkowski (Germany) O. Legostayeva (The Ukraine) D. Wolf (Chair) (Germany) I. Makarenko (The Ukraine) P. Wu (Canada) D. Rossikopoulos (Greece) T. Yegorova (The Ukraine) Associate Members

P. Gegout (France) Special Study Group 4.189 E.W. Grafarend (Germany) J. Hinderer (France) Dynamic theories of deformation L.E. SjoÈ berg (Sweden) and gravity ®elds Special Study Group 4.190 Chair: D. Wolf (Germany) Non-probabilistic assessment in Terms of References geodetic data analysis Recent advances in ground-, satellite and space-geo- detic techniques have revealed deformation and gravity Chair: H. Kutterer (Germany) changes covering a wide range of periods. These changes have been related to di€erent types of processes acting Terms of Reference near the earth's surface or in its interior. Predictions of the deformation and gravity changes or their inversion Geometrical and physical models are more or less require the development of dynamic theories. approximations of reality. The remaining di€erences 114 between the data and the chosen model are not exclu- G. Joos (Germany) sively of the type ``random''. Thus, there are cases when K. Heine (Germany) probability theory and statistics are not the only nor S. Leinen (Germany) even the proper mathematical theories to handle all A. Merminod (Switzerland) kinds of problem-immanent uncertainties. The common F. Neitzel (Germany) empirics-based formulation of the stochastic model in W. Niemeier (Germany) adjustment calculus may serve as an example. As a J. Ou (China) starting point it is necessary to identify and to classify A. Rossikopoulos (Greece) the occurring uncertainties. Within the SSG this shall be A. Scha€rin (USA) done regarding some typical geodetic ®elds of applica- T. Schenk (USA) tion. This topic can be seen as the quali®cation of the T. Shyllon (Nigeria) di€erent kinds of uncertainty within the data analysis. A J. Wang (Australia) very promising approach to deal with non-probabilistic Y. Yang (China) imprecision is given by fuzzy-theory and the related J. Zavoti (Hungary) possibility theory. The work shall focus on these fuzzy- theoretical concepts which are still new in geodesy. Their Corresponding Members comparison with the well-known theory of statistics shall be given. This includes both di€erences and com- M. Molenaar (The Netherlands) mon aspects. The consideration of statistical concepts in R. Viertl (Austria) a fuzzy-theoretical framework is planned. At least three A. Wieser (Austria) di€erent ®elds will be considered: GPS data processing, deformation analysis, and GIS (primarily topological aspects). In addition, there will be input from local geoid computation and multi sensor mobile mapping systems. Special Study Group 4.191 The data-analytical points of interest are the data han- dling in the preprocessing steps and the corresponding Theory of Fundamental Height Systems setup of models. This item represents the link between the quali®cation of the uncertainty and its quanti®ca- Chair: C. Jekeli (USA) tion. As an example the uncertainty of GPS results in- troduced by di€erent operators and di€erent software Terms of Reference packages is mentioned. In addition to the analytical studies the numerical quanti®cation of the uncertainties Height systems (datums) around the world invariably of the data, the model, and their impact on the quanti- are based on the geoid (the geopotential), although, the ties of interest shall be done. This will be mostly in an realization of the geoid is far from uniformly precise exemplary and instructive way to understand the inter- enough to enable the de®nition of a world vertical da- action between statistical and non-statistical viewpoints tum for all applications. Moreover, geodetic vertical and methods. datums are based on di€erent height systems, such as the North American Vertical Datum (NAVD88) which uses orthometric heights, the European heights that are Objectives mostly normal heights, and the South American Geo- centric Reference Systems (SIRGAS) that is now con- ± Identi®cation and classi®cation of di€erent kinds of sidering to propose the use of geopotential numbers as uncertainties in geodetic models and inferences; fundamental height units. Other datums, such as the supply of a proper terminology International Great Lakes Datum, already are based on ± Collection of approaches to deal with uncertainty, to dynamic heights. Against this background strictly geo- infer and to decide under uncertainty like fuzzy- metric heights are becoming increasingly and domi- theory, possibility theory, evidential reasoning, etc, nantly prevalent consider the GPS heights and in addition to the well-known concepts of statistics topographic heights from SAR, INSAR, as well as laser and probability; compilation of a bibliography altimetry, as obtained on space-borne and airborne ± Discussion of the applicability of the di€erent platforms. Accuracy in vertical positioning with GPS is approaches to the data analysis in selected ®elds of approaching subcentimeter levels and global topo- geodetic interest graphic (land) data from the other sources are being ± Comparison of the di€erent methods by studying obtained with accuracies on the order of a few meters, or selected problems numerically better. Of course, satellite radar altimetry (over oceans) continues to improve with centimeter and better accu- Members racy foreseen in the near future. Each database refers to a possibly di€erent reference system. Geometric and H. Kutterer (Germany) geopotential-based heights must be consolidated within M. Brovelli (Italy) the context of accurate geoid determination. And, height A. Brunn (Germany) reference systems must be de®ned within the broader A. Carosio (Switzerland) scope of three-dimensional terrestrial reference systems, B. Crippa (Italy) as well as time systems. Time frequency standards are 115 now accurate enough to be sensitive to general relativ- ± To determine (and recommend) if existing IAG- istic e€ects due to the geopotential. To achieve a uni- aliated services should be expanded to provide form base for de®nition and transformation between information speci®c to vertical data. di€erent height systems, it is important to consider the fundamental de®nition and realization of the geoid and Members its relation to international terrestrial reference systems. Equally important in assessing achievable and desirable V. Andritsanos (Greece) accuracies is the identi®cation of the future needs of C. Boucher (France) users of heights in many disciplines, ranging from M. Bursa (Czech Republic) farming and ¯ooding control to global concerns of rising H. Drewes (Germany) sea level and tectonic processes. M. Higgins (Australia) C. Jekeli (USA) S. Kenyon (USA) Objectives U. Marti (Switzerland) M. Poutanen (Finland) ± To consider the fundamental de®nition and realiza- F. Sacerdote (Italy) tion of the geoid, with full recognition of temporal M. Sideris (Canada) and general relativistic e€ects, for the purpose of D. Zilkoski (USA) establishing a global reference for geopotential heights and time systems. Corresponding Members ± To investigate height systems, including the role of the geopotential, and their utility for di€erent M. Bevis (USA) geodetic, geophysical, and engineering applications R. Forsberg (Denmark) that are current and that are projected in the year E. Groten (Germany) 2020 (and beyond). What accuracies will be needed, C. Hwang (Taiwan) what height systems will be useful, how will heights B. Kearsley (Australia) from di€erent measurement systems be consolidated R. Luz (Brazil) into a uniform frame? How should the vertical A. Mainville (Canada) dimension be treated in terms of reference systems I. Tziavos (Greece) within the context of three-dimensional geodesy? M. Vermeer (Finland) ± To determine if the IAG should establish recom- P. Woodworth (UK) mendations for the future de®nitions of height systems for geodetic control and geophysical and engineering applications. 116

SECTION V

GEODYNAMICS President: Clark Wilson (USA) Secretary: Veronique Dehant (Belgium) Comm V: Shuzo Takemoto (Japan) Comm XIV: S. Zerbini (Italy)

Internet: http://www.oma.be/KSB-ORB/IAG-S5/main.html

Terms of Reference H.G. Kahle (Switzerland) According to the by-laws of the IAG, the Section V Secretary: T. Van Dam (USA) ``Geodynamics'' deals with the following topics: Special Commissions: ± reference systems, ± monitoring and study of time-dependent phenome- SC3: Fundamental Parameters na, such as polar motion, Earth rotation, Earth Chair: E. Groten tides, recent crustal movements, variations of grav- ity, sea surface topography including mean sea level, SC8: Sea Level and Ice Sheets ± geodetic aspects of international geodynamic pro- President: Michael Bevis (USA) jects, such as the Lithosphere project, Vice President: Reinhard Dietrich ± geophysical interpretation of gravity and related (Germany) data. Joint Working Groups: The objectives of Section V are: IAG/IAPSO Joint Working Group (a) to promote the study of all scienti®c problems Geodetic E€ects of Non-Tidal Oceanic mentioned above and encourage the research in Processes these ®elds, Chair: R. S. Gross (USA) (b) to promote and coordinate international co-opera- tion in this ®eld, (c) to provide, on an international basis, for discussion International Services: and exchange of the results of the studies, research and works indicated in paragraph (a) and (b) above, IERS International Earth Rotation Service (d) to involve as many active geodesists as possible in Chair: Christoph Reigber the program of the Section V and to make them Director, Central Bureau: Daniel Gambis enthusiastic supporters, (e) to promote the co-operation with other international PSMSL Permanent Service For Mean Sea Level organisations working in the ®eld of geodynamics. Director: P.L. Woodworth (UK)

Structure BIPM Bureau International des Poids et Mesures ± Time Section Commissions: Director Time Section: E.F. Arias (BIPM)

Comm V: Earth Tides Commission V President: Shuzo Takemoto (Japan) Vice-President: Jacques Hinderer (France) Earth Tides Secretary: Oliver Francis (Belgium)

Comm XIV: Crustal Deformation President: Shuzo Takemoto (Japan) President: S. Zerbini (Italy) Vice-President: Jacques Hinderer (France) Vice-Presidents: B. Richter (Germany) Secretary: Oliver Francis (Belgium) 117

Program of Activities as a whole on the one hand, but also for under- standing geophysical phenomena occurring at smaller The objective of the Commission is to promote in- scales. There are many geodetic signals which can be ternational corporation and coordination of investiga- observed and are representative of the deformation tions related to the observation, preprocessing, analysis mechanisms of the Earth's crust at di€erent spatial and and interpretation of earth tides. By earth tides, we temporal scales. The time scales range from seconds to understand all phenomena related to the variation of the million of years in the case of plate tectonics and from Earth's gravity ®eld and to the deformation of the millimeters to continental dimension for the spatial Earth's body induced by the tide generating forces, i.e. scales. the forces acting on the Earth due to di€erential gravi- tation of the celestial bodies as the Moon, the Sun and Gravimetry, both absolute and relative, is a powerful the nearby planets. The Commission will: Collaborate tool providing information to the global terrestrial with all international and national organizations con- gravity ®eld and its temporal variations. Superconduct- cerned with the observation, preprocessing, analysis and ing gravimeters allow a continuous acquisition of the interpretation of earth tides; Encourage and promote gravity signal at a given site with precision of 10±10. This campaigns to develop, compare and calibrate instru- is important in order to be able to detect and model mentation for earth tide observations, techniques of environmental perturbing e€ects as well as the weak operation, procedures for data preprocessing and data gravity signals associated with vertical crustal move- analysis; Organize the 14th International Symposium on ments of the order of mm/yr. Earth Tides at Mizusawa Japan in 2000. These geodetic observations together with other geophysical and geological sources of information pro- National representatives vide the means to understanding the structure, dynamics and evolution o€ the Earth system. John Beavan (New Zealand) Tadeusz Chojnicki (Poland) The Commission on Crustal Deformation comprises Ricardo Vieira Diaz (Spain) six sub-Commissions, namely: Bernard Ducarme (Belgium) D. El-Naggar (Egypt) 1) WEGENER (Working group of European Geosci- Jean Flick (Luxembourg) entists for the Establishment of Networks for Earth Jacques Hinderer (France) science Research); Jussi kaariainen (Finland) 2) APSG (Asia-Paci®c Space Geodynamics program); Emile Klingele (Switzland) 3) Central and South America; James Merriam (Canada) 4) Antarctica; Sergey Molodensky (Russia) 5) Africa; Josi Pereira Ossrio (Portogal) 6) Geodetic and Geodynamics programs of the Central Hans-Peter Plag (Norway) European initiative; encompassing most of the tec- Bernd Richter (Germany) tonically active areas of the Planet. Tadahiro Sato (Japan) Zdenek Simon (Czech Republic) The sub-Commissions will be dealing with main sci- Peter Varga (Hungary) enti®c objectives having common general aspects and, in John Wahr (USA) parallel to these objectives, will follow the development Yaozhong Zhu (P.R. China) of technology and measurement techniques capable to Tevor Baker (UK) best ful®ll the scienti®c objectives. This will allow a close interaction between the various sub-Commissions which shall organize, on a regular basis, conferences/assem- Commission XIV blies of the sub-Commissions themselves or for selected scienti®c/technological subjects of common interest to Crustal Deformation most of them.

President: S. Zerbini (Italy) Primary, general objectives of the Commission will Vice-Presidents: B. Richter (Germany) be: H. G. Kahle (Switzerland) Secretary: T. Van Dam (USA) 1) to study tectonic motions, including plate deforma- tion; Terms of Reference 2) to study postglacial rebound; 3) to study sea-level ¯uctuations and changes in relation Space geodetic measurements provide nowadays the to vertical tectonics along many parts of the coast- mean to observe deformation and movements of the lines and in relation to environmental ¯uctuations/ Earth's crust at global, regional and local scale. This is changes a€ecting the geodetic observations; a considerable contribution to global geodynamics by 4) to promote, develop and coordinate international supplying primary constraints for modeling the planet programs related to observations, analysis and data 118

interpretation for the three ®elds of investigation Subcommissions: mentioned above; 5) to promote the development of appropriate models. Africa Sub-Commission

Structure Chairperson: A. Tealeb (Egypt)

Bureau: Central-South America Sub-Commission President: S. Zerbini (Italy) Chairperson: t.b.d Vice-Presidents: B. Richter (Germany) H.G. Kahle (Switzerland) Secretary: T. Van Dam (USA) Geodetic And Geodynamic Programmes Of The Central European Initiative Sub-Commission (GGPCEI) Members of Bureau: Chairperson: H.J. Sledzinski (Poland)

C. Bruyninx (Belgium) Members Y. Bock (USA) A. Capra (Italy) J. Sledzinski (Poland) J. Davis (USA) J. Adam (Hungary) M. Feissel (France) K. Czarnecki (Poland) M. Pearlman (USA) I. Fejes (Hungary) C. Reigber (Germany) J. Hefty (Slovakia) R. Reilenger (USA) I. Marson (Italy) C. K. Shum (USA) P. Pesec (Austria) Ye Shuhua (China) E. Reinhart (Germany) H.J. Sledzinsky (Poland) J. Rogowski (Poland) A. Tealeb (Egypt) J. Simek (Czech Republic) S. Zerbini (WEGENER) Objectives National Representatives: ± to integrate the geodynamic research in the region of A. Kealy (Australia) Central and Southern Europe based on high accu- C. Bruyninx (Belgium) racy space geodetic surveys and to provide a precise S.R. Correia de Freitas (Brazil) geodetic reference frame for studies on geodynamics H. Dragert (Canada) of Central Europe, in particular on areas Pannonian J. Simek (Czech Republic) Basin, Bohemian Massif, Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone, B. Pribicevic (Croatia) Carpathian Orogenic Belt, Subalpine Region and K. Schmidt (Denmark) Balkanides; A.Tealeb (Egypt) ± to provide a reliable three-dimensional tectonic T. Kall (Estonia) velocity ®eld covering the Central Europe region M. Feissel (France) and integrate it into hierarchically higher level (i.e. J. van Mierlo (Germany) global) tectonic models as well as to prepare and I. Joo (Hungary) publish geotectonic monographs highlighting and S. Wdovinski (Israel) summarizing the latest research and studies on I. Marson (Italy) regions under study; N. d'Oreye (Luxembourg) ± to support local area geodynamic research, environ- J. Beavan (New Zeland) mental studies, seismic hazard assessment, meteo- H.-P. Plag (Norway) rology etc. in Central Europe region based upon the J. KrynÄ ski (Poland) high accuracy space geodetic measurements carried L. A. Mendes-Victor (Portugal) out on an integrated geodynamic network of per- V. Sidorov (Russia) manent GPS stations in CEI countries; R.J. Kleywegt (South Africa) E. Rodriguez Pujol (Spain) ANTARCTICA Sub-Commission H.-G. Scherneck (Sweden) H.-G. Kahle (Switzerland) R. Bingley (UK) Chairperson: A. Capra (Italy) W.H. Prescott (USA) Board:

J. Manning (Australia) R. Dietrich (Germany) 119

L. Hothem (USA) L. Bastos (Portugal) T. James (Canada) G. Bianco (Italy) E. Ivins (USA) G. Blewitt (USA) D. Zwartz () T. Clark (USA) I. Dalziel () J. Degnan (USA) W.R. Peltier (Canada) B. Richter (Germany ± Chair) Cizak (Poland) I. Tomasi (Italy) A. Yuskevitch (Russia)

WEGENER APSG (Asia Paci®c Space Geodynamics) Working group of European Geoscientists Sub-Commission for the Establishment of Networks for Earth-science Research Sub-Commission Chairperson: Ye Shuhua (China)

Chairperson: L. Bastos (Portugal) Objectives

Objectives The primary objectives of study for the APSG are to:

± to study the three-dimensional deformations and ± measure and monitor, using space techniques, the gravity along the African-Eurasian plate boundaries relative motion between the Eurasian, Paci®c, Phil- and in the adjacent deformation zones in order to ippine, and Indo-Australian plates including the contribute to a better understanding of the associ- plate tectonic motion along the boundaries, as well ated geodynamical processes; as local crustal deformation; ± to monitor the three-dimensional deformations in a ± study the evolution and dynamics of the crustal large region centered around Fennoscandia in order motion of the island-arc system in the Western to determine the magnitude and extent of the Paci®c boundary zone and the mountain-building present-day postglacial rebound in that area thereby zones of the Tibetan Plateau and Southeast Asia; extending our knowledge about the viscoelastic ± measure and monitor sea-level change in the Asia- properties of the Earth; Paci®c region using space techniques including ± to investigate height and sea-level variations in order altimetry and tide gauge data to study the charac- to identify and separate the processes contributing to teristics and causes of the ¯uctuations in global sea these variations. surface; ± investigate the dynamics of the Earth as a whole Science advisory Committee (Earth rotation, gravity changes, etc.) and the mass motions within each layer (including the atmo- H.-G. Kahle (Switzerland) sphere, oceans, lithosphere, mantle, and the core) I. Marson (Italy) and their dynamic relations; and M. Pearlman (USA) ± investigate natural hazards (earthquakes, volcanic H.-P. Plag (Norway-chair) eruptions, sea immersion, etc.) in the region as well R. Rummel (Germany) as their relation with various Earth motions, and D. Smith (USA) provide basic information for the prediction of W. Spakman (The Netherlands) natural disasters. S. Tatevian (Russia) S. Zerbini (Italy) Management Board: Executive Committee J. Manning (Australia) S. Zerbini (Italy ± chair) Ye Shuhua (China) G. Beutler (Switzerland) S. Sutisna (Indonesia) J. Bosworth (USA) M. Murakami (Japan) A. Cazenave (France) V.N. Strakhov (Russia) B. Engen (Norway) Uk Han (South Korea) D. Gruenreich (Germany) M. Baltuck (USA) I. Kumkova (Russia) D. Wolf (Germany) C. Wilson (USA) Special Commission 3

Technology Committee Fundamental Parameters

B. Ambrosius (The Netherlands) Chair: E. Groten T. Baker (UK) 120

Objectives: Special Commission 8

± the evaluation and discussion of numerical values of Sea Level and Ice Sheets fundamental constants and para-meters together with their variations with time in terms of ``current President: Michael Bevis (USA) best estimates'', Vice President: Reinhard Dietrich (Germany) ± the proposal of revision of ocial values and considerations of related observations of existing Terms of Reference ``fundamental constants'' as well as the derivation and elaboration of consistent reference frames and IAG Special Commission 8 (Sea Level and Ice Sheets) systems in connection with fundamental parameters. will work so that IAG, IGS, IERS, GLOSS, IOC, etc., work in a coordinated manner. Members: A PSMSL/IGS technical committee is working on Bursa, M. (Czech Republic) standards for CGPS positioning of tide gauges (TGs). Brumberg, V.A. (Russia) This has proven rather controversial, and given that Dickey, J.O. (USA) many of these stations have already been constructed, Fukushima, T. (Japan) that there are a variety of approaches in e€ect, and Gontier, A.M. (France) sound arguments in favor of each approach, this docu- Grafarend, E.W. (Germany) ment will end up describing the approaches taken, rather Groten, E. (Germany) than de®ning a single standard approach (which would Jekeli, Chr. (USA) not win universal support). So the idea now is to pro- Kakkuri, J. (Finland) duce a website describing general principles and case Mc Carthy, D. (USA) studies. The PSMSL/IGS technical committee will be Moritz, H. (Austria) incorporated into the broader IAG activity under SC8. Pavlis, E.C. (USA) It is clear that CGPS positioning of TGs will be a major Petit, G. (France) (probably the major) focus of SC8. Operationally, the Ries, J.C. (USA) problem of tracking the shifting levels of the earth's Rueger, J. (Austria) land, ice and sea surfaces is best considered jointly. So Springer, T. (Switzerland) the Special Commission has to consider the problem of a Willis, P. (France) global vertical reference system. This obviously inter- Woodworth, P. (UK) sects with IERS and IGS and their activities with the Varga, P. (Hungary) ITRF.

Aliates Christian Le-Provost and Philip Woodworth played an important role in Birmingham, in getting the Chovitz, R. (USA) Oceanographic/Climate Change community to agree to Rapp. R. (USA) co-sponsor or co-endorse this IAG special commission. The concept is that there should be only one (interna- tional or `global') group involved in the GPS at gauges Subgroup business which should be regarded as a ``IAG (SC8), Refractive Indices of Light, Infrared IAPSO (CMSLT), IGS special project, PSMSL, GLOSS project''. Supporting actions from allied organizations, and Radio Waves in the Atmosphere such as the IGS, are expected

Chair: J. Rueger The great advantage of getting IGS involved in the Special Commission is that IGS is an operational or- Members gnanization, and it focuses on getting things done. The GPS positioning of tide gauges will require multiple Ciddor, P.E (Austria). groups working on the problem. The SC/WG can help Cotton, M.G (USA) coordinate this activity. Galkin, Y.S. (Russia) Hill, R.J. (USA) Reinhard Deitrich serves as a Vice President of the Hinderling, J. (USA) Special Commission, with a special responsibility to Langley, R.B. (Canada) coordinate activities associated with ice surface height Matsumoto, H. (Japan) changes. This is an important area. SC8 plans are under Mendes de Brito, V. (Portugal) development but are expected to include the following: Tatevian, R.A. (USA) ± Develop a meta-data center for Tide Gauges asso- ciated with colocated CGPS stations, or where CGPS stations just happen to be located within 25 km or so. This would be web-based. We would like 121

to host this at the University of Hawaii (UH), and S. Nerem (USA) perhaps mirror it elsewhere. This metadata center C.K. Shum (USA) would contain pointers to CGPS data (when it is M. Parke (USA) public) in IGS data centers, and pointers to the TG J. Manning (Australia) data in the oceanographic data centers. It would also W. Scherer (Australia) contain information about leveling ties between the R. Nunez (Chile) CGPS stations, the TG, and the TGBMs. J. Beavan (New Zealand) ± Encourage the international community to make public all CGPS data collected at or near TGs. Invitations will be extended to representatives from Accurate vertical positioning in a global frame is the following countries: very dicult, and many of us believe it will be best to handle it at the global scale. So getting a truly global Argentina data set is the best way to go. The problem that this Brazil presents is that a fairly complete dataset will not Mexico appear until months after the data are actually collected. IAG/IAPSO Joint Working Group ± The SC wants to encourage the development of several GPS analysis groups that will specialize in processing CGPS data, much of which is NOT Geodetic E€ects of Non-Tidal Oceanic available shortly after collection, for the purposes of Processes building a vertical reference system that includes most of the CGPS stations at TGs, as well as many Chair: R.S. Gross (USA) other high quality CGPS stations associated with the IGS tracking network (and the realization of ITRF). Objectives At present only one group (Boucher et al.) has committed itself to seeking funds for this purpose. To investigate the e€ects of non-tidal oceanic pro- The SC will write letters of support for inclusion in cesses on the Earth's rotation, deformation, gravita- the proposals that speci®c groups submit to start up tional ®eld, and geocenter. To foster interactions processing groups of this kind. We think it impor- between the geodetic and oceanographic communities in tant that we have at least three groups processing the order to promote greater understanding of these e€ects. data redundantly, and using more than one software package. It is necessary that they accept RINEX as Activities input, not SINEX. ± Investigate the e€ects of non-tidal oceanic processes Once the processing groups are up and running, we on the Earth's rotation, deformation, gravitational will need to identify a group that will perform systematic ®eld, and geocenter by analyzing both oceanograph- comparisons of the various results. Other activities will ic data and the products of Oceanic General be identi®ed in the next few months. Circulation Models (OGCMs). ± Investigate the response of the oceans to atmospher- Members ic pressure changes. ± Investigate methods of improving the representation M. Bevis (USA) of mass signals in OGCMs which depend, among R. Deitrich (Germany) other factors, on the formulation of the continuity P. Woodworth (UK) equation and on the freshwater ¯ux boundary R. Neilan (USA) conditions. M. Merri®eld (USA) ± Promote improved computations of the geodetic C. Boucher (France) e€ects of oceanic processes by advocating for the G. Woppelmann (France) inclusion of atmospheric pressure in addition to C. Le Provost (France) surface winds as forcing mechanisms of OGCMs and H. Drewes (Germany) for the assimilation by OGCMs of oceanographic M. Rotacher (Germany) data such as sea surface height and ocean-bottom G. Blewitt (USA) pressure measurements. R. Bingley (UK) T. Baker (UK) Members S. Calmant (France) B. Richter (Germany) P. Brosche (Germany) C. Merry (S Africa) F. Bryannski (Poland) J. Alveirinho Dias (Portugal) A. Cazenave (France) G. Mitchum (USA) D. Chambers (USA) H.P. Plag (Norway) B. Chao (USA) O. Andersen (Denmark) Y. Chao (USA) S, Zerbini (Italy) J. Chen (USA) 122

J. Dickey (USA) ± International Celestial Reference Frame. S. Dickman (USA) ± International Terrestrial Reference Frame. P. Gegout (France) ± Monthly Earth orientation data. R. Gross (USA) ± Daily rapid service estimates of near real-time earth C. Hughes (UK) orientation data and their predictions. T. Johnson (USA) ± Announcements of the di€erences between astro- S. Nerem (USA) nomical and civil time for time distribution by radio R. Ponte (USA) stations. J. SuÈ ndermann (Germany) ± Leap second announcements. R. Tokmakian (USA) ± Products related to global geophysical ¯uids such as T. vanDam (USA) mass and angular momentum distribution. J. Wahr (USA) ± Annual report and technical notes on conventions C. Wilson (USA) and other topics. ± Long term earth orientation information. International Service The accuracies of these products are sucient to support current scienti®c and technical objectives in- International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) cluding the following: http://hpiers.obspm.fr/ ± Fundamental astronomical and geodetic reference Chair: Christoph Reigber systems. Director, Central Bureau, Daniel Gambis ± Monitoring and modeling earth rotation/orienta- tion. Development ± Monitoring and modeling deformations of the solid earth. The International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) was ± Monitoring mass variations in the geophysical ¯uids, created by the IAU and the IUGG in 1987 and it started including the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. its activities in January 1988. After ten years of activity ± Arti®cial satellite orbit determination. the service started to initiate a re-organization which will ± Geophysical and atmospheric research, studies of be completed in mid 2000. The new Terms of Reference dynamical interactions between geophysical ¯uids formulated and adopted by the IERS Directing Board in and the solid earth. March 1999 are given hereafter. ± Space navigation.

Terms of Reference (short version) The IERS accomplishes its mission through the fol- lowing components: The primary objectives of the IERS are to serve the astronomical, geodetic and geophysical communities by ± Technique Centers (TC) providing the following: ± Product Centers (PC) ± Combination Research Center(s) ± The International Celestial Reference System ± Analysis Coordinator (AC) (ICRS) and its realization, the International Celes- ± Central Bureau (CB) tial Reference Frame (ICRF). ± Directing Board (DB) ± The International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) and ist realization, the International Terres- Some of these components (e.g., Technique Centers) trial Reference Frame (ITRF). may be autonomous operations, structurally indepen- ± Earth orientation parameters required to study earth dent from IERS, but which cooperate with the IERS. orientation variations and to transform between the A participating organization may also function as one or ICRF and the ITRF. several of these components (except as a Directing ± Geophysical data to interpret time/space variations Board). in the ICRF, ITRF or earth orientation parameters, and model such variations. Information ± Standards, constants and models (i.e., conventions) encouraging international adherence. Information on IERS global products is provided by FTP, World Wide Web, Technical Notes and Annual IERS is composed of a broad spectrum of activities Reports. Detailed information about the service and its performed by governmental or selected commercial or- functions can be accessed via http://hpiers.obspm.fr/ ganizations.

IERS collects, archives and distributes products to Directing Board satisfy the objectives of a wide range of applications, research and experimentation. These products include (Membership will be modi®ed mid 2000) the following: Chair and IUGG repr. C. Reigber, Germany 123

IAU repr. (since 1999) J. Vondrak, Czech Republic Merseyside CH43 7RA, UK FAGS repr. (since July 1999) David Pugh, England Phone: (44) 151-653-8633 Central Bureau repr. D. Gambis, France Email: [email protected] VLBI Coord Centre repr. C. Ma, USA LLR Coord Centre repr. P.J. Shelus, USA PSMSL RLR and Metric Datasets GPS Coord Centre repr. W.G. Melbourne, USA. SLR Coord Centre repr. B.E. Schutz, USA. The database of the Permanent Service for Mean Sea DORIS CoordCentre repr. P. Willis, France. Level (PSMSL) contains monthly and annual mean GGF Coord Centre repr.B.F. Chao, USA values of sea level from over 1800 tide gauge stations Central Bureau, TRF repr. C. Boucher, France around the world. Central Bureau, CRF repr. F.E. Arias, Argentina Conventions D.D. McCarthy, USA The PSMSL receives monthly and annual mean val- Sub-bureau for rapid serv. and pred. Jim Ray, USA ues of sea level from almost 200 national authorities, distributed around the world, responsible for sea level monitoring in each country or region. Data from each International Service station are entered directly as received from the au- thority into the PSMSL raw data ®le for that station The Permanent Service (usually called the METRIC ®le in PSMSL publica- For Mean Sea Level tions). The monthly and annual means so entered for any one year are necessarily required to be measured to (PSMSL) a common datum, although, at this stage, datum con- http: http://www.pol.ac.uk/psmsl tinuity between years is not essential. While the PSMSL makes every attempt to spot inconsistent or erroneous Director: P.L. Woodworth (UK) data, the responsibility for the monthly and annual means entered into the METRIC ®les in this way is Development entirely that of the supplying authority. A description of data checks routinely made by the PSMSL is given Since 1933, the Permanent Service for Mean Sea below and in Woodworth, Spencer and Alcock (1990) Level (PSMSL) has been responsible for the collection, and IOC (1992a). publication, analysis and interpretation of sea level data from the global network of tide gauges. It is based at the In order to construct time series of sea level mea- Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Bidston Obser- surements at each station, the monthly and annual vatory, United Kingdom and is a member of the Fed- means have to be reduced to a common datum. This eration of Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis reduction is performed by the PSMSL making use of the Services (FAGS) established by the International tide gauge datum history provided by the supplying Council of Scienti®c Unions (ICSU). It is supported by authority. To date, approximately two thirds of the FAGS, by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Com- stations in the PSMSL database have had their data mission (IOC) and by the U.K. Natural Environment adjusted in this way, forming the `REVISED LOCAL Research Council. Information on FAGS and its vari- REFERENCE' (or `RLR') dataset. For scienti®c pur- ous services, including the PSMSL, can be found in poses, the RLR dataset is normally superior to the FAGS (1989). `METRIC', although the latter, which contains the total PSMSL data holdings, can also be analysed bearing in Data and Address mind the above datum continuity considerations. (See below for further comments on METRIC and RLR Copies of the PSMSL dataset can be obtained over di€erences). the Internet by Anonymous FTP: anonymous ftp to ftp.pol.ac.uk, cd pub/psmsl, and 'get' the README The RLR datum at each station is de®ned to be ap- and other ®les. Copies can also be obtained over the web proximately 7000 mm below mean sea level, with this at: http://www.pol.ac.uk/psmsl/psmsl.info.html arbitrary choice made many years ago in order to avoid negative numbers in the resulting RLR monthly and Alternatively, data can be obtained on a CDROM. In annual mean values. The detailed relationships at each special circumstances, subsets of the dataset can be site between RLR datum, benchmark heights, tide gauge provided on ¯oppy disk or as computer printout. zero etc. are not normally required by analysts of the dataset, although they can be made available on request. The PSMSL will be pleased to provide data, infor- The contents of the PSMSL dataset were described in a mation and advice to all organisations and individuals report `Data Holdings of the PSMSL November 1993' interested in measuring and analysing sea level changes. (Spencer and Woodworth, 1993). Further information It should be contacted at: about the PSMSL, together with maps and plots of the spatial and temporal distribution of PSMSL data, can Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level be found in reports by Woodworth (1990, 1991) and Bidston Observatory, Birkenhead Woodworth, Spencer and Alcock (1990). 124

Geocentric Coordinates Of Tide Gauge Benchmarks the PSMSL in order to enable the compilation of a `GLOSS Handbook'. This publication is the main In 1988 a meeting of tide gauge experts and geodesists source reference of information about the GLOSS net- was held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution work. The Handbook, edited by Dr. Lesley Rickards on under the auspices of the IAPSO Comm. on Mean Sea behalf of the PSMSL and IOC, was ®rst published in Level and Tides. The conclusions of the meeting were early 1991. Later versions have become available also published as Carter et al. (1989). A key recommendation on oppy disk and on CDROM and, most recently, on of the meeting was that geocentric coordinates of tide the web via: gauge benchmarks, derived primarily from di€erential Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements relative http://www.pol.ac.uk/psmsl/gloss.info.html. to International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) `funda- mental points' (but not exclusively e.g. DORIS), should Recent years have seen major e€orts to collect higher be stored at the PSMSL alongside the sea level data. frequency (typically hourly) sea level data in order to provide an `in-situ' World Ocean Circulation Experi- A follow-up meeting was held in December 1993 at ment (WOCE) dataset, primarily for comparison to and the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Deacon Labo- validation of sea level data obtained from satellite radar ratory, Wormley, Surrey to review progress, with the altimetry (WOCE, 1988a, 1988b). The designated conclusions and recommendations published as Carter `WOCE tide gauges' are mostly GLOSS island sites and (1994). Since the Woods Hole meeting, considerable pairs of gauges across straits and total about 100 sta- developments have taken place with the GPS technique tions. There are two WOCE Sea Level Centres in particular and with the organisation of centres to (WSLC's): one at the British Oceanographic Data analyse such data, in particular with the development of Centre at Bidston Observatory alongside the PSMSL the International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS). (the so-called `delayed mode centre'), and the other at the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (the so-called In March 1997 a third major meeting on this topic `fast centre'). was held at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California organised by the IGS and the PSMSL. A report on the Any requests to the PSMSL for WOCE higher fre- meeting is now available (Neilan et al., 1998). In May quency data will be automatically passed to the WSLC's 1999 a fourth meeting was held in Toulouse, France for servicing. Alternatively, they may be contacted di- alongside the Sixth Meeting of the GLOSS Group of rectly via email at: [email protected] (Attn. Lesley Experts. At that meeting, plans were made for the pro- Rickards) for the Bidston WSLC and markm@so- duction of an `IOC Manual' on `How to Operate GPS at est.hawaii.edu (Attn. Mark Merri®eld) for the Hawaii Tide Gauge Sites'. The PSMSL will work closely with WSLC. the IGS and other organisations in order to provide time series of vertical land movements alongside the sea level time series. International Service

Linkage to the IOC Gloss Programme and to WOCE Bureau International des Sea Level Centres Poids et Mesures (BIPM) ± Time Section

The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) is Director Time Section: E.F. Arias (BIPM) a programme coordinated by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) for the establishment Development of global and regional sea level networks for oceano- graphic, climate change and coastal research purposes. Since 1 January 1988 the Bureau International des The main component of GLOSS is the `Global Core Poids et Mesures (BIPM) is fully responsible for the Network' (GCN) of 287 stations around the world for maintenance of International Atomic Time (TAI) and of long term climate change and oceanographic sea level Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). monitoring.

The PSMSL took a major lead in the planning of GLOSS, which in the long term will result in a signi®- Functions cant improvement in the quantity and quality of data delivered to the PSMSL. Further information on the The BIPM is in charge of: development of GLOSS from a PSMSL perspective can be found in IOC (1990b, 1991, 1992b) and Woodworth ± establishing TAI and UTC (except for the UTC leap (1990, 1991, 1998), while the PSMSL can provide details second occurence and announcement, in charge of of current status at any time. IERS), ± providing the data making TAI and UTC available Over the past couple of years many GLOSS Contacts in the standard laboratories, at national sea level authorities have contributed de- ± participating to the worldwide coordination for time tailed information about their tide gauge installations to comparisons. 125

Activities and Services ± The international network ®gures local stars on continental distances added to two long-distance (a) Time scales links between the NIST (Boulder, Colorado, USA), the CRL (Tokyo, Japan) and the OP (Paris, France), TAI is established on the basis of atomic clock data and atomic frequency standards from some two hundred Since July 1999 long-distance links are corrected for atomic clocks in nearly 60 laboratories or national measured ionospheric delays obtained from IGS iono- centers. spheric maps and for precise satellite ephemerides.

TAI and UTC are made available by the dissemina- The ultimate uncertainty is of a few nanoseconds for tion of corrections to be applied to the readings of the a tracking duration of 13 minutes. master clocks of the participating laboratories. Since January 1998 TAI has been calculated using one-month Data and Publications blocks of data, instead of two as used previously. Publications The stability of TAI is about 3 ´ 10)15 for averaging times of 1 to 2 months. The TAI scale unit di€ers from ± Circular T (monthly): Corrections to the readings of the SI second on the rotating geoid, in values in the laboratory clocks to get TAI and UTC. Data on range )5 ´ 10)15 sto+5´ 10)15 s during 1999 with an time comparisons. Informations. uncertainty of 4 ´ 10)15 s. ± Annual Report of Time Section of BIPM: Methods of evaluation of TAI. Data on the clocks and time In addition to TAI, the BIPM establishes a scienti®c comparisons. Data from the primary frequency time scale TT(BIPM) for applications requiring ultimate standards, BIPM results on time scales. long-term stability. A new version of this time scale, ± Schedules for GPS and GLONASS satellite tracking based on data reprocessing, is available every year and (for participating laboratories), issued about twice a covers several past years. year.

(b) Time comparisons BIPM Data Service

The activities of the BIPM Time Section are based on ± Internet http://www.bipm.fr or anonymous ftp to accurate time comparisons between remote clocks, 62.161.69.5 (subdirectory TAI) See the READ.ME which are mostly based on the tracking of GPS satellites. ®le for complete description. The BIPM organizes these time comparisons by pro- viding international GPS common-view tracking Address schedules and by checking di€erential calibration of GPS time receivers. The BIPM treats raw GPS data Bureau International des Poids et Mesures according to a uni®ed procedure: Pavillon de Breteuil 92312 SeÁ vres Cedex, France ± Only strict GPS common views are used to minimize Phone: + 33 1 45 07 70 72 Selective Availability e€ects. E-mail: [email protected] 126

OUT OF SECTION

Geodetic and Marine Geo-Scienti®c IAG and IOC) shall appoint three members. The Divi- Aspects of the Law of the Sea (ABLOS) sion for Ocean A€airs and the Law of the Sea of the UN Oce of Legal A€airs (DOALOS) shall have a repre- sentative in an ex-ocio capacity. Chairman: Bjorn Geirr Harsson There may be any number of corresponding members Terms of Reference of the parent Organizations. These corresponding members may participate in the meetings as observers For the Advisory Board on Hydrographic, Geodetic but may not vote. and Marine Geo-Scienti®c Aspects of the Law of the Sea (ABLOS) of the International Hydrographic Organiza- tion (IHO), the International Association of Geodesy Membership (IAG) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) The term of oce of a full member is four years, after which he/she may be re-appointed or replaced. Members are expected to attend every meeting of the Board, which Objectives will normally take place once a year, and to conduct business by correspondence between meetings. In the The Advisory Board has the following objectives: event of a member's absence from two consecutive meetings, that member's status on the Board will be ± To provide advice and guidance and, where appli- considered to have lapsed and a call will be made for a cable, o€er expert interpretation of the hydrograph- new appointment. ic, geodetic and marine geo-scienti®c aspects of the Law of the Sea to the parent Organizations, their Although appointments are made by the parent Or- Member States or to other organizations on request. ganizations and the appointees are accountable to their ± To review State practice and jurisprudence on Law own parent Organizations, they are expected to serve as of the Sea matters which are relevant to the work of individual experts in their own right. However no the Board so as to be in a position to provide expert statements or publications may be issued in the name of advice when needed. the Advisory Board without its prior approval. ± To study, promote and encourage the development of appropriate techniques in the application of the technical provisions contained within the UN Con- Meetings vention on the Law of the Sea. ± To issue, review and update ABLOS publications as The Advisory Board shall normally meet once a year necessary and to review the IHO Special Publication at a venue and time that minimize cost. S-51 ``A Manual of Technical Aspects of the United Nations' Convention on the Law of the Sea ± 1982'' Seminar and Technical Conferences held in con- (TALOS Manual). junction either with other Organizations or with the Advisory Board Meetings may be held at intervals no more frequently than every two years. The Proceedings Constitution of Seminars and Technical Conferences and Selected Reports of the Advisory Board Meetings will be pub- The Advisory Board shall be composed of ten full lished by the IHB. members, preferably chosen with wide geographic rep- resentation. Each of the parent Organizations (IHO, 127

Reporting ± to encourage and to facilitate actual participation of developing countries in geodetic activities with a The Advisory Board shall report to the IHO, IAG signi®cant contribution to their own development as and the IOC on its activities at least once each year and well as to the development of geodesy in general, at Conferences/General Assemblies of each Organiza- ± to request all IAG bodies and organizations to take tion. into account, in their activities, the needs and capabilities of developing countries in order to ensure a pro®table participation of them.

IAG Working Group on Education Program of Activities

Chair: C.C. Tscherning The IAG committee for Developing Countries will be: The WG was established on the meeting of the EC in Como, Italy, Nov. 1999. 1) To ensure a proper representation of every develop- Members are: ing country in all relevant IAG Commissions, Sub- commissions and Special Study Groups; C.C. Tscherning, e-mail [email protected] 2) To identify glocal/regional projects sponsored by the Bernhard Heck (Karsruhe) IAG, in which Michael Sideris (Calgary) a) the cooperation of developing countries is re- The establishment of the working group was based quired, these countries are involved, on the proposals found in thefollowing document, pro- b) these countries would draw tangible bene®ts and posal for an Education Commission encourage developing countries to participate; 3) To identify countries, outside the group of ``devel- oping countries'', which are providing, or are pre- Committee for Developing Countries (CDC) pared to provide:

Chair: D. Blitzkow a) training, b) equipment, and Objectives c) sustained ®nancial support towards the setting up of geodetic institutions in countries where there is Through the objective as mentioned in its Statutes, none and/or towards the upgrading of existing art. 2 b, the International Association of Geodesy ac- ones, knowledges the need to extend its activities to every d) and organize the necessary connections to imple- country whatever be its development level. At the Vi- ment these actions; enna General Assembly, August 1991, the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics also requested each 4) To encourage IAG bodies to organize symposia, of its constituent associations to reinforce actions to- workshops, seminars in developing countries with a wards Developing Countries. For these reasons the IAG special attention to the participation of geodesists Executive Committee, at its meeting in Columbus, from these countries; March 1992, set up an IAG Committee for Developing 5) To ®nd funds from developed countries, ®nancial Countries (IAG ± CDC). The committee had several institutions, United Nations, etc., to support these activities on the coordination of Michel Louis. With his goals. retirement the activities have been discontinued. At the EC meeting in November 1999, a proposal by the Membership president has been approved to restart the activities of IAG/CDC under the coordination of D. Blitzkow. D. Blitzkow (Brazil) ± Chairman J.Y. Chen (China) ± possible member The main objectives of the original committee must Other members to be selected continue and are: 128

GEODETIC REFERENCE SYSTEM 1980

by H. Moritz

Corrigendum: GM = 3986 005 ´ 108 m3 s)2,

Due to some unfortunate error this article appeared · dynamical form factor of the Earth, excluding the wrongly in The Geodesists Handbook 1992 (Bulletin permanent tidal deformation: Geodesique, 66, 2, 1992). Among several errors a h J = 108 263 ´ 10)8, (polar distance) was interchanged with a F (geographi- 2 cal latitude) a€ecting the formulas for normal gravity. It · angular velocity of the Earth: is advised that you use the formulas here or in the Geodesists handbook from Bulletin Geodesique, Vol. x = 7292 115 ´ 10)11 rad s)1, 62, no. 3, 1988. b) that the same computational formulas, adopted at 1- De®nition the XV General Assembly of IUGG in Moscow 1971 and published by IAG, be used as for Geodetic Refer- The Geodetic Reference System 1980 has been ence System 1967, and adopted at the XVII General Assembly of the IUGG in c) that the minor axis of the reference ellipsoid, de- Canberra, December 1979, by means of the following: ®ned above, be parallel to the direction de®ned by the Conventional International Origin, and that the primary ``RESOLUTION N° 7 meridian be parallel to the zero meridian of the BIH adopted longitudes''. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics For the background of this resolution see the report recognizing that the Geodetic Reference System 1967 of IAG Special Study Group 5.39 (Moritz, 1979, sec.2).c adopted at the XIV General Assembly of IUGG, Lu- Also relevant is the following IAG resolution: cerne, 1967, no longer represents the size, shape, and gravity ®eld of the Earth to an accuracy adequate for ``RESOLUTION N° 1 many geodetic, geophysical, astronomical and hydro- graphic applications and The International Association of Geodesy considering that more appropriate values are now available, recognizing that the IUGG, at its XVII General As- sembly, has introduced a new Geodetic Reference Sys- recommends tem 1980,

a) that the Geodetic Reference System 1967 be re- recommends that this system be used as an ocial placed by a new Geodetic Reference System 1980, also reference for geodetic work, and based on the theory of the geocentric equipotential el- lipsoid, de®ned by the following conventional constants: encourages computations of the gravity ®eld both on the Earth's surface and in outer space based on this · equatorial radius of the Earth: system''.

a = 6378 137 m, 2- The Equipotential Ellipsoid

· geocentric gravitational constant of the Earth According to the ®rst resolution, the Geodetic Refer- (including the atmosphere): ence System 1980 is based on the theory of the equipo- 129 tential ellipsoid. This theory has already been the basis of If atmospheric e€ects must be considered, this can be the Geodetic Reference System 1967; we shall summarize done by applying corrections to the measured values of (partly quoting literally) some principal facts from the gravity; for this purpose, a table of corrections will be relevant publication (IAG, 1971, Publ. Spe c. n° 3). given later (sec.5).

An equipotential ellipsoid or level ellipsoid is an el- 3- Computational Formulas lipsoid that is de®ned to be an equipotential surface. If an ellipsoid of revolution (semimajor axis a, semiminor axis An equipotential ellipsoid of revolution is determined b) is given, then it can be made an equipotential surface by four constants. The IUGG has chosen the following ones:

U ˆ U0 ˆ const: a equatorial radius, of a certain potential function U, called normal poten- GM geocentric gravitational constant, tial. This function U is uniquely determined by means of J2 dynamical form factor, the ellipsoidal surface (semiaxes a, b), the enclosed mass x angular velocity. M and the angular velocity x, according to a theorem of Stokes-Poincare , quite independently of the internal The equatorial radius a is the semimajor axis of the density distribution. Instead of the four constants a, b, meridian ellipse; the semiminor axis will be denoted by M and x, any other system of four independent pa- b. The geocentric gravitational constant GM is the rameters may be used as de®ning constants. product of the Newtonian gravitational constant, G, and the total mass of the earth, M. The constant J2 is given The theory of the equipotential ellipsoid was ®rst by: given by Pizzeti in 1894; it was further elaborated by C A Somigliana in 1929. This theory had already served as a J2 ˆ ; base for the International Gravity Formula adopted at Ma2 the General Assembly in Stockholm in 1930. where C and A are the principal moments of inertia of Normal gravity c ˆjgrad Uj at the surface of the the level ellipsoid (C... polar, A... equatorial moment of ellipsoid is given by the closed formula of Somilgiana, inertia). We shall also use the ®rst excentricity e, de®ned by: ac cos2 U ‡ bc sin2 U c ˆ pe p ; a2 cos2 U ‡ b2 sin2 U a2 b2 e2 ˆ ; a2 where the constants ce and cp denote normal gravity at the equator and at the poles, and F denotes geograph- and the second excentricity e¢, de®ned by: ical latitude. a2 b2 e02 ˆ The equipotential ellipsoid furnishes a simple, con- b2 sistent and uniform reference system for all purposes of geodesy: the ellipsoid as a reference surface for geo- Closed computational formulas are given in sec.3 of metric use, and a normal gravity ®eld at the earth's (IAG, 1971, Pub.Spe c. n° 3); we shall here reproduce surface and in space, de®ned in terms of closed formulas, this section practically unchanged. as a reference for gravimetry and satellite geodesy. The derivation of these formulas is found in the book The standard theory of the equipotential ellipsoid (Heiskanen and Moritz, 1967) sections 2±7 to 2±10. regards the normal gravitational potential as a harmonic Reference to this book is by page number and number of function outside the ellipsoid, which implies the absence equation. of an atmosphere. (The consideration of the atmosphere Computation of e2 in the reference system would require an ad-hoc modi- ®cation of the theory, whereby it would lose its clarity and simplicity.) The fundamental derived constant is the square of the ®rst excentricity, e2, as de®ned above. Thus, in the same way as in the Geodetic Reference System 1967, the computation are based on the theory of From p. 73, equations (2-90) and (2-92¢), we ®nd:  the equipotential ellipsoid without an atmosphere. The e2 2 me0 reference ellipsoid is de®ned to enclose the whole mass J ˆ 1 2 3 15 q of the earth, including the atmosphere; as a visualiza- o tion, one might, for instance, imagine the atmosphere to This equation can be written as: be condensed as a surface layer on the ellipsoid. The normal gravity ®eld at the earth's surface and in space 0 2 2 2me e can thus be computed without any need for considering e ˆ 3J2 ‡ the variation of atmospheric density. 15q0 130 with: Z !1=2 p=2 cos U 2 2 R ˆ c dU x a b 2 2 m ˆ 0 1 ‡ e02 cos2 U† GM  2 26 100 7034 ˆ c1 e02 ‡ e04 e06 ‡ e08 (p. 69, eq. (2-70)) and with be¢ = ae it becomes: 3 45 189 14175

2 3 3 2 4 x a a radius of sphere of the same volume: e ˆ 3J2 ‡ 15 GM 2q0 p 3 2 R3 ˆ a b: This is the basic equation which relates e2 to the 2 data a, GM, J2 and x. It is to be solved iteratively for e , Physical Constants taking into account:  The reference ellipsoid is a surface of constant normal 3 3 0 potential, U = U . This constant U , the normal po- 2q0 ˆ 1 ‡ arctan e 0 0 e02 e0 tential of the reference ellipsoid, is given by: X1 n‡1 4 1† n n‡1 ˆ e02 GM 1 2n ‡ 1† 2n ‡ 3† 0 2 2 nˆ1 U0 ˆ arctan e ‡ x a E 3 ! GM X1 e02n 1 with ˆ 1 ‡ 1†n ‡ m b 2n ‡ 1 3 e nˆ1 e0 ˆ p second excentricity† 1 e2 (p. 67, eq. (2-61)).

(p. 66, eq. (2-58), p. 72, second equation from top). The normal gravitational potential V (gravity po- tential U minus potential of centrifugal force) can be Geometric Constants developed into a series of zonal spherical harmonics: ! 1  Now the other geometric constants of the reference GM X a 2n V ˆ 1 J P cos h† ; ellipsoid can be computed by the well-known formulas: r 2n r 2n nˆ1 p b ˆ a 1 e2 semiminor axis†; where r (radius vector) and h (polar distance) are a b spherical coordinates. The coecient J is a de®ning f ˆ flattening†; 2 a constant; the other coecients are expressed in terms of p J by: E ˆ a2 b2 linear excentricity†; 2  a2 3e2n J c ˆ polar radius of curvature†: J ˆ 1†n‡1 1 n ‡ 5n 2 b 2n 2n ‡ 1† 2n ‡ 3† e2

The arc of meridian from equator to pole (meridian (p.73, eqs. (2-92) and (2-92¢)). quadrant) is given by:

Z Normal gravity at the equator, ce, and normal gravity p=2 dU Q ˆ c at the poles, cp, are given by the expressions: 3=2 0 1 ‡ e02 cos2 U†  GM m e0q0 c ˆ 1 m 0 where F is the geographical latitude. This integral can be e ab 6 q 0 evaluated by a series expansion: GM m e0q0 c ˆ 1 ‡ 0 p a2 3 q p 3 45 175 11025 0 Q ˆ c 1 e02 ‡ e04 e06 ‡ e08 2 4 64 256 16384 with  Various mean radii of ellipsoid are de®ned by the 1 1 q0 ˆ 31‡ 1 arctan e0 1 following formulas: 0 e02 e0

arithmetic mean: and  a ‡ a ‡ b f x2a2b R1 ˆ ˆ a1 m ˆ 3 3 GM

radius of sphere of the same surface: (p. 69, eqs. (2-73) and (2-74); p.68, eq. (2-67)). 131

The constant: Z Z p=2 c cos UdU p=2 cos UdU c ˆ : cp ce 2 2 2 2 fà ˆ gravity flattening† 0 1 e2 sin U† 0 1 e2 sin U† ce 1 1 59 5 ˆ 1 ‡ e2 ‡ k ‡ e4 ‡ e2k is also needed. 6 3 360 18 2371 259 270229 9623 ‡ e6 ‡ e4k ‡ e8 ‡ e6k: A check is provided by the closed form of Clairaut's 15120 1080 1814400 45360 theorem for the equipotential ellipsoid: 4- Numerical Values  x2b e0q0 f ‡ fà ˆ 1 ‡ 0 c 2q The following derived constants are accurate to the e 0 number of decimal places given. In case of doubt or in (p. 69, eq. (2-75)). those cases where a higher accuracy is required, these quantities are to be computed from the de®ning con- stants by means of the closed formulas given in the The Gravity Formula preceding section. De®ning Constants (exact) Somiglinana's closed formula for normal gravity is a = 6378 137 m semimajor axis ac cos2 U ‡ bc sin2 U c ˆ pe p GM= 3 986 005 ´ 108 m3 s)2 geocentric a2 cos2 U ‡ b2 sin2 U gravitational constant )8 J2 = 108 263 ´ 10 dynamic form factor For numerical computations, the form x = 7 292 115 ´ 10)11 rad s)1 angular velocity

1 ‡ k sin2 U Derived Geometric Constants c ˆ ce p 1 e2 sin2 U b = 6 356 752.3141 m semiminor axis with E = 521 854.0097 m linear excentricity c = 6 399 593.6259 m polar radius of bc curvature k ˆ p 1 e2 = 0.006 694 380 022 90 ®rst excentricity (e) ac e e¢2 = 0.006 739 496 775 48 secondexcentricity (e¢) f = 0.003 352 810 681 18 ¯attening is more convenient. f )1= 298.257 222 101 reciprocal ¯attening Q = 10 001 965.7293 m meridian quadrant The conventional abbreviated series expansion is: R1 = 6 371 008.7714 m mean radius 1 R1 = (2a+b)/3 c ˆ c 1 ‡ fà sin2 U f sin2 2U† R = 6 371 007.1810 m radius of sphere of e 4 4 2 same surface with R3 = 6 371 000.7900 m radius of sphere of same volume

1 2 5 f4 ˆ f ‡ fm Derived Physical Constants 2 2

2 )2 (p.77, eqs. (2-115) and (2-116)). U0 = 6 263 686.0850 ´ 10 m s normal potential at ellipsoid More generally, the above closed formula for normal J4 = )0.000 002 370 912 22 gravity may be expanded into the series J6 = 0.000 000 006 083 47 spherical-harmonic J8 = )0.000 000 000 014 27 coecients ! 2 2 X1 m = 0.003 449 786 003 08 m = c a b/GM 2n )2 c ˆ ce 1 ‡ a2n sin U ce = 9.780 326 7715 ms normal gravity at nˆ1 equator )2 cp = 9.832 186 3685 ms normal gravity at pole where g ±g † f* = 0.005 302 440 112 fà ˆ p e ge 1 2 5 6 3 4 a2 ˆ e ‡ k; a6 ˆ e ‡ e k; à bg ±ag † 2 16 8 k = 0.001 931 851 353 f k ˆ agp e 3 1 35 5 e a ˆ e4 ‡ e2k; a ˆ e8 ‡ e6k; 4 8 2 8 128 16

The average value of gravity over the ellipsoid is 132

Gravity Formula 1980 using series developments up to f5, and by Dr. Hans- SuÈ nkel, using the formulas presented in sec. 3. Normal gravity may be computed by means of the closed formula: 5- Atmospheric E€ects

1 ‡ k sin2 U The table given here is reproduced from (IAG, 1971, c ˆ ce p ; Publ. Spe c. n° 3, p.72). It shows atmospheric gravity 1 e2 sin2 U correction dg as a function of elevation h above sea level. with the values of c , k, and e2 shown above. The values dg are to be added to measured gravity. The e e€ect of this reduction is to remove, by computation, the The series expansion, given at the end of sec. 3, be- atmosphere outside the Earth by shifting it vertically comes: into the interior of the geoid.

2 Atmospheric Gravity Corrections dg c ˆ ce 1 ‡ 0:005 279 0414 sin U (to be added to measured gravity) ‡ 0:000 023 2718 sin4 U 6 h dgh dg ‡ 0:000 000 1262 sin U [km] [mgal] [km] [mgal] ‡ 0:000 000 0007 sin8 U†; 0 0.87 10 0.23 0.5 0.82 11 0.20 it has a relative error of 10)10, corresponding 1.0 0.77 12 0.17 to 10)3 lms)2 =10)4 mgal. 1.5 0.73 13 0.14 2.0 0.68 14 0.12 2.5 0.64 15 0.10 The conventional series 3.0 0.60 16 0.09 3.5 0.57 17 0.08 1 c ˆ c 1 ‡ fà sin2 U f sin2 2U† 4.0 0.53 18 0.06 e 4 4 4.5 0.50 19 0.05 ˆ 9:780 327 1 ‡ 0:005 3024 sin2 U 5.0 0.47 20 0.05 5.5 0.44 22 0.03 0:000 0058 sin2 2U†ms2 6.0 0.41 24 0.02 6.5 0.38 26 0.02 )2 7.0 0.36 28 0.01 has only an accuracy of 1 lms = 0.1 mgal. It can, 7.5 0.33 30 0.01 however, be used for converting gravity anomalies from 8.0 0.31 32 0.01 the International Gravity Formula (1930) to the Gravity 8.5 0.29 34 0.00 Formula 1980: 9.0 0.27 37 0.00 9.5 0.25 40 0.00

2 c1980 c1930 ˆ 16:3 ‡ 13:7 sin U†mgal;

where the main part comes from a change of the Postdam reference value by ± 14 mgal; see also (IAG, 6- Origin and Orientation of the Reference System 1971, Publ. Spe c. n° 3, p.74). IUGG Resolution n° 7, quoted at the begining of this For the conversion from the Gravity Formula 1967 paper, speci®es that the Geodetic Reference System 1980 to the Gravity Formula 1980, a more accurate formula, be geocentric, that is, that its origin be the center of mass corresponding to the precise expansion given above, is: of the earth. Thus, the center of the ellipsoid coincides with the geocenter. c c ˆ 0:8316 ‡ 0:0782 sin2 U 1980 1967 The orientation of the system is speci®ed in the fol- 0:0007 sin4 U†mgal; lowing way. The rotation axis of the reference ellipsoid is to have the direction of the Conventional Interna- Since former gravity values are expressed in the units tional Origin for the Polar Motion (CIO), and the zero ``gal'' and ``mgal'', we have, in the conversion formulas, meridian as de®ned by the Bureau International de used the unit 1 mgal = 10)5 ms)2. l'Heure (BIH) is used.

Mean values of normal gravity are: To this de®nition there corresponds a rectangular coordinate system XYZ whose origin is the geocenter, c ˆ 9:797 644 656 m s)2 average over ellipsoid, whose Z-axis is the rotation axis of the reference ellip- soid, de®ned by the direction of CIO, and whose X-axis )2 c45= 9.806 199 203 m s c passes through the zero meridian according to the BIH.

at latitude F =45°. References

The numerical values given in this section have been W.A. HEISKANEN, and H. MORITZ (1967): computed independently by Mr. Chung-Yung Chen, Physical Geodesy. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. 133

International Association of Geodesy (1971): Geo- Editor's Note: detic Reference System 1967. Publi. Spe c. n° 3 du Bul- letin Ge ode sique, Paris. Additional useful constants can be obtained from: H. MORITZ (1979): Report of Special Study Group ``United States Naval Observatory, Circular N° 167, N° 539 of I.A.G., Fundamental Geodetic Constants, December 27, 1983, Project MERIT Standards'', with presented at XVII General Assembly og I.U.G.G., updates of December 1985. Canberra. 134

Parameters of Common Relevance of Astronomy, Geodesy, and Geodynamics By E. Groten (President of IAG Sub-commission 3)

At present, systems of fundamental constants are in a changes in the part on ``ocial numerical values'' within state of transition. Even though the uncertainties of this report. It is, moreover, proposed to strengthen the many constants have substantially decreased, the nu- interrelations between IERS and SC 3. merical values themselves did not substantially change. On the other hand, relativistic reductions and correc- Interrelations between IERS, IAU, IAG etc. make it, tions underwent a variety of substantial revisions that, however, more dicult to implement necessary changes however, did not yet ®nd ®nal agreement within the in fundamental systems. This was particularly realized in scienti®c working groups of international committees in discussing adoption of new fundamental constants. This charge of evaluating relevant quantities and theories. fact may be explained by the discussion of small changes Consequently, substantial changes and revisions still inherent in the adoption of particular tidal corrections have to be expected in IAU, IERS, IUGG etc. within the which became relevant in view of higher accuracies of next few years. ‹10)8 or ‹10)9. It turns out to be almost impossible to explain to other scienti®c bodies the modern relevance of Therefore SC 3, after lengthy discussions and con- the dependence of the numerical value of the semi-major siderations, decided not to propose, at this time, any axis ``a'' of the Earth on speci®c tidal corrections. Other change of existing geodetic reference systems such as temporal variations imply similar diculties. WGS 84 (in its recent form updated by NIMA, 1997) and GRS 80. This would only make sense in view of From the view point of SC 3, i.e. in deriving funda- relatively small numerical changes which would not mental parameters, it is, to some extent, confusing that a justify, at this moment, complete changes of systems and variety of global or/and regional systems exist; it would would rather produce more confusion within user be best to use only one global terrestrial and one celestial communities ± as soon as working groups within IAU, system such as ITRF, referred to a speci®c epoch, and IERS etc. have made up their minds concerning the an associated celestial system, unless precise transition background of new systems and will be prepared to and transformation formulae are available such as those discuss new numerical values. This should be around the between ETRF, ITRF, EUREF, and perhaps WGS 84 year 2001. (in updated form), IGS, GRS 80 etc. where IERS-sys- tems, in general, could serve to maintain transformation The present situation is also re¯ected by the fact that accuracy and precision. in view of substantial progress in evaluating temporal changes of fundamental ``constants'' and related accu- However, the consequent replacement of ``a'' by a racies, we should better speak about ``fundamental pa- quantity such as the geopotential at the geoid W0 (which rameters'' instead of ``fundamental constants''; however, is independent of tides) in a geodetic reference system (or the majority of members of SC 3 preferred to preserve a similar system) was not well understood and not the traditional name of SC 3. supported by other working groups so that we ®nally gave up the idea of a reformation of systems of funda- In view of this situation and of the fact that IERS in mental constants in this way even though quantities such its ``conventions'' which are edited at regular intervals as W0 are now very precisely determined by satellite SC 3 cannot and should not act independently in pro- altimetry etc. Whether seasonal variations (BURSA et al. posing changes of fundamental parameters, ± there will 1998a) of W0 are signi®cant or not is still an open consequently be relatively small changes in the following question, when expressed in R0 = GM/W0 they amount part on ``current best estimates'' and only minimal to a few centimeters in global radius. 135

I Current (1999) best estimates of the parameters of This value is commensurate with a tidal deceleration common relevance to astronomy, geodesy, and in the mean motion of the Moon n geodynamics dn ˆ 25:88 Æ 0:5† arc sec cy2: 8† SI units are used throughout (except for the TDB- dt value (value below (4)) b) non-tidal in origin (SI-value can be associated with TCB or TCG)  dx ± velocity of light in vacuum ˆ ‡1:6 Æ 0:4†Â1022 rad s2: 9† dt c ˆ 299 792 458 m s1 1† non-tidal

± Newtonian gravitational constant ± Second-degree zonal geopotential (Stokes) parameter G ˆ 6 672:59 Æ 0:30†Â1014 m3 s2 kg1 2† (tide-free, conventional, not normalized, Love num- ber k2 = 0.3 adopted) ± Geocentric gravitational constant (including the mass 9 of the Earth's atmosphere); recon®rmed by J. RIES J2 ˆ 1082 626:7 Æ 0:1†Â10 10† (1998, priv. comm.) GM ˆ 398 600 441:8 Æ 0:8†Â106 m3 s2 3† To be consistent with the I.A.G. General Assembly Resolution 16, 1983 (Hamburg), the indirect tidal e€ect For the new EGM 96 global gravity model on J2 should be included: then in the zero-frequency tide GM ˆ 398 600 441:5  106 m3 s2 was adopted. system

In TT units (Terrestrial Time) the value is 9 J2 ˆ 1082 635:9 Æ 0:1†Â10 : 11† GM ˆ 398 600 441:5 Æ 0:8†Â106 m3 s2: Table 2. The Stokes second-degree zonal parameter; marked with a bar:

Note that if expressed in old TDB units (solar system fully normalized; k2 = 0.3 adopted for the tide-free system Barycentric Dynamical Time), the value is Geopotential Zero-frequency tide system Tide-free GM ˆ 398 600 435:6  106 m3 s2: model   J2 J2 J2 J2 Based on well known transformation formulas we [10)6] [10)6] [10)6] [10)6] may relate GM in SI-units to TT/TCG/TCB; see IERS- JGM-3 484.16951 1082.6359 484.16537 1082.6267 Convention 1996 p. 85. The well known secular term EGM 96 484.16537 was not originally included in the GM(E)-analysis, therefore it was related to TT, neither to SI nor (TCG, TCB); as still satellite analysis occurs without the secular ± Long-term variation in J2 term, GM(E) in TT is still of geodetic interest; GM(E) = GM of the Earth. dJ2 ˆ 2:6 Æ 0:3†Â109cy1 12† dt ± Mean angular velocity of the Earth's rotation ± second-degree sectorial geopotential (Stokes) pa- x ˆ 7 292 115  1011 rad s1: 5† rameters (conventional, not normalized, geopotential model JGM-3) Table 1. Mean angular velocity of the Earth's rotation 1978±1994

)11 )1 )11 )1 2 9 Year x [10 rad s ] Year x [10 rad s ] DLOD [ms] J2 ˆ 1574:5 Æ 0:7†Â10 ; 13†

Min: 1978 7 292 114.903 1994 7.292 114.964 2.17 S2 ˆ 903:9 Æ 0:7†Â109; 14† Max: 1986 292 115.043 1995 .952 2.31 2 1996 .992 1.83 hiÁ Á1=2 1997 .991 1.84 J ˆ J 2 2‡ S2 2 ˆ 1815:5 Æ 0:9†Â109: 1998 ± ± 2;2 2 2 15† ± Long-term variation in x Table 3. The Stokes second-degree sectorial parameters; marked with a dx bar: fully normalized ˆ †Â4:5 Æ 0:1 1022 rad s2: 6†  2 )6 2 )6 dt Geopotential model C2 [10 ] S2 [10 ] This observed average value is based on two actual JGM-3 2.43926 )1.40027 components: EGM 96 2.43914 )1.40017 a) due to tidal dissipation  dx Only the last decimal is a€ected by the standard devia- ˆ †Â6:1 Æ 0:4 1022 rad s2: 7† dt tidal tion. 136

For EGM 96 MARCHENKO and ABRIKOSOV (1999) ± The corresponding value in the mean tide system (the found more detailed values: zero-frequency direct and indirect tidal distortion included) comes out as Table 4. Parameters of the linear model of the potential of 2nd degree

Harmonic Value of Temporal a ˆ 6 378 136:72 Æ 0:10†m 20† coecient coecient ´ 106 variation ´ 1011 [yr)1] and the tide-free value   C20 ˆJ2 )484.165371736 1.16275534  C21 )0.00018698764 )0.32  a ˆ 6 378 136:59 Æ 0:10†m: 21† S21 0.00119528012 1.62  2 C22 ˆJ2 2.43914352398 )0.494731439  S22 )1.40016683654 )0.203385232 The tide free-value adopted for the new EGM-96 gravity model reads a=6 378 136.3 m.

Coecient H associated with the precession constant ± Polar ¯attening computed in the zero-frequency tide system, (adopted GM, x, and J2 in the zero-fre- C 1 A ‡ B† quency tide system) H ˆ 2 ˆ 3 273 763 Æ 20†Â109: 16† C 1=f ˆ 298:25642 Æ 0:00001 22† The geoidal potential W0 and the geopotential scale factor R0 = GM/W0 recently derived by BURSA et al. The corresponding value in the mean tide system (1998) read comes out as

2 2 W0 ˆ 62 636 855:611 Æ 0:5† m s ; 17† 1=f ˆ 298:25231 Æ 0:00001 23†

R0 ˆ 6 363 672:58 Æ 0:05† m: and the tide-free

2 2 W0 ˆ 62636856:4 Æ 0:5† m s J. Ries (priv. comm, 1=f ˆ 298:25765 Æ 0:00001 24† 1998) found globally. ± Equatorial ¯attening (geopotential model JGM-3).

If W0 is preserved as a primary constant the discus- sion of the ellipsoidal parameters could become obso- 1=a1 ˆ 91026 Æ 10: 25† lete; as the Earth ellipsoid is basically an artefact. Modelling of the altimeter bias and various other error ± Longitude of major axis of equatorial ellipse, geo- potential model JGM-3 in¯uences a€ect the validity of W0-determination. The variability of W0 and R0 was studied by Bursa (BURSA   et al. 1998) recently; they detected interannual variations Ka ˆ 14:9291 Æ 0:0010 †W: 26† of W and R amounting to 2 cm. 0 0 In view of the small changes (see Table 3) of the The relativistic corrections to W were discussed by second degree tesserals it is close to the value of EGM 0 96. We may raise the question whether we should keep KOPEJKIN (1991); see his formulas (67) and (77) where tidal corrections were included. Whereas he proposes the reference ellipsoid in terms of GRS 80 (or an alter- average time values, Grafarend insists in corrections native) ®xed and focus on W0 as a parameter to be es- sentially better determined by satellite altimetry, where related to speci®c epochs in order to illustrate the time- however the underlying concept (inverted barometer, dependence of such parameters as W0, GM, Jn, which are usually, in view of present accuracies, still treated as altimeter bias etc.) has to be clari®ed. constants in contemporary literature.

Table 5. Equatorial ¯attening a1 and La of major axis of equatorial Based on recent GPS data, E. GRAFAREND and A. ellipse ARDALAN (1997) found locally (in the Finnish Datum 1 Geopotential Model a La [deg] for Fennoscandia): W0 = (6 263 685.58 ‹ 0.36) kgal m. 1 The temporal variations were discussed by WANG and JGM-3 91026 14.9291 W KAKKURI (1998), in general terms. ± Coecient in potential of centrifugal force ± Mean equatorial gravity in the zero-frequency tide system x2a3 q ˆ ˆ 3 461 391 Æ 2†Â109: 27† 5 2 GM ge ˆ 978 032:78 Æ 0:2†Â10 ms : 18†

± Equatorial radius of the Reference Ellipsoid (mean Computed by using values (3), (5) and a = 6 378 136.6 equatorial radius of the Earth) in the zero-frequency ± Principal moments of inertia (zero-frequency tide tide system (BURSA et al. 1998) system), computed using values (11), (15), (3), (2) and a ˆ 6 378 136:62 Æ 0:10†m: 19† (16) 137

C A sistency of parameters a, W0,(R0) and ge should be ex- ˆ J ‡ 2J ˆ 1086 Á 267 Æ 0:001†Â106; 28† 2 2 2;2 amined: Ma0 C B (i) If ˆ J 2J ˆ 1079:005 Æ 0:001†Â106; 2 2 2;2 Ma0 a ˆ 6 378 136:7m B A ˆ 4J ˆ 7:262 Æ 0:004†Â106; is adopted as primary, the derived values are 2 2;2 Ma0 2 2 W0 ˆ 62 636 856:88 m s ; 36† 2 GM 2 38 2 Ma0 ˆ a0 ˆ 2:43014 Æ 0:00005†Â10 kgm ; 29† G R0 ˆ 6 363 672:46 m†; 37†

a0 ˆ 6 Á 378 137 m†; 5 2 ge ˆ 978 032:714  10 ms : 38† 35 2 C A ˆ 2:6398 Æ 0:0001†Â10 kg m ; 30† (ii) If C B ˆ 2:6221 Æ 0:0001†Â1035 kg m2; 33 2 B A ˆ 1:765 Æ 0:001†Â10 kg m ; 2 2 W0 ˆ 62 636 855:8 Æ 0:5† m s ;

C J2 6 ˆ ˆ 330 701 Æ 2†Â10 ; 31† R0 ˆ 6 363 672:6 Æ 0:05† m; 2 Ma0 H is adopted as primary, the derived values are (mean A ˆ 329 615 Æ 2†Â106; system) 2 Ma0 a ˆ 6 378 136:62 m; 39† B ˆ 329 622 Æ 2†Â106; 32† 2 g ˆ 978 032:705  105 ms2: 40† Ma0 e

A ˆ 8:0101 Æ 0:0002†Â1037 kg m2; (iii) If (18) B ˆ 8:0103 Æ 0:0002†Â1037 kg m2; 33† 37 2 5 2 C ˆ 8:0365 Æ 0:0002†Â10 kg m ; ge ˆ 978 032:78 Æ 0:2†Â10 ms ;

C B is adopted as primary, the derived values are a ˆ ˆ 327 353 Æ 6†Â108; A a ˆ 6 378136:38 m; 41† B A c ˆ ˆ 2 196 Æ 6†Â108 W ˆ 62 636 858:8m2 s2 42† C 0 R0 ˆ 6 363 672:26 m†: 43† C A b ˆ ˆ 329 549 Æ 6†Â108 B There are no signi®cant discrepancies, the di€erences are about the standard errors.

II Primary geodetic Parameters, discussion However, the inaccuracy in (iii) is much higher than in (i) and/or (ii). That is why solution (iii) is irrelevant at It should be noted that parameters a, f, J2,ge, depend present. on the tidal system adopted. They have di€erent values in tide-free, mean or zero-frequency tidal systems. If the rounded value However, W0 and/or R0 are independent of tidal system (BURSA 1995). The following relations can be used: 2 2 W0 ˆ 62 636 856:0 Æ 0:5†m s 44† 1 dJ R0 ˆ 6 363 672:6 Æ 0:1†‰mŠ 45† a mean†ˆa tide-free†‡ 1 ‡ k †R 2 ; 34† 2 s 0 k s is adopted as primary, then the derived length of the 3 dJ semimajor axis in the mean tide system comes out as a mean†ˆa tide-free†‡ 1 ‡ k † 2 ; 2 s k s a ˆ 6 378 136:7 Æ 0:1†m; for zero-tide : 6 378 136:6† 1 46† a zero-frequency†ˆa tide-free†‡ R dJ ; 35† 2 0 2 which is just the rounded value (20), and (in the zero 3 a zero-frequency†ˆa tide-free†‡ dJ ; frequency tide system) 2 2 5 2 ge ˆ 978 032:7 Æ 0:1†Â10 ms : 47† ks = 0.9383 is the secular Love number, dJ2 is the zero- frequency tidal distortion in J2. First, the internal con- 138

However, SC 3 recommends that, at present, GRS 1980 3 Á9 Á should be retained as the standard. d ˆ sin2 i e2 ‡ e2 sin2 e sin2 i ; 2L 4 L L 8 L 0 L  III Consistent set of fundamental constants (1997) 3 3 d ˆ e2 1 sin2 e ; 2S 4 S 2 0 ± Geocentric gravitational constant (including the mass

of the Earth's atmosphere) 1=5 GM = (398 600 441.8 ‹ 0.8) ´ 106 m3 s)2, [value 25 3 10 2 R ˆ R0 1 ‡ v q v J2 (3)] 21 7

9 3 )2 ± Mean angular velocity of the Earth's rotation GML = 4 902.799 ´ 10 m s x=7 292 115 ´ 10)11 rad s)1 [value (5)] (selenocentric grav. Const.), 13 3 )2 GMS = 13 271 244.0 ´ 10 m s , ± Second-degree zonal geopotential (Stokes) parameter DÅL = 384 400 km (in the zero-frequency tide system, Epoch 1994) (mean geocentric distance to the Moon), J = (1 082 635.9 ‹ 0.1) ´ 10)9 [value (11)] 11 2 DÅS = 1 AU = 1.4959787 ´ 10 m, a = 6 378 137 m ± Geoidal potential 0 2 )2 (scaling parameter associated with J2), W0 = (62 636 856.0 ‹ 0.5) m s , [value (44)] e0 =23°26'21.4'' (obliquity of the ecliptic), ± Geopotential scale factor eL = 0.05490 (eccentricity of the orbit of the Moon), R0= GM/W0 = (6 363 672.6 ‹ 0.05) m [value (45)] iL =5°0.9' (inclination of Moon's orbit to the ecliptic), ± Mean equatorial radius (mean tide system) eS = 0.01671 a = (6 378 136.7 ‹ 0.1) m [value (46)] (eccentricity of the heliocentric orbit of the Earth- Moon barycenter), ± Mean polar ¯attening (mean tide system) m =a0/R0 = 1.0022729; 1/f = 298.25231 ‹ 0.00001 [value (23)] ks = 0.9383 (secular-¯uid Love number associated with the ± Mean equatorial gravity )5 )2 zero-frequency second zonal tidal term); ge = (978 032.78 ‹ 0.1) ´ 10 ms , [value (18)]. )8 dJ2 = )dC20 = (3.07531 ´ 10 )ks (conventional); dJ ˆdC 1:37532  108†k (fully normalized). GRAFAREND and ARDALAN (1999) have evaluated a 2 20 s (consistent) normal ®eld based on a unique set of current L = Lunar S = Solar best values of four parameters (W°, x,J2 and GM) as a preliminary ``follow-up'' to the Geodetic Reference System GRS 80. It can lead to a level-ellipsoidal normal A2. De®nition gravity ®eld with a spheroidal external ®eld in the Somigliana-Pizetti sense. By comparing the consequent Because of tidal e€ects on various quantities, the tide- values for the semimajor and semi-minor axes of the free, zero-frequency and mean values should be distin- related equipotential ellipsoid with the corresponding guished as follows: GRS-80 axes (based on the same theory) the authors end up with axes which deviate by )40 and )45 cm, re- ± A tide-free value is the quantity from which all tidal spectively from GRS 80 axes and within standard devi- e€ects have been removed. ations from the current values such as in (21); but no g- ± A zero-frequency value includes the indirect tidal values are given until now. distortion, but not the direct distortion. ± A mean tide value included both direct and indirect permanent tidal distortions. IV Appendix

Acknowledgement A1. Zero-frequency tidal distortion in J2 This report is basically an updated version of M. J2 ˆC20† Bursa's SC 3 report presented in 1995 with some new material added. 32 GML R R dJ2 ˆ ks E2 ‡ d2L† GM DÈL a0 References 32 GMS R R ‡ ks E2 ‡ d2S†; GM DÈS a0 BURSA M (1992) The four primary geodetic parameters. Studia geoph. et geod. 36, 199±206 1 3 BURSA M (1995) Special Commission 3, Fundamental E ˆ ‡ sin2 e ; 2 2 4 0 Constants (SCFC), Report submitted to IAG, 139

IUGG Gen. Ass., Boulder, Travaux IAG, Tome 30, GRAFAREND E, F SANSO (1984) The multibody space- 370±384, Paris 1995 time geodetic boundary value problem and the BURSA M, J KOUBA,KRADEJ,SATRUE,VVATRT,M Honkasalo term. Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc. 78, 255± VOJTISKOVA (1997) Monitoring geoidal potential on 275 the basis of Topex/Poseidon altimeter data and GRAFAREND E, AA ARDALAN (1997) W0: an estimate in EGM 96. Geodesy on the Move, IAG Sci. Ass. Rio the Finnish Height Datum N60, epoch 1993.4, from de Janeiro, Sept. 3±9, 1997, Springer Verlag 1998, twenty-®ve GPS points of the Baltic Sea Level Pro- 352±358 ject. Journal of Geodesy, 71: 673±679 BURSA M, K RADEJ,ZSIMA,SATRUE,VVATRT (1997) GRAFAREND E, AA ARDALAN (1999) The form param- Tests for accuracy of recent Geopotential models. eters of the Somigliana-Pizetti level ellipsoid from Intern. Geoid Service, Bulletin 6, 167±188, Milano current best estimates of fundamental geodetic pa- BURSA M, J KOUBA,KRADEJ,SATRUE,VVATRT,M rameters based on a functional analytical review of VOJTISKOVa (1998a) Monitoring Geoidal Potential the Somigliana-Pizetti gravitational ®eld. Submitted on the Basis of Topex/Poseidon Altimeter Data. to J. Geodesy Aviso Altimetry Newsletters 6, 130±131 GROTEN E (1994) A comment on fundamental geodetic BURSA M, J KOUBA,AMULLER,KRADEJ,SATRUE,V constants. IAG-SCFC 1991-1995, pres. at IAU VATRT,MVOJTISKOVA (1998b) Determination of General Ass. The Hague Geopotential Di€erences between local vertical Da- GROTEN E (1994) Global tidal parameters. Studia ge- tums and realization of a world height system. Pres. oph. et geod. 38, 221±234 Symp. IAG, MuÈ nchen KINOSHITA H (1994) Is the equatorial radius of the Earth BURSA M, GV DEMIANOV,MIYURKINA (1998c) On the a primary constant, or a de®ning constant? Studia determination of the earth's model ± the mean geoph. et geod. 38, 2, 109±116 equipotential surface. Studia geoph. et geod. 42, KOPEJKIN SM (1991) Relativistic manifestations of 467±471 gravitational ®elds in gravimetry and Geodesy. BURSA M, J KOUBA,KRADEJ,SATRUE,VVATRT,M Manuscripta Geodaetica, 16, 5, 301±312 VOJTISKOVA (1998d) Mean earth's equipotential LEMOINE et al. (1996) The development of the NASA surface from Topex/Poseidon altimetry. Studia ge- GSFC and NIMA joint geopotential model. Paper oph. et geod. 42, 459±466 presented at IAG Symposium, Tokyo, Sept. 1996, BURSA M, J KOUBA,KRADEJ,SATRUE,VVATRT,M McCarthy DD ed. (1992) IERS Standards. Techni- VOJTISKOVA (1998e) Final Report on testing accu- cal Note 13, Observatoire de Paris racy of geopotential models EGMX05. EGM 96. MARCHENKO AN and OA ABRIKOSOV (1999) Evolution Intern. Geoid Service, Bulletin N. 7 of the Earth principal axes and moments of inertia. CHENG MK, RJ EANES,BDTAPLEY (1992) Tidal de- J. Geodesy, (in press ) celeration of the Moon's mean motion. Geophys. J. MCCARTHY DD (1996) IERS Conventions Int. 108, 401±409 NEREM RS, BF CHAO,AYAU,JCCHAN,SMKLOSKO, DEFRAIGNE P, V DEHANT (1996) Toward new non-rigid NK PAVLIS,RGWILLIAMSON (1993) Temporal Earth nutations. Proc. Journ. de Reference 1995, ed. variations of the Earth's gravitational ®eld from N. Capitaine, Warsaw, 45±52 satellite laser ranging to LAGEOS. Geophys. Res. DEHANT V, M CAPITAINE (1997) On the luni-solar pre- Let. 20, 7, 595±598 cession, the tilt-over-mode, and the oppolzer terms. NEREM RS, FJ LERCH,RGWILLIAMSON,SMKLOSKO, Celest. Mech. (Manuscript in press) JW ROBBINS,GBPATEL (1994) Gravity model im- DEHANT V, P DEFRAIGNE (1997) New nutation for a provement using the DORIS tracking system on the non-rigid Earth. Proc. Journ. Syst. de Reference, SPOT 2 satellite. JGR 99, B2 Sept. 1996 Paris, ed. N. 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Capitaine NIMA, National Imagery and Mapping Agency (1997) (Manuscript in press) Technical Report TR 8350.2, Third Edition, De- DICKEY JO, PL BENDER,JEFALLER,XXNEWHALL,RL partment of Defense, World Geodetic System, 1984, RICKLEFS,JGRIES,PJSHELUS,CVEILLET,AL Its De®nition and Relationships with Local Geo- WHIPPLE,JRWIANT,JGWILLIAMS,CFYODER detic Systems (1994) Lunar laser ranging: a continual legacy of the RAPP RH (1987) An estimate of equatorial gravity from Apollo program. Science 265, 482±490 terrestrial and satellite data. GRL 14, 7, 730±732 FUKUSHIMA T (1993) IAU Standards ± What's it? Pres. RAPP RH (1993) Geoid undulation accuracy. IEEE IAG. Gen. Ass. Beijing Transaction on geoscience and remote sensing 31, 2, th FUKUSHIMA T (1994) Time ephemeris. Proc. of 26 365±370 Symp. on ``Cel. Mechanics'', Tokyo, Japan, Jan 12± RAPP RH, Y YI,YMWANG (1994) Mean sea surface 13, eds. H. Kinoshita and H. Nakai, 149±159 and geoid gradient comparison with Topex altimeter data. 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IAG ON THE INTERNET (http://www.gfy.ku.dk/iag)

By Ole B. Andersen, IAG information Editor

During the last four years the IAG central bureau has Links to Journal of Geodesy maintained a home page on the Internet as an open and Bibliographic services up-to-date information medium. IfaG Bibliographic services On these internet pages it is possible to access infor- IAG Fast bibliography mation for general use relevant to the IAG community. Other bibliographic services.

At the IAG internet pages you will also ®nd the most Geoscience WWW links recent version of documents in the Geodesists Handbook. Links to IUGG You will ®nd the IAG at the following Internet address Links to geoscience organisations

http://www.gfy.ku.dk/iag Other information Non-commercial geodetic products Among the major topics that is presently available on Books etc. the IAG home page is: Please note that this list is far from complete and the Structure and General information Internet pages are regularly updated and revised. Structure of IAG for 1999±2003 Structure of IUGG for 1999±2003 IAG addresses IAG email list IAG Sections on the Internet Report of IAG meetings All ®ve sections of IAG have established Internet sites, where information about their respective structure, IAG awards and funds commissions, special commissions, special study groups and international services can be obtained. Young Authors Award information Guy Bomford price, Levallois medal Sec 1 IAG fund http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap/gps/iag_sec- IAG Travel award tion1.htm Meeting Sec 2 Meeting calendar http://geodesy.eng.ohio-state.edu/iag_sectionII/ Meeting announcements Sec 3 School and Training courses http://www.ucalgary.ca/sideris/IAG/sectionIII.html IAG sponsored school Other schools relevant to geodesy Sec 4 http://www.gik.uni-karlsruhe.de/iag_sectionIV.html IAG publications Geodesists Handbook Sec 5 IAG newsletter http://www.oma.be/KSB-ORB/IAG-S5/main.html IAG Travaux 142

GEODETIC DATA CENTRES

INTERNATIONAL DATA CENTERS ICSU Panel on World Data Centers NOAA/EDIS, 325 Broadway Bureau Gravimetrique International Boulder CO 80303, USA c/o CNES-GRGS, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin Phone: (1) 303 497 37 98 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France Phone: (33) 61 27 44 27 International Association of Geodesy c/o C.C. Tscherning, Department of Geophysics Bureau Central du Service Internatioal de la Rotation Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen O. Denmark Terrestre Phone: (45) 3532 0601 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France Fax: (45) 3536 5357 Phone: (33) 1 40 51 22 26 [email protected] www.gfy.ku.dk/iag Commission for Geodesy in Africa, Com. XI c/o I.G.C.I., B.P. 3862, Abidjan 01 International Center on Recent Crustal Movements Cote d'Ivoire 250 66 Zdiby 98, Praha-Vychod, Czechoslovakia

Commission on International Coordination of Space International Geoid Service Techniques for Geodesy and Geodynamics Dipart. di Ingegnerica Idraulica Com. VIII c/o G. Beutler, Director Ambientale e del Rilevamento, Politechnico di Milano Astronomical Institute of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5 Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy CH-3012 Bern, Swizerland Phone: (39) 2 2399 6504 Phone: (41) 31 631 8591 Fax: (39) 2 2399 6530 Fax: (41) 31 631 3869 [email protected] Inter-Union Commission on the Lithosphere (ICL) State University Utrecht, Institute of Earth Science Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands 51, boulevard de Montmorency 75016 Paris, France NASA Geodynamics Program Phone: (33) 1 45 25 06 79 Geodynamics Branch Code FRG-2, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA NASA Headquaters Department of Geomatic Engineering Washington DC 20546, USA University College London, Gower St. London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom North American Datum,National Geodetic Survey Phone: (44)-171-380-7028 NOAA/NOS, 6001 Executive Bld. Fax: (44)-171-380-0453 Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA Phone: (1) 301 443 82 04 Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical Services (FAGS) Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level c/o D. Pugh, Institute of Oceanographic Science Inst. of Oceanographic Sciences Bidston Observatory, Brook Rd. Wormley Bidston Observatory Birkenhead, Godalming, Surrey GU8 5UB, United Kingdom L43 7RA Merseyside, United Kingdom Phone: (44) 428 68 4141 Phone: (44) 51 653 86 33 Fax: (44) 428 68 5637 [email protected]. 143

NATIONAL DATA CENTERS Sub-Commission for the Europe and Reference Frame (EUREF) c/o Deutsches GeodaÈ tisches Forschungsinstitut Algeria Marstallplatz 8, Munich 22, Germany Service de traitement des Donne es Ge ode siques WDC-B for Solid Earth Physics Institut National de Cartographie et Te ledetection, Maintained by Geophysical center, RAS, 123, Rue de Tripoli, Hussein-Dey, Alger, Algeria Molodezhnaya, 3 Moscow 117296, Russia Phone: (213) 02 23 43 76 Fax: (213) 02 23 43 81 www.wdcb.rssi.ru/WDCB/Wdc-sep.shtmp E-mail: [email protected]

World Data Center A Australia Rotation of the Earth, U.S. Naval Observatory Time Service Division, Washington D.C. 20390 Australia Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO) USA GPO Box 378, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia Phone: (61) 2 6249 9111 World Data Center for Solid Earth Geophysics Fax: (61) 2 6249 9999 Internet: www.agso.gov.au 325 Broadway, Boulder Colorado 80803, USA Australian Surveying and Land Information Group (AUSLIG), P.O. Box 2, Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory 2616, Australia Phone: (61) 2 6201 4201 Fax: (61) 2 6201 4366 Internet: www.auslig.gov.au/geodesy

National Tidal Facility The Flinders University of South Australia, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia Phone: (61)-8-8201-7532 Fax: (61)-8-8201-7523 Internet: www.ntf.¯inders.edu.au

Austria

Bundesamt fuÈ r Eich und Vermessungswesen Schi€amtsgasse 1-3, Postfach 50, A-1025 Wien, Austria Phone: (43) 1 21176 3201 Fax: (43) 1 2161062

Insitute of Theoretical Geodesy TechnicalUniversity Graz, Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria Phone: (43) 316 873 6346 Fax: (43) 316 813247 E-mail: [email protected]

Space Geodesy Division Institute of Space Research of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, LustbuÈ helstrasse 46, A-8010 Graz, Austria Phone: (43) 316 472231 Fax: (43) 316 462678 E-mail: [email protected]

Belgium

De partement d'Astronomie Fondamentale et de Geodynamique Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Avenue Circulaire 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium

De partement de Ge ode sie Institut Geographique National, 13, Abbaye de la Cambre, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

Brazil

Departamento de Geodesia IBGE, Ave Brasil, 15671, Parada de Lucas, 21241-051 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 144

Phone: (55) 21 391 3674, 482-8217 Section Ge ode sie-Ge ophysque Fax: (55) 21 481 2747 Etablissemnt Principal du Service Hydrographique et E-mail: [email protected] Ocanographique de la Marine, 13, Rue du Chantellier, Internet: www.ibge.gov.br B.P. 426, F-29275 Brest Cedex, France

Burundi Service de la Ge ode sie et du Nivellement Institut Geographique National, 2, Avenue Pasteur, Institut Geographique de Burundi B.P. 68, F-29275 Saint-Mande, France De partement de Topographie et Cartographie, B.P. 34, Gitega, Burundi Germany

Canada Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Vermessungsverwaltungen der LaÈ nder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (AdV) Canadian Geodetic Information System GeschaÈ ftsstelle: Landesbetrieb, Landesvermessung und Natural Resources Canada, Geodetic Survey division, Geobasisinformation, Neudersachsen, Postfach 510450, 615 Booth Street, Ottawa KIA 0E9, Ontario, Canada WarmbuÈ chenkamp 2, D-30634 Hannover, Germany Phone: (1) 613 995 4410 Fax: (1) 613 995 3215 Phone: (49)-511-64609-151 Fax: (49)-511-64609-162 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.emr.ca/jtod/geophys Bundesamt fuÈ r Kartographie und GeodaÈ sie Richard-Strauss-Allee 11, D-60598 Frankfurt/Main, China Germany Phone: (49)-0-6963331 Fax: (49)-0-696333235

China Cartographic Publishing House Bundesamt fuÈ r Seeschi€ahrt und Hydrographie (BSH) Beijing, China Dierkower Damm 45, D-18146 Rostock, Germany Phone: (49)-381-4563602 Fax: (49)-381-4563948 Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping 16 Beitaping Road, Beijing 100039, China EUROLAS Data Center (EDC) Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS 54, Deutsches GeodaÈ tisches Forschungsinstitut, Abt. I, Xu Dong Road, 430077 Wuhan, China Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 22, Germany

National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping National Gravity Data Base Baiwanzhuang, Beijing, 100830, China Deutsches GeodaÈ tisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI), Abt. I, Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 Munchen 22, Germany National Geomatics Center of China È Beijing China Point of Contact for Geodetic Data Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Vermessungsverwaltungen Denmark deutscher Langer (AdV), Niedersachsischer Minister National Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic Division des Inner, D-3000 Hannover, Germany Rentemestervej 8, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV., Topography Data Base Denmark Institut fuÈ r Angewandte GeodaÈ sie (IFAG), Richard Finland Strauss Allee 11, D-6000 Frankfurt a.M., 70, Germany

Finnish Geodetic Institute Greece P.O. Box 15 (Geodeetinrinne 2), FIN-02431, Finland Phone: (358)-9-295 550 Department of Geodesy and Surveying Fax: (358)-9-295 552 00 E-mail: fgi@fgi.® University of Thessaloniki, POB 492, Thessaloniki, Greece France Dionysos Satellite Observatory De partement Banque de Donnees du Sous-Sol Geodesy Department, National Technical University, Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, Dept. Zographou 15773, Athens, Greece BSS, B.P. 6009, 45060 Orleans Cedex, France Hellenic Army Geographic Service Groupe de Recherche de Ge ode sie Spatiale (GRGS) Pedion Areas, Greece GRGS/Instiut Geographique National, 2, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68, F-94160 Saint-Mande, France Hungary

Oce de la Recherche Scienti®que et Technique EoÈ tvoÈ s LoraÁ nd Geophysical Institute of Hungary Outre-Mer (ORSTOM), 70-74 route d¢Aulney, F-93140 P.O. Box 35, H-1440 Budapest, Hungary Bondy, France Phone: (36) 1 252 4999 Fax: (36) 1 163 7256 145

ToÁ th Agoston Mapping and Military Geographic Institute Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo of the Hungarian Army 15-1, Minamidai 1, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164, Japan P.O. Box 37, H-1525 Budapest 114, Hungary Phone: (81) 3 5351 6430 Fax: 3 3377 3292 Phone: (36) 1 332 0161 Fax: (36) 1 332 0161 Research Center for Earthquake Prediction Hokkaido University, Kita-10, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Iceland Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060, Japan Phone: (81) 11 716 8377 Fax: (81) 11 746 7404 Iceland Geodetic Survey P.O. Box 5536, 05 Reykjavik, Iceland Kenya

Icelandic National Energy Authority Research Center for Earthquake Prediction Grensasvegur 9, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan Indonesia Phone: (81)-774-38-4193 Fax: (81)-774-38-4190 Survey of Kenya, National Coordination Agency for Surveys and Mapping P.O. Box 30046, Nairobi, Kenya Jalan Raya Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia Madagascar

Ireland National Institute of Geodesy and Cartography Lalana Dama-tsoha Raza®ntsalama Michael Cory J.B., B.P. 323, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar Controller of Mapping, Ordnance Survey Oce, Phoenix Park, Dublin 8, Ireland Mexico Phone: (353) (0) 1 802 5300 Fax: (353) (0) 1 820 4156 Departamento de Geodesia Japan Direccion General de Geogra®a, San Antonio Abad 124-PB, Col. Transito, Del. Cuavi, 06820, Mexico Earthquake Research Institute University of Tokyo, Earthquake Prediction Netherlands Research Center, 1-1, Yayoi 1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Amsterdam Ordnance Datum Japan Phone: (81) 3 5689 7264 Fax: (81) 3 5689 7234 RWS/Survey Department, Kanaalweg 3b, Delft, P.O. Box 5023, 2600 GA, Delft, Netherlands Earthquake Research Institute University of Tokyo, Earthquake Observation Center, Department of Triangulation 1-1, Yayoi 1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan hoofdirectie Kadaster, Waltersingel 1, 7314 Phone: (81) 3 3813 7627 Fax: (81) 3 3813 8026 NK Apeldoorn, Netherlands

Geographical Survey Institute New Zealand Kitasato-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0811, Japan Phone: (81)-298-64-1111 Fax: (81)-298-64-1802 Hydrographic Oce P.O. Box 33-341, Takapuna 9, Auckland, New Zealand Hydrographic Department Maritime Safety Agency, 3-1 Tsukiji 5, Chuo-ku, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Tokyo 104-0045, Japan Phone: (81) 3 3541 3685 P.O. Box 30-368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Fax: (81) 3 3248 1250 Phone: (64) 4 570 1444 Fax: (64) 4 570 1440 Mizusawa Astro Geodynamics Observatory E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.gns.cri.nz National Astronomical Observatory, 12, Hoshigaoka-cho 2, Mizusawan, Iwate 023-0861, Japan Land Information New Zealand Phone: (81)-197-22-7111 Fax: (81)-197-22-7120 Head Oce, P.O. Box 5501, Wellington, New Zealand Phone: (64) 4 460 0110 Fax: (64) 4 460 0575 National Research Institute for Earth Science and E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.linz.govt.nz Disaster Prevention Tenodai 3-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan Portugal Phone: (81) 298 51 1611 Fax: (81) 298 51 5658 Norwegian Mapping Authority Observation Center for Prediction of Earthquakes Kartverksveien 21, N-3500 HEnefoss, Norway and Volcanic Eruptions Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Instituto de Investigacao Cienti®ca Tropical Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan Centro de Geodesia, R. da Jungqueira, 534, 1300-341 Phone: (81)-22-225-1950 Fax: (81)22±264-3292 Lisboa, Portugal 146

Instituto Portugues de Cartogra®a e Cadastro Turkey R. Artilharia Um, 107, 1099-052 Lisboa, Portugal General command of Mapping Laborato rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil Harita Genel Komutanligi, 06100, Cebeci, Ankara, Nu cleo de Medidas Geode sicas, Av. do Brasil, Turkey 101, 1700-066 Lisboa, Portugal United Kingdom South Africa British Geological Survey Surveys and Mapping Regional Geophysics Group, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Private Bag, 7705 Mowbray, Republic of South Africa Nottingham BG 12 5GG, United Kingdom Phone: (44)-0115 9363100 Fax: (44)-0115 9363145 Centro Nacional de Informacion Geogra®ca Ibanez de Ibero 3, 28003 Madrid, Spain British Geological Survey, Marine Geophysics Unit Phone: (34) 91 597 97 39 Fax: (34) 91 597 94 18 Murchison House, West Mains House, Edinburgh EHEH9 3LA, United Kingdom Spain Phone: (44)-0131 667 1000

Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia Deacon Oceanographic Laboratory UCM-CSIC, Facultad de Matematicas, Universidade Brook Road, Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 5UB, Compltense, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain United Kingdom Phone: (34) 91 39 445 82 Fax: (34) 91 39 446 15 Earth Observation Data Centre, Space Department Instituto Geogra®co Nacional Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, Hants Ibanez de Ibero 3, 28003 Madrid, Spain GU14 6TD, United Kingdom Phone: (34) 91 597 9000 Fax: (34) 91 597 97 58 Hydrographic Oce Servei de Geodesia Physical Oceanography, Taunton, Somerset TA1 2DN, Institut Cartograifc de Catalunya, Parc de Montjuic, United Kingdom 08006 Barcelona, Spain Phone: (34) 93 42 529 00 Phone: (44)-01823337900 Fax: (44)-01823284077 Fax: (34) 93 42 674 42 Institute of Geological Sciences Sweden Marine Geophysics Unit, Murchison House, National Land Survey West Mains Roads, Edingburgh EH9 3LA, Division of Geodetic Research, S-801 82 Gavle, Sweden United Kingdom

Switzerland Military Survey, Clarke Building Elmwood Avenue, Feltham, Middlesex TW 13 7AE, Astronomical Institute University of Berne United Kingdom Phone: (44)-0181 818 2225 Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland Ordnance Survey of Great Britain Bundesamt fuÈ r Landestopographie Geodetic Services Branch, Romsey Road, Maybush, Seftigenstrasse 264, CH-3084 Wabern, Switzerland Southampton SO9 4DH, United Kingdom Phone: (44)-01703 792731 Fax: (44)-01703-792687 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), ETH-Honggerberg, Ordnance Survey of Great Britain CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland Ordnance Survey International, Romsey Road, Maybush, Southampton SO9 4DH, United Kingdom Syria Phone: (44)-01703 792659

General Establishment of Surveying Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Department of Geodesy, P.O. Box 3094, Bidston Observatory, Birkenhead, Merseyside L43 7RA, Damascus, Syria United Kingdom Phone: (44)-0151 653 8633 Fax: (44)-0151 653 6269 Thailand Royal Greenwich Observatory Royal Thai Survey Department Space Geodesy Group and Nautical, Almanac Oce, Supreme Command Headquarters, Kanlayanamaitri Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OEZ St., Bangkok 10200, Thailand United Kingdom

Tunisia The EPSRC Geophysical Data Facility Direction de la Ge ode sie et du Nivellement Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oce de la Topographie et de la Cartographie, Cite Oxon OX1 1 OQX, United Kingdom Olympique, Tunis, Tunisia 147

World Data Centre CI for Solar Terrestrial Physics Eastern-National Cartographic Information Center Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, (E-NCIC), 536 National Center, Reston, VA 22092, Oxon OX1 1 OQX, United Kingdom USA

Uruguay National Cartographic Information Center U.S. Geological Survey, 507 National Center, Reston, Servicio Geogra®co Militar VA 22092, USA Ira. Division (Geodesia), 8 de Octubre 3255, Montevideo, Uruguay National Geodetic Information Center National Geodetic Survey, NOAA, Code N/NGS USA SSMC-3, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282, USA CORS GPS Network Data Archive National Geodetic Survey, NOAA, Code N/NGS National Geophysical Data Center SSMC-3, 1315 East-West Highway, MD 20910-3282, NOAA, Code E/GC4, 325 Broadway, Boulder, USA CO 80303-3328, USA Crustal Dynamics Data Information System NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA 148

EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS

E-mail: [email protected] Australia Internet: www.gmat.edu.au

Centre for Spatial Information Science School of Planning, Landscape, Architecture School of Geography & Environomental Science, and Surveying University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-76, Hobart, Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering, Tasmania 7001, Australia Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Phone: (61)-3-6226-2134, Fax: (61)-3-6224-0282 Brisbane, Queensland 4001, E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (61)-7-3864-2671 Fax: (61)-7-3864-1809 Internet: www.utas.edu.au/docs/geomatics/ E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bee. qut.edu.au/plas/fplasweb/SURVEYING.htm Department of Civil Surveying and Environmental Engineering, School of Spatial Sciences University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, 2308, Australia Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia Phone: (61) 2 4921 6058 Fax: (61) 2 4921 6991 Phone: (61) 8 9266 7565 Fax: (61) 8 9266 2703 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: E-mail: [email protected] www.eng.newcastle.edu.au/ce/ Internet: www.cage.curtin.edu.au/surveying

Department of Geomatics Austria University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Technical University Graz Phone: (61)-3-344-6806 Fax: (61)-3-347-2916 Geodetic Institutes, Steyrergasse 30, E-mail: [email protected] A-8010 Graz, Austria Internet: www.geom.unimelb.edu.au Phone: (43)-316-873-6331 Fax: (43)-316-827685 E-mail: [email protected] Department of Land Information Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Vienna University of Technology PO Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia Geodetic Institutes, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, A-1040 Phone: (61)-3-9925-2213 Fax: (61)-3-9663-2517 Vienna, Austria E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (43) 222 58801 3814 Fax: (43) 222 5056268 Internet: www.ls.rmit.edu.au E-mail: [email protected]

School of Geoinformatics Belgium Planning and Building, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, South Australia 5001, Australia Ecole Royale Militaire Phone: (61) 8 8302 2227 Fax: (61) 8 8302 2252 Chaire d'Astronomie-Ge ode sie, 30, E-mail: [email protected] Avenue de la Renaissance, B-1040 Bruxelles, Belgium Internet: www.unisa.edu.au/gbp/index.htm Phone: 2 735 51 52 Fax: 2 735 24 21

School of Geomatic Engineering Katholieke Universiteit Leuven University of New South Wales, Sydney, Astronomisch Institut, Celectijnenlaan, 200 B, New South Wales 2052, Australia B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Phone: (61)-2-9385-4182 Fax: (61)-2-9313-7493 Phone: 16 20 06 56 Fax: 16 20 53 08 149

Universite Cahtolique de Louvain China Unite d'Astronomie et de Ge ophysique, 2, Chemin du Cyclotron, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping Phone: 10 47 32 97 Fax: 10 47 47 22 Wuhan, 430079, China

Universite de Liege Zheng Zou Technical School of Surveying and Mapping Institut d'Astrophysique, 5, Avenue de Cointe, B-4200 Zheng Zhou, China Liege, Belgium Phone: 41 52 99 80 Fax: 41 52 74 74 Denmark

Brazil Institut for Samfundsudvikling og Planlaegning Aalborg Universitetscenter, Fibigerstrade 11, DK- 9220 Escola Politecnica da USP Aalborg Oest, Denmark Departamento de Engenharia de Transportes, Caixa Postal 61548, 0524-970, Sao Paulo, Brazil Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy Phone: (55)-11-818-5208 Fax: (55)-11-818-5716 Physics and Geophysics, Department of Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, Instituto Militar de Engenharia DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Departamento de Cartograifa, DE6 Praca Gen. Phone: (45) 3532 0601 Fax: (45) 3536 5357 Tiburcio 80, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil Finland Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Departamento de Engenharia Cartogra®ca, Rua Department of Geophysics Academico helio Ramos S/N, Cidade Universitaria, University of Helsinki, 50741, Recife ± Pe, Brazil Fabianinkatu 24 A, SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland Phone: (358) 1911 Fax: (358) 1913385 Universidade Federal do Parana Curso de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Geodesicas, France Departamento de Geomatica, P.O. Box 019001, 81531-990 Curitiba-PR, Brazil Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements Phone: (55) 41 361 3153 Fax: (55) 41 266 2393 Universite Paul Sabatier, 9, Avenue du Colonel Roche, E-mail: [email protected] B.P. 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex, Phone: (33) 61 55 66 66 Fax: (33) 61 55 67 01 Canada Ecole Nationale des Sciences Ge ographiques Universite Laval 2, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68, F-94160 Saint-Mande , Departement des sciences ge ode siques et de te le de tection, France, Phone: (33) 1 43 98 80 52 Pavillon Louis-Jacques Casault, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Fax: (33) 1 43 98 84 65 G1K 7P4, Canada Phone: (1) 418 656 2530 Fax: (1) 418 656 7411 Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts et Insustries E-mail: €g@€g.ulaval.ca de Strasbourg Internet: www:http://forestgeomat.for.ulaval.ca 24, Rue de la Victoire, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France, Phone: (33) 88 35 55 05 University of Calgary Fax: (33) 88 24 14 90 Department of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 University Drive, N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada Ecole Superiure des Ge ometres et Topographes Phone: (1) 403 220 5834 Fax: (1) 403 284 1980 Conservatoire National des Arts et metiers, 18, Allee E-mail: [email protected] Jean Rostand, B.P. 77, F-91002 Evry Cedex, France Internet: www:http://www.ensu.ucalgary.ca/ Phone: (33) 60779740 Fax: (33)60779690

University of New Brunswick Observatoire de Paris De partement des Sciences Ge omatiques, P.O. Box 4400, Service Scolaire, 61, Avenue de l'Observatoire, Fredicton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A#, Canada F-75014 Paris, France Phone: (1) 506 453 4698 Fax: (1) 506 453 4943 Phone: (33) 40 51 21 70 E-mail: [email protected], Internet: www:http://degaulle.hil.unb.ca/Geodesy/index.html Germany

University of Toronto Institut fuÈ r Stadtebau, Bodenordnung und Kulturtechnik Program in Geomatics, Department of Geography, Meckenheimer Allee 172, 5300 Bonn 1, Germany Erindale Campus, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L Phone: (49) 0228-737 499 Fax: (49) 0228-733 281 1C6 Phone: (1) 905 828 3861 Fax: (1) 905 828 5273 E-mail: [email protected] Technische Hochschule Aachen Internet: www:http://www.geog.utronto.ca Lehrstuhl fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie II, Templergraben 55, 5100 150

Aachen, Germany Technische UniversiaÈ t Dresden Phone: (49) 0241-80 53 00 Fax: (49) 0241-80 44 13 Institut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung, Mommsenstrasse 13, O-8027 Dresden, Germany Technische Hochschule Darmstadt Phonec: (49) 375 1 463 3372 Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106 Institut fuÈ r Physikalische GeodoÄ sie, Petersenstrasse 13, 6100 Darmstadt, Germany Technische UniversitaÈ t Dresden Phone: (49) 06151-163 109 Fax: (49) 06151-165 489 Institut fuÈ r Kartographie und Geographie, Mommsenstrasse 13, O-8027 Dresden, Germany Technische Hochschule Darmstadt Phone: (49) 375 1 463 3779 Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106 GeodaÈ tisches Institut, Petersenstrasse 13, 6100 Darmstadt, Germany Technische UniversitaÈ tMuÈ nchen Phone: (49) 06151-162 147 Fax: (49) 06151-164 047 Institut fuÈ r Astronomische und Physikalische GeodaÈ sie, Arcistrasse 21, 8000 MuÈ nchen 2, Germany Technische Hochschule Darmstadt Phone: (49) 089-2105 3195/3190 Fax: (49) 089-2105 2000 FB Phtogrammetrie im FB 12, Vermessungswesen, Petersenstrasse 13, 6100 Darmstadt, Germany Technische UniversitaÈ tMuÈ nchen Phone: (49) 06151-162 035 Fax: (49) 06151-165 489 Lehrstuhl fuÈ r Photogrammetrie, Arcisstrasse 21, 8000 MuÈ nchen 2, Germany Technische UniversitaÈ t Berlin Phone: (49) 089-2105 2670 Fax: (49) 089-2105 2000 Fachgebiet GeodaÈ sie und Ausgleichsrechnung, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 1000 Berlin 12, Germany Technische UniversitaÈ tMuÈ nchen Phone: (49) 030-314 22 41/32 08 Lehrstuhl fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie, Arcistrasse 21 Fax: (49) 030-31 42 32 22 8000 MuÈ nchen 2, Germany Phone: (49) 089-2105 2850, Fax: (49) 089-2105 281976 Technische UniversitaÈ t Berlin Institut fuÈ r Astronomische und Physikalische GeodaÈ sie, Technische UniversitaÈ tMuÈ nchen Sekr. H 2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 1000 Berlin 12, Lehrstuhl fuÈ r Kartographie und Reproduktionstechnik, Germany Arcistrasse 21, 8000 MuÈ nchen 2, Germany Phone: (49) 030-314 32 05 Phone: (49) 089-2105 2825 Fax: (49) 089-2105 2000 Fax: (49) 030-31 42 32 22 UniversitaÈ t Bonn Technische UniversitaÈ t Berlin Institut fuÈ r Kartographie und Topographie, Institut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie und Kartographie, Meckenheimer Allee 172, 5300 Bonn 1, Germany Sekr. EB 9, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Phone: (49) 0228-733 526/27 Fax: (49) 0228-695 246 1000 Berlin 12, Germany Phone: (49) 030 314 23 331 Fax: (49) 030-314 21 104 UniversitaÈ t Bonn Institut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie, Nussallee 15, Technische UniversitaÈ t Braunschweig 5300 Bonn 1, Germany Phone: (49) 0228-732 713 Institut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie und Bildverarbeitung, Fax: (49) 0228-733 281 Gauss-Strasse 22, 3300 Braunschweig, Germany Phone: (49) 0531-391 28 70 Fax: (49) 0531-391 58 39 UniversitaÈ t Bonn Institut fuÈ r Theoretische GeodaÈ sie, Nussallee 17, Technische UniversitaÈ t Braunschweig 5300 Bonn 1, Germany Institut fuÈ r Vermessungskunde, Pockelstrasse 4, Phone: (49) 0288-732 628/628, Fax: (49) 0228-733 708 Hochhaus, 3300 Braunschweig, Germany Phone: (49) 0531-391 74 70 Fax: (49) 0531-391 55 99 UniversitaÈ t Bonn GeodaÈ tisches Institut, Nussallee 17, Technische UniversitaÈ t Dresden 5300 Bonn 1, Germany Lehrstuhl fuÈ r Theoretische u. Physikalische GeodaÈ sie, Phone: (49) 0228-732 620 Fax: (49) 0228-733 281 Mommsenstrasse 13, O-8027 Dresden, Germany Phone: (49) 375 1 463 0 (zentrale) UniversitaÈ t der Bundeswehr MuÈ nchen Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106 Institut fuÈ r GeodoÄ sie, D-8577 Neubiberg, Germany Phone: (49) 089-6004 3435 Fax: (49) 089-6004 4090 Technische UniversitaÈ t Dresden Lehrstuhl fuÈ r Astronomie, Mommsenstrasse 13, UniversitaÈ t Hannover O-8027 Dresden, Germany Institut fuÈ r Kartographie, Appelstrasse 9 A, Phone: (49) 375 1 463 4097, Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106 3000 Hannover 1, Germany Phone: (49) 0511-762 35 88/89 Fax: (49) 0511-762 2472 Technische UniversitaÈ t Dresden Lehrstuhl fuÈ r Ing. GeodoÄ sie, Mommsenstrasse 13, UniversitoÄ t Hannover O-8027 Dresden, Germany GeodaÈ tisches Institut, Nienburger Strasse 1, Phone: (49) 375 1 463 2869/4249 3000 Hannover 1, Germany Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106 Phone: (49) 0511 762 2461 Fax: (49) 0511 762 2468 151

UniversitaÈ t Hannover Institut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie und Lora nd EoÈ tvoÈ s Unviersity Ingenieurvermessungen, Nienburger Strasse 1, Department of Cartography, Ludovika te r 2, H-1083 3000 Hannover 1, Germany Budapest, Hungary Phone: (49) 0511-762 2481 Fax: (49) 0511-762 2482 Phone: (36) 1 134 2785 Fax: (36) 1 134 2785 E-mail: [email protected] UniversitaÈ t Hannover Institut fuÈ r Erdmessung, Nienburger Strasse 6, 3000 Miskolc University Hannover 1, Germany Department of Geophysics, EgyetemvaÁ ros Phone: (49) 0511-762 2794 Fax: (49) 0511-762 4006 H-3315 Miskolc, Hungary Phone: (36) 46 365 936 Fax: (36) 46 362 936 UniversitaÈ t Karlsruhe E-mail: [email protected] GeodaÈ tisches Institut, Englerstrasse 7 7500 Karlsruhe 1, Germany Miskolc University Phone: (49) 0721-608 2305/2301/2300 Department of Geodesy and Mining Surveying Fax: (49) 0721-669 4552 EgyetemvaÁ ros, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary Phone: (36) 46 365 111 Fax: (36) 46 362 972 UniversitaÈ t Karlsruhe E-mail: [email protected] Institut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie und Topographie Englerstrasse 7, 7500 Karlsruhe 1, Germany Technical University of Budapest Phone: (49) 0721-608 2315 Fax: (49) 0721-608 4290 Department of Geodesy, H-1521 Budapest PO Box 91, Hungary UniversitaÈ t Karlsruhe Phone: (36) 1 463 3222 Fax: (36) 1 463 31 91 Professur fuÈ r Geodynamik, GeodoÄ tisches Institut, E-mail: [email protected] Englerstrasse 7, 7500 Karlsruhe 1, Germany Phone: (49) 0721-608 2307 Fax: (49) 0721-669 4552 Technical University of Budapest Department of Photogrammetry, H-1521 Budapest, UniversitaÈ t Stuttgart PO Box 91, Hungary Institut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie, Keplerstrasse 11 Phone: (36) 1 463 1187 Fax: (36) 1 463 3084 D-70174 Stuttgart 1, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (49) 0711-121 3386 Fax: (49) 0711-121 3297 Technical University of Budapest UniversitaÈ t Stuttgart Department of Surveying, H-1521 Budapest GeodaÈ tisches Institut, Keplerstrasse 11 PO Box 91, Hungary 70174 Stuttgart 1, Germany Phone: (36) 1 463 1146 Fax: (36) 1 463 3209 Phone: (49) 0711-121 3390 Fax: (49) 0711 121 3297 E-mail: [email protected]

UniversitaÈ t Stuttgart University of Foresty and Wood Sciences Institut fuÈ r Navigation, Keplerstrasse 11 Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, 70174 Stuttgart 1, Germany Bajcsy-Zslinsky uÁ t 4, H-9400 Sopron, Hungary Phone: (49) 0711-121 3400 Fax: (49) 0711-121 2755 Phone: (36) 99 311 100 Fax: (36) 99 311 103 E-mail: [email protected] UniversitaÈ t Stuttgart Institut fuÈ r Anwendung der GeodaÈ sie im Bauwesen, University of Foresty and Wood Sciences Pfa€enweldring 7 A, 70569 Stuttgart 80, Germany Department of Earth Sciences, Csatkai u. 6-8, PO Box 5, Phone: (49) 0711-685 6612 Fax: (49) 0711-685 6670 H-9400 Sopron, Hungary Phone: (36) 99 314 390 Fax: (36) 99 313 267 Hungary E-mail: [email protected] College for Surveying and County-planning Italy of the University of Forestry and Wood Sciences Pirosalma u. 1-3., PO Box 51, H-8002 Sze kesfehe rvaÁ r, Politecnico di Milano Hungary, Phone: (36) 00 312 988 Piazza Leonardo de Vince 32, I-20133, Italy Fax: (36) 22 327 697 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (39)2 2399 6504/6506 Fax: (39) 2 2399 6530 Kossuth Lajos Military Academy of the Hungarian Home Defense Forces Japan H-2001 Szentendre, PO Box 160 Hungary Phone: (36) 26 311 014 Fax: (36) 26 312 136 Construction College 2-1 Kihei-cho 2, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8520, Japan Lora nd EoÈ tvoÈ s University, Department of Geophysics Phone: (81)-423-21-1541 Fax: (81)-423-21-8057 Ludovika te r 2, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary Phone: (36) 1 210 1089 Hirosaki University Fax: (36) 1 210 1089, E-mail: [email protected] Faculty of Science & Technology, 3 Bunkyo-cho, 152

Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan Phone: (81) 172 36 2111 Fax: (81) 172 33 6000 Shizuoka University Faculty of Science, 836 Otani, Shizuoka, Shizuoka Hokkaido University 422-8529, Japan Graduate School of Science, Kita-10 Nishi-8, Phone: (81) 54 237 1111 Fax: (81) 54 237 9184 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan Phone: (81) 11 716 8377 Fax: (81) 11 746 7404 Tohoku University Observation Center for Prediction of Earthquakes Ibaraki University and Volcanic Eruptions, Aobayama, Aoba-ku Faculty of Science, 1-1 Bunkyo 2, Mito, Ibaraki Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan 310-8512, Japan Phone: (81) 22 225 1950 Fax: (81) 22 264 3292 Phone: (81) 29 226 1621, Fax: (81) 29 228 8405 Tohoku University Kagoshima University Graduate School of Science, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Faculty of Science, 21-35 Gungen 1, Kagoshima, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan Phone: (81) 22 222 1800 Phone: (81) 992 54 7141 Fax: (81) 992 59 4720 Tokyo Institute of Technology Kanazawa University Faculty of Science, 12-1, O-okayama 2, Meguro-ku, Faculty of Science, Kakuma-cho, Kanazawa, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan Ishikawa 920-1164, Japan Phone: (81) 3 3726 1111, Fax: (81) 3 5499 4093 Phone: (81) 762 64 5731 Fax: (81) 762 64 6062 University of Tokyo Kensetsu University Graduate School of Science, 3-1, Hongo 7 2-1 Kihei-cho 2, Kodaira, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan Tokyo 187, Japan Phone: (81) 423 21 1541 Phone: (81) 3 5841 2111 Fax: (81) 3 5802 4363

Kochi University University of Tokyo Department of Natural Environmental Science, 5-1 Ocean Research Institute, 15-1, Minamidai 1, Akabono 2, Kochi, Kochi 780, Japan Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-0014, Japan Phone: (81) 888 44 8288 Fax: (81) 888 44 8359 Phone: (81) 3 5351 6430 Fax: (81) 3 3377 3292

Kyoto University University of Tokyo Graduate School of Science, Earthquake Research Institute, Earthquake Prediction Kita-Shirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto Research Center, 1-1, Yayoi 1, Bunkyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Tokyo 113-0032, Japan Phone: (81) 75 753 3910 Fax: (81) 75 753 3717 Phone: (81) 3 5689 7264 Fax: (81) 3 5689 7234

Kyoto University Netherlands Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Research Center for Earthquake Prediction, Gokasho, Uji Faculty of Geodesy Kyoto 611-0011, Japan Delft University of Tech., Thijsseweg 11, 2629 JA Phone: (81) 774 38 4193 Fax: (81) 774 38 4190 Delft, Netherlands

Kyushu Unviersity New Zealand Faculty of Science, 10-1 Hakozaki 6, Higashi-ku Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan Department of Surveying Phone: (81) 92 641 1101 University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand Phone: (64) 3 479 7585 Maritime Safety Academy Fax: (64) 3 479 7586 Maritime Safety Agency, 1, Wakaba-cho 5-1, Kure E-mail: [email protected] Hiroshima 737-0832, Japan Internet: www.surveying.otago.ac.nz/ Phone: (81) 823 21 4961 Fax: (81) 823 20 0087 Portugal Nagoya University Faculty of Science, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa Aichi 464-0814, Japan Nucleo de Eng Geogra ®ca, R. da Escola Polite cnica Phone: (81) 52 781 5111 Fax: (81) 52 789 3047 58, 1250-102 Lisboa, Portugal

Shinshu University Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia da Universidade Faculty of Science, 1-1, Asahi 3, Matsumoto, Nagano de Coimbra, Seccao de Eng Geogra ®ca 390-8621, Japan Largo D. Dinis, Cole gio S. Jero nimo, 3000-141 Phone: (81) 263 35 4600 Fax: (81) 263 37 2506 Coimbra, Portugal 153

Observatorio Astronomico Surveying and Mapping School Prof. Manuel de Barros, Alameda do Monte da Virgem, 06100 Cebeci, Ankara, Turkey 4430-146 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal Technical University of Istanbul Departamento de Astronomia y Geodesia Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department Facultad de Matemeaticas, Unviersidad Complutense, Ayazaga, Istanbul, Turkey Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain Phone: (34) 91 39 44 582 Fax: (34) 91 39 44 607 Yildiz University Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department, Spain Yildiz, Istanbul, Turkey

Escuela de Geodesia y Topograifa United Kingdom Servicio Geograp®co del Ejercito, Dario Gazabo 8, 28024 Madrid, Spain Department of Earth Sciences Phone: (34) 91 711 5943 University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PR, United Kingdom Universitat Politecnica de Valencia Phone: (44)-01865 270708 Fax: (44)-01865 272000 De Ingenigria Cartogra®ca, Geodesia y Fotogrametria, Camino de Vera, s/u, 46022 Valencia, Spain Department of Geography and Topographic Science Phone: (34) 96 3877550 Fax: (34) 96 3877559 University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ E-mail: [email protected] United Kingdom Internet: www.upv.es/info/DICGF/index.html Phone: (44) 41 339 8855 Fax: (44) 41 330 4894 Department of Geomatic Engineering University College London, Gower St., London WC1E Sweden 6BT, United Kingdom Institute of Earth Sciences/Geophysics Phone: (44)-171-380-7028 Fax: (44)-171-380-0453 University of Uppsala, VillavaÈ gen 16, S-752 36, Sweden Department of Geomatics Royal Institute of Technology University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Department of Geodesy, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom Phone: (46) 87 90 73 30 Phone: (44)-191-222-6447 Fax: (44)-191-222-8691 Department of land Surveying Switzerland University of East London, Longbridge Road Dagenham, Essex RM8 2AS, United Kingdom EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne) Phone: (44)-181-590-7722 Fax: (44)-181-590-7799 Institut de Ge ode sie et Mensuration, 1015 Lausanne, Phone: (41) 021 693 11 11 Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space Geodesy University of Nottingham, University Park ETH-ZuÈ rich Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK, Department of Geodetic Sciences, Institut fuÈ r Phone: (44)-0115-951-3880 Fax: (44)-0115-951-3881 kartographie, ETH-Honggerberg, 8093 ZuÈ rich, Switzerland Phone: (41) 01 377 30 33 USA

ETH-ZuÈ rich (Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule) Cornell University Department of Geodetic Sciences, Institut fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie Department of Geological Sciences, Snee Hall, Ithaca, und Photogrammetrie, ETH-Honggerberg, NY 14853, USA 8093 ZuÈ rich, Switzerland Phone: (41) 01 377 26 61, Fax: (41) 01 371 25 93 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Earth, Atmosphere and Planetary Turkey Science, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA Bosphorous University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Ohio State University Institute Geodesy Section, Cengelkoy, Istanbul, Turkey Department of Geodetic Science, 1958 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1247, USA Karadeniz Technical University Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department, Trabzon, Scripps Institution of Oceanography A-25 Turkey Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Selcuk University Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department, Konya, State University of New York Turkey Geophysics Program, Department of Geological 154

Sciences and Environmental Studies, Binghamton, NY University of Maine 13902, USA Department of Surveying Engineering , Boardman Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA University of California Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Los Angeles, University of Colorado CA 90024, USA Department of Aerospace Engineering and Science, Campus Box 431, Boulder, CO 80309, USA 155

GEODETIC PUBLICATION SERIES

Acta Geodaetica, Geophysica et Montanistica Hungarica Bolletin de Informacion Akade miai KiadoÁ , H-1117 Budapest, Servicio Geogra®co del Ejercito, Prielle K.u. 19-35, Dario Gazapo 8, 28024 Madrid, Spain Editorial Oce: Geodetical anf Geophysical Research Institute, H-9401 Sopron, Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Ani P.O. Box 5, Hungary Instituto Geogra®co Militare Italiano, Email: [email protected] 10 Via Cesare Battisti, 50100 Firenze, Italy

African Geodetic Journal Bollettino di Geo®sica Teorica e Applicata University of Lagos, Department of Surveying, Osservatorio Geo®sico Sperimentale, Lagos, Nigeria 34123 Trieste, Italy

Air Force Geophysics Laboratory-Technical Report Bulletin-American Congress on Surveying and Mapping Air Force Geophysical Laboratory, American Congress on Surveying & Mapping, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731, USA 210 Little Falls St., Falls Church, VA 20046, USA Allgemeine Vermessungs-Nachrichten H. Wichmann Verlag, Rheinstrasse 122, Bulletin de la Societe Belge de 7500 Karlsruhe 21, Germany Photogrammetrie-Teledetection et Cartographie 50, Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, B.P. 38, American Cartographer (The) B-1010 Bruxelles, Belgique American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, 210 Little Falls St., Falls Church, Bulletin des Journe es Luxembourgeoises VA 20046, USA de Ge odynamique Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Annales Geophysicae 3, Avenue Circulaire, B-1180 Bruxelles, Belgique Bordas, Dunod, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, France Bulletin d'lnformation du Bureau Gravime trique Arti®cial Satellites International Polska Akademia Nauk, B.G.I., 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Centrum Badan Kosmicznych 01-237, F-31055 Toulouse, France Warsawa Ordona 21, Poland Bulletin du Comite Francais de Cartographie Australian Journal of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and 140, rue de Grenelle, 75700 Paris, France Surveying University of New South Wales, Bulletin du Groupe de Recherches de Ge ode sie Spatiale School of Surveying, P.O. Box 1, Kensington, G.R.G.S., 77, Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, New South Wales, 2033, Australia F-75014, Paris, France

Australian Surveyor (The) Bulletin Hydrographique International Institution of Surveying of Australia, Bureau Hydrographique International, 7, 65 York Street, Sydney, Australia Avenue du President Kennedy, B.P. 345, Monaco 156

Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute Reihe D: Tafelwerke Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Reihe E: Geschichte und Entwicklung der GeodaÈ sie Tokyo 113, Japan Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 22, Germany

Bulletin of the Geographical Survey Institute Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich ± Institut Geographical Survey Institute, Kitasato 1 fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Photogrammetrie ± Bericht (Report) Yatabe-Machi Tsukuba-Gum, Ibaraki 300-21, Japan Institut fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Photogrammetrie, ETH-Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland Bundesamt fuÈ r Landestopographie-Bulletin des Rechen- zentrums Engineering Geodesy Federal Oce of Topography, Seftigenstrasse 264, The Kiev Institute of Engineering Construction CH-3084 Wabern, Switzerland EOS-Transactions AGU CISM Journal ACSGC American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Av., The Canadian Institute of Surveying, Box 5378, Washington D.C. 20009, USA Station F, Ottawa, K2C 3Jl Canada ESA Bulletin Cartographic Journal (The) European Space Agency, 8±10, Rue Mario Nikis, British Cartographic Society J.S. Keats, Department 75738 Paris 15, France of Geography, University of Glasgow W2, Scotland ESA-Journal Cartographica Earth observation Quarterly University of Toronto Press Inc., 5201 Du€erin European Space Agency, 8±10, Rue Mario Nikis, Street, North York, Ontario, M3H 5T8, Canada 75738 Paris 15, France

Celestial Mechanics European Space Agency Special Publication D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, The Netherlands European Space Agency, 8±10, Rue Mario Nikis, 75738 Paris 15, France Chartered Surveyor-Chartered Minerals Surveyor The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, Fisica de la Tierra 12 Great George Street, London SW7 2AR (U.K.) Editorial Complutense Cl. Moreto, 3, 28014, Madrid, Spain Circolari Della Stazione Astronomica Internazionale di Latitudine Geodatische Arbeiten OÈ sterreichs fuÈ r die Internationale Universita di Cagliari, Istituto di Astronomia, Erdmessung 09100 Cagliari, Italy Austrian Geodetic Commission, Bundemsamt fuÈ r Eich unfd Vermessungswesen, Schi€amtsgasse 1-3, Circular Time and Latitude Service Postfach 50, A±1025 Vienna, Austria Polish Academy of Sciences, Astronomical Latitude Observatory, Borowiec, 63-120 Kornik, Poland Geodatisch-Geophysikalische Arbeiten in der Schweiz Schweizerische Geodatische Kommission, Comm. of the Geodetic and Geophysical Research ETH-Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Inst. of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Geodatische und Geophysikalische Vero€entlichungen Museum U. 6-8, POB 5, H-9401, Sopron, Hungary Nationalkomitee fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Geophysik bei der DDR, 1500 Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A17, Cospar Information Bulletin Germany Committee on Space Research, 51 Boulevard de Montmorency, 75016 Paris, France Geodesy and Cartography The Chief Administration of Geodesy and Deltion Cartography under the Council of Ministers Service Geographique de l'Armee Hellenique, of the USSR S.G.A.H., Pedion Areas, Athens, Greece Geodesy and Photogrammetry in Mining Department of National Development Division of Publisher: the Sverdlovsk Mining Institute National Mapping Technical Report Division of National Mapping, Geodesy, Cartography and Air-Survey P.O. Box 548, NSW 2620 Queanbeyan, Australia Publisher: the Lvov Polytechnical Institute

Deutsche Geodatische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Geodeticky a Kartogra®cky Obzor Akademie der Wissenschaften Spalena 51, 11302 Praha 1, Czechoslovakia Reihe A: Hohere GeodaÈ sie Reihe B: Angewandte GeodaÈ sie Reihe C: Dissertationen 157

Geodezia e s KartograÁ ®a Improvement of Technology of Topographic and Geodetic Hungarian Society of Surveying, Mapping Operations and Remote Sensing, Editorial Oce: H-1860 Publisher: the Chief Administration of Geodesy and Budapest, 55, PO Box 1, Hungary Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR Geodezja i Kartogra®a Politechnika Warszawska, Instytut Geodezji Institut fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Photogrammetrie an der Wyzszej 1, Koszykowa 75, 00661 Warszawa, Poland Eidgenossischen Technischen Hochschule Zurich-Mitteilungen Geomatica Institut fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Photogrammetrie, Canadian Institute of Geomatics, PO VBox 5378, ETH-Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland Merivale Depot, Ottawa, Ontario, K2C 3J1, Canada Institut Geographique National-Ge ode sie Geomatics Canada ± Geodetic Survey Division ± Contract I.G.N., 2, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68, and Technical Reports 94160 Saint-Mande , France Natural Resources Canada, Geomatics Canada Geodetic Survey Division, 615 Booth Street, Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia ± Publications Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OE9, Canada Facultad de Matematicas, Universidad Complutense Ciudad Universitaria, 28014, Madrid Spain Ge omeÁ tre 102, Rue de Charonne, 75011 Paris, France Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia ± Cursos y Seminarios Facultad de Matematicas, Universidad Complutense Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society Ciudad Universitaria, 28014, Madrid Spain The Royal Society, 6, Carlton House Terrace, London SWl Y 5AG, UK Istituto di Geodesia e Geo®sica dell' Universita di Trieste-Pubblicazione Geophysical Research Letters Istituto di Geodesia, Via dell UniversitaÁ 7, American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue 34123 Trieste, Italy N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, USA Istituto di Miniere e Geo®sica Applicata, Universita, Geophysical Surveys Pubblicazioni D. Reidel, Publ. Co., Dordrecht, The Netherlands Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy

Geophysical Transactions ITC Journal EoÈ tvoÈ s LoraÁ nd Geophysical Institute of Hungary, ITC, The Netherlands H-1440 Budapest, P.O. Box 35, Hungary Jenaer Rundschau Geophysics Division-Report VEB Carl Zeiss Jena, Carl Zeiss Str. 1, 6900 Jena, Department of Scienti®c and Industrial Research, Germany Geophysical Division, New Zealand Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute Geowissenschaftliche Mittelungen of Technology ± Technical Publications Vienna University of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Gusshaustrasse 27-29, A-1040 Vienna, Austria Pasadena, CA 91109, USA Email: [email protected] Journal of Geodesy Gerlands Beitrage zur Geophysik Journal Production Department Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Geest & Portig Heidelberger Platz 3, W-1000 Berlin 33, Germany K.G., Leipzig, Germany Publisher: Springer-Verlag

Harita Dergisi Journal of Geophysical Research Harita Genel Komutanligi, 06100 Cebeci, Ankara, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Turkey 2000 Florida Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, USA IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, Journal of Physics of the Earth New Jersey 08854, USA Center for Academic Publications Japan Yayoi 2-4-16, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan IERS Technical Notes Bureau Central de l'IERS Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 77, Avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France AIAA Technical Information Service, 750 3rd Avenue, New York NY 10017, USA 158

Journal of Surveying Engineering Mitteilungen der Satelliten- American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47th Beobachtungsstation Zimmerwald Street, New York, NY 10017-2398, USA Astronomisches Institut, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland Journal of the Geodetic Society of Japan Geodetic Society of Japan, Mitteilungen des GeodaÈ tischen Instituts der 1 Kitasato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan Technischen UniversitaÈ t Graz Graz University of Technology, Geodetic Institute, Journal of the Wuhan College of Geodesy Steyergrasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Photogrammetry and Cartography Email: [email protected] Wuhan, China Mitteilungen des Instituts fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Kern Bulletin Photogrammetrie an der Eidgenossischen Technischen Kern & Co. Ltd., CH-5001 Aarau, Switzerland Hochschule ZuÈ rich Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland Kort-og Matrikelstyrelsen (National Survey and Cadaster) Mitteilungsblatt des Deutschen Vereins fuÈ r Skrifter 4 Raekke (Publications 4 series) Vermessungswesen (DVW) Vorstand des DVW, Alexandrastrasse 4, Kort-og Matrikelstyrelsen D-8000 MuÈ nchen 22, Germany Geodetic Division, Technical Reports Rentemestervej 8, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Monthly Notes of the International Polar Motion Service Denmark International Latitude Observatory, 2-12 Hoshigaoka Mizusawa-shi, Iwate-Ken 023, Japan Lehrstuhl fuÈ r Astronomische und Physikalische GeodaÈ sie-Technische Nachrichten aus dem Karten- und Vermessungswesen UniversitaÈ tMuÈ nchen Institut fuÈ r Angewandte GeodaÈ sie, Richard Strauss Arcisstrasse 21, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 2, Germany Allee 11, D-6000 Frankfurt a.M. 70, Germany

Magyar Geo®zika NASA Special Publication Association of Hungarian Geophysicists, NASA Headquarters, 600 Independance Avenue, H-1371 Budapest, P.O. Box 433, Hungary S.W., Washington, D.C. 20576, USA

Mare es Terrestres-Bulletin d'Information NASA Technical Papers and Notes & Special ICET, Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Publications 3, Avenue Circulaire, B-l180 Bruxelles, Belgique NASA Headquarters, 600 Independance Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20576, USA Marine Geodesy Crane Russat & Co. Inc., 3 East 44th Street, NASA/GSFC Documents & Technical Memoranda N.Y., New York 10017, USA NASA Headquarters, 600 Independance Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20576, USA Maritime Gravimetric Studies Publisher: the Moscow State University National Land Survey-Professional Papers National Land Survey of Sweden, S-801 82 GaÈ vle, Mate riaux pour la Geologie de la Suisse-Ge ophysique Sweden Kummerly & Frey Ltd., Editions ge ographiques, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Manual NOS NGS, Professional Papers, Methods of Engineering Geodesy in Construction Technical Memorandum Publisher: the Rostov Institute of Engineering National Geodetic Survey, NOAA, Construction 6001 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, USA

Mining and Geodesy Naval Surface Weapons Center-Dahlgren Laboratory Publisher: the Leningrad Mining Institute Naval Surface Weapons Centre (NSWC), Dahlgren, VA 22448, USA Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fuÈ r Theoretische GeodaÈ sie der UniversitaÈ t Bonn Navigation Nussallee 17, 5300 Bonn 1, Germany Institut Francais de Navigation, 3, Avenue Octave Gre ard, 75340 Paris Cedex 07, France Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fuÈ r Astronomische und Physikalische GeodaÈ sie Technische UniversitaÈ tMuÈ nchen Navigation ± Journal of the Institute of Navigation Arcisstrasse 21, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 2, Germany The Institute of Navigation, Suite 832, 815, 15th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, USA 159

Netherlands Geodetic Commission- Publications on Proceedings of the National Astronomical Shternberg Geodesy-New Series Institut Netherlands Geodetic Commission, Publisher: the Moscow State University Thijsseweg 11, 2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands Proceedings of the National Research Institute of New Zealand Surveyor (The) Geomechanics and Mining Geodesy New Zealand Institute of Surveyors, Publisher: the Ministry of Coal Industry of the USSR Box 831, Wellington, New Zealand Proceedings of the Novosibirsk Institute of Geodesy, News of Higher Educational Institutions Series ``Geodesy Air-Survey and Cartography and Air-Survey'' Publisher: the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Proceedings of the Research Institute of Applied Geodesy specialized Education of RSFSR Publisher: The Chief Administration of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the Observatoire Royal de Belgique-Communications-Serie USSR 3-Serie Ge ophysique Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 3, Avenue Circulaire, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique Proceedings of the State Research and Productional Center ``Priroda'' OÈ sterreichische Zeitschrift fuÈ r Vermessungswesen und Publisher: The Chief Administration of Geodesy and Geoinformation Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the Schi€amsgasse 1-3, Postfach 50, A-1025 Wien, USSR Austria Proceedings of the Tomsk State University Ohio State University-Reports of the Department of Publisher: the Tomsk State University Geodetic Science and Surveying Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, Proceedings on Geodesy of the Vilnus Institute 1958 Neil Avenue, 43210 Columbus, Ohio, USA of Engineering Construction Publisher: the Vilnus Institute of Engineering Ordnance Survey Professional Paper Construction Ordnance Survey of Great Britain (OSGB), Romsey Road, Maybush, Southampton S09 4DH, UK Proce s-Verbaux des Seances de la Commission Ge ode sique Suisse Periodica Polytechnica ± Civil Engineering Commission Ge ode sique Suisse, ETH-Honggerberg, Technical University of Budapest CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland H-1521 Budapest, PO Box 91, Hungary Pubblicazioni dell'lstituto di Geodesia, Topogra®a Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors e Fotogrammetria ± Politechnico di Milano Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Istituto di Topogra®a, Fotogrammetria e Geo®sica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italia Planetary and Space Science Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Publications of the International Latitude Oxford OX3 OBW, UK Observatory of Mizusawa International Latitude Observatory, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Prace Instytut Geodezji i Kartogra®i Mizusawa-Shi, Iwate-Ken 023, Japan Polish Academy of Science, Space Research Centre, Department of Planetary Geodesy, Pure and Applied Geophysics (PAGEOPH) Pkin P. 2313, 00901 Warszawa, Poland Birkhauser Verlag, Bale, Switzerland

Proceedings of the Central Research Institute of Geodesy, Reports of the Department of Geodesy Air Survey and Cartography Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Publisher: the Chief Administration of Geodesy and Stockholm, Sweden Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR Reports of the National Astronomical Shternberg Institute Proceedings of the International Latitude Observatory Publisher: the Moscow State University of Mizusawa International Latitude Observatory, 2-12 Research in Geodesy, Air-Survey and Cartography Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa-Shi, Iwate-Ken 023, Japan Publisher: the Moscow Institute of Engineers of Geodesy, Air-Survey and Cartography Proceedings of the Moscow Institute of Land-Use Engineers Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics Publisher: the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2000 Florida Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, USA 160

Revista Brasileira de Cartogra®a Tectonophysics Societade Brasileira de Cartogra®a de Artes Gra®cas, Elsevier Scienti®c Publishing Company, Rua Riachuelo 128, Rio R5, Brazil Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Revista Cartogra®ca Tokyo Astronomical Observatory; Time and Latitude Instituto Panamericano de Geogra®a, Bulletins Ex-Arzobispado n° 29, Mexico 18, D.F., Mexico Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, Osawa Mitaka, Tokyo 181, Japan Revue Hydrographique Internationale Bureau Hydrographique International (BHI-IHB), Topogra®a y Cartogra®a 7, Ave du Pdt Kennedy, BP 345, 98000 Monaco Colegio O®cial de Ingenieros Tecnicos en Topogra®a Av. Reina Victoria, 66, 28014 Madrid, Spain Revista del Catastro e dei Servizi Tecnici Erariali Travaux de l'Association Internationale de Ge ode sie Rotation and Tidal Deformations of fhe Earth IAG Central Bureau, c/o Department of Geophysics Publisher: the Institute of Geophysics of the Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen é, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian USSR Denmark, Phone: +45 35320600, Fax: +45 35365357 Royal Greenwich Observatory, Time and Latitude Service E-mail: [email protected] Royal Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux Castle, Hailsham, Sussex BN27 1 RP, UK Unisurv University of New South Wales, Schriftenreihe des Studiengangs Vermessungswesen der School of Surveying, Sydney, Australia UniversitaÈ t der Bundeswehr MuÈ nchen UniversitaÈ t der Bundeswehr MuÈ nchen University of Calgary ± Publications of the D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany Division of Geomatics Engineering The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Special Report N.W., Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA University of New Brunswick-Department of Surveying Engineering ± Lecture Notes South African Survey Journal (The) University of New Brunswick, Central Council of Land Surveyors, Department P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, Canada of Land Surveying, University of Capetown, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa University of New Brunswick ± Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering ± Research Reports Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica University of New Brunswick, Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute, Czech. P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton N.B., E3B 5A3, Canada Acad. Sci., Bocni II Praha 4, Sporilov, Czech Rep University of New Brunswick ± Department of Geodesy Suomen Geodeettinen Laitoksen Julkaisuja and Geomatics Engineering ± Technical Reports (Publications of the Finnish Geodetic Institute) University of New Brunswick, Geodeettinen Laitos Geodetic Institute, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton N.B., E3B 5A3, Canada Ilmalankatu lA, SF-00240 Helsinki, Finland University of New South Wales-Monographs Suomen Geodeettinen Laitoksen Tiedonantoja (Reports of University of New South Wales, the Finnish Geodetic Institute) School of Surveying, Sydney, Australia Geodeettinen Laitos Geodetic Institute, Ilmalankatu lA, SF-00240 Helsinki, Finlano Vermessung, Photogrammetrie, Kulturtechnik Diagonal Verlags AG, Tafernstrasse 2, Survey Review CH-5405 Baden-Dattwil, Switzerland Directorate of Overseas Survey, Kingston Road, Tolworth Surbiton, UK Vermessungsingenieur Verband Deutscher Vermessungsingenieur (VDV) Surveying and Mapping e.V. D-4300 Essen, Moselstrasse 2, Germany American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, 210 Little Falls Street, Falls Church, VA 20046, USA Vermessungswesen und Raumordnung Danagkweg 80, D-5600 Wuppertal 1, Germany Tecnica Topogra®ca Colegio O®cial de Ingenieros Tecnicos en Topogra®a, Vero€entlichung des Geodatischen Instituts Paseo de la Castellana 210, 28046 Madrid, Spain der Rheinisch Westfalischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen 161

Vero€entlichungen der Bayerischen Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Kommission fuÈ r die Internationale Erdmessung Technischen UniversitaÈ t Dresden Bayerische Kommission fuÈ r die Internationale Mommsenstrasse 13, 8027 Dresden, Germany Erdmessung, Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 22, Germany Wuhan Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics-Special Publication Wild Reporter Wuhan, China Wild Heerbrugg Ltd., CH-9435 Heerbrugg, Switzerland XYZ Association Francaise de Topographie (AFT), Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten der Fachrichtung 140, Rue de Grenelle, 75700 Paris, France Vermessungswesen der UniversitaÈ t Hannover c/o Geodastisches Institut, Nienburger Strasse 7, Zeitschrift fuÈ r Vermessungswesen 3000 Hannover 1, Germany Verlag Konrad Wittwer, Postfach 147, D-7000 Stuttgart 1, Germany 162

PUBLICATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEODESY

I- Journal of Geodesy All these publications are available on request to: Springer Verlag Twelve issues per year: Journal Production Department annual subscription Heidelberger Platz 3, W-14197 Berlin, sale by unit (Springer-Verlag) Germany. contact Springer Verlag Fax 30/8 2787-440 Journal Production Department Heildelberger Platz 3, V- Bibliographie geodesique internationale W-14197 Berlin, Germany ± From 1928 to 1960: 10 issues II- Travaux de l'Association Internationale ± From 1961 de GeÂodeÂsie (IAG Central Bureau) ± Cards ± Monthly Review: ``Bibliographia Volumes edited after every General assembly Geodaetica'' (in English), including General Reports and national Reports available at : (separately from 1960) Zentralstelle fur Internationale Dokumentation Last volume (vol. 31 : Birmingham 1999) November der Geodasie Mommsenstrasse 13, 1999 ± Available on CD Rom Dresden 8027 Germany III- Publications Speciales A bibliographic service for geodesy is maintained by N¡ 1 ± Natural trogonometric functions IFAG (eight places, entry each centigrade) N¡ 2 ± (out of print). Address: N¡ 3 ± Geodetic Reference System 1967. Bundesamt fuÈ r Kartographie und GeodaÈ sie N¡ 4 ± International Gravity Standardization Net Auûenstelle Leipzig Karl-Rothe-Straûe (IGSN 1971). 10-14 D-04105, Germany Tel.: (+49 341) 5634 0 Fax: 5634 415 All these publications are available on request to: Acces via internet. IAG Central Bureau, http://www.leipzig.ifag.de c/o Department of Geophysics Juliane Maries Vej 30, VI- Catalogue of Reference Gravimetric DK-2100 Copenhagen é, Denmark. Stations along the European Coasts from Or via IAG homepage http://www.gfy.ku.dk/iag Norway to Italy

IV- Proceedings of the IAG-Symposia at the available at : IUGG General Assemblies International Gravity Commission Vienna 1991 (published by Springer-Verlag) Subcommission Western Europe Boulder 1995 (published by Springer-Verlag) Bayer Akademie der Wissenschaften, Birmingham 1999 (published by Springer-Verlag) Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 Munchen 22, (F.R.G.). 163

List of IAG National Correspondents

Albania Ethiopia Mr. Pandeli Stoja Dr. Laike Marian Asfaw Algeria Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Mr. Ali Halima-Mansour Ms. Natalija Bratuljevic Argentina Finland Dr. Ezequiel PallejaÁ Prof. Director General Risto Kuittinen Australia E-mail: Risto.Kuittinen@fgi.® Prof. Richard Coleman France E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Claude Boucher Austria E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Erhard Erker Germany E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Dr. Bernhard Heck Belgium E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Dr. Ir. Urbain Van Twembeke Great Britain Brazil Prof. Alan H. Dodson Prof. Denisar Blitzkow E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Greece Bulgaria Prof. Georges Veis Dr. Ivan G. Georgiev E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Guatemala Canada Dr. R.G. Carrera Dr. Spiros Pagiatakis Hungary E-mail: [email protected] Prof.-Dr. Jo zsef A da m Chile E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Pablo Gran Lopez Iceland China Mr. Agust Gudmundsson Prof. Jianguo Hu E-mail: o[email protected] E-mail: [email protected] India Croatia Prof. V.K. Gaur Prof. Kresimir Colic E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Indonesia Czech Prof. Klaas J. Villanueva Republic Dr. Petr Holota E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Iran Denmark Prof. Hossein Zomorrodian Dr. Frede Madsen Ireland E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Colin Bray Egypt E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Ali Abd-El-Azim Tealeb Israel E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Gershon Steinberg Estonia Italy Dr. Chief Specialist Ants Torim Prof. Fernando Sanso E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] 164

Japan Republic of Macedonia Prof. Dr. Shuzo Takemoto Mr. Boris Paunovski E-mail: [email protected] Romania Jordan Dr. Marian Rotaru Eng.Saliem Khalifa Russia E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Mikhail T. Prilepin Korea E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Bock-Mo Yeu Slovak Republic E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Ladislav Brimich Korea E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Kyu-Jon Cho Slovenia E-mail: [email protected] Miran Kuhar Korea E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Kim Dok Yong South Africa Lebanon Mr. Richard Wonnacott Mr. G. Mattar E-mail: [email protected] Luxembourg Ing. Germain Spain Breger E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Miguel J. Sevilla Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Abd. Majid A. Kadir Sudan E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Mohammed Bakhiet Malaysia Sweden Surveyor General Abdul Majid Mohamed Dr. Martin Ekman Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Samad Bin Haji Abu Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Alain Geiger Mexico E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Nestor Duch Gary Switzerland Mongolia Dir. F. Jeanrichard Mr. P. Galsan Taiwan Morocco Mr. Chun-Sung Chen Mr. Abderrahim Ben Yahia E-mail: [email protected] Mozambique Tanzania Mr. Jose Luis Quembo Dr. E.N. Njau Netherlands Thailand Prof. Dr. Ir. Peter J.G. Teunissen Lt. Gen. Paew Paewpisakun E-mail: [email protected] Tukey Nigeria Colonel Engineer Hikmet Meteris Prof. Francis Fajemirokun E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Tunisia Norway Dr. Mohamed Char® Dr. Bjorn Geirr Harsson Uruguay E-mail: [email protected] Cor. Y.A. Sequeira Pakistan USA Mr. Nastratullah Prof. Dr. Thomas A. Herring Philippines E-mail: [email protected] Commodore Renato Feir Venezuela E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Dr. IngHeinz Henneberg Poland E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Dr. Lubomir-Wlodzimierz Baran Vietnam E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Dang Hung Vo Poland Zimbabwe Prof.-Dr. Andrezj Sas-Uhrynowski Dr. Francis Podmore Portugal E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Joao Manuel Agria Torres E-mail: [email protected] 165 List of Addresses

This alphabetical list contains the addresses of: Fx: (62)-22-2530702, E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: www.gd.itb.ac.id ± The main ocers of the International Union of Geodesy and Abla, J., Dr., F, Geophysics Institut Ge ographique Cote d'Ivoire, B.P. 8029, CI-01 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, Ph: (225)-442204 ± The ocers of the International Association of Geodesy as well as the Abolghasem, Amir Masoud, Mr., A, members of the I.A.G. Commissions, Special Commissions and Special University of Stuttgart, Geodetic Institute, Geschwister scholl str. 24/D, Study Groups D-70174, Germany, Ph: (49) 4171 583 20, E-mail: [email protected] ± The I.A.G. registered participants in the XXI I.U.G.G. Assembly in Abols, Normunds, Director, A, Birmingham, July 1999 State Land Service of Latvia, National Surveying Centre, 11. Novembra krastmala, 31, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia, Ph: (371)-7227316, This list seems to be a very useful tool for all our readers. The list can also be Fx: (371)-7227858, E-mail: [email protected] found at WWW, at the following address: http://www.gfy.ku.dk/iag/ Abou Karaki, N., Mr., A, The list will be frequently updated. Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre, PO Box 414, Al Jbeihah, Jordan If you note errors, omissions, changes, etc., please send information to the Abtout, Abdeslam, IAG Central Bureau, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen Oe, Denmark E-mail: [email protected] fax: (45)-3536-5357 or e-mail: [email protected] Abu, Alhaji I., Dr., A, Survey Department, PO Box 191, Accra, Rep. of Ghana Codes: Abu, Samad Bin Haji, Mr., NC A, A = IAG Associate Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, 8th ¯oor, Bangunan Ukur, EC = Member of IAG Executive Committee Jalan Semarak, 50578 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Ph: (60) 803 2925490, F = Fellow Fx: (60) 603 2917457, E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: NC = National Correspondent http://www.jupem.gov.my Abusali, P.A.M., Dr., A, University of Texas, Center for Space Research, 3925 West Braker Lane, Aagren, Jonas, Suite 200, Austin TX 78759-5321, USA, Ph: (1)-512-471-7577, Royal Institute of Technology, Dept. of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Fx: (1)-512-471-3570, E-mail: [email protected] S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, E-mail: [email protected] Achilli, Vladimiro, Prof., A, Aardoom, Leendert F., Dr., F, University of Bologna, DISTART, Viale Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Kootwijk Observatory, PO Box 581, 7300 An Apeldoorn, Netherlands, Bologna, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-51-6443111, Fx: (39)-0-51-6484642 Ph: (31)-57-691-341, Fx: (31)-57-3691-344, E-mail: Ackermann, Fritz, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, GDSGKWK@HDETUD1 Universitaet Stuttgart, Institut fuer Photogrammetrie, Keplerstrasse 11, Abalakin, Victor, Acad., A, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany, Ph: (49)-711-121-3386, Pulkovo Observatory, Pulkovo M-140, St. Petersburg 196140, Russia, Fx: (49)-711-121-3500 Ph: (7)-812-598-2242/123-4400, Fx: (7)-812-123-3392/314-3360, E-mail: Acuna, Jacinto Edgar, A, [email protected] Servicio GeograÁ ®co Militar, 8 de Octubre 3255, Montevideo 11600, Abbot, Richard I., Dr., A, Uruguay, Ph: (59) 8-2-817 095, Fx: (59) 8-2-470 868 Á M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory, PO Box 73, Lexington MA 02173-0073, USA, AdaÁ m, Antal, Prof. Dr., A, Ph: (1)-617-981-5604, Fx: (1)-617-981-4591, E-mail: Geodetical and Geophysical Institute of the Hungarian Academy of [email protected] Sciences, P.O Box 5, Csatkai u. 6-8, H-9401 Sopron, Hungary, Abd-Elmotaal, Hussein, Ass. Prof., A, Ph: (36) 99 314 290, Fx: (36) 99 313 267, E-mail: [email protected]  Minia University, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ada m, Jo zsef, Prof.-Dr., NCF, Minia 61111, Egypt, Ph: (20)-2-2591541, Fx: (20)-2-2918059, E-mail: Technical University of Budapest, Department of Geodesy and Surveying, [email protected] P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36)-1-463-3222, Abdalla, Kamel Abdellatif, Dr., A, Fx: (36)-1-463-3192, E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: University of Khartoum, Head of Dept. of Surveying Engin., www.fgt.bme.hu Faculty of Sciences, Khartoum PO Box 321, Sudan, Adebekun, O.A., Mr., F, Ph: (249)-74994 ext. 142 P.O Box 52557, Falomo Ikoyi Lagos, Nigeria Abdel Razek, A., Mr., A, Adekoya, Ol, Mrs., A, Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre, PO Box 414, Al Jbeihah, Jordan Federal Survey Department, Dep. Surveyor General of the Federation, 5 Abdelmajid, Ben Hdj Salem, Engineer, A, Tafawa Balewa Square, WAN-12596 Lagos, Nigeria, Ph: (234)-1-2632923 Oce de la Topographie et de la Cartographie, Cite Administrative, 8000 Adekugbe-Joseph, A.O., A, ± Nabeul, Tunisia, Ph: (216)-2-285216, Fx: (216)-2-271670 University of Ibadan, Center for Fundamental Study, Oyo State, P. O. Abdeslem, Abtout, Dr., A, Box 22415, Nigeria, E-mail: [email protected] CRAAG, B.P. 63 Bouzareah, 16340 Algiers, Algeria, Ph: (2)-941157/1118, Aduol, F.W.O., Dr.-Ing., A, Fx: (2)-941157 University of Nairobi, Dept. of Surveying, PO Box 30 197, Nairobi, Abdu, M.A., Dr., A, Kenya, Ph: (254)-2-334-244, Fx: (254)-2-336-885 Inst. Natl. Pesquisas Espaciais, Head of Aeronomy Division, Av dos Afonso, Germano, Dr., A, Astronautas, 1758, 12.227-10 Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil, Univ. Federal do ParanaÁ , Caixa Postal 19098, 81531 Curitiba ParanaÁ , Ph: (55)-123-22-9977 ext. 224, Fx: (55)-123-21-8743 Brazil, Ph: (55)-41-244-8762, Fx: (55)-41-264-2243 Abdullabekov, K., A, Afsari, Maryam, Dr., A, Institute of Seismology, Uzbekistan Khurshid str. 3, Tashkent 700128, Dour Cov. Surveying Consulting, Pirouzi St., Tehran 17666, Iran Uzbekistan, E-mail: [email protected] Agarwal, G.C., Mr., A, Abe, H., A, Survey of India, Nathi Barka Estate, PO Box 77 17 East Canal Road, Marubun Corporation, 8-1 Nihonbashi Odenmacho, Chuo-ku Tokyo Dehra Dun-248001, India 103, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Agnew, Duncan C., Dr., A, Abele, Maris, Mr., A, University of California, Inst. Geophysics & Planetary Physic, 9500 38 Poruka, Cesis, Latvia Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA Abell, M.D., Mr., A, Aguayo, Eduardo, Dr., A, Geodetic Research and Development Lab., 1305 East-West Highway, CmyL UNAM, Apartado Postal 70-305, Mexico 04510, Mexico, Silver Spring MD 20910-3281, USA Fx: (52)-5-616 2745 Abidin, Hasanuddin Z., Dr., A, NC, Aguilar, Luis Aguilar Escalante, Director, Ing., A, Bandung Institute of Technology, Dept. of Geodesy, Ganesha st. 10, Universidad Nacional Costa Rica, Apdo. 86, 3000 Heredia, Costa Rica, 40132 Bandung, Indonesia, Ph: (62)-22-2530701 ext. 3685, Ph: (506)-37 636 32335, Fx: (506)-37 636 32334 166

Aguilar Bulgarelli, Oscar, Dr., A, AlmazaÁ nGaÁ rate, Jose Luis, Mr., A, Apartado Postal 29-1007, 1007 San Jose , Costa Rica, Ph: (506)-233-3642, Paseo de Juan XXIII 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Ph: (34)-9-1-2330768, Fx: (506)-233-7806 Fx: (34)-9-1-5547906 Aguirre-Martinez, Miguel, Mr., A, Alnaggar, Dalal S., Prof., Director, A, European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1 PO Box 299, NL-2200 Noordwijk, 308 Alahram Street/Talbia, Giza 12111, Egypt, Ph: (202) 5867174, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-17-1983828, Fx: (31)-171984696 Fx: (202) 5849283, E-mail: [email protected] Ahmar, A.R., Ing., A, Alpar, G., Dr., A, Service Ge ographique de l'Arme e, B.P. 3094, Damas, Syria Inst. of Geod. Cart. and Remote Sensing, Foldmeresi Intezet, PO Box Ahn, Chul-Ho, Dr., A, 546, H-1373 Budapest, Hungary Seoul National University, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Alshammari, Abdullah A., Mr., A, Engineering, Gwanak-ku Seoul 151, Korea SA-11662 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Ajakaiye, Deborah-Enilo, Dr., F, Altamimi, Zuheir, Dr., A, University of Houston, Dept. of Geosciences, University of Houston, Institut Ge ographique National, LAREG, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Cite Houston, TX 77204-5503, USA, Ph: (713) 743 9146/(713) 349 8892, Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, France, Ph: (33)-1-4398-8209, Fx: (713) 743 9164, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (33)-1-4398-8488, E-mail: [email protected] Aksnes, K., Dr., A, Altis, S., Dr., A, Inst. of Theor. Astrophysics, PO Box 1029, Blindern Oslo 3, Norway, Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Ph: (47)-63-807000 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan Aksoy, Ahmet, Prof. Dr. Ing., A, Altunin, Valery, Dr., A, Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 80626 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey, Ph: (90)-212-285-3824, Fx: (90)-212-285-6587 USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-3358, Fx: (1)-818-393-6228 Al Hijaj, Aiimed, Amagai, Jun, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Communications Research Laboratory, Radio Astronomy Applications Al-Haidey, Khalef Ali, Mr., A, Section, Hirai 893-1 Kashima-machi Ibaraki-ken 314, Japan, E-mail: Central Directorate For Surveying, SA-11492 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [email protected] Al-Jayar, Hamed Kh., Maj., A, Amalvict, Martine, Dr., A, Military Survey Dept., PO Box 53282, SA-11583 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, 5 rue Rene Descartes, Ph: (966)-1-465-3292/212, Fx: (966)-1-463-3668 F-67084 Strasbourg cedex, France, Ph: (33)-3-88416465, Al-Rizzo, Hussain, Mr., A, Fx: (33) 3 88417477, E-mail: [email protected] EMR Microwave Technology Corp., 64 Alison Blvd. Suite 105, Ambrosius, Boudewijin A. C., Dr., A, Fredericton N.B. E3C 1N2, Canada, Ph: (1)-506-459-4334, Delft University of Technology, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, Fx: (1)-506-459-4345, E-mail: [email protected] Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-785173, Al-Sagarat, Nedal, Mr., A, Fx: (31)-15-783444, E-mail: [email protected] Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre, Amman 20214, Jordan Amoui, Teymour, Mr., A, Al-Theabi, Abdallah Rowdan, Mr., A, National Cartographic Center, Me'raj St. PO Box 13185-1684, Tehran, Military Survey Dept., PO Box 53282, SA-11583 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Ph: (98)-21-901391, Fx: (98)-21-901971 Fx: (966)-4563048 Ananda, M., Dr., A, Alalyany, Mohamed, Mr., A, Aerospace Corporation, P.O. Box 92957, Los Angeles CA 90009-2957, Military Survey Dept., PO Box 53282, SA-11583 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia USA Alania, T., Prof., A, Ananga, Nyarba, Dr., A, Initiative Group of Georgian Geophys. Soc., Institute of Geophysics, Ac. The University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Enginering and Sci. Georgia Ruckadze st 1, Tbilisi 380093, Georgia Surveying, Toowomba QLD 4350, Australia, Ph: (61)-7631-2537, Alba, Salvador, A, Fx: (61)-7631-2526, E-mail: [email protected] Conselleria d'Obres Publiques, Prat de la Creu, s/n, Andorra la Vella, Andersen, Niels, Dr., A, Andorra National Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic Division, Rentemestervej 8, Alberda, J.E., Prof., A, DK- 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark, Ph: (45)-3587-5283, Delft University of Technology, Afdeling Geodesie, Fx: (45)-3587-5052, E-mail: [email protected] Thijsseweg 11, NL-2629 JA Delft, Netherlands, Andersen, Ole Baltazar, F, EC, Ph: (31)-15-278-2819, Fx: (31)-15-278-2348 National Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic Division, Rentemestervej 8, Albertella, Alberta, Dr., A, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark, Ph: (45)-3587-5319, Politecnico di Milano, Ambientale e del Rilevamento, Piazza Leonardo da Fx: (45)-3587-5052, E-mail: [email protected] Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-223996502, Andersen, Ole Bedsted, Dr., A, Fx: (39)-0-223996530, E-mail: [email protected] National Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic Division, Rentemestervej 8, Albertz, Joerg, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, DK- 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark, Ph: (45)-3587-5320, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Inst. fuer Photogram. und Kart. Sekr. Fx: (45)-3587-5057, E-mail: [email protected] EB9, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany, Andersen, Per Helge, Dr., A, Ph: (49)-30-31423331, Fx: (49)-30-31421104, E-mail: NDRE/MAT, PO Box 25, N-2007 Kjeller, Norway, Ph: (47)-63-807407, [email protected] Fx: (47)-63-807212, E-mail: [email protected] Albouy, Y., Dr., A, Anderson, Allen Joel, Prof., A, ORSTOM, 70-74 route d'Alnay, 93140 Bondy, France, NASA/HQ, Earth Science & Applications code SED, 600 Independance Ph: (33)-1-4802-5555, Fx: (33)-1-4847-3088 Avenue SW, Washington DC 20546, USA, Ph: (1)-202-863-3990, Aldridge, Keith D., Prof., A, Fx: (1)-202-863-3995 York University, Department of Earth Science, 4700 Keele St., North Anderson, David, York ONT M3J IP3, Canada University of Colorado, CIRES, NOAA/SEC, 325 Boardway, Boulder, Alexeev, Valery A., Dr., A, CO 80302, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Radiophysical Research Institute, VLBI division, Bolshaya Pecherskaya Andre , Giles, Mr., A, st. 24/14, Nigny Novgorod (Gorky) 603600, Russia, Ph: (7)-831-236-5421, Geodetic Branch Military Survey, Elmwood Avenue, Fx: (7)-831-236-6639 Feltham Middlesex TW13 7AH, Great Britain, Alfoeldi, La szlo , Prof. Dr., A, Ph: (44)-181-818-2225, Fx: (44)-181-818-2574 Va rosmajor u. 8 IV.em.1., H-1122 Budapest, Hungary, Andreasen, Christian, Rear Admiral, IHO Pres. Ph: (36) 1 155 2032 International Hydrographic Bureau, 7 ave Pr. J.F. Kennedy BP 445, Allacher, Harry J., A, MC-98000 Monte-Carlo, Monaco, Ph: (33)-9350-6587, Fx: (33)-9325-2003 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109, Andriamihaja, S., Mr., A, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Institut National de Ge ode sie et Cartographie, Directeur, Lalana Allo, Babatunde, Mr., A, Dama-Ntsoha R.J.B. B.P. 323, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar, Federal Survey Department, 5 Tafawa Balewa Square, WAN-12596 Ph: (261)-229-35 Lagos, Nigeria, Ph: (234)-1-633058, Fx: (234)-1-634492 Andritsanos, Vassilios D, A, AlmaÁ r, IvaÁ n, Prof., A, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Dept. of Geodesy & Surveying, Konkoly Observatory, PO Box 67, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary, University Box 474, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece, E-mail: Ph: (36)-1-175-5866, Fx: (36)-1-156-9640, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] 167

Anger, Gottfried, Prof. Dr., A, Aristide, Rossi, Dr., A, Martin-Luther Universitaet, Rathausstr. 13 wg 11/09, D-10178 Berlin, Int. Inst. for Geothermal Res., C.N.R., Piazza Solferino 2, I-56100 Pisa, Germany, Ph: (49)-30-2411779 Italy, Ph: (39)-0-50-41503/46069, Fx: (39)-0-50-47055 Angerman, D., Mr., A, Arnaldo Guzman, Pablo, Ing., A, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A17, D-14473 Instituto Geogra®co Nacional, Apartado Postal 247, Av. J. Bertis N 79, Potsdam, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] Delgado, San Salvador, El Salvador, Ph: (50) 3-276-5900, Angsuwathana, Prayong, Mr., A, Fx: (50) 3-276-4769 Ministry of Industry, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand Arnet, Felix, Mr., A, Angus-Leppan, Peter V., Prof., ECOF, University of Utah, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 706 WBB, Salt Tamsin PTY Ltd., PO Box 51, Coogee NSW 2034, Australia, Lake City, UT 84112, USA Ph: (61)-2-9665-9009, Fx: (61)-2-9665-9862 Arur, M.G., Brig., F, Anselmi, Alberto, Mr., A., C/O Mrs Rama Basrur, 433/16 Saraswat Colony, Somwarpeth Pune E-mail: [email protected] 411001, India Antes, Ernst, Dipl.-Ing., A, Asfaw, Laike Marian, Dr., NC A, Bundesamt fur Eich- und Vermessungswesen, Abteilung P3, Hintere Addis Abbeba University, Director Geophysical Observatory, Zollamtsstr. 4, A-1030 Wien, Austria, Ph: (43)-1-71123/2629, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Abbeba, Ethiopia, Ph: (251)-1-117253, Fx: (43)-1-713-0610 Fx: (251)-1-517454 Antunes, Carlos, Ashby, Neil, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] University of Colorado, Dept. of Physics Campus Box 390, Boulder CO Anundsen, Karl, Prof. Dr., A, 80309, USA, Ph: (1)-303-492-6196, E-mail: Universitet i Bergen, Geologisk Institutt, Alle gaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, nashby%[email protected] Norway, Ph: (47)-552-13502, Fx: (47)-553-24416, E-mail: Ashjaee, Javad, Dr., A, [email protected] Javad Positioning Systems, 1731 Technology Drive, San Jose, Anzidei, Marco, Dr., A, CA 95110-1319, USA, Ph: (1)-408-453-2200, Fx: (1)-408-453-5200, Istituto Nationale di Geo®sica, Via di Vigna Murata 605, I-00143 Roma, E-mail:[email protected], Homepage: www.javad.com Italy, Ph: (39)-0-6-51860214, Fx: (39)-0-6-5041181 Ashkenazi, Vidal, Professor, F, Aoyama, Yuchi, The University of Nottingham, Institute of Engineering Surveying E-mail: [email protected] & Space Geodesy (IESSG), University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, Arabelos, Dimitris, Prof. Dr.-Ing., F, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-115 951 3880, Fx: (44)-115 951 3881, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Dept. of Geodesy & Surveying, E-mail: [email protected] University Box 474, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece, Ph: (30)-31-996091, Ashour, A.A., Prof., A, Fx: (30)-31-996408, E-mail: [email protected] 9 Mohammed Saleh St., Dokki-Cairo, Egypt, Ph: (20)-2-727435/703806, Araki, H., Dir., A, Fx: (20)-727556/(20)-2-628884, E-mail: ASHOUR@EGFRCUVX National Astronomical Observatory, National Astronomical Astraldi, Mario, Dr., A, Observatory, 2-12 Hoshigaoka-cho, Mizusawa, Iwate 023, Japan, Consiglio Nazionale delle Recerche (SDGM), Stazione Oceanogra®ca, c/o E-mail: [email protected] Centro ENEA di S. 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Box 316, 19100 La Spezia, Italy, Aramaki, Shigeo, Prof., A, Ph: (39)-0-187-536111, Fx: (39)-0-187-970585 Dept. of Earth Sciences, Sakura-Josui, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 156, Japan, Au, Andrew Y., Dr., A, Ph: (81)-3-5317-9726/3991-1685, Fx: (81)-3-3303-9899/3991-1685, Hughes STX, 7701 Greenbelt Rd. suite 400, Greenbelt MD 20770, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (301)-794-5369, Fx: (301)-306-1010, E-mail: Araneda-Cabrera, Manuel, Prof., A, [email protected] Universidad de Chile, Depart. de Geologia y Geo®sica, Blanco Encalada Augath, Wolfgang, Prof., F, 2085, Casillia 2777 Santiago, Chile, Ph: (56)-2-696-8790, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062 Dresden, Fx: (56)-2-696-8686 Germany, Ph: (49)-351-463-4249, Fx: (49)-351-463-7106 Arauz, Roger Argenal, A, Aunap, Raivo, Mr., A, Instituto de Investigacio n Sismica, Apartado 1761, Institute of Geography, Tartu University, Vanemuise 46, EE 2400 Tartu, Managua, Nicaragua Estonia, Ph: (372)-34-3-0605, Fx: (372)-34-3-0727, E-mail: Araya, Jorge H., A, [email protected] Universidad Nactional, Escuela de Geodesia, Apartado 564, 3000 Aviles Haslam, Cesar, Ing., A, Heredia, Costa Rica Instituto Nicaraguense de Estudios Territorales Frente a O®cinas Arca, S., Mr., A, Centrales de INSSBI, Apartado Postal 2110, Managua, Nicaragua, Istituto Geogra®co Militare, Via F.T. Baracchini 61, I-50127 Firenze, Ph: (50) 5-2-491-890 Italy Axelrad, Penny, Ms., A., Archinal, Brent A., Dr., A, Aerospace Engineering Sciences, Colorado Center for Astrodynamics US Naval Observatory, Earth Orientation Parameters Division, 3450 Research, University of Colorado, CB 431, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Massachusetts Ave N.W., Washington DC 20392-5420, USA, Ph: (1)-303-492-6872, Fx: (1)-303-492-2835, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1)-202-762-1564, Fx: (1)-202-762-1563, E-mail: Ayala, Conxi, Dr., A, [email protected] Facultat de Geologia, Dept. Geol. Dinamica, Geo®sica i Paleontologia, Archiniegas-Ortega, Susan R., Mrs., A, Zona Universitaria de Pedralbes, 08071 Barcelona, Spain, Federico Paez 255 y Guanguiltauga, Batan Alto, Ecuador Ph: (34)-9-3-4021373, Fx: (34)-9-3-40211340 Arciniegas, Susana R., Sra. Ing., A, Ayan, Tev®k, Prof. Dr., A, Instituto Geogra®co Militar, PO Box 6741, La Paz, Bolivia, Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 80626 Fx: (59) 3-2-569 097, E-mail: [email protected] Maslak/Istanbul, Turkey Arent, Norbert, Mr, A, Ayhan, Emin, Dr., A, Bonn University, Institut fuer Theoretische Geodaesie, Nussallee 17, General Command of Mapping, Geodesy Department, Harita Genel D-53115 Bonn, Germany, Ph: (49)-228-733395 Komutanligi, 06100 Cebeci Ankara, Turkey, Ph: (90)-312-3197740, Argollo, J., Dr., A, Fx: (90)-312-3201495 Centro de Investigaciones Geologicas, Apartado 12198 Pabellon 3, Ayo, E., Mr., A, La Paz, Bolivia Geological Surveys, Kaduna South, Nigeria Arias, Elisa Felicitas, Dr., A, Aziz, Mohamed, Dr., A., Facultad de Ciencias Astron. y Geophis., Buenos Aires Naval Geography Department, College of Social Sciences, Kuwait University, Observatory, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina, P.O. Box. 68168 Kaifan, Code No. 71962 Kuwait, State of Kuwait Ph: (54)-21-217308/(54)-1-361-4644, Fx: (54)-21-211761/(54)-1-361-1162, Aziz, T.L., Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Bandung Institute of Technology, Dept. of Geodesy, Jalan Ganesha 10, Arismendi, Jose , Prof. Dr., A, 40132 Bandung, Indonesia Instituto de Ingenieria Carretera, Hoya de la Puerta ± Baruta, Urb. Aziz, Wan Abdul, Dr., A, Monte, E lena II, Entrada IDEA, CPDI, Apartado Postal 40200, Alfos de University College London, Department of Phot. & Surveying, Gower Sartenejas-Edo. Miranda, Caracas 1040-A, Venezuela, Street, London WC1E 6BT, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-071-3877050, Ph: (58)-2-942-0025/0045, Fx: (58)-2-942-0445 Fx: (44)-071-3800453 168

Azmoudeh-Ardalan, Alireza, A, Balogun, A.A., Mr., A, University of Stuttgart, Geodetic Institute, Geschwister-Scholl St. 24D, Federal Survey Department, 5 Tafawa Balewa Square, WAN-12596 Stuttgart 70174, Germany, Ph: (49) 711 121 3285, E-mail: Lagos, Nigeria [email protected] Bang Wen, Dai, Prof., A, Baarda, W., Prof., F, Shanghai Seismological Bureau, 87 Lan Xi Road, 200062 Shanghai, Rocvhussemstr. 16, NL-2613 BX Delft, Netherlands, China, Ph: (86)-21-2570240, Fx: (86)-21-2572242/2685 Ph: (31)-15-2122540 Banni, Aldo, Dr., A, Babbage, G.A., Mr., A, Astron. Lat. Astron. Station of Cagliari, Loc. Poggio Dei Pini Strada 54, Geodetic Survey of Canada, Surveys & Mapping Branch, 615 Booth I-09012 Capotera, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-70-725246, Fx: (39)-0-70-725425, street, Ottawa Ontario K1A OE9, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-995-4024/992-2678, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (1)-613-996-6424 Banyai, La zlo , Dipl.Ing., A, Babcock, Alice, Dr., A, Geodetic and Geophysical Res. Institute of the Hungarian Academy US Naval Observatory, 3450 Massachusetts Ave N.W., Washington DC of Sciences, P.O Box 5, Csatkai u. 6-8, H-9401 Sopron, Hungary, 20392-5420, USA, Ph: (1)-202-653-1509 Ph: (36)-99-314-290, Fx: (36)-99-313-267, Bachem, H. Chr., Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Dept. GPS/Gravity, Geco-Prakla, Buchholzerstr. 100, D-30655 Baraka, Moustafa Ahmed, Dr., A, Hannover, Germany, Ph: (49)-511-6421341, Fx: (49)-511-6421340 Faculty of Engineering, Public Works Dept. Surveying, Cairo University, Baer, Baerbel, Dr.-Ing., A, Giza, Egypt Institut fuer Angewandte Geodaesie Auss. Leipzig, Baran, Lubomir-Wlodzimierz, Prof. Dr., NCF, Aussenstelle Leipzig, Karl-Rothe-Strasse 10-14, D-04105 Leipzig, Olsztyn University of Agriculture & Technology, Institute of Technology, Germany, Ph: (49)-341-5634-413, Fx: (49)-341-5634-415, Oczapowskiego Str. 1, PL 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland, Ph: (48)-89-5233279, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (48)-89-5234768, E-mail:[email protected], Bagge, Andreas, Dipl.-Ing., A, Homepage: www2.art.olsztyn.pl/wgigp/ Geo++ GmbH, Osteriede 8-10, 30827 Garbsen, Germany, Barbadillo, Antonio, Ing., A, Ph: (49)-513-4687-0, Fx: (49)-513-4689-99, E-mail: Instituto GeograÁ ®co Nacional, Jefe Servicio de Geodesia, Calle General [email protected] Ibanez Ibero 3, 28003 Madrid, Spain, Ph: (34)-9-1-5548961, Baghous, B., Dr., A, Fx: (34)-9-1-5549536, E-mail: [email protected] National Research Institute of Astronomy & Geophysics, Head of Space Barbarella, M., Prof., A, Science Dept., Helwan, Cairo, Egypt Universita Ancona, Dip. Scienze Materiali e Terra, Via Brecce Bianche, Bahr, Heinz-Guenter, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Ancona, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-71-5893406 Fachbereich Vermessungswegen, FH Anhalt, Gropiusallee 38, D-06846 Barbato, Fabian, Surveyor Engineer, A, Dessau, Germany, Ph: (49)-340-619430, Fx: (49)-340-619433 Universidad de la Repáblica, Facultad de Ingenieria, Julio Herrera y Bai, Bo, Director of International Cooperation, Dr., A, Reissig 565, Casilla de Correo 30, Montevideo, Uruguay, National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, Baiwanzhuang, 100830 Ph: (59) 82-710395, Fx: (59) 82-715446, E-mail: [email protected] Beijing, China, Ph: (86)-1-831-1564/832-2012, Fx: (86)-1-831-1564 Bari, M.Q., Mr., A, Baick, Eun-Kee, Prof., A, Survey of Pakistan, Muree Road PO Box 1068, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Seoul City University, Cheonong-Dong Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-743, Barker, Slade, Dr., A, Korea Stennis Space Center, Naval Oceanographic Oce Code N3, Mississipi Bailly, Andre ,M., 39522, USA, Ph: (1)-601-688-5834, Fx: (1)-601-688-4639 Association Fran´aise de Topographie, 140 rue de Grenelle, 75700 Paris Barlier, Francois, Dr., A, SP 07, France OA/CERGA, Avenue N. Copernic, 06130 Grasse, France, Bajracharya, Rajendra, Mr., A, Ph: (33)-4-9340-5346, Fx: (33)-4-9340-5333, E-mail: [email protected] 2300 Arapahoe # 336, Boulder, CO 80302, USA Barriga, Rodrigo, Mayor, A., Baker, David, Academia Politecnica Militar, San Ignacio 242, RCH-21 Santiago, Chile, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (562)-6990482, Fx: (562)-6968818, E-mail: [email protected] Baker, Helen, Ms., A., Barriot, Jean-Pierre, Dr., A, The University of Nottingham, Institute of Engineering Surveying & Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, CNES/GS, 18 Avenue Edouard Space Geodesy (IESSG), University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, Great Belin, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-6133-2894, Britain, Ph: (44)-115-951-3924, Fx: (44)-115-951-3881, E-mail: Fx: (33)-5-6125-3098, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Bartel, Norbert, Dr., A, Baker, Trevor F., Prof., F, York University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Bidston Observatory, Birkenhead, 4700 Keele St., North York ONT M3J IP3, Canada, Merseyside L43 7RA, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-151-653-8633, Ph: (1)-416-736-5424, Fx: (1)-416-736-5516, E-mail: Fx: (44)-151-653-6269, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Bakhiet, Mohammed, Mr., NCA, Bartelme, Norbert, Dr., A, Sudan Nat. Com. of Geodesy, PO Box 306, Khartoum, Sudan Technical University of Graz, Institut fuer Theoraetische Geodesie, Bakkelid, S., Dr., A, Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Ph: (43)-316-873-6348, Siriusveien 10, N-1400 Ski, Norway, Ph: (47)-64-946589 Fx: (43)-316-813247 Baldi, Paolo, Prof., A, Bartha, Gabor, Dr., A, University of Bologna, Department of Physics & Geophysics, Viale Berti Geodetic and Geophysical Res. Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Pichat 8, I-40127 Bologna, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-51-6305011, Sciences, P.O Box 5, Csatkai u. 6-8, H-9401 Sopron, Hungary, Fx: (39)-0-51-6305058, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (36)-99-14290, Fx: (36)-99-13267 Ballani, Ludwig, Dr., F, Barthelmes, Franz, Dr., A, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A17, D-14473 GeoForschungs Zentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A17, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] Potsdam, Germany, Ph: (49)-331-288-1143, Fx: (49)-331-288-1111, Bally, Albert W., Mr., ICL President, E-mail: [email protected] Rice University, Geology&Geophysics, PO Box 1892, Houston TX 77251, Barzaghi, Riccardo, Dr., F, USA, Ph: (1)-713-527-4880, Fx: (1)-713-285-5214 Politecnico di Milano, Istituto di Topogra®a, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci Balmino, Georges, Prof., F, 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-2-2399-6504/6506, Groupe de Recherche en Ge ode sie Spatiale, Directeur Bureau Fx: (39)-0-2-2399-6530, E-mail: [email protected] Gravime trique International, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31055 Basic, Tomislav, Dr., A, Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-6133-2889/2980, Fx: (33)-5-6125-3098, Geodetski Fakultet, University Zagreb, Kaciceva 26, 41000 Zagreb, E-mail: [email protected] Croatia, Ph: (385)-1-4561-237, Fx: (385)-1-445-410, E-mail: Balodimos, D., Mr., A, [email protected] National Technical University of Athens, Laboratory of General Survey, Basist, Alan, Mr., A, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Str., GR-15773 Zographou Athens, Greece NOAA (Maryland), 5200 Auth Road, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA Balodis, Janis, Prof., A, Basker, Guy, Dr., A, University of Latvia, Satellite Geodesy and Geoinformation Systems, University of Nottingham, IESSG, University Park, Boulevard Rainis 19, LV-0516 Riga, Latvia, Ph: (371)-2-2244128, Nottingham NG7 2RD, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-602-484848, Fx: (371)-2-225039 Fx: (44)-602-508616 169

Bastos, Luisa, Dr., A, Bennett, Richard, Observatorio Astronomico, Universidade do Porto, Monte da Virgem, E-mail: [email protected] 4400 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal, Ph: (352)-2-782-0404, Benning, Wilhlem, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Fx: (352)-2-782-7253, E-mail: [email protected] Technische Hochschule Aachen, Direktor des Geodaetischen Instituts, Bauch, Alfred, Dr., A, Templergraben 55, D-52076 Aachen, Germany, Ph: (49)-241-805300, Technical University of Munich, Inst. fuer Astronomische und Fx: (49)-241-804413 Physikalische Geodaesie, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80290 Munich, Germany, Berberich, Mr., A, Ph: (49)-289-2-3192, Fx: (49)-289-2-3178 Landesvermessungsamt Sachsen, Olbrichtplatz 3, 01099 Dresden, Baudry, Alain, Dr., A, Germany Observatoire de Bordeaux, 3327O Floirac, France, Ph: (33)-5-5686-4330, Bergamini, Eduardo Withaker, Dr., A, Fx: (33)-5-5640-4251, E-mail: Inst. Natl. Pesquisas Espaciais, ATSME, Av dos Astronautas, 1758, [email protected] 12.227-10 Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil, Ph: (55)-12-325-6166, Bauer, Mr., A, Fx: (55)-12-325-6150, E-mail: E.W. [email protected] Thuringer Landesvermessungsmat, Postfach 907, Berger, Andre L., Prof., A, 99018 Erfurt, Germany Universite Catholique de Louvain, Unite d'Astronomie et de Bayer, Michael, Mr., Ge ophysique, 2 Chemin du Cyclotron, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, University of Kaiserslautern, Geomathematics Group, KSM26, P.O. Box Belgium, Ph: (32)-10-473303/3274, Fx: (32)-10-474722, 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany, Ph: (49) 631 205-3620, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (49) 631 29081, E-mail: [email protected] Bergeron, J., Dr., Beavan, R. John, Dr., A, Institut d'Astrophysique, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt, Ph: (33)-1-43201425, Fx: (33)-1-40512100, E-mail: New Zealand, Ph: (64)-4-570-1444, Fx: (64)-4 -566-6168, E-mail: IAU@FRIAP51 IAPOBS::IAU [email protected] Bernard, A., Mr., A, Beck, Norman, Mr., A, ONERA, Direction de la Physique Ge ne rale, 29 Avenue de la Division Geodetic Survey of Canada, 615 Booth Street, Ottawa, Leclerc, 92322 Chatillon, France, Ph: (33)-1-4673-4833, Ontario K1A OE9, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-995-2923, Fx: (1)-613-992-6628, Fx: (33)-1-4673-4148 E-mail: [email protected] Berry, Michael J., Dr., ICL Secretary General, Becker, Jean-Marie, Mr., A, Geological Survey of Canada, Geophysics Division, 3 Observatory National Land Survey of Sweden, S-801 82 Gaevle, Sweden, Crescent, Ottawa Ontario K1A OY3, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-995-5484, Fx: (46)-2661-0676 Fx: (1)-613-952-9088, E-mail: [email protected] Becker, Matthias, Dr. Ing., F, Berry, Philippa Anne, Dr., A, Bundesamt fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie, Richard Strauss Allee 11, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, D-60598 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Ph: (49)-69-6333-263, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking Surrey RH5 6NT, Great Britain, Fx: (49)-69-6333-425, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (44)-483-274111, Fx: (44)-483-278312, E-mail: [email protected] Behrend, Dirk, Dipl.-Ing., A, Bertiger, William I., Dr., A, University of Hannover, Institute of Geodesy, Nienburger Strasse 6, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-600, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, Ph: (49)-511-762-3397, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-4990, Fx: (1)-818-393-4965, Fx: (49)-511-762-4006, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Belikov, M., Dr., A, Bertola, Hugo Ruben, Mr. Ing. Mil., A, Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, 10 Naberezhnaya Kutuzova, St. Instituto Geogra®co Militar, Cabildo 381, 1426 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Petersburg 191187, Russia, Ph: (7)-812-2728830 Ph: (54)-1-771 8838, Fx: (54)-1-776 1611 Belkaid, Zaky, Ing., A, Bertotti, Bruno, Prof., A, Institut National de Cartographie, 123 rue de Tripoli BP 69, Hussein Dey Universita di Pavia, Dip. di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, via U. Bassi 6, Alger, Algeria, Ph: (213)-2-774002 I-27100 Pavia, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-382-392435, Fx: (39)-0-382-52693839, Bell, Robin E., Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Lamont-Doherty, Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades Beth, Stefan, Mr., A, NY 10964, USA, Ph: (1)-914-365-8827, Fx: (1)-914-365-0718, E-mail: University of Kaiserslautern, Geomathematics Group, KSM26, [email protected] P.O. Box 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany, Ben Hadj Salem, Abdelmajid, Dipl. Eng., A, Ph: (49) 631 205 3620, Fx: (49) 631 29081, E-mail: Oce de la Topographie et de la Cartographie, BP 564, 3000-Sfax, [email protected] Tunisia, Ph: (216)-04-299-521, Fx: (216)-04-299-521 Bettadpur, Scivinas V., Mr., A, Ben Sari, Driss, Dr., A, University of Texas, Center for Space Research, 3925 West Braker Lane, Centre Nat. de Planif. et de Coord. de la Rech. Scient. et Techn., Suite 200, Austin TX 78759-5321, USA, Ph: (1)-512-471-7587, Directeur, Rabat, Morocco Fx: (1) 512 471-5573, E-mail: [email protected] Ben Yahia, Abderrahim, Mr., NC A, Betti, Barbara, Dr., A, Universite Hassan II, Service de la Ge ode sie, 31 avenue Hassan I, Politecnico di Milano, Istituto di Topogra®a, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci MA-Rabat, Morocco, Ph: (212)-7-771758 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-2-2399-6506, Fx: (39)-0-2-2399-6530, Benahmed Daho, S.A., A, E-mail: [email protected] National Centre of Spatial Techniques-CNTS, Geodetic Laboratory, Beus, W., Dipl.-Ing., A, BP13, Arzew 31200, Algeria Landesvermessungsamt, Rheinland Pfalz, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse Benarab, Ljamal, Ing., A, 15, 56010 Koblenz, Germany Institut National de Cartographie, 123 rue de Tripoli BP 69, Hussein Dey Beutler, Gerhard, Prof. Dr., EC O F, 1st Vice President IAG, Alger, Algeria, Ph: (213)-2-774215 Astronomical Institute of Bern, Director, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Benavides, A.V., Dr., A, Switzerland, Ph: (41)-31-631-8591, Fx: (41)-31-631-3869, E-mail: Observatorio San Calixto, Casilla 5939, La Paz, Bolivia [email protected] Benavidez, Alberto Sosa, Dr., A, Bevin, A.J., Mr., A, Universidad de la Republica, Francisco Solano antuna 2960A-702, 11300 NC The Royal Society of New Zealand, 4 Halswell St., Thorndon, P.O. Montevideo, Uruguay, Ph: 982575, Fx: 982575, E-mail: Box 598, Wellington, New Zealand [email protected] Bevis, Michael G., Prof., O F, Bence, IstvaÁ n, Mr., A, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), University of Ministry of Agriculture, Dept. of Lands and Mapping, POB 1, H-1860 Hawaii, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, Budapest, Hungary Ph: (1)-808-956-7864, Fx: (1)-808-956-3188, E-mail: Benciolini, G. Battista, Mr., F, [email protected] Universita di Trento, Dipartimento de Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Bhattacharji, J.C., Dr., A, Via Mesiano, 77, I-38050 Trento, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-461-88-2632, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 34 Gen. Mahadeo Singh Marg, Fx: (39)-0-461-88-2672, E-mail: [email protected] Dehradun UP 248 001, India, Ph: (135)-27494 Bender, Peter L., Dr., A, Biacs, Zoltan F., Mr., A, University of Colorado, JILA/Nat. Bureau of Standards Box 400, SnapTrack Inc., P.O. Box 60098, Sunnyvale, CA 94088, USA, Boulder CO 80309, USA, Ph: (1)-303-492-6193, Fx: (1)-303-492-5235, Ph: (1)-408-556-1597, Fx: (1)-408-481-8699, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] Homepage: www.snaptrack.com 170

Biagi, L., A, Blix, Tom A., Mr., A, IgeS, Facolat di Ingenieria de Como, P.le GERBETTO 6, Como 22100, FFI, Avd. for Elektronikk, Postboks 25, 2007 Kjeller, Norway, Italy, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (47) 63 80 70 00, Direkte 63 80 73 29, Fx: (47) 63 80 72 12, E-mail: Bian, Shaofeng, Mr., A, [email protected] Wuhan Techn. Univ. of Surv. & Mapp., 39 Luoyulu Wuchang, Hubei Boal, John David, Dir., A, 430070, China, E-mail: [email protected] Geodetic Survey of Canada, 615 Booth street, Ottawa Ontario K1A OE9, Biancale, Richard, Dr., A, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-995-4282, Fx: (1)-613-995-3215, Groupe de Recherche en Ge ode sie Spatiale, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Boavida, Joacquim, Mr., A, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-6133-2978, Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, 5 rue Rene Descartes, F- Fx: (33)-5-6125-3098, E-mail: [email protected] 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France, Ph: (33)-3-88605063, Bianco, Giuseppe, Dr., A, Fx: (33)-3-88616747, E-mail: [email protected] Agencia Spaziale Italiana, Centro di Geodesia Spaziale, C.P. 11, I-75100 Bocchio, Franco, Prof., A, Matera, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-835-377209, Fx: (39)-0-835-339005, E-mail: Universita di Udine, Dip. Georisorse e Territorio, Via Cotoni®cio 114, I- [email protected] 33100 Udine, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-432-558-702, Fx: (39)-0-432-558-700 Bikse, Janis, Ass. Prof., A, Bock, Yehuda, Dr., F, Riga Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, IGPP/A-025, 9500 Gilman Drive, Geodesy, 16 Azenes St., Riga, LV-1048, Latvia, Ph: (371)-7089263, La Jolla CA 92093-0205, USA, Ph: (1)-619-534-5292, Fx: (371)-7614100, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (1)-619-534-5332, E-mail: [email protected] Bilajbegovic, Asim, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Bockmann, Lars, Mr., A, Geodetski Fakultet, Kaciceva 26, 41000 Zagreb, Croatia, Statens Kartverk, Norwegian Mapping Authority, N-3500 Honefoss, Ph: (38)-41-442-600/123, Fx: (38)-41-445-410 Norway, Ph: (47)-67-24100, Fx: (47)-67-24190 Bilc, Andrej, A, Boedecker, Gerd, Dr.-Ing., F EC, Geodetic Survey of Slovenia, Saranoviceva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Bayerische Kommission fuer die Internationale Erdmessung, Bayerische Ph: (386) 61 1327 121, Fx: (386) 61 310 434 Akademie der Wiessenschaften, Marstallplatz 8, D-80539 Munchen, Bilham, Roger G., Prof., A, Germany, Ph: (49)-89-23031-212, Fx: (49)-89-23031-100, University of Colorado, CIRES, Boulder CO 80309, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1)-303-492-6189, Fx: (1)-303-492-1149, E-mail: Bogusz, Janusz, Mr., [email protected] Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Geodesy and Geodetic Billiris, Harialos, Prof., A, Astronomy, Warszawa 00-661, Poland, Ph: 00 48 22 621 00 52, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Str., E-mail: [email protected] GR-15773 Zographou Athens, Greece, Ph: (30)-1-7722669, Boiton VelaÁ squez, Fernando Amilcar, Ing., A, Fx: (30)-1-7722670 Instituto Geogra®co Militar, Avenida Las Americas 5-76 Zona 13, Ciudad Bingley, Richard, Dr., A, de Guatemala, Guatemala, Ph: 310111/322611, Fx: 313548 University of Nottingham, IESSG, University Park, Nottingham NG7 Boloh, LoõÈ c, Mr., A, 2RD, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-115-951-3932, Fx: (44)-115-951-3881, E- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31055 mail: [email protected] Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-6121-3156/4545, Fx: (33)-5-6128-1536, Birardi, Giuseppe, Prof. Dr.-Ing., F, E-mail: [email protected] Universita di Roma La Sapienza, Idraulica Trasporti e Strade, Via Bonatz, Manfred, Prof. Dr., A, Eudossiana, I-00181 Roma, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-6-44585-018/066, Bonn University, Institut fuer Theoretische Geodaesie, Fx: (39)-0-6-55577-408 Nussallee 17, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, Ph: (49)-228-732629, BiroÁ , Peter, Prof., A, Fx: (49)-228-732988 Technical University of Budapest, Dept. of Geodesy, P.O. Box 91, Bonforte, Alessandro, A, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36)-1-463-3223, Istituto Internazionale di Vulcanologia ± CNR, Piazza Roma, 2, Catania Fx: (36)-1-463-3192 95123, Italy, E-mail: [email protected] Bjerhammar, A., Prof., F, Booth, Simon, Kungl. Tekniska HoÈ gskolan, Institutionen for Geodesie, S-10044 E-mail: [email protected] Stockholm 70, Sweden Bordley, Ron, Mr., A, Bjoerk, S., Mr., A, Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, Romsey Road Maybush, Kvartargeologiska Avdelningen, Tornavagen 13, S-222 63 Lund, Sweden, Southampton SO9 4DH, Great Britain Ph: (46)-107889 Borghi, Alessandra, Blagojevic, Dragan, Mr., A, E-mail: ale@[email protected] Gradjevinski Fakultet, Institut Za Geodeziju, Bulevar Revolucije 73/I, Borre, Kai, Prof., A, 11000 Beograd, Serbia, Ph: (381)-11327-441, Fx: (381)-11-3220-237, Danish GPS Center, Fibirgerstraede 13, DK-9220 Aalborg Oest, E-mail: [email protected] Denmark, Ph: (45)-9635 8362, Fx: (45)-9815 1085, E-mail: Blaha, Georges, Dr., A, [email protected] 280 Flamingo Drive, Melbourne Beach FD 32951, USA, Borza, Tibor, Mr., A, Ph: (1)-407-725-9224, Fx: (1)-407-727-0210 Inst. of Geod., Cart. and Remote Sensing, Satellite Geodetic Observatory, Blais, J.A.R., Prof., A, PO Box 546, H-1373 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36)-27-310980, University of Calgary, Geomatics Engineering, 2500 University Drive Fx: (36)-27-310982 N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Ph: (1)-403-220-7379, Bos, Machiel, Fx: (1)-403-284-1980, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Blankenburgh, Jan Chr., Prof. Ir., A, Bosch, Wolfgang, Dr., F, University of Trondheim, Forane 50, 4033 Forus (Stavanger), Norway, Deutsches Geodaetisches Forschungsinstitut, Marstallplatz 8, D-80539 Ph: (47)-51-632100, Fx: (47)-51-632140 Munchen, Germany, Ph: (49)-89-23031-115, Fx: (49)-89-23031-240, Blewitt, Geo€rey, Dr., F, E-mail: [email protected] University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Dept. of Geomatics, Bose, Sam C., Dr., A, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, Great Britain, Applied Sciences Analytics Inc., 7049 Owensmouth Ave, Canoga Park CA Ph: (44)-191-222-5040, Fx: (44)-191-222-8691, 91303, USA, Ph: (1)-818-716-1237 E-mail: [email protected] Bossler, John D., Dr., Consultant, F, Blick, Graeme H., Mr., A, 8500 Davington Dr. 764-0872, Dublin, OH 43017, USA, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt, Ph: (1)-614-764-0872, E-mail: [email protected] New Zealand, Ph: (64)-4-570-4744/1444, Fx: (64)-4-566-6168, E-mail: Bostrom, Robert C., Prof., A, [email protected] University of Washington, Geophysics AJ-20, Seattle WA-98195, USA, Blighton, Rick, Ph: (1)-206-5431190, Fx: (1)-206-5430489 E-mail: [email protected] Bosworth, John M., Mr., AF, Blitzkow, Denisar, Prof., EC O NC F, ASA/GSFC, LTP Ass. Chief for Projects Code 920.1, Greenbelt MD 2nd Vice President of IAG, 20771-0001, USA, Ph: (1)-301-286-7052, Fx: (1)-301-286-1757, E-mail: University of SaÁ o Paulo, EPUSP-PTR, Caixa Postal 61548, 05413-001 [email protected] SaÁ o Paulo, Brazil, Ph: (55)-11-818-5501, Fx: (55)-11-818-5716, E-mail: Botezatu, R., Prof., A, [email protected] Calea Giulesti 58 Sc II Appt. 31, 77801 Bucarest, Romania 171

Botton, Serge, Mr., A, Brock, Andrew, Prof., A, Institut Ge ographique National, LAREG, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Cite University College, Galway, Applied Geophysics Unit, University Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, France, Ph: (33)-1-4398-8146, College, Galway, Scotland Fx: (33)-1-4398-8488, E-mail: [email protected] Brockmann, Elmar, Dipl.-Ing., A, Bottoni, Gian Paolo, Mr., A, Astronomical Institute of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, CILEA, via Ra€aello Sanzio 4, Segrate MI 20090, Italy Switzerland, Ph: (41)-31-631-8591, Fx: (41)-31-631-3869, Boucher, Claude, Dr, NC EC O F, E-mail: [email protected] Institut Ge ographique National, LAREG, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Cite Brockstein, Allan, Dr., A, Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, France, Ph: (33)-1-4398-8327/8477, Litton Guidance & Control Systems, MS 67, 5500 Canoga Ave, Fx: (33)-1-4398-8488, E-mail: [email protected] Woodland Hills CA 91367, USA, Ph: (1)-818-715-2739, Bouchibi, K., Mr., A, Fx: (1)-818-715-3608, E-mail: [email protected] Institut National de Cartographie, 123 rue de Tripoli BP 69, Hussein Dey Brogdon, Oscar L., Mr., A, Alger, Algeria, Ph: (213)-2-596762, Fx: (213)-2-596767 Bendix/Aerospace Building, 10210 Greenbelt Rd. Suite 700, Seabrook Bougeard, Mireille, Prof., A, MD 20706-2218, USA, Ph: (1)-301-794-3472, Fx: (1)-301-794-3524 Service International de la Rotation Terrestre, IERS Central Bureau, 61 Brosche, Peter, Prof. Dr., F, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France, Ph: (33)-1-4051-2226, Observatorium Hoher List der Universitaetsternwarte Bonn, D-54550 Fx: (33)-1-4051-2291, E-mail: [email protected] Daun/Eifel, Germany, Ph: (49)-6592-2150, Fx: (49)-6592-985140 Bouziane, Mustapha, Mr., A, Brouwer, Frits J.J., Dr. Ing., A, National Centre of Spatial Techniques, Laboratory of geodesy, BP12, Rijkswaterstaat Survey Department, PO Box 5023, NL-2600 GA Delft, Arzew 31200, Algeria, Ph: 213 647 34 54 Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-2691111, Fx: (31)-15-2618962, E-mail: Bowin, C.O., Dr., A, [email protected] Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Mail Stop 22, Woods Hole, MA: Brovar, V.V., Prof. Dr., A, 02543-1541, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Astron. Inst. of the Moscow University, Universitetskii prosp. 13, V-234 Boyarchuk, A.A., Dr., IAU President, 119899 Moscow, Russia Institute of Astronomy, Astronomical Council, 48 Pjatniskaya St., 109017 Brovelli, Maria A., Dr., A, Moscow, Russia Politecnico di Milano, Sezione del Rilevamento, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci Braasch, Mike, Mr., A., 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-2-23996527, Fx: (39)-0-2-23996530, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, E-mail: [email protected] Ohio University, 322B Stocker Center, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979, USA, Brozena, John M., Dr., A, Ph: (1)-740-593-0105, Fx: (1)-740-593-1604, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7420, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, E-mail:[email protected] Washington DC 20375-5350, USA, Ph: (1)-202-767-3013, Braitenberg, Carla, Mrs., A, Fx: (1)-202-767-0167, E-mail: [email protected] University of Trieste, Department of Earth Sciences, Via Weiss 1, Brumberg, V.A., Dr., A, 34100 Trieste, Italy, Ph: (39)-040-6762258, Fx: (39)-040-575519, Universitaet Tubingen, Theoret. Astrophysics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, E-mail: [email protected] D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany, Ph: (49)-7071-295400, Brandenberger, A.J., Prof. Dr., A, Fx: (49)-7071-294007, E-mail: Universite Laval, Photogrammetry Faculty of Forestry & Geodesy, [email protected] Pavillon Casault, Ste-Foy Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada, Brunini, Claudio A., Prof., A, Ph: (1)-418-656-2523 Observatorio Astronomico La Plata, Paseo del Bosque S/N, 1900 La Brandstatter, Gerhard, Prof.-Dr., A, Plata, Argentina, Ph: (54)-1-5214972, Fx: (54)-21-211 761, E-mail: Technical University of Graz, Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, [email protected] Ph: (43)-316-873-6330, Fx: (43)-316-824-239 Brunner, Fritz-K., Prof., F, Bratuljevic, Natalija, Ms., NC, Technical University of Graz, Engineering Surveying and Metrology, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering, B. Rovolucije 73/1, Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Ph: (43)-316-873-6321, 11000 Beograd, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Fx: (43)-316-83-1793, E-mail: [email protected] Bray, Colin, Mr., A, NC, Bruton, A.M., A, Ordnance Survey Ireland, Phoenix Park, Dublin 8, Ireland, University of Calgary, Department of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 Ph: (353)-1-8025-308, Fx: (353)-1-8204-156, E-mail: [email protected] University Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Breach, Mark, Ph: 1 403 284 1980, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Bruyninx, Carine, Dr., A, Breger, Germain, Ing., NCA, Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 Bruxelles, Les Services du Geometre, Ville de Luxembourg, Boulevard Royal 51, Belgium, Ph: (32)-2-3-730292, Fx: (32)-2-3-749822, E-mail: L-2449 Luxembourg Grand Duche , Luxembourg, Ph: (352)-4796-2394, [email protected] Fx: (352)-223536, E-mail: [email protected] Bryant, Mark, Mr., A, Brenner, Anita C., Mrs., A, NASA/GSFC, Code 920.1, Greenbelt MD 20771-0001, USA, 4400 Forbes Blvd, Lanham MD 20706, USA, Ph: (1)-301-731-2044 Ph: (1)-301-286-9837, Fx: (1)-301-286-0213, E-mail: Breteger, Karl, Dr., A., [email protected] University of Newcastle, Dept. of Civil Surveying and Environmental Brzezinski, Aleksander, Dr., A, Engineering, NSW 2308, Australia, Ph: 61 2 4921 6051, Space Research Centre, Polish Acad. Sciences, Bartycka 18a, PL-00-716 Fx: 61 2 4921 6991, E-mail: [email protected]:AU Warsaw, Poland, Ph: (48)-22-403766, Fx: (48)-39-121273, E-mail: Bretreger, Karl, Dr., A, [email protected] University of Newcastle, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Surveying, NSW Buerki, Beat, Mr., A, 2308, Australia, Ph: (61)-49-216051, Fx: (61)-49-216991, E-mail: Federal Institute of Technology, Institut fuer Geodaesie & [email protected] Photogrammetrie, ETH-Hoenggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Bretterbauer, Kurt, Prof. Dr., A, Ph: (41)-1-633-2644, Fx: (41)-1-633-1066, E-mail: [email protected] Technische Universitaet Wien, Institut fuer Theoretische Geodaesie und Bu€ett, Bruce, Mr., A, Geophysik, Gusshausstrasse 27-29/1281, A-1040 Wien, Austria, University of British Columbia, Dept. of Geophysics and Astronomy, Ph: (43)-222-58801, Fx: (43)-222-504-2155, E-mail: 2219 Main Hall, CDN-V6T 1Z4 Vancouver B.C., Canada, [email protected] Ph: (1)-604-822-2267, Fx: (1)-604-822-6047, E-mail: [email protected] Brezigar, Aleksander, Mr., A, Bungum, Hilmer, Mr., A, Institute of Geology, Geotechnics and Geophysics, Dimiceva 14, 1000 NORSAR, Postboks 51, N-2007 Kjeller, Norway, Ph: 63 81 71 21, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Ph: (386) 61 1682 461, Fx: (386) 61 1682 557 Direkte 63 81 71 22-221, Fx: 63 81 87 19, E-mail: [email protected] Brilly, Mitja, Prof. Dr., A, Burgmann, Roland, Mr., A, University of Ljubijana, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, University of California, Department of Geology & Geophysics, UC Hidrotechnics, Hajdrihova 28, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Berkeley, 385 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-4760, USA, Ph: (386) 61 1254 333, Fx: (386) 61 219 897 Ph: (1)-510-643-4806, Fx: (1)-510-643-5811, E-mail: Brimich, Ladislav, Dr., NCA, [email protected] Slovak Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute, Du bravska cesta 9, Burke, Kevin C., Dr., A, CS-842 28 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, Ph: (421)-7-59410603, University of Houston, Department of Geosciences, Houston, Fx: (421)-7-5941 0626, E-mail: [email protected] TX 77204-5503, USA 172

Burki, Beat, Dr., A, Caputo, Michele, Prof., A, Federal Institute of Technology, Institut fuer Geodaesie & Universita di Roma La Sapienza, Dipt. di Fisica, Piazza A. Moro 5, Photogrammetrie, ETH-Hoenggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, I-00185 Roma, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-6-4991-4200, Fx: (39)-0-6-4957-687 Ph: (41)-1-377-2644, Fx: (41)-1-371-2593, E-mail: Car, Adrijana, Dipl.Ing., A, [email protected] Technische Universitaet Wien, Landesvermessung u. Ingenieurgeodaesie, Bursa, Milan, Prof. Dr., F , Gusshausstrasse 27-29/1281, A-1040 Wien, Austria, Ph: (43)-1-58801-3791, Astronomical Institute, Bocni II 1401, CZ-141 31 Praha 4, Czech Fx: (43)-1-504-3535, E-mail: [email protected] Republic, Ph: (420)-2-67 103 060, Fx: (420)-2-769023, E-mail: Cardus, Joseph O., Prof., A, [email protected] Observatorio del Ebro, Roquetes, Tarragona 43520, Spain, Buschman, E., Dr., A, Ph: (34)-9-977-50-0511-21, Fx: (34)-9-775-04660 Institut fuer Angew. Geodaesie, Aussenstelle Potsdam, Telegraphenberg Carla, Mario, Dr., A, A 17, D-1561 Potsdam, Germany, Ph: (49)-331-316-603, Via Giambologna 14, Firenze I-50132, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-55-583807 Fx: (49)-331-316-602 Carmichael, Casey E., Mr., A, Bushati, Salvatore, Dr., A, Rows Survey & Eng. Co., PO Box 160026, Mobile AL 38616, USA, Center for Geophysical & Geochemical Explorations, L. 9 Blloku Vasil Ph: (1)-205-666-2766, Fx: (1)-205-660-1040 Shanto, Tirana, Albania, Ph: (355) 42 33758, Fx: (355) 42 27360, E-mail: Carosio, Alessandro, [email protected] Institut fuer Geodasie und Photogrammetrie ETH, ZurichIGP, ETH Businger, Steven, Mr., A., Honggersberg, CH 8093 Zurich, Switzerland University of Hawaii, Department of Meteorology, 2525 Correa Road, Carpino, M., Mr., A, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, Ph: (1)-808-956-2569, Fx: (1)-808-9562877, Observatory of Milan/Brera, via Brera 28, I-20121 Milano, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Carrera, Galo, Dr., A, Butz, Ulrike, Mrs., Geometrix-Geodetic & Hydrographic Research, 53 Hawthorne Street, Springer GmbH & Co, 3050-Journal Production Dept., Heildelberg Platz Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 2Y7, Ph: (1)-902-466-3678, 3, D-14197 Berlin, Germany, Ph: (49)-30-820-7445, Fx: (49)-30-820-7440, Fx: (1)-902-466-3678, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Carrera, R.G., Dr., NC A, Caceres, J.A.A., Prof., A, Instituto Geogra®co Militar, Avenida Las Americas 5-76 Zona 13, Escuela Politecnica del Ejercito, Av. Colombia y Gral. Paz y Mino s/n, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala, Ph: 310111 Quito, Ecuador Carton, James, Prof., A, Calais, Eric, Dr., A, University of Maryland, Dept. of Meteorology, College Park MD 20742, CNRS Sophia Antipolis, Rue Albert Einstein, Valbonne 06560, France USA, Ph: (1)-301-405-5365, E-mail: [email protected] Calota, C.S., Mr., A, Cartwright, David E., Dr., A, STR. Cercului Nr. 3A, Bucaresti 70246, Romania 3 Borough House, Peters®eld Hampshire GU32 3LF, Great Britain, Calvao Rodrigues, J., Ph: (44)-730-267195, Fx: (44)-428-683066 E-mail: [email protected] Carvalho, A. A, Calvert, Carl E., Mr., A, Centro de Geo®sica da Universidade de Lisboa, R. Escola Politecnica 58, Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, Geodetic Surveys, Romsey Road Lisboa 1250, Portugal, E-mail: [email protected] Maybush, Southampton SO9 4DH, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-703-792663, Carvalho Alveirim, J.A., Dr., A, Fx: (44)-703-792250, E-mail: [email protected] Direc´ao Nacional de Geogra®a e Cadastre, C.P. 288, Maputo, Cam®eld, Fred E., Dr., IAPSO Secr. Gen., Mozambique, E-mail: [email protected] International Association of Physical Sciences of the Ocean, P.O. Box Carvallo, Carlos, Ing., A, 820440, Vicksburg, MS 39182-0440, USA, Ph: (1) 601 634 2012, Academia Politecnica Militar, Classi®cador 9 Correo 21, San Ignacio 242, Fx: (1) 601 634 3433, E-mail: [email protected] RCH-21 Santiago, Chile, Ph: (56)-2-252-0187, Fx: (56)-2-232-0269 Campbell, James, Prof. Dr., F, Casas, Jose Luis Samanez, Mr., A, Bonn University, Geodaetisches Institut, Nussallee 17, D-53115 Bonn, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Jr. Azangaro 350, Lima 1, Peru Germany, Ph: (49)-228-733565, Fx: (49)-228-733281, E-mail: Casotto, Stefano, Dr., A, [email protected] ESA/European Space Operations Centre, Robert-Bosch-Strasse 5, Campolo, Filippo, Mr., A, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany, Ph: (49)-6151-902482, Fx: (49)-6151-90495 via Nazionale 155, 89062 Lazzaro-Reggio Calabria-, Italy, Caspary, W., Prof., A, Ph: (39)-0-965-713219, Fx: (39)-0-965-811405 Universitaet der Bundeswehr Munchen, FK Bauingenieur-und Campos, Milton de Azevedo, Prof., A, Vermessungswesen, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85579 Neubiberg, Univ. Federal do ParanaÁ , Departemento de Geociencias, Caixa Postal Germany, Ph: (49)-89-6004-3435, Fx: (49)-89-6004-4090 19098, 81531 Curitiba ParanaÁ , Brazil, Ph: (55)-41-366-2323 ext. 257, Casten, Uwe, Dr., A, Fx: (55)-41-2362-6851 Ruhr University, Bochum 44801, Germany Cannon, Elizabeth, Dr., A, Casula, Giuseppe, Mr., A, University of Calgary, Dept. of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 University Istituto Nationale di Geo®sica, Via di Vigna Murata 605, I-00143 Roma, Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Ph: (1)-403-220-3593, Italy, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (1)-403-284-1980 Catalao Fernandes, J., Cannon, Wayne, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] The Institute for Space and Terrestrial Science, Space Astrophysics Catastani, G., Mr., A, Laboratory, 2700 Steeles Avenue West Suite 202, Concord Ontario, Universita di Pisa, Dipartimento di Matematica, Via Buonarroti 2, 56127 Canada, Ph: (1)-416-665-5459, Fx: (1)-416-660-1422, E-mail: Pisa, Italy [email protected] Catenacci, V., Dr., A, Canuteson, E., Mr., A, Servizio Geologico d'Italia, Largo Santa Susanna, 13, I-00187 Roma, SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA Italy 92093-0205, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Cathles, Lawrence M., Dr., A, Capdevila, Joan, Ing., A, Cornell University, Dept. of Geological Sciences, Snee Hall, Ithaca N.Y. Instituto GeograÁ ®co Nacional, Area de Geodesia, Calle General Ibanez 14853, USA, Ph: (1)-607-255-7135, Fx: (1)-607-254-4780, E-mail: Ibero 3, 28003 Madrid, Spain, Ph: (34)-9-1-5548961, [email protected] Fx: (34)-9-1-5546743 Caturla, J.L., Dr., A, Capitaine, Nicole, Dr., A, Instituto GeograÁ ®co Nacional, Calle General Ibanez Ibero 3, 28003 Observatoire de Paris, De partement d'Astronomie Fondamentale, 61 Madrid, Spain, Ph: (34)-91-554-8961, Fx: (34)-91-534-9536 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France, Ph: (33)-1-4051-2231, Cazenave, Anny, Dr., F, Fx: (33)-1-4051-2291, E-mail: [email protected] Groupe de Recherche en Ge ode sie Spatiale, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Caporali, Alessandro, Dr., A, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-61-33-2922, Universita di Padova, Dipt. di Geologia Paleontologia e Geo®sica, Fx: (33)-5-61-25-3205, E-mail: [email protected] Via Giotto 1, I-35137 Padova, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-49-664828, Centurion, Lorenzo A., Mr., A, Fx: (39)-0-49-8750367 DISERGEMIL, Artigas 920, Asuncio n, Paraguay, Capra, Alessandro, Fx: (595)-21-213 812 University of Bologna, Dept. Distart, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Cernohorsky, Jiri, Ing., A, Bologna, Italy Land Survey Oce, Kostelni 42, 170 00 Praha 7, Czech Republic 173

Cerrato, Angel A., Em. Prof., A, Chesnokov, Evgenyi M., Dr., A, Fac. de Ingegneria U.B.A., Director Instituto de Geodesia, Av. Las Institute of Physics of the Earth, 10 Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, 123810 Herras 2214 3er piso, 1127 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Ph: (54)-1-803-3868, Moscow, Russia, Ph: (7)-95-1100803, Fx: (7)-95-310-7032, E-mail: Fx: (54)-1-331-0129 [email protected] Cerutti, G., Mr., A, Childers, Vicki, Strada delle Galle 73, I-10135 Torino, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Cesare, Stefano, Mr., A., Chin, Miranda, Mrs., A, E-mail: [email protected] Geodetic Research and Development Lab., N/OES13 SSMC 4 Sta 8201, Chadwell, Carl David, Dr., A, 1305 East-West Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3281, USA, SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, Ph: (1)-301-713-2852, Fx: (1)-301-713-4475, E-mail: 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093-0205, USA, Ph: (1) 619 534 6849, [email protected] Fx: (1) 619 534 2663, E-mail: [email protected] Chinn, Douglas S., Dr., A, Chambers, Don, Hughes STX, Lanham MD 20706, USA, Ph: (1)-301-286-8010, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Chameides, William L., Prof., A, Cho, Kyu-Jon, Prof., NCA, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Earth & Atmospheric Kyonggi University, Department of Civil Engineering, San 94-6, Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA Yiui-dong, Paldal-gu, Suwon 440-270, Korea, Ph: (82)-331-40-7605, Chan, Joseph C., Mr., A, Fx: (82)-331-44-6300, E-mail: [email protected] 4900 Blackfoot Rd., College Park, MD 20740, USA Chodota, Martins W. Luther, Mr., A, Chanes Nieto, Jose, Director General, A, Surveying Mapping & Remote Sensing, Commission for Geodesy Relaciones Internacionales-Secretaria de Educacio n Publica, in Africa, PO Box 18118, Nairobi, Kenya, Ph: (254)-2-803320-9, Brasil N 31, Piso 2, Of. 302, C.P. 06029 Mexico, D.F., Mexico, Fx: (254)-802767 Fx: (52) 5-328-1042 Choi, Chee Young, PhD, A, Chang, C.C., Dr., A, Korea Meteorological Administration, Equipment Division, 1 Songwol- Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, Dept. of Surveying and Mapping dong, Chongro-gu, Seoul 110-757, Korea, Ph: (82)-2-733-0564, Engineering, Tahsi, Taoyan, Taiwan 33509, Taiwan, E-mail: Fx: (82)-2-735-9280, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Choi, Kwang-Sun, Prof., A, Chang, Chia-Chyang, The Pusan National University, Departmnet of Earth Sciences, E-mail: [email protected] #1 San, Jangjun-dong, Kumjung-ku, Pusan 609-735, Korea, Chao, Benjamin Fong, Dr., F, E-mail: [email protected] NASA/GSFC, Space Geodesy Branch Code 926, Greenbelt MD Choi, Yunsoo, Prof., A, 20771-0001, USA, Ph: (1)-301-286-6120, Fx: (1)-301-286-1760, Anseong National University, 67 Seogjeong-dong, Aseong-cub, E-mail: [email protected] Anseong-gum, Kyeonggi-do 456-749, Korea, Fx: (84)-334-675-9619 Chao, Chih Hung Jason, Chojnicki, Tadeusz, Prof., A, E-mail: [email protected] Space Research Centre, Planetary Geodesy Dept., Bartycka 18a, Char®, Mohamed, Dr., NCF, PL-00-716 Warsaw, Poland, Ph: (48)-22-410041, Fx: (48)-22-411781, 22 rue 6497 Cite Rommana II El Omrane, TN-2000 Bardo, Tunisia, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (216)-1-226-003, Fx: (216)-1-2161335-484 Chong, Julian Teck Lee, Mr., A, Chekunov, Anatoly, Prof., A, Institution of Surveyors, Penthouse Bangunan Juruukur, 64-66 jalan 52/4, Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences, Palladin Pr. 32, 46720 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, Ph: (60)-3-755-1773, Fx: (60)-3-755-0253 Kiev 252680, Ukraine, Ph: (380)-444-01-12, Fx: (380)-44-450-2520 Chovitz, Bernard H., Prof., F, Chelidze, T., Prof., A, 8813 Cli€ord Avenue, Chevy Chase MD 20815, USA, E-mail: Initiative Group of Georgian Geophys. Soc., Institute of Geophysics, Ac. [email protected] Sci. Georgia Ruckadze st 1, Tbilisi 380093, Georgia Christensen, Edward J., Mr., A, Chen, C.S., A, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-638, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, National Chiao Tung University, Dept. Civil Engineering, Hsinchu 30050, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-1992, Fx: (1)-818-354-0368 Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected] Christie, Ross, Mr., A, Chen, Chun-Sung, Mr., NCA, Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, Geodetic Service Branch, Romsey TAIPEI-Academy of Sciences, Department of Geology, National Taiwan Road Maybush, Southampton SO9 4DH, Great Britain, University, 245 Choushan Road, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (44)-703-792554, Fx: (44)-703-792404, E-mail: Chen, Jianli, Dr., A, [email protected] University of Texas, Center for Space Research, 3925 West Braker Lane, Christodoulidis, D., Dr., A, Suite 200, Texas 78759-5321, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-640, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Chen, Ju-Chin, Prof., Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-7468, Fx: (1)-818-354-3437 ASCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, University of California, 9500 Chrzanowski, Adam, Prof., A, Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093-0205, USA, Ph: (886-2)-366-0991, University of New Brunswick, Dept. of Surveying Engineering, PO Box Fx: (886-2)-366-6092 4400, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, Canada, Ph: (1)-506-453-5149, Chen, Junyong Y., Prof., F, Fx: (1)-506-453-4943, E-mail: [email protected] State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, Baiwanzhuang, 100830 Beijing, Chujkova, Nadejda, A, China, Ph: (86)-10-68339095, Fx: (86)-10 68311564, E-mail: Universitetskij Prospekt 13, Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, [email protected] Moscow 119899, Russia, Ph: 7-095-939-0126, E-mail: Chen, Ruizhi, Dr., A, [email protected] Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, FIN-02430 Masala, Churikov, Vladimir A., Mr., A, Finland, Ph: (358)-9-295-55-220, Fx: (358)-9-295-55-200, E-mail: Dostoevsky St. 1/21 15, Moscow, Russia, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Chen, Wu, Dr., A, Churnside, James D., Dr., A, The University of Nottingham, Institute of Engineering Surveying & NOAA/ERL/WPL, R/E/ET1, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80303-3328, Space Geodesy (IESSG), University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, Great USA, Ph: (1)-303-497-6744, Fx: (1)-303-497-3577, E-mail: Britain, Ph: (44)-91-2228203, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Cifuentes Zambrano, Oscar, Engineer, M.Sc., A, Chen, Xin, Military Geographic Institute, Dep. of Geodesy, 1640 Nueva E-mail: [email protected] Santa Isabel, Chile, Ph: (56) 2 4606842, Fx: (56) 2 46066978, Cheng, Minkang, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] University of Texas, Center for Space Research, 3925 West Braker Lane, Cimbalnik, Milos, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Suite 200, Austin TX 78759-5321, USA, Ph: (1)-512-471-7818, Czech. Polytechnical University, Thakurova 7, 166 29 Praha 6-Dejvice, Fx: (1)-512-471-3570 Czech Republic, Ph: (420)-2-3-324-792, Fx: (420)-2-243-10774, E-mail: Cheremshinsky, MikhaõÈ l, Mr., A, K152@CSPGCE11 Main Administration of Geodesy Cartography and Cadastre, Head of Cisternas, A., Prof., A, External Relations Dept., 54 Popudrenko St., 253094 Kiev, Ukraine, Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, 5 rue Rene Descartes, Ph: (7)-44-559-8943, Fx: (7)-44-559-9098 F-67084 Strasbourg cedex, France 174

Ciufolini, Ignazio, Dr., A, Cortez, Hernan Alfaro, Estado Mayor General, A, IFSI-CNR, Via Nicastro 11, Rome 00182, Italy Instituto Geogra®co Militar, Avda. Saavedra, La Paz, Bolivia Clark, Thomas A., Dr., AF, Costa, Sonja Maria Alves, Ms., A, NASA/GSFC, Space Geodesy Branch Code 926, Greenbelt MD IBGE/DEGED, Av. Brasil 15671, Parada Lucas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20771-0001, USA, Ph: (1)-301-344-5957, Fx: (1)-301-286-1776, CEP21241-051, Brazil, Fx: (55)-21-391 7070, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Cli€ord, Steven, Dr., A, Costa Romao, Veronica Maria, Mrs., A, NOAA/ERL/WPL, Director Env. Techn. Lab., 325 Broadway, Boulder Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), R. Academico Helio CO 80303-3328, USA, Ph: (1)-303-497-6291/6457, Ramos, S/N, Cid. Universitaria, 50740-530 Recife-PE, Brazil, Fx: (1)-303-497-6291/3103, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (55)-81-2718235, Fx: (55)-81-2718235, E-mail: [email protected] Cloetingh, Sierd, Prof., A, Courtier, Nicolas, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Dept. of Sediment. Geol. Tect./Structural, E-mail: [email protected] De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, Cox, Christopher, Ph: (31)-20-548-4741/5309, Fx: (31)-20-646-2457 E-mail: [email protected] Coakley, B., Dr., A, Crawford, W.R., Dr., A, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades NY 10964, USA, Canadian Hydorgraphic Service, Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box Ph: (1)-914-359-2900, E-mail: [email protected] 6000, Sidney, B.C. V8L 4B2, Canada, E-mail: [email protected] Cocard, Marc, Dipl.-Ing., A, Craymer, Michael R., Mr., A, Federal Institute of Technology, Institut fuer Geodaesie & Photogram- Geodetic Survey of Canada, Geodetic Survey Division/Geomatics metrie, ETH-Hoenggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Canada, 615 Booth street, Ottawa Ontario K1A OE9, Canada, Ph: (41)-1-633-2266, Fx: (41)-1-371-2593 Ph: (1)-613-947-1829, Fx: (1)-613-992-6628, E-mail: [email protected] Cohen, Steven C., Dr., A, Crespi, Mattia, Dr., A, NASA/GSFC, Geodynamics Branch, Greenbelt MD 20771-0001, USA, Universita di Roma La Sapienza, D.I.T.S. ± Area Topogra®a, Via Ph: (1)-301-286-7754, Fx: (1)-301-286-1616, E-mail: Eudossiana, 18, I-00184 Roma, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-6-4458-5097, [email protected] Fx: (39)-0-6-4458-5515, E-mail: [email protected] Coker, Oluwole, Dr., F, Cretaux, Jean-Fran´ois, Dr., A, Nigeria Association of Geodesy, Odaliki St. E. B. 18 PO Box 3660, Groupe de Recherche en Ge ode sie Spatiale, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Wan-Lagos, Nigeria, Ph: (227)-1-835218 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, E-mail: [email protected] Coleman, Richard, Prof., NCA, Crocetto, N., A, University of Tasmania, Centre for Spatial Info. Science, GPO Box FacoÁ lta di Ingegneria, Piazzale Tecchio 90, I-80125 Napoli, Italy 252-76, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia, Ph: (61)-3-6226-2108, Crosilla, Fabio, Mr., A, Fx: (61)-3-6224-0282, E-mail: [email protected], Center for Spatial Information Systems, Istituto di Urbanisistica e Homepage: www.auslig.gov.au/geodesy Plani®cazione, via Larga 43, Italy Colenbrander, Henny J., Mr., Cross, Paul A., Prof., F, IAHS Secretary General, Rozendaalselaan 36, 6881 LD Velp, University College London, Department of Geomatic Engineering, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-85-646798, Fx: (31)-85-629336 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-0171-380-7028, Colic, Kresimir, Prof., NCA, Fx: (44)-0171-380-0453, E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: Geodetski Fakultet, University Zagreb, Kaciceva 26, 41000 Zagreb, http://www.ge.ucl.ac.uk Croatia, Ph: (385)-1-4561222, Fx: (385)-1-445410, E-mail: Crossley, D.J., Prof., A, [email protected] Saint Louis University, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, Collier, Philip, Dr., A, USA, E-mail: [email protected] University of Melbourne, Dept. of Geomatics, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Crossley, David, Prof., A, Australia, Ph: (61)-3-9344-6806, Fx: (61)-3-9347-2916, E-mail: Mc Gill University, Dept. of Earth Planetary Sciences, F.D. Adams Build. [email protected] 3450 University St., Montreal PQ H3A 2A7, Canada, Collin, F., Mr., A, Ph: (1)-514-398-4886, Fx: (1)-514-398-4680, E-mail: Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Avenue Circulaire 3, B-1180 Bruxelles, [email protected] Belgium Cruddace, Paul, Dr., A., Collins, C., Prof., A, University College London, Dept. of Geomatic Engineering, Chadwick Naval Postgraduate School, Code OC/Co Rm 331, 833 Dyer Road, Building, Gower Street, London, WCIE 6 BT, United Kingdom, Monterey CA 93943-5122, USA, Ph: (1)-408-656-2673, Ph: (44)-0-171-504-2079, Fx: (44)-0-171-380-0453, Fx: (1)-408-656-2712, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: www.ge.ucl.ac.uk Colombo, Oscar L., Dr., F, Cruwys, Darcy, Mr., EOM Magazine, NASA/GSFC, Space Geodesy Branch Code 926, Greenbelt MD Earth Observation Magazine, Associate Editor, 13741E. 20771-0001, USA, Ph: (1)-301-614-6777, Fx: (1)-301-614-6099, Rice Place Ste. 125, Aurora CO 80015, USA, Ph: (1)-303-690-2242, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (1)-303-690-2522 Colomina, IsmaeÈ l, Dr., A, Csapo, Ge za, Dr., A, Inst. Cartograph. de Catalunya, Parc de Montjuic, s/n, SP-08004 Eoetvoes Lorand Geophysical Institute of Hungary, PO Box 35 Columbus Barcelona, Spain, Ph: (34)-9-3-4252900, Fx: (34)-9-3-4267442, u. 17-23, H-1440 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36)-1-252-4999, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (36)-1-163-7256, E-mail: [email protected] Combrinck, L., Mr., A, Cubranik, N., Dr., A, Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory, PO Box 443, Geodetski Fakultet, University Zagreb, Kaciceva 26, 41000 Zagreb, Krugersdorp 1740, South Africa, Ph: (27)-12-326-0742, Croatia Fx: (27)-12-326-0756, E-mail: [email protected] Cudlip, Wyn, Dr., A, Comolet-Tirman, Andre , Ing., F, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, 108 avenue Felix Faure, 75015 Paris, France, Ph: (33)-1-4554-3933 Dorking Surrey RH5 6NT, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-483-27-4111, Convery, Patrick Dennis, Mr., A, Fx: (44)-483-27-8312 University of California, 3854 Slichter Hall, Los Angeles CA 90024-1567, Cunha, Sirgio, A, USA Porto University, Faculdade de Engenharia, DEEC / CICA, Rua dos Cook, Alan H., Prof., F, Bragas, Proto Cedex 4099, Portugal, Ph: 351-2-207-4202, E-mail: 81 Wootton Way, Cambridge CB3 9LX, Great Britain, [email protected] Ph: (44)-1223 356887, Fx: (44)-1223 353133, E-mail: [email protected] Czarneki, Kazimierz, Prof. Dr., A, Copaciu, Constantin, Comm., A, Institute of Geodesy and Geodetical Astronomy, Pl. Politekniki 1, 7 rue Bel-Respiro, MC-98000 Monte-Carlo, Monaco, Ph: (33)-93305194 Warsaw 00-661, Poland, Ph: (48)-22-258515, Fx: (48)-22-213680 Corrado, Gennaro, Prof., A, Czompo, Joseph, Mr., A, University of Napoli, Dept. of Geophysics and Vulcanology, Largo san University of Calgary, Dept. of Surveying Engineering, 2500 University Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-81-5516166, Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, E-mail: Fx: (39)-0-81-5527631, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Correia, Jose Duarte, Ing., A, Da Cunha, Ignacio F., Mr., A, IBGE, Dep. de Geodesia, Av. Brasil 15671 Bl. III-A, Rio de Janeiro RJ Servicio GeograÁ ®co Militar, 8 de Octubre 3255, Montevideo 11600, 21241-051, Brazil, Ph: (55)-21-351-9355, Fx: (55)-21-391-7070 Uruguay 175

Dale, Peter, Prof., FIG President Designate, Ph: (31)-15-2691 467, Fx: (31)-15-2135 456, E-mail: Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, 12 Great George Street, [email protected] London SW1P 3AD, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-71-334-3796, de Munck, J.C., Prof., A, Fx: (44)-71-334-3719 Praam 11, Obdam 1713, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-222069418, Dall'Dollio, Antonella, Dr., A, Fx: (31)-22019674 University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 8, I-40127 Bologna, Italy, De Sousa, M.A., Dr., A, Ph: (39)-0-51-243001 Observatorio Nacional/CNPq, Rua General Jose Christino 77, Sao Damour, Thibaut, Prof., A, Christovao 20921-400 Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil, E-mail: [email protected] Institut des Hautes Etudes Scienti®ques, 35 route de Chartres, 91440 de Viron, Olivier, Bures sur Yvette, France, Ph: (33)-1-6907-4853, Fx: (33)-1-6907-3997, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Deakin, Rod, Mr., Dang, Vo Hung, Dr., A, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Dept. of Land Information, Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Ul. Jasna 2/4, PL-00-950 Warsaw, PO Box 2476V, Melbourne 3001, Australia, Ph: 61-3-9925-3268, Poland, Ph: 27-03-28 Fx: 61-3-9663-2517, E-mail: [email protected] Daniel, LoõÈ c, Mr., A, Debarbat, Suzanne, Dr., A, Institut Ge ographique National, LAREG, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Cite Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France, Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, France, Ph: (33)-1-4398-8338, Ph: (33)-1-4051-2209 Fx: (33)-1-4398-8488, E-mail: [email protected] Decker, Mr. Dipl.-Ing., A, Danielsson, J., Mr., A, Landesvermessungsamt Baden-Wurttemberg, Buechsenstrasse 54, 70174 Statens Kartverk, Norwegian Mapping Authority, N-3500 Honefoss, Stuttgart, Germany Norway, Ph: (47)-67-24100, Fx: (47)-67-26190 Dedes, George, Dr., A, Dare, Peter, Dr., A, Center for Mapping, Ohio State University, 1216 Kinnear Rd., Columbus University of East London, School of Surveying, Longbridge Road, OH 43212, USA, Ph: (1)-614-292-3409/847-4123, Dagenham Essex RM8 2AS, Great Britain, Ph: 44 20 8223 2355, Fx: (1)-614-292-8062/847-1170, E-mail: Fx: 44 20 8223 2918, E-mail:[email protected], Homepage: [email protected] www.vel.ac.uk/surveying Defraigne, Pascale, Mrs., A, Datadin, Abhai Kumar, Mr., A, Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Avenue Circulaire 3, B-1180 Bruxelles, Ministry of Agriculture, Georgetown, Guyana, 22 Upper Belgium Had®eld Street, Durban Backlands, Georgetown, Guyana, Degnan, John, Dr., A F, Ph: (592)-2-72582/-2-60524-9 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 920-3, Greenbelt MD Daugherty, Kenneth I., Dr., F, 20771-0001, USA, Ph: (1)-301-614-5860, Fx: (1)-301-614-5970, 3712 Woodland Circle, Falls Church VA 22041, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1)-703-487-8100, Fx: (1)-703-285-9383 Degryse, Karin, Dr., A, Davidson, John Michael, Dr., A, Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Avenue Circulaire 3, B-1180 Bruxelles, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 198-219, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Belgium, Ph: (32)-2-3700266, Fx: (32)-2-3749822 Pasadena, CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-7508, Fx: (1)-818-354-7508, Dehant, Ve ronique, Dr., FEC, E-mail: [email protected] Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Avenue Circulaire 3, B-1180 Bruxelles, Davies, Geo€rey F., Prof., A, Belgium, Ph: (32)-2-3730266, Fx: (32)-2-3749822, E-mail: The Australian National University, Research School of Earth Sciences, [email protected] PO Box 4, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia, Ph: (61)-6-249-4517, Del Pino, Jorge, Dr., A, Fx: (61)-6-249-0738, E-mail: [email protected] Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Sismologica CENAIS, Calle 17e/4 y 6, Davies, Merton E., Mr., A, Vista Alegre, Santiago 90400, Chile, Ph: (53)-226-41623, Rand, 1700 Main Street, Santa Monica CA 90407-2138, USA, Fx: (53)-226-41579, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Ph: (1)-213-393-0411 ext. 7692, Fx: (1)-213-393-4818, E-mail: Delacourt, Chirstophe, Mr., A, [email protected] Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Tour 24-25 Zeme Etage, Davis, James L., Dr., A, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden st., Cambridge Delikaraoglou, Demitris, Dr., F, MA 02138, USA, Ph: (1)-617-496-7640, Fx: (1)-617-495-7345, E-mail: Trilogy Spacetech Inc., PO Box 800014, Ottawa ON K1S 5N6, Canada, [email protected] Ph: (1)-613-828-8727, Fx: (1)-613-233-1353, E-mail: Davis, Phil, [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Della Palma, O.L., Mr., A, Day, John, Major, A, O®cina 1007, Auda Pte Roque Saenz Pena 777, 1364 Buenos Aires, Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic/Topographic Center, US 4600 Argentina, Ph: (54)-46-1101 Sangamore Rd., Bethesda MD 20816-5003, USA, Ph: (1)-301-2-27-2020, Demartin, Martina, Mrs., A, Fx: (1)-301-2-27-3165 Istituto per la Geo®sica della Litosfera, Via Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, De Cominges, B., Mr., A, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-2-2665508, Fx: (39)-0-2-2362946 Instituto GeograÁ ®co Nacional, Calle General Ibanez Ibero 3, 28003 Demianov, Gleb, Dr., A, Madrid, Spain Geodetic Gravimetric Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Geodesy, De Groot, N.J.P.M., Mr., A, Air Survey and Mapping, Onezhskaya 26, Moscow, Russia, E-mail: Centro del Agua del Tro pico Hu medo Para Ame rica Latina y El Caribe, [email protected] P.O. Box 873372, Panama 7, Repu blica de Panama , Ph: (50) 7-21 0756, Demirel, Hueseyin, Prof. Dr., A, Fx: (50) 7-21 0756 (tel) Yildiz Teknik UÈ niversitesi, Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri Bolumu, 80750 de Jong, C., Mr., A, Yildiz-Istanbul, Turkey, Ph: (90)-212-259-4908, Fx: (90)-212-259-6762 Sokkisha Co. Ltd, R&D Department, 260-63 Aza Yanagi-cho, Demonie, Luc, Ing., A, Hase Atsugi Kanagawa 243, Japan, Ph: (81)-462-480034, Sonsein Destraat 169, B-9620 Zottebem, Belgium Fx: (81)-462-471731 Denekamp, Jan, Ir., A, de Jonge, Paul, Ir., F, Information and Geodetical Technology, Triangulation Dept., PO Box SCRIPPS Institution of Oceanography, Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Inst. 466, 7300 An Apeldoorn, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-55-28-5343, of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, La Jolla CA 92093-0225, USA, Fx: (31)-55-550824 Ph: (858)-534-2118, Fx: (858)-534-9873, Deng, Jishu, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Lamont-Doherty, Columbia University, Palisades NY 10964, USA De Luca, Gaetano, Mr., A, Denis, C., Dr., A, Dipartimento de Fisica, via Vetoio ± Coppito, l' Aguila 67018, Italy Universite de LieÁ ge, Av. de Cointe 5, B-4000 LieÁ ge, Belgium, de Mesquita, A.R., Prof., A, Ph: (32)-41-529980/6197, Fx: (32)-41-527474, E-mail: University of Sao Paulo, Instituto Oceanogra®co, CP 9075 Sao Paulo, [email protected] Brazil, Ph: (55)-11-818-6564, Fx: (55)-11-210-3092 Denker, Heiner, Dr.-Ing., F, de Min, Erik, Mr., A, University of Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Schneiderberg 50, Rijkswaterstaat Survey Department, Ministry of Transport, Public Works D-30167 Hannover, Germany, Ph: (49)-511-762-2796, and Watermanagement, PO Box 5023, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands, Fx: (49)-511-762-4006, E-mail: [email protected] 176

Denys, Paul, Mr., A, Dixon, Timothy, Dr., A, University of Otago, Dept. of Surveying, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, RSMAS/University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cawy, Miami FD New Zealand, Ph: (64)-3-4797-596, Fx: (64)-3-4797-586, 33149, USA, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Djiba, Kourouma, Ing., A, Deren, Li, Prof., A., Institut de Topographie et de Cartographie, ITC/MTP, B.P. 4485, Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping (WTUSM)129 Conakry, Rep. of Guinea Conaky Luoyo Road, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China, Ph: (86)-27-8786573, Dobrokhotov, Yu., Dr., A, Fx: (86)-27-87865973, E-mail: [email protected] National Geophysical Comittee of Russia, Acad. of Sci. Molodezhnaya 3, Dermanis, Athanasios, Prof., F, 117296 Moscow GSP-1, Russia Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Dept. of Geodesy & Surveying, Dobrzycka, Maria, Prof., A, University Box 503, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece, Ph: (30)-31-996111, Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Ul. Jasna 2/4, PL-00-950 Warsaw, Fx: (30)-31-996137, E-mail: [email protected] Poland, Ph: (48)-22-270328, Fx: (48)-22-270328 Desai, Shailen D, Mr., A, Dodson, Alan H., Prof., NC, EC, F, 6870 W 91st Cte 12-202, Broom®eld, CO 80021, USA, E-mail: President Section 1,The University of Nottingham, Institute of [email protected] Engineering Surveying & Space Geodesy (IESSG), University Park, Despotakis, Vasilios K., Dr., A, Nottingham NG7 2RD, Great Britain, The Ohio State University, 1958 Neil Avenue, Columbus OH 43210-1247, Ph: (44)-115-951-3880, Fx: (44)-115-951-3881, USA, Ph: (1)-614-2926753, E-mail: ts6138@ohstmvsa E-mail: [email protected] Detrekoei, Akos, Prof., A, Doi, Koichiro, Dr., A, Technical University of Budapest, Dept. of Photogrammetry, P.O. Box National Institute of Polar Research, Department of Geophysics, 9-10 91, H-1321 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36)-1-463-1186, Fx: (36)-1-463-3084, Kaga-1 chome, Itabashi-ku J-173 Tokyo, Japan, Ph: (81) 3 3962 4724, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (81) 3 3962 4914, E-mail: [email protected] Dettmering, Denise, Dominici, Donatella, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] University of Bologna, DISTART, Viale Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Dewhurst, Warren T., Dr., A, Bologna, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-51-6443109, Fx: (39)-0-51-6443604 13617 Anndyke Place, Germantown MD 20874, USA, Donate, Rafael Quiros, Mr., A, Ph: (1)-301-713-3168, Fx: (1)-301-540-3897 Instituto GeograÁ ®co Nacional, Jefe del Servicio de Programas Geodesicos, Diakonov, SergeõÈ , Mr., A, Calle General Ibanez Ibero 3, 28003 Madrid, Spain, Institute of Physics of the Earth, Academy of Sciences, 10 Bolshaya Ph: (34)-9-1-5-54-8961, Fx: (34)-9-1-5-34-9536 Gruzinskaya, 123810 Moscow, Russia, Fx: (7)-95-200-22-16 Dongelmans, Peter, Dr., A, Diament, Michel, Mr., A, University of Edinburgh, Dept. of Geology, J. C. Maxwell Build. May®eld Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex Road, Edinburgh EH26 8AB, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-31-6508510, 05, France, Ph: (33)-1-44277341, Fx: (33)-1-44277340, E-mail: Fx: (44)-31-6683184 [email protected] Donner, Joakim, Prof., A, Dias, Eduardo, M., A, Helsinki University, Department of Geology, PO Box 11, Snellmanikatu Centro d'Estudios Espaciales, Universidade de Chile, A. PRST 3, SF-000014 Univ. of Helsinki, Finland, Ph: (358)-9-23417, 1171-Casilla 411-3, Santiago, Chile, Ph: (56)-2-672-1816/556-8382, Fx: (358)-9 191-23466, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (56)-2-844-1003, E-mail: [email protected] Dorrer, Egon, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Dick, Galina, Dr., A, Universitaet der Bundeswehr Munchen, FK Bauingenieur-und GeoForschungs Zentrum Potsdam, Aufgabenbereich 1, Telegrafenberg Vermessungswesen, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85579 Neubiberg, A17, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany, Ph: (37)-331-2881185, Germany, Ph: (49)-89-6004-3448/3455, Fx: (49)-89-6004-4090, Fx: (37)-331-2881111, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dickey, Jean O., Dr., F, Dothan, Ari, Mr., A, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Mail Stop 238-332, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 1066, Ramat Aviv, Israel, Pasadena CA 91109-8099, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-3235, Ph: (972)-35484301 Fx: (1)-818-393-6890, E-mail: [email protected] Doufexopoulou, Mairie, Dr. Ass. Prof., A, Dickman, Steven R., Prof., A, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Faculty of Rural & State University of New York, Dept. of Geological Science, Surv. Engineering, Lab. of Higher Geodesy, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Str., PO Box 6000, Binghamton NY 13902, USA, Ph: (1)-607-777-2857, GR-15773 Zographou Athens, Greece, Ph: (30)-1-7722-664, Fx: (1)-607-777-2288 Fx: (30)-1-7722-670, E-mail: [email protected] Dietrich, Reinhard, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Douglas, Bruce, Dr., F, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institut fuer Planetare Geodaesie, Geosciences Laboratory, NOES1 Room 424, Rockville MD 20852, USA, Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Ph: (49)-351-463-4652, Ph: (1)-301-443-8558, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (49)-351-463-7063, E-mail: [email protected] Douglas, Nancy B., Dr., A, Dill, Robert, NASA/HQ, 600 Independance Avenue SW, Washington DC 20546, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1)-202-863-3990 ext. 65, Fx: (1)-202-863-3995 Dillinger, W.H., Mr., A, Dow, John M., Dr., F, Geodetic Research and Development Lab., 1305 East-West Highway, ESA/European Space Operations Centre, Orbit and Attitude Division, Silver Spring MD 20910-3281, USA Robert-Bosch-Strasse 5, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany, Dinardo, Steve, Mr., A, Ph: (49)-6151-902-272, Fx: (49)-6151-904-272, E-mail: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-600, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, [email protected] Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-3429, Fx: (1)-818-393-4965, Dowson, Monica, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Ding, Xiaoli, Dr., A, Dragert, Herbert, Dr., A, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Land Surveying and Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, Paci®c Geosciences Center, 9860 West Geo-Informatics, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Ph: (852)-2766-5965, Saanich Road PO Box 6000, Sidney B.C. V8L 4B2, Canada, Fx: (852)-2330-2994, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1)-604-363-6447, Fx: (1)-604-363-6565, Dingbo, Chao, Prof., A, E-mail: [email protected] Wuhan Techn. Univ. of Surv. & Mapp., Dir. of Geodynamics Section, Dragomir, Vasile, Gen. It., A, 39 Luoyulu Wuchang, Hubei 430070, China, Fx: (86)-27-714185, Institute of Geodynamics, 19-21 J.L. Calderon st., R-70201 Bucaresti 37, E-mail: [email protected] Romania Dinse, Mr., A, Drewes, Hermann, Dr.-Ing., EC F O, Landesvermessungsamt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Luebecker Strasse Deutsches Geodaetisches Forschungsinstitut, Theoretische Geodaesie, 289, 19059 Schwerin, Germany Marstallplatz 8, D-80539 Munchen, Germany, Ph: (49)-89-23031-107, Director of Survey Department, A, Fx: (49)-89-23031-240, E-mail: Ministry of Forestry Survey Department, Thirimingala Avenue, Kaba [email protected] Aye Pagoda Road Yangon, Myanmar Drottning, Asmund H., Mr., A, Dittfeld, H.J., Dr., A, Universitet i Bergen, Inst. of Solid Earth Physics, Alle gaten 41, N-5007 GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A17, D-14473 Bergen, Norway, Ph: (47)-55-21-2628, Fx: (47)-55-32-0009, E-mail: Potsdam, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] 177

Drozyner, Andrzej, Prof., F, Eckhardt, Donald, Dr., F, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ul. Chopina 12/18, PL-87-100 Torun, P.O. Box 189, Canterbury NH 03224, USA, Ph: (1)-603-783-9579, E-mail: Poland, Ph: (48)-56260-18, Fx: (48)-56-24602, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Eckhart, Margrit, Mr., GIM Journal, Drummond, Scott E., Mr., A, Geodetical Info Magazine, Communications Department, SAIC/Maritime Services Div., 2111 Eisenhower Ave #200, Alexandria VA PO Box 112, 8530 AC Lemmer, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-5146-1854, 22314, USA, Ph: (1)-703-683-7900, Fx: (1)-703-683-7905 Fx: (31)-5146-3898 Du, Zongfu, Dr., A, Editchukhina, Krasimira Vladimir, Dr., A, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, 16 Beitaiping Rd., 100039 Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, 10 Naberezhnaya Kutuzova, St. Beijing, China, Ph: (86)-821-2277 ext. 253/462, Fx: (86)-821-8654 Petersburg 191187, Russia, Ph: (7)-812-278-8830 Duba, Alfred, Dr., A, Egbert, Gary D., Mr., A, Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Experimental Geophysics Group, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oceanography Admin. PO Box 808, Livermore CA 94550, USA, Ph: (1)-510-422-7306, Bldg. 404, Car Vallis, OR 97311-5503, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (1)-510-423-1057, E-mail: [email protected] Egeltoft, Tomas, Dr., A, Dube, Maurice, Mr., A, Royal Institute of Technology, Dept. of Geod. and Photogram., S-10044 NASA/GSFC, Code 902.2, Greenbelt MD 20771-0001, USA, Stockholm, Sweden, Ph: (46)-8-7907332, Fx: (46)-8-7907343, E-mail: Ph: (1)-301-286-4835, Fx: (1)-301-286-0213, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Ehrnsperger, Walter, Dr., A, Dubrov, Mstislav N., Dr., A, Deutsches Geodaetisches Forschungsinstitut, Bayerische Akademie der IRE, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Vvedensky sq. 1, Fryazino Wiessenschaften, Marstallplatz 8, D-80539 Munchen, Germany, Moscow 141120, Russia, Ph: (7)-95-526-9155, Fx: (7)-95-203-8414, E- Ph: (49)-89-23031-111, Fx: (49)-89-23031-240, E-mail: mail: [email protected] [email protected] Ducarme, Bernard, Dr., A, F, Eichholz, James C., Mr., A, Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 Bruxelles, US Army Topographic Engr. Ctr., CETECTD-AG, 7701 Telegraph Belgium, Ph: (32)-2-373-0248, Fx: (32)-2-374-9822, E-mail: Road, Alexandria VA 22315, USA, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Einarsson, Pa ll, Dr., A, Dufour, Henri, Dr., F, University of Iceland, Science Institute, Dunhaga 5, 107 Reykjavik, 11 Rue BrieÁ re de Boismont, 94160 Saint-Mande , France, Iceland, Ph: (354)-525-4816, Fx: (354)-552-8801, E-mail: Ph: (33)-1-4328-3875 [email protected] Dufour, Jean-Philippe, Mr., A, Eissfeller, Berndt, Dr.-Ing., A, Institut Ge ographique National, Ecole Nationale des Sciences Universitaet der Bundeswehr Munchen, Head of GPS Laboratory, Geographiques, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Cite Descartes, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85579 Neubiberg, Germany, Champs-sur-Marne, 77455 Marne-la-Valle e Cedex 2, France, Ph: (49)-89-6004-3017/3425, Fx: (49)-89-6004-3019, E-mail: Ph: (33)-1-6415 3137, Fx: (33)-1-6415 3107, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Dunbar, Paula Kay, Ms., A, Eitschberger, Bernd, Dr., A, NOAA/ERL/WPL, E/GC1, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80303-3328, Haendelstrasse 133, D-4270 Dorsten, Germany, Ph: (49)-209-366-7190, USA Fx: (49)-209-366-7820 Duncan, Courtney, Mr., A, Ekholm, S., Mr., A, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-600, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, National Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic Division, Rentemestervej 8, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-8336, Fx: (1)-818-393-4965, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark, Ph: (45)-3587-5319, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (45)-3587-5052, E-mail: [email protected] Dunn, Peter, Mr., A, Ekman, Martin, Dr., NCA, Hughes STX, Lanham MD 20706, USA, Ph: (1)-301-731-2044, E-mail: National Land Survey of Sweden, Geodetic Research Division, [email protected] S-801 82 Gaevle, Sweden, Ph: (46)-26-633739, Fx: (46)-26-610676, Dupraz, Hubert, Dipl.-Ing., A, E-mail: [email protected] Ecole Polytechnique Fe de rale, Institut de Ge ode sie et de Mensuration, El Abdi el Alaoui, Abdellah, Mr., A, GR- Ecublens, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, Ph: (41)-21-693-2758, Administration de la Conservation FoncieÁ re du Cadastre et de la Fx: (41)-21-693-5740, E-mail:[email protected] Cartographie, 31 Av. Hassan I, Chellah, Rabat, Morocco, Duquenne, Francoise, Mrs., A, Ph: (212) -7-705311, Fx: (212) -7-705191 Ecole Superieure des Geometres et Topographes, Campus Universitaire El Awad, A., Mr., A, du Maine, 1, Boulevard Pythagore, F-72000 Le Mans, France, Universite Hassan II, Service de la Ge ode sie, 31 avenue Hassan I, Ph: (33)-2-4343 3146, Fx: (33)-2-4343 3102, E-mail: MA-Rabat, Morocco [email protected] El-Mowafy, Ahmed, Dr., A., Duquenne, Henri, Mr., A, Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, The United Arab Ecole Superieure des Geometres et Topographes, Campus Universitaire Emirates University, Al-Ain, P.O. Box 17555, United Arab Emirates du Maine, 1, Boulevard Pythagore, F-72000 Le Mans, France, El-Rabbany, Ahmed, Dr., A, Ph: (33)-2-4343 3146, Fx: (33)-2-4343 3102, E-mail: University of New Brunswick, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics [email protected] Engineering, PO Box 4400, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, Canada, Duquette, R., Mr., A, Ph: (506) 453-5148, Fx: (506) 453-4943, E-mail: [email protected] Ecole Polytechnique de Montre al, C.P.6079 Succursale A, Montre al El-Sabh, Mohammed, A, Que bec H3C 3A7, Canada, Ph: (1)-514-340-4822 Universitie du aÁ Rimouski, De partement d'oce anographie, Dybek, Jorg, Dr., A, Que bec GL5 3A1, Canada, Ph: (1) 418 724 1842, Dept. GPS/Gravity, Geco-Prakla, Buchholzerstr. 100, D-30655 E-mail: [email protected] Hannover, Germany, Ph: (49)-511-6424369, Fx: (49)-511-6421340 El-Sheimy, Naser, Mr., A., Dyrelius, D., Assoc.Prof., A, University of Calgary, Department of Geomatics Engineering, Uppsala University, Dept. of Geophysics, Villavaegen 16, S-75236 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Uppsala, Sweden, Ph: (46)-18-182383, Fx: (46)-18-501110, E-mail: Ph: (1)-403-220-7587, Fx: (1)-403-284-1980, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Eanes, Richard J., Dr., A, Elgammudi, Milud, Mr., A, University of Texas, Center for Space Research, 3925 West Braker Lane, PO Box 600, Tripoli, Libya Suite 200, Austin TX 78759-5321, USA, Ph: (1)-512-471-7560, Elgered, K. Gunnar, Dr., F, Fx: (1)-512-471-3570, E-mail: [email protected] Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology, S-43992 Ebner, Heinrich, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Onsala, Sweden, Ph: (46)-31-772-5565, Fx: (46)-31-772-5590, E-mail: Technische Universitaet Munchen, Lehrstuhl fuer Photogrammetrie, [email protected] Arcisstrasse 21, D-80290 Munchen, Germany, Ph: (49)-289-2-2670, Elhoseny, Mohamed S., Prof., A, Fx: (49)-289-2-2000 Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, Ph: (202)-2730867, Ebong, M.B., Dr., A, Fx: (202)-5723486, E-mail: [email protected] Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Eliasson, Lars, Mr., A, University of Science & Technology, Nkpolu PMB 5080 Port Harcourt, Swedish Inst. Space Physics, POB 812, Kiruna S-98128, Sweden, Nigeria Ph: (46)-98079087, Fx: (46)-98079050, E-mail: [email protected] 178

Ellmann, Artu, Director, A, Exner, Michael L., Mr., A, Estonian Land Board, Department of Technical Inspection, Mustamaee PO Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80301, USA tee 51 Box 1635, EE 0006 Tallinn, Estonia, Ph: (372)-665-0630, Ezeigbo, C., Mr., A, Fx: (372)-665-0604, E-mail: [email protected] University of Lagos, Dept. of Surveying, WAN-Lagos, Nigeria Elstner, Claus, Dr., A, Ezequiel, A., Cdr., A, Institut fuer Angew. Geodaesie, Aussenst. Potsdam, Telegraphenberg A R. Joao de Lemos Lote 1 2 Piso, 2750 Cascais, Portugal, Fadahunsi, 17, D-1561 Potsdam, Germany, Ph: (49)-331-316-411, Olagoke, Dr., F, Fx: (49)-331-316-602 PO Box 236, Satellite Town Lagos, Nigeria Engdahl, E.R., Dr., IASPEI Secretary General, Fagard, Herve , Mr., A, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 967, PO Box 25046, Denver CO 80225, USA, Institut Ge ographique National, SGN, 2, avenue Pasteur, 94165 Ph: (1)-303-236-1506, Fx: (1)-303-236-1519, E-mail: Saint-Mande Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-1-4398-8148, Fx: (33)-1-4398-8450, [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Engelis, Th.L., Dr., A, Fairhead, J., Prof. Dr., A, Hughes STX, 7701 Greenbelt Rd. suite 400, Greenbelt MD 20770, USA, University of Leeds, Department of Earth Sciences, GETECH, Leeds LS2 Fx: (1)-301-441-1853 9JT, Great Britain Engeln, Joseph, Dr., A, Fajemirokun, Francis, Prof., NC, F, University of Missouri at Columbia, 223 Physics Building, Columbia MO University of Lagos, Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, 65211, USA, Ph: (1)-303-492-1149 University of Lagos, WAN-Lagos, Nigeria, Ph: 01 5454891 ext. 1076, Engels, Johannes Joachim, Dr.-Ing., A, Fx: 01 822644, E-mail: [email protected] Universitaet Stuttgart, Dept. of Geodetic Science, Keplerstrasse 11, Faller, James E., Prof., A, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany, Ph: (49)-711-1213394, Fx: (49)-711-1213297, University of Colorado, JILA/Nat. Bureau of Standards Box 400, E-mail: [email protected] Boulder CO 80309-0440, USA, Ph: (1)-303-492-8509, Engen, Bjoern, Mr., F, Fx: (1)-303-492-5235, E-mail: [email protected] Statens Kartverk, Geodesidivisjonen, Kartverksveien 21, N-3511 Falvey, Mark, Mr., A., Honefoss, Norway, Ph: (47)-32118100/8150, Fx: (47)-32118101, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, 69 Grace®eld Road, E-mail: [email protected] P.O. Box 30-368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, E-mail: Eren, K., Mr., A, [email protected] United Nations Development Programme, PO Box 558, Riyadh 11421, Fan, Huaan, Dr., A, Saudi Arabia Royal Institute of Technology, Dept. of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Eren, Kamil, Dr., A, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden, Ph: (46)-8-7907342, Fx: (46)-8-7907343, K-map Consulting and Engineering Co., Askabat Caddesi, Eser Sitesi, E-mail: [email protected] B-blok No. 2/1, Bahgelievler, Ankara, Turkey, Ph: (90)-312-2137 788, Fang, Ming, Dr., A, Fx: (90)-312-2137 789 Dept. of Earth Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences, 54-627, Massachussets Ergunay, Oktay, Dr., A, Institute of Technology, Cambridge Mass. 02139, USA Earthquake Research Institute, Yuksel Cadesse no. 7B, Yenisehir Ankara, Fang, Peng, Dr., A, Turkey, Ph: (90)-41-224549 SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, IGPP/A-025, 9500 Gilman Drive, Erker, Erhard, Dr., NCA, La Jolla CA 92093-0205, USA, Ph: (1)-619-534-0029, Austrian Geodetic Commission, Schi€amtsgasse 1-3, A-1025 Wien, Fx: (1)-619-534-5322, E-mail: [email protected] Austria, Ph: (43)-1-211-76-3201, Fx: (43)-1-211-76-2224, Fankhauser, S., Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected], Home- Astronomical Institute of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, page: www.geomatics.tu-graz.ac.at/oegkhome.htm Switzerland Errani, Mario, Mr., A, Fanta, Asfaw, Dir. Gen., A, University of Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Geo®sica, Viale Berti Pichat Surveying Mapping & Remote Sensing, PO Box 18118, Nairobi, Kenya, 8, I-40127 Bologna, Italy Ph: (254)-803320-9/803641, Fx: (254)-2-802767 Escobar, Iris Pereira, Dr., A, Farelly, Brian, Mr., A, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Xingu, Norsk Hydro Research, PO Box 4313, N-5028 Bergen, Norway 70, APTO 706, 22760-070 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Ph: (55)-21-392-8172, Fashir, Hassan Hashim, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] University of Khartoum, Faculty of Eng. & Architecture, Escudier, Philippe, Mr., A, Faculty of Sciences, Khartoum PO Box 321, Sudan, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31055 Ph: (249)-74994 ext. 142 Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-6127-3486, Fx: (33)-5-6128-2595, Faucher, F., Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Geodetic Survey of Canada, Surveys & Mapping Branch, Espindola, J.M., Mr., A, 615 Booth street, Ottawa Ontario K1A OE9, Canada, Instituto de Geo®sica Manuel Mena, Mexico 20 D.F., Mexico Ph: (1)-613-993-5624 Eubanks, Thomas Marshall, Dr., A, Featherstone, William Edward, Ass. Prof., F, US Naval Observatory, Code TSEO, 3450 Massachusetts Ave N.W., Curtin University of Technology, School of Spatial Sciences, GPO Box U Washington DC 20392-5420, USA, Ph: (1)-202-653-1501, 1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia, Ph: (61)-8-9266-2734, Fx: (1)-202-653-0587, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (61)-8-9266-2703, E-mail: [email protected] Eueler, Hans-Juergen, Mr., A, Fedoseev, Yurj, Ass.-Prof., A, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Geodetic Science & MIIGAiK, Dept. of Applied Geodesy, Gorokhovsky Pereulok 4, 103 064 Surveying, 1958 Neil Avenue, Columbus OH 43210-1247, Moscow, Russia, Ph: (7)-95-267-6590, Fx: (7)-95-261-8994 USA Fei, Li, A, Euler, Hans-Juergen, Dr.-Ing., A, Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping129 Luoyu Road, LEICA Geosystems AG, Jakob-Schmidheiny-Strasse, CH-9435 Wuhan 430079, P.R. China, E-mail: [email protected] Heerburg, Switzerland, Ph: (41)-71-727-3388, Fx: (41)-71-727-4702, Feigl, Kurt, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Groupe de Recherche en Ge ode sie Spatiale, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Evans, Alan G., Dr., A, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-6133-29-40, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Code K13, 17320 Dahlgren Road, Fx: (33)-5-6125-3205, E-mail: [email protected] Dahlgren VA 22448-5100, USA, Ph: (1)-703-663-8405, Feir, Renato, Commodore, NCA, Fx: (1)-703-663-7999, E-mail: [email protected] Nation. Mapp. and Geod. Survey Inform. Authority, Director Coast and Evans, Andy, Geodetic Survey Dept., 421 Barraca St., San Nicolas 1010 Manila, E-mail: [email protected] Philippines, Ph: (63)-2-2422955/2413494, Fx: (63)-2-2422953/2422090, Evensen, Geir, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Edvard Griegsvei 3a, Feissel, Martine, Dr., F, N-5037 Solheimsviken, Norway, Fx: (47)-55-200050, E-mail: Institut Ge ographique National, ENSG/LAREG, 6-8 Avenue Blaise [email protected] Pascal, Cite Descartes, 77455 Marne-la-Vallee, France, Exertier, Pierre, Dr., A, Ph: (33)-0-1 64153283, Fx: (33)-0-1 64153253, OCA/CERGA, Avenue N. Copernic, 06130 Grasse, France, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (33)-4-9340-5353, Fx: (33)-4-9340-5333, E-mail: Feistritzer, Martin, Mr., A, [email protected] Franckstrasse 41/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Ph: (43)-316-384415 179

Fejes, IstvaÁ n, Prof. Dr., F, Fisher, Steven, Mr., A, Inst. of Geod., Cart. and Remote Sensing, Satellite Geodetic Observatory, UNAVCO, PO Box 3000, Boulder CO 80307-3000, USA, PO Box 546, H-1373 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36)-27-310-980, Ph: (1)-303-497-8046, Fx: (1)-303-497-8028, E-mail: Fx: (36)-27-310-982, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Feldman, Notker, Mr., A, Fisher, W., Mr., A, Institut fuer Angewandte Geodaesie, Richard Strauss Allee 11, D-60598 Federal Institute of Technology, Institut fuer Geodaesie & Frankfurt am Main, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] Photogrammetrie, ETH-Hoenggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland Fell, Patrick J., Dr., A, Fjelskaar, W., Mr., A, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Code K 104, Dahlgren VA 22448-5000, Norwegian Hydrographic Service, Postboks 2503, Ullandhaug-4004 USA, Ph: (1)-703-663-8200, Fx: (1)-703-663-7999, E-mail: Stavanger, Norway, Ph: (47)-4-87-5033 [email protected] Flechtner, Frank, Mr., A, Feltens, Joachim, Dr.-Ing., A, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, P.O. Box 1116, D-82230 ESA/European Space Operations Centre, Orbit and Attitude Division, Oberpfa€enhofen, Fed. Rep. of Germany, Ph: (49)-8153-28-1355, Robert-Bosch-Strasse 5, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany, Fx: (49)-8153-28-1840, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (49)-6151-90-2078, Fx: (49)-6151-90-2271, E-mail: Fleitout, Luce, Dr., A, [email protected] Ecole Normale Superieure, De partement de Ge ologie, Feng, Da S., Dr., A, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France, Ph: (33)-1-4322208, University of Arizona, Inst. Atmospheric Physics, Tucson AZ 85721, USA Fx: (33)-1-44322200 Feng, Hao-Jian, Mr., A, Flick, Jean-Andre , Ing., A, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, 16 Beitaiping Rd., 100039 Laboratoire de Ge odynamique, Pre s. Centre Europ. de Ge odyn. et de Beijing, China, Ph: (86)-1-212277 Sism., 25 rue Louis XIV, L-1948 Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Feng, Yanming, Mr., A, Ph: (352)-4416-52, Fx: (352)-4589-40 Queensland Institute of Technology, Cooperative Research Centre for Fliegel, Henry, Dr., A, Satellite Systems, 2 George Street GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Q-4001, The Aerospace Corporation, MS-685, El Segundo CA 90245-4691, USA, Australia, Ph: (61)-7-38641363, Fx: (61)-7-3864-1517, E-mail: Ph: (1)-310-336-1710, Fx: (1)-310-336-5076 [email protected] Floberghagen, Rene, Mr., A, Fenoglio-Marc, Luciana, Mrs., A, Korvereestraat 301, Delft 2628 DN, Netherlands, Flores, A., Dr., A, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Institut fuer Physikalische Geodaesie, Inst. Cartograph. de Catalunya, Parc de Montjuic, s/n, SP-08038 Petersenstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Ph: (49)-6151-163012, Barcelona, Spain, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (49)-6151-164512, E-mail: Focardi, Sergio, Mr., A, [email protected] University of Bologna, Department of Physics & Geophysics, Viale Berti Ferenc, SaÁ rkoezy, Prof.-Dr., A, Pichat 8, I-40127 Bologna, Italy Technical University of Budapest, Altalanos Geodezia Tanszek, P.O. Box Foerste, Christoph, Dr., A, 91, H-1321 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36)-11813-192, Fx: (36)-11813-192 GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Bereich 1, Telegrafenberg A17, Ferland, Remi, A., D-14473 Potsdam, Germany, Ph: (49)-331-310337, Fx: (49)-331-310648, 456-615 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada E-mail: [email protected] Fernandes, Maria Joana A.P., Prof., A, Foerstner, Wolfgang, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Observatorio Astronomico, Monte da Virgem, 4400 Vila Nova de Gaia, Bonn University, Institut fuer Photogrammetrie, Nussallee 17, D-53115 Portugal, Ph: (351) 2 7820404, Fx: (351) 2 782 7253, E-mail: Bonn, Germany, Ph: (49)-228-732713, Fx: (49)-228-732712 [email protected] Fofana, Bambo, Mr., A, Fernandes, Rui, Institut de Topographie et de Cartographie, Directeur Ge ne ral, B.P. 4485, E-mail: [email protected] Conakry, Rep. of Guinea Conaky Fernandez Bethencourt, A., Prof., A, Folloni, Giorgio F., Prof., A, Escuela Univ. de Ingenieria, Univ. Politecnica de Madrid, Campus University of Bologna, Inst. Topogr. Geod. e Geo®s. Mineraria, Viale Sur.Carr.de Valencia km.7, 28031 Madrid, Spain, Ph: (34)-91-3367925, Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Bologna, Italy, Ph: (39)-051-644-3101, Fx: (34)-91-3322560 Fx: (39)-051-648-4642 Fernandez Torres, Jose , Dr., A, Fonseca AntuÁ nez, Angel Alberto, Mr., A, Ciudad Universitaria, Fac. Ciencias Matematicas, Geodesia CSIC-UCM, Maraven S.A., Av.La Estancia Edif.Maraven Aptdo 829, Madrid 28040, Spain, Ph: (34)-9-1-394-4478, Fx: (34)-9-1-394-4607, Chuao-Caracas 1010A, Venezuela, Ph: (11)-58-02-908-3553, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (11)-58-02-908-2053/3150 Feron, Raymond, Mr., A, Fonseca Jr., Edvaldo Simones, Hsc., A, Rijkswaterstaat Survey Department, PO Box 5023, NL-2600 GA Delft, EPUSP-PTR, C.P. 61548, CEP:05424-970, Sao Paulo SP, Brazil, Netherlands, Fx: (31)-1526 18962, E-mail: Ph: (55)-11-818-5180, Fx: (55)-11-818-5716, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Font, Graciela, Ferreira, Luiz Felipe, Dr., A, Facultad de Ciencias Astronomicas y Geo®sicas, Dert. De Gravimetria, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praca General Tiburcio, 80 Praia Paseo del Bosque s/n La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires 1900, Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro 22270-290, Brazil, Ph: (55)-21-542-3598, Argentina, Ph: 54-221-421-1761, E-mail: Fx: (55)-21-275-9047, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Ffoulkes-Jones, Geraint, Dr., A, Foreman, Mike, Mr., A, University of Nottingham, IESSG, University Park, Nottingham NG7 E-mail: [email protected] 2RD, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-602-484848, Fx: (44)-602-508616 Forrai, Joseph, Dr., A, Fiedler, Jaroslav, Mr., A, Survey of Israel, Deputy Director General, 1 Lincoln St., 1138 South Parfet Ct., Lakewood CO 80226, USA 65220 Tel-Aviv POB 14171-61141, Israel, Ph: (972)-3-209926, Finger, Heinz, Dr., F, Fx: (972)-3-5610866 Technische Universitaet Dresden, Sektion Geodaesie, Mommsenstrasse Forsberg, Rene , Dr., F, 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Ph: (49)-46-32823, Fx: (49)-46-37106 National Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic Division, Rentemestervej 8, Finkelstein, Andrej M., Dr., A, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark, Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Ph: (45)-3587-5319, Fx: (45) 3587-5052, E-mail: [email protected] Zhdanovskaya Street, St Petersburg 197042, Russia, Ph: (7)-812-230-74-14, Forsyth, P., Mr., F, Fx: (7)-812-230-74-13 12-40 Quinella Drive, London Ontario N6K 4K9, Canada, Finley, Charles, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] 1581 Inlet Ct., Reston VA 22090-4425, USA, Ph: (1)-703-487-7531, Fortes, Luiz Paolo Souto, Eng., A, E-mail: CFINLEY@NASAMAIL IBGE, Dept. of Geodesy, Av. Brasil 15671 Parada Lucas, Rio de Janeiro Finsterwalder, R., Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, RJ CEP 21241-051, Brazil, Ph: (55)-21-391-8217/9355, Technische Universitaet Munchen, Lehrstuhl fuer Kartographie und Fx: (55)-21-391-4812747, E-mail: [email protected] Reproduktionstechnik, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80290 Munchen, Germany, Foulger, Gillian Rose, Dr., A, Ph: (49)-289-2-2825, Fx: (49)-289-2-2000 University of Durham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, Sciences Labs South Fischer, Irene K., Dr., F, Road, Durham DH1 3LE, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-91-374-2514/2520, 6060 California Cr. Appt 210, Rockville MD 20852, USA, Fx: (44)-91-374-2510/3741, E-mail: Ph: (301)-589-0341 [email protected] 180

Fowler, C. Mary R., Dr., A, Fujimoto, Masakatsu, Dr., A, Royal Holloway & Bedford New C, Dept. Geology, Egham Surrey TW 20 Nagoya University, Dept. Physics, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya J-464, Japan, OEX, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-1784-443616, Fx: (44)-1784-471780, E-mail: Ph: (81)-527815111, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Fracassi, Umberto, Mr., A, Fujita, Masayuki, Mr., A, NATO ± SACLANT Undersea Research Center, Environmental Hydrographic Department, 3-1, Tsukiji 5, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan, Research Division ± LSG, Viale San Bartolomeo, 400, I-19138 La Spezia, Fx: (81)-3-3545-2885, E-mail:[email protected] Italy, Ph: (39)-0-187-540298, Fx: (39)-0-187-540331, Fujiwara, T., Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: www.saclantc.nato.int. Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, 2-15 Natusushima-cho, Frank, A.U., Mr., F, Yokosuka 237, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] University of Maine, Dept. of Surveying Engineering, 5711 Boardman Fukuda, Yoichi, Prof., A, Hall, Orono ± Maine 04469-5711, USA Beppu Geophysical Observatory, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University ± Fraser, Clive, Dr., A, Faculty of Science, Noguchihara, Beppu, Oita 874, Japan, University of Melbourne, Head of Dept. of Geomatics, Parkville, Victoria Ph: (81)-977-22-0713, Fx: (81)-977-22-0965, E-mail: 3052, Australia, Ph: (61)-3-344-6806, Fx: (61)-3-347-2916, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Fukushima, Toshio, Prof., A, Frassetto, Roberto, Dr., A, National Astronomical Observatory, 2-21-1 Ohsawa Mitaka, Tokyo 181, CNR-ISDGM, Pal. Papadopoli San Polo 1364, I-30125 Venice, Italy, Japan, Ph: (81)-422-41-3613, Fx: (81)-422-41-3793, E-mail: Ph: (39)-0-41-5216828, Fx: (39)-0-41-5216871 [email protected] Freeden, W., Prof., AF, Fumiaki, Kimata, Mr., A, University of Kaiserslautern, Geomathematics Group, Nagoya University, Furo-machi, Aichi-ken, Nagoya J-464, Japan KSM26, P.O. Box 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany, Furnes, Harald, Mr., A, Ph: (49) 631 205 2852, Fx: (49) 631 29081, Geologisk Institutt, Allegaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: 55 21 35 20, Direkte 55 21 35 30, Fx: 55 31 57 29, E-mail: Freedman, Adam, Dr., A, [email protected] Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Mail Stop 238-332, Furst, Werner, Dr., A, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109-8099, USA, Graz University of Technology, Division for Math. Geodesy and Ph: (1)-818-354-9072, Fx: (1)-818-393-6890, Geoinformatics, Technikerstrasse, 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (43)-316-8736359, Fx: (43)-316-813247 Frei, Erwin, Dr., A, Furuta, Toshio, Dr., A, LEICA AG Heerburg, CH-9435 Heerburg, Switzerland, Kawasaki Geological Engineering Co. Ltd., Kawasaki Geological Ph: (41)-71-703725, Fx: (41)-71-721461 Engineering Co. Ltd., 1-11-1, Ohmori-kita, Ohta, Tokyo 143, Japan, Freymueller, Je€rey T., Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] University of Alaska, Geophysical Inst., PO Box 757320, Fairbanks, AK Furuya, Masato, Mr., A, 99775-7320, USA, Ph: (1)-907-474-7286, Fx: (1)-907-474-7290, E-mail: University of Tokyo, Dept. of Earth and Plane Physics, 2 11 16 Yayoi, [email protected] Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan Friedho€, Harald, Dipl.-Ing., A, Furuzawa, Tamotsu, Prof., A, Institut fuer Angewandte Geodaesie, Richard Strauss Allee 11, Research Center for Earthquake Prediction, Disaster Prevention Research D-60598 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Ph: (49)-69-6333-259, Institute, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Fx: (49)-69-6333-425 Ph: (81)-774-32-3111 (3045), Fx: (81)-774-32-8579/33-0726, E-mail: Fritsch, Dieter, Dr., F, [email protected] Technische Universitaet Munchen, Lehrstuhl fuer Photogrammetrie, Fury, Rudolf, Mr., A, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80290 Munchen, Germany, Ph: (49)-289-2-2677, National Geodetic Survey, N/CG 13 SSMC 3 Sta 8825, 1315 East-West Fx: (49)-289-2-9573 Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3282, USA, Ph: (1)-301-713-3197, Fritsch, Jurgen, Dr., A, Fx: (1)-301-713-4324 Bund. fuer Geowissenschaften u. Rohsto€e, Stilleweg 2, Gabriel, G., Dipl.-Ing., A, D-3000 Hannover 51, Germany, Ph: (49)-511-643-3228, TU Clausthal, Insitut fuer Geophysik, ArnolD-Sommerfeld-Strasse 1, Fx: (49)-511-643-2304 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Fritz, Lawrence W., ISPRS Pres. Gachari, M.K., Mr., A, 14823 Lake Terrace, Rockville, MD 20853, USA, Ph: (1)-610-531-3205, Jomo Kenyatta University, College of Agriculture and Technology, PO Fx: (1)-301-460-0021, E-mail: [email protected] Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya Fronczek, C., Mr., A, Gachari, Moses K., Mr., A, National Bureau of Standards, RM 107 Bldg 220, Gaithersburg MD University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 20837, USA, Ph: (1)-301-975-4079 3PU, Great Britain Fruneau, Benedicte, Ms., A, Gachter, Bernhard F., Dr., A, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex LEICA AG Heerburg, R & D Geodesy, CH-9435 Heerburg, Switzerland, 05, France Ph: (41)-71-703584, Fx: (41)-71-722556 Fuangsumruat, Wasu, Colonel, A, Gadsden, Michael, Dr., Royal Thai Survey Department, Kalayan Aitri Rd, Phranakorn Bangkok Aberdeen University, Physics Unit, Aberdeen AB9 2UE, Great Britain, 10200, Thailand, Fx: (662)-221-2884 Ph: (44)-738-440-358, Fx: (44)-738-440-450 Fubara, Dagoga M.J., Prof. Dr., A, Gaignebet, J., Mr., F, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Director of EPSSI, University of OCA/CERGA, Avenue N. Copernic, 06130 Grasse, France, Science & Technology, Nkpolu PMB 5080 Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Ph: (33)-2-9940-5353, Fx: (33)-4-9340-5333 Ph: (234)-84-331498, Fx: (234)-84-239470 Gajderowicz, Idzi, Prof. Dr., A, Fuchs, Helmut, Prof. Dr., A, University of Agriculture & Technology, Institute of Geodesy, Vienna University of ANCG, Gymnasiomstrasse 79, A-1190 Wien, Oczapowskiego Str. 1, PL 10-957 Olsztyn, Austria, Ph: (43)-222-3191165, Fx: (43)-222-3191165 Poland, Ph: (48)-89-233966, Fx: (48)-89-273908, Fuerst, Werner, Dipl.Ing., A, E-mail: [email protected] Technical University of Graz, Dept. of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Galban, Fernando Miguel Galban, Mr., A, Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Ph: (43)-316-873-6346, Instituto Geogra ®co Militar, Jefe del Departamento de Geodesia, Fx: (43)-316-813-247, Cabildo 381, CP 1426- Buenos Aires, Argentina, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (54)-1-771 8838, Fx: (54)-1-776 1611, Fujii, Yoichiro, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Nippo, Co. Ltd, 1-8-7, Kodai, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 2160007, Japan, Galkin, Yuriy, Ph: (81)-44-855-3211, Fx: (81)-44-837-7205, E-mail: Moscow State Forestry University, Dept of Physics, Mytischi-5, [email protected] Moscow reg 141005, Russia, Ph: (7) 095 586 9134, Fujimoto, Hiromi, Prof., A, E-mail:[email protected], Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 15-1 1 Chome Minamidai, Galsan, P., Mr., NCA, Nakano-ku Tokyo 164, Japan, Ph: (81)-3-5351-6429, Fx: (81)-3-5351-6429, Union of Mongolian Geophysicists, IAG National Correspondent, P.B. E-mail: [email protected] 388, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia 181

Gambis, Daniel, Dr., A, Gendt, Gerd, Dr., A, Service International de la Rotation Terrestre, IERS Central Bureau, 61 GeoForschungs Zentrum Potsdam, Aufgabenbereich 1, Telegrafenberg Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France, Ph: (33)-1-4051-2229, A17, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany, Fx: (37)-33-22824, E-mail: Fx: (33)-1-4051-2291, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Gandol®, Stefano, Dr., A, Gennai, N., Ms., A, University of Bologna, DISTART, Viale Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-11, Japan, E-mail: Bologna, Italy, Ph: (34)-051-6443111, Fx: (34)-051-6448073 [email protected] Ganeko, Yasuhiro, Prof., A, Genrich, Je€, Mr., A, Hydrographic Department, Director Coastal Surveys & Cart. Div., 3-1, SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, IGPP/A-025, 9500 Gilman Drive, Tsukiji 5, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan, Ph: (81)-03-3541-3813, La Jolla CA 92093-0205, USA, Ph: (1)-619-534-2445, Fx: (81)-03-3541-3685, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (1)-619-534-9873, E-mail: [email protected] Gangl, Georg, Dr., A, Georgiadou, Yola, Mrs., A, Osterreichische Donaukraftwerke AG, Parkring 12 Postfach 88, University of New Brunswick, Dept. of Engineering Surveying, PO Box A-1011 Wien, Austria, Ph: (43)-222-51538-2190, 4400, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, Canada, Ph: (1)-506-453-5151, Fx: (43)-222-51538-3900 Fx: (1)-506-453-4943, E-mail: [email protected] Gao, Buxi, Prof., A, Georgiev, Ivan G., Dr., NCA, Institute of Geodesy & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, n° 54 Nat. Comm. Geodesy Geophysics, Central Laboratory for Geodesy, Xudong Road, Wuchan Hubei 430077, China, Ph: (86)-27-613841, Block No.3 ul.Acad.G.Bonchev, BG-1113 So®a, Bulgaria, Fx: (86)-27-711242 Ph: (359)-2-705-547, Fx: (359)-2-700-226/720-841, E-mail: Gao, Yang, A, [email protected] University of Calgary, Department of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 Gergen, John, Mr., F, University Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, National Geodetic Survey, NOS NOAA N/CG 103, 1315 East-West Ph: (1)-403-2206174, Fx: (1)-403-2841980, E-mail: [email protected] Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3282, USA, Ph: (1)-301-443-1286, Gaposchkin, Edward M., Dr., F, Fx: (1)-301-443-0154 M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory, MS LI-258H, PO Box 73, Lexington MA Gerstbach, Gottfried, Dr., A, 02173-0073, USA, Ph: (1)-617-981-3403, Fx: (1)-617-981-0991, E-mail: Technische Universitaet Wien, Institut fuer Theoretische Geodaesie und [email protected] Geophysik, Gusshausstrasse 27-29/1281, A-1040 Wien, Austria, Gaposchkin, N.A., Mr., A, Ph: (43)-222-58801-3796, Fx: (43)-222-5042155 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden st., Cambridge Gerstenecker, Carl, Prof. Dr., A, MA 02138, USA Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Institut fuer Physikalische Geodaesie, Garcia, Israel Quintanilla, Petersenstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Ph: (49)-6151-163209, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Departemento de Ing. Cartogra®a, Fx: (49)-6151-164512 Geodesia y Fotogrametria, C/ Camino de Vera S/N, 46002 Valencia, Gertsbach, Gottfried, Spain E-mail: [email protected] Garcia, Nolberto, Mr., A, Gervens, Theodor, Prof. Dr., A, Military Geographic Institute, Nueva Santa Isabel 1640, RCH-21 Fachhochschule Osnabrueck, Albrechtstr. 30, D-49076 Osnabrueck, Santiago, Chile Germany, Ph: (49)-541-969-2130, Fx: (49)-541-969-2936, E-mail: Gary, Nestor Duch, Mr., NCA, [email protected] Instituto de Ciencias de Mar y Lemnologia, Circuito Investigacion Giacaglia, G.E.O., Prof. Dr., A, Cienti®ca, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico 04510, D.F., Mexico Escola Politecnica USP, University of Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal 8174, Gasparini, Paolo, Prof., IAVCEI past President, 05508-900 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil, Ph: (55)-11-818-5320/(55)-11-029-1491, University of Napoli, Dept. of Geophysics and Vulcanology, Largo san Fx: (55)-11-813-1886 Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-81-551-6200/6161/6166, Gibbings, Peter, Mr., A, Fx: (39)-0-81-552-7631 University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Gaur, V.K., Prof., NC, Surveying, West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia, Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Sarjapur Road, Bangalore-560 034, Ph: (61)-07-46350664, E-mail: [email protected] India, Ph: (91)-80-5530672-6, Fx: (91)-80-5534043, E-mail: Gibbins, Glen, Mr., GPS World, [email protected] GPS World, Managing Editor, 859 Williamette St., Eugene OR Gavoret, Muriel, Mrs., A, 97401-6806, USA Institut Ge ographique National, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Cite Descartes, Giesecke, Alberto A., Dir. Prof., A, Champs-sur-Marne, France CERESIS, Centro Regional de Sismologia para America del Sur, Gavrilov, S., Dr., A, Director, Apartado 11363, Lima 14, Peru, Ph: (51) 14-247421, E-mail: Institute of Physics of the Earth, 10 Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, 123810 [email protected] Moscow, Russia, Ph: 254-411-36 Gil, Antonio J., Mr., A, Geers, Nikolaus, Mr., A, Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia, Faculta de Ciencias Matematicas, University of Karlsruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7 PO Box 6980, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany Ph: (34)-9-1-394-4588/4480, Fx: (34)-9-1-394-4607, E-mail: Gegout, Pascal, Mr., A, [email protected] Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, 5 rue Rene Descartes, Gil-Tereszkiewicz, Gil, Dr., A, F-67084 Strasbourg cedex, France Higher College of Engineering, Podgorna 50, PL-65-246 Zielona Gora, Gehlich, U., Dr., A, Poland, Ph: (48)-31-68-3944 Technische Universitaet Berlin, Institut fuer Geodaesie und Photogram- Gilani, S.Z., Mr., A, metrie, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany, SPARCENT SUPARCO, Space Science Division, P.O. Box no. 8402, Ph: (49)-30-31423204, Fx: (49)-30-31421119 Karachi 32, Pakistan Geiger, Alain, Dr., NC(2) F, Gillies, Robert R., Mr., A, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Geodesy and Pennsylvania State University, Earth System Science Center, 601 Walker Photogrammetry, SPV G54 ETH-Hoenggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Bulding, State College, PA 16802, USA Switzerland, Ph: (41)-1-633-3244, Fx: (41)-1-633-1066, E- Gilliland, John, Prof., A, mail:[email protected], Homepage: www.geod.baug.ethz.ch/ University of South Australia, School of Geoinformatics, Planning and Gelo, Stanislaw, Mr., A, Building, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia, Ministry of Physical Planning and Construction, Dept. of Surveyor Ph: (61)-8-302-2445, Fx: (61)-8-302-3375, E-mail: General, Wspolna 2 PO Box 19, PL-00-926 Warsaw, Poland, [email protected] Ph: (48)-2-661-8054/22-293872, Fx: (48)-2-628-7237/661-8103 Gillmore, Enrique, Mr., A, Gemael, Camil, Prof., F, Military Geographic Institute, Nueva Santa Isabel 1640, RCH-21 Univ. Federal do ParanaÁ , Cursos de Posgrad. en Ciencias Geodesicas, Santiago, Chile Caixa Postal 19098, 81531 Curitiba ParanaÁ , Brazil, Girdler, R.W., Dr., A, Ph: (55)-41-366-2323 ext. 257 University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Dept. of Physics, Gende, Mauricio A., A, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, Great Britain, Facultad de Ciencias Astronomicas y Geo®sicas, Paseo del Paseo s/n, La Ph: (44)-91-222-7299, Fx: (44)-91-222-7361, Plata 1900, Argentina, E-mail:[email protected] E-mail: [email protected] 182

Giulicchi, Luisella, Ms., A., Govind, Ramesh, Dr., A, ESA, ESTEC, P.O. Box 299, Noordwijk 2200 AG, AUSLIG, Geodesy, PO Box 2, Belconnen ACT 2616, Australia, The Netherlands, Ph: (31)-71-5655652, Fx: (31)-71-5655432, Ph: (61)-6-201-4371, Fx: (61)-6-201-4366, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Gladwin, M., Dr., A, Grachus, Robert, Mr., A, Commonwealth Scienti®c and Industrial Research Organization, P.O. National Ground Intelligence Center, 220 7th St. NE., Charlottesville VA Box 883, Kenmore, Queensland 4069, Australia, E-mail: 22901, USA, Ph: (1)-804-980-7351, Fx: (1)-804-980-7699 [email protected] Graczka, G.Y., Assoc. Prof., A, Gleason, David M., Mr., A, Technical University of Budapest, Geodetisches Institut, Hanscom AFB, PL/GPE Earth Sciences Division, MA 01731-5000, USA, P.O. Box 91, H-1321 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (1)-617-377-5255, Fx: (1)-617-377-2707 Ph: (36)-11813192, Fx: (36)-11756927 Glennie, Craig, Dr., A., Grafarend, Erik W., Prof. Dr.-Ing., F, AeroFocus Geomatics Ltd., 2010-605 5th Avenue S.W., Calgary T2P Universitaet Stuttgart, Geodaetisches Institut, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 3H5, Canada, Ph: (1)-403-269-2252, Fx: (1)-403-269-8353, 24/D, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany, Ph: (49)-711-121-3390/3389, E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: www.focus.ca Fx: (49)-711-121-3297, E-mail: [email protected] Glockner, Oliver, Mr., A, Grams, PraÈ sident, A, University of Kaiserslautern, Geomathematics Group, KSM26, P.O. Box Landesamt f. landesverm. u. Datenverarb., Sachsen-Anhalt, Barbarastrass 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany, Ph: (49) 631 205-3867, 2, 06110 Halle/Saale, Germany Fx: (49)631 29081, E-mail: [email protected] Grant, Donald, Dr., A, Glotov, Vladimir, Dr., A, Land information New Zealand, Oce of the Surveyor General, Lambton Russian Mission Control Center, 4 Pionerskaya st., Kaliningrad Moscow Quay PO Box 5501, Wellington 6000, New Zealand, region 141070, Russia, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (64)-4-460 0575, Fx: (64)-4-472-2244, Glumov, V.P., Dr., A, E-mail:[email protected], Homepage: www.linz.govt.nz MIIGAiK, Gorokhovsky Pereulok 4, 103 064 Moscow, Russia, Green, Christopher, Mr., A, Ph: (7)-95-261-8994, Fx: (7)-95-267-4681 University of Leeds, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Leeds LS2 9JT, Goad, Clyde C., Prof., F, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-113-233-5860, Fx: (44)-113-242-9234, E-mail: The Ohio State University, Dept. of Geodetic Science & Surveying, 1958 [email protected] Neil Avenue, Columbus OH 43210-1247, USA, Ph: (1)-614-292-7118, Green, Rodleigh W., Dr., A, Fx: (1)-614-292-2957, E-mail: [email protected] University of Witwaterstrand, Geophysics Dept., Private Bag, Watersrand Godoy, Jorge Godoy Guitierrez, Mayor, A, 2050, South Africa Instituto Geogra®co Militar, Nueva Santa Isabel 1640, Santiago, Chile, Gregersen, Soren, Dr., A, Fx: (56)-2-698 8278 National Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic Division, Rentemestervej 8, Godoy, Rene, Msc, A, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark, Ph: (45)-3587-5319, Relato GPS magazine, Rua Barao de Mesquita, No 850, Bioco B-AP 307, Fx: (45)-3587-5052 20540-004 Rio, Brazil, Ph: (55)-21-532-5473, Fx: (55)-21-532-0532, Greiner-Mai, H., Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A17, D-14473 Goenner, H., Mr., A, Potsdam, Germany, Ph: (49)-331-310-239, Fx: (49)-331-310-648, University of Goettingen, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Bunsenstrasse E-mail: [email protected] 9, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany Grejner-Brzezinska, Dorota, Dr., A., Goerres, Barbara, Dipl.-Ing., A, Ohio State University, Center for Mapping, 1216 Kinnear Road, Bonn University, Geodaetisches Institut, Nussallee 17, D-53115 Bonn, Columbus, OH 43212, USA, Ph: (1) 614-292-8787, Fx: (1) 614-292-8062, Germany, Ph: (49)-228-73-3570, Fx: (49)-228-73-2988, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Grelot, Jean-Philippe, Mr., ICA Secretary General, Goldstein, Joseph, Dr., A, Institut Ge ographique National, 136 bis rue de Grenelle, 75700 Paris 07 Le High University, Dept. Met & Material Sci., Bethlehem PA 18015, SP, France, Ph: (33)-1-4398-8295, Fx: (33)-1-4398-8400 USA, Ph: (1)-215-758-4207, Fx: (1)-215-758-4244, E-mail: Groenewoud, Willem, Dr., A, [email protected] Rijkswaterstaat Survey Department, PO Box 5023, NL-2600 GA Delft, Golitsyn, George S., Mr., A, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-691111, Fx: (31)-15-618962 Inst. of Atmospheric Physics, 3 Pyzhevsky, 109017 Moscow, Russia, Gronaas, Sigbjorn, Mr., A, Ph: (7)-95-231-5565, Fx: (7)-95-200-2216 218, E-mail: University of Bergen, University of Bergen, Allegaten 70, N-5007 Bergen, [email protected] Norway, Ph: 55 21 26 02, Direkte 55 23 86 02, Fx: 55 96 05 66, E-mail: Golubev, Vladimir, Mr., A, [email protected] Moscow State University, Geodesy and Cartography, Gorokhovski per, 4, Gross, Richard S., Dr., A, Moscow 103064, Russia Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Mail Stop 238-332, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Gonthier, Anne-Marie, Mrs., A, Pasadena CA 91109-8099, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-4010, Service International de la Rotation Terrestre, IERS Central Bureau, Fx: (1)-818-393-6890, E-mail: [email protected] 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France Grote, Thomas, Mr., A, Gonzalez, Alfredo E., Mr., A, University of Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Schneiderberg 50, Military Geographic Institute, Nueva Santa Isabel 1640, RCH-21 D-30167 Hannover, Germany, Ph: (49)-511-7623452, Santiago, Chile Fx: (49)-511-7624006 Gonzalez Lopez, Alberto, Ing., A, Groten, Erwin, Prof. Dr.-Ing., OF, Instituto Geogra ®co Agustin Codazzi, Carrera 30 48-51 O®c 405, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Institut fuer Physikalische Geodaesie, Santafe de Bogota , Colombia, Ph: (57)-1-368 0957, Petersenstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Ph: (49)-6151-163109, Fx: (57)-1-368 0991 Fx: (49)-6151-164512, E-mail: [email protected] Gonzalez-Fletcher, Alvaro, Dr., A, Grube, G., Director General, A, Escuela Columbiana de Ingenieria, Kilometo 13 Autopiste Norte, State Land Service of Latvia11. Novembra krastmala, 31, LV-1484 Riga, Santa Fe de Bogota, Colombia, Ph: (57)-1-6760077, Latvia, Ph: (371)-7-229757, Fx: (371)-7-212320 Fx: (57)-1-6760479 Gruber, T., Dr., A, Goodacre, Alan K., Dr., A, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, P.O. Box 1116, D-82230 Geological Survey of Canada, Geophysics Division, 3 Observatory Oberpfa€enhofen, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] Crescent, Ottawa Ontario K1A OY3, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-995-5366, Gruen, Armin, Prof. Dr., A., Fx: (1)-613-952-8897 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Geodesy and Goodkind, John M., Dr., A, Photogrammetry, www.geod.ethz.ch, SPV G54 ETH-HoÈ nggerberg, University of California, Dept. of Physics 0319, 9500 Gilman Drive, CH-8093 ZuÈ rich, Switzerland, Ph: (41)-1-6333038, Fx: (41)-1-6331101, La Jolla CA 92093, USA, Ph: (1)-619-354-2716, Fx: (1)-619-534-2047 E-mail:[email protected], Homepage: www.geod.ethz.ch Gorbatov, Alexei V., Mr., A, Grundig, Lothar, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Universita Natl. Autonoma, Inst. Geogisica, Dept. Sismologia, Mexico Technische Universitaet Berlin, Fachgebiet Geodaesie und DF 04510, Mexico Ausgleichsrechnung, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Gotze, Hans Jurgen, Dr., A, Berlin, Germany, FU Berlin, Malteserstr 74-100, Berlin 46 12249, Germany Ph: (49)-30-31422375/31421119, Fx: (49)-30-31423222 183

Grunreich, D., Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Hager, Bradley, Prof., A, University of Hannover, Institut fuer Kartographie, Appelstr. 9A, Dept. of Earth Atmospheric&Planetary Sciences, Room 54-622, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, Ph: (49)-511-762-3588/3589, Massachussets Institute of Technology, Cambridge Mass. 02139, USA, Fx: (49)-511-762-2780 Ph: (1)-617-253-0126, Fx: (1)-617-253-1699, E-mail: Gu, Guohua, Prof., A, [email protected] State Seismological Bureau, First Land Deformation Monitoring Center, Haggren, Henrik, Dr., A, Yihaoqiao Jintang Rd., Hedong District 300180 Tianjin, China, Helsinki University of Technology, Institute of Photogr. & Remote Ph: (86)-22-491572, Fx: (86)-22-402371 Sensing, Otakaari 1, SF-02150 Espoo, Finland, Ph: (358)-0-451-3896, Guang Yu, Peng, Prof., A, Fx: (358)-0-465-077 Tianjin Inst. of Hydro. Surveying & Charting, 40 You Yi Road, Tianjin Hagiwara, Y., Prof., A, 300061, China, Ph: 22-8355330, Fx: 22-8354333 Earthquake Research Institute, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113, Gubanov, Vadim S., Dr., A, Japan, Ph: (81)-3-812-2111 ext.5728 Institute of Applied Astronomy, 8 Zhdanovskaya Street, St Petersburg Haines, Bruce, Dr., A, 197042, Russia, Ph: (7)-812-123-44-52, Fx: (7)-812-230-7413 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-600, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Gubler, Erich, Dr., F, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-4321, Fx: (1)-818-393-4965, Bundesamt fuer Landestopographie, Abteilung Geodaesie, E-mail: [email protected] Seftigenstr. 264, CH-3084 Wabern, Switzerland, Hajj, G.A., Mr., A, Ph: (41)-31-963-2233, Fx: (41)-31-963-2459, E-mail: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109, [email protected] USA, E-mail: [email protected] Gudmundsson, Agust, Mr., NCA, Hajkowicz, Lech A., Dr., A, National Land Survey of Iceland, Laugavegur 178, P.O. 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Box 106, Stefa nia u t 14, H-1442 Guinot, Bernard, Dr., F, Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36) 1 251 0999, Fx: (36) 1 251 0703, E-mail: 2 Rue des Soupirs, F-77590 Chartrettes, France, Ph: (33)-1-64811133, [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Hammada, Youcef, Dr., A., Gumert, Bill, Mr., A, Sander Geophysics Limited, 260 Hung Club Road, Ottawa, K1V 1C1, Carson Services, Aerogravity Division, 32-H Blooming Glen Road, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-521-9626, Fx: (1)-613-521-0215, E-mail: Perkasie Pensylvania 18944, USA, Ph: (1)-215-249-3585 [email protected] Guo, Hu Jian, A, Han, Dazhong, Mr., A, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, 16 Beitaiping Rd, Beijing Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, 66 West Longhai Road, 100039, China Zhenzhou, China Gurkan, Onur, Prof., A, Han, Dazhong, Mr., A, Bogazici University, Dept. of Geodesy, Kandilli Observatory, 81220 University of Colorado, CIRES, Campus Box 216, Boulder CO 80309, Cengelko Istanbul, Turkey, Ph: (90)-216-332-2912/0241, USA Fx: (90/1)-216-332-1711 Han, Shaowei, Dr., A, Gurtner, Werner, Dr., A, University of New South Wales, School of Geomatic Engineering, Astronomical Institute of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Ph: 61-2-9385-4177, Fx: 61-2-9313-7493, Switzerland, Ph: (41)-31-631-8599, Fx: (41)-31-631-3869, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap [email protected] Han, Uk, Prof., Guzman Alvarado, Oscar Rene , Mr., A, Korea Military Academy, Environmental Sciences, P.O. box 77-2, Instituto Geogra®co Militar, Avenida Las Americas 5-76 Zona 13, Ciudad Kongneung-dong, Nohwon-ku, Seoul, Korea, Ph: (82) 2 970 2572, de Guatemala, Guatemala, Ph: (50) 2-231 6180, Fx: (50)2-231 3548, Fx: (82) 2 972 8179, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Hanada, Hideo, Mr., A, Guzman Gallardo, Javier, Mr., A, National Astronomical Observatory, Mizusawa, Iwate 023, Japan, Instituto Geogra®co Militar, Av. Saaverdra 2303, Mira¯ores, Casilla No. Ph: (81)-197-22-7142, Fx: (81)-197-22-7120, E-mail: 7641, La Paz, Bolivia, Fx: (59)-1-236 8329 [email protected] Gwavava, Oswald, Mr., A, Hanafy, Mohamed Saad, Dr., A, University of Zimbabwe, Dept. of Physics, PO Box MP 167, Ain Shams University, Public Work Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Mount Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe, Ph: (263)-4-303211, Abbasia-Cairo, Egypt, Ph: (202)-2579536, Fx: (202)-2850617 Fx: (263)-4-732828 Hankemeier, Peter, Mr., A, Gwo-Chyang, Tsuei, Mr., A, Baubebeherde Vermessungsaint Hamburg, Postfach 300580, Hamburg Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, Tahsi, Taoyan, Taiwan 33509, 20302, Germany Taiwan, Ph: (886)-3-380-0364, Fx: (886)-3-389-1519, Hannah, John, Prof., A, E-mail: [email protected] University of Otago, Dept. of Surveying, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, Haagmans, Roger, Mr., A, New Zealand, Ph: (64)-3-479-9010, Fx: (64)-3-479-7586, Delft University of Technology, Dept. of Geodesy, Thijsseweg 11, E-mail: [email protected] NL-2629 JA Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-278-5234, Harada, T., Dr., A, Fx: (31)-15-278-3711, E-mail: [email protected] PASCO Corporation, Higashiyama 1-1-2, Meguroku, Tokyo 153, Japan, Haas, Ruediger, Fx: 81-3-3715-6600 E-mail: [email protected] Hardwick, Douglas, Mr., A, Habrich, Heinz, Dipl.Ing., A, Institute for Aerospace Research, Flight Research Laboratory, Montreal Institut fuer Angewandte Geodaesie, Richard Strauss Rd., Ottawa K1A OR6 CNT, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-998-3525, Allee 11, D-60598 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Fx: (1)-613-952-1704 Ph: (49)-69-6333-267/31, Fx: (49)-69-6333-425, E-mail: Hardy, Rolland L., Dr., A, [email protected] 1213 Wanda Ave, Seaside, CA 93955, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Ha®din, C., Mr., A, Harsson, Bjorn Geirr, Dr., NCA, National Agency for Survey and Mapping, Bakosurtanal, Statens Kartverk, Geodesidivisjonen, Kartverksveien 21, N-3511 Jalan Raya-Bogor Km 46 PO Box 3546/JK, RI-Cibinong, Indonesia, Honefoss, Norway, Ph: (47)-32118100/8185, Fx: (47)-32118101, Ph: (62)-21-82062-67 E-mail: [email protected] 184

Hartinger, Horst, Mr., A, Heger, H., Dr., A, Technical University of Graz, Engineering Surveying and Metrology, Deutsche Montan Technology, DMT-ILV4, Westho€str. 17, Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Fx: (43)-0316-873-6324, D-44791 Bochum, Germany, Ph: (49)-234-968-4017, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (49)-234-968-4021 Hartl, Philipp, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Hehl, F.W., Prof. Dr., A, Universitaet Stuttgart, Institut fuer Navigation, Keplerstrasse 11, Universitaet Kolnrt, Institut fuer Theoretische Physik, Zuelpicherstrasse D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany, Ph: (49)-711-121-3400, 77, D-5000 Koln 41, Germany Fx: (49)-711-121-3500 Hehl, Klaus, Dr.-Ing., A, Hartmann, Gerd Karlheinz, Dr., A, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A17, D-14473 Max-Plank-Institut fuer Aeronomie, Postfach 20, D-37189 Katlenburg Potsdam, Germany, Ph: (49)-331-288-1132, Fx: (49)-331-288-1111, Lindau, Germany, Ph: (49)-5556-979336, Fx: (49)-5556-979240 E-mail: [email protected] Hartmann, Torsten, Mr., A, Hein, Guenter, Prof. Dr.-Ing., F, University of Tubingen, Theoretische Astrophysik, Auf der Morgenstelle Institute of Geodesy and Navigation, Universitaet der Bundeswehr 10, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany Munchen, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany, Ph: (49)-89-6004-3425, Harwood, N.M., Mr., A, Fx: (49)-89-6004-3019, E-mail: University of Southampton, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, [email protected] Hants SO9 5NH, Great Britain Heise, Stefan, Haryono, Mr., A, DLR Neustrelitz, Kalkhorstweg 53, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany National University of Malaysia, Department of Geology, Heister, H., Dr., A, FSFG, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Universitaet der Bundeswehr Munchen, FK Bauingenieur-und Selangor, Malaysia Vermessungswesen, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85579 Neubiberg, Hasegawa, H., Dr., A, Germany, Ph: (49)-89-6004-3433, Fx: (49)-89-6004-4090 Aero Asahi Corporation, 43F. Sushine60 Blvd. No.1-1, Higahi-Ikebukuro Heitz, Siegfried, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, 3-chome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170, Japan, Fx: 81-3-3988-4578 Bonn University, Institut fuer Theoretische Geodaesie, Hashimoto, H., Dr., A, Nussallee 17, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, Ph: (49)-228-732628, National Space Development Agency, Tsukuba Space Center, 2-1-1- Fx: (49)-228-733708 Sengen Sakura-mura, Niihari-gun Ibaraki-ken 305, Japan, Heki, Kosuke, Dr., A, Ph: (81)-298-51-2271 ext.247 National Astronomical Observatory, Division of Earth Rotation, Hasse, G., Dr., A, Mizusawa, Iwate 023, Japan, Ph: (81)-197-22-7139, Fx: (81)-197-22-7120, BEB Erdgas und Erdgoel GmbH, Riethorst 12, 30659 Hannover, E-mail: [email protected] Germany Hekimoglu, Serif, Prof. Dr., A, Hatanaka, Yuki, Mr., A, Yildiz Teknik UÈ niversitesi, Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri Bolumu, 80750 Geographical Survey Institute, Kitasato-1 Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305, Yildiz-Istanbul, Turkey, Fx: (90)-212-2518322 Japan Heller, Warren G., Dr., A, Hatch, Ron, Dr., A, VERIBANK Inc., PO Box 461, Wake®eld MA 01880, USA, Magnavox, 2000 E El Segundo Blvd., El Segundo, CA 90245-4501, USA Ph: (1)-617-245-8370, Fx: (1)-617-246-5291 Hauck, Bernard, Mr., A, Hellings, Thomas A., Dr., A, Ecole Polytechnique Fe de rale, GR- Ecublens, CH-1015 Lausanne, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109, Switzerland, E-mail: [email protected] USA, E-mail: [email protected] Hauge, S., Mr., A, Hendrayana, Edwin, Mr., A, NDRE/MAT, PO Box 25, N-2007 Kjeller, Norway Jurusan Teknik Geodesi FTSP-ITB, Jalan Ganesha 10 Bandung, Hausch, W.A., Mr., A, Bandung 40132, Indonesia Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 13, D-64287 Hendy, Martin, Mr., A, Darmstadt, Germany AUSLIG, Scrivener House Dunlop Court, Fernhill Park Bruce Hausleitner, Walter, Mr., A, A.C.T.2617, Australia, Ph: (61)-2-6201-4350, Fx: (61)-2-6201-4366, Technical University of Graz, Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria E-mail: [email protected] Haworth, Richard T., Dr., A, Henkel, H., Prof., A, Geological Survey of Canada, 615 Booth Str., Ottawa Ontario K1A OE8, Sveriges Geologiska Undersakning, PO Box 670, 75128 Uppsala, Sweden, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-995-2340, Fx: (1)-613-996-6575, E-mail: Ph: (46)-18-17900 [email protected] Henneberg, Heinz, Prof. Dr.Ing, NC F, Hearns, Glen, Mr., A, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Escuela de Ingeniera Geodesica, University of British Columbia/CALS Faculty Law, 1822 East Mall UBC, Apartardo 6, YV-Maracaibo, Venezuela, Ph: (58)-61-313398, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada Fx: (58)-61-593626, E-mail: [email protected] Hecht, Horst, Dr., A, Henriksen, Soren, Mr., F, Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 78, 2863 Beechwood Circle, Arlington VA 22207, USA 20359 Hamburg, Germany, E-mail: Herbrechtsmeier, Edward, Mr., A, [email protected] National Geodetic Survey, NOS NOAA N/CG18, 1315 East-West Heck, Bernhard, Prof. Dr., NC, EC, OF, President Section IV, Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3282, USA University of Karlsruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7, D-76128 Hering, R., Mr., A, Karlsruhe, Germany, Ph: (49)-721-608-3674, Fx: (49)-721-608-6808, Astonomisches Rechen-Institut Heidelberg, Moenchhofstrasse 12-14, E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany http://www.gik.uni-karlsruhe.de Hernandez, Jose Napoleo n, Ing., A, Hedgecock, P.C., Dr., A, Servicio Auto nomo de Geografõ a y Cartografa Nacional, Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Bidston Observatory, Brook Rd. Edif. Camejo 2, Esquina Camejo CSB, Pisa 2, OFC. 216, Caracas 1010, Wormley, Godalming Surrey GU8 5UB, Great Britain Venezuela, Ph: (58)-2-408 1772, Fx: (58)-2-545 0374, Hedin, Alan, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] NASA/GSFC, Planetary Atmosphere Branch Code 914, Greenbelt MD Hernandez, Juan Perez, Lic., A, 20771-0001, USA, Ph: (1)-301-286-8393, Fx: (1)-301-286-9200 Instituto de Geo®sica y Astronomia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Ave Hedling, Gunnar, Mr., A, 212 n°2906 c/29 y 31, La lisa Cuba Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba National Land Survey of Sweden, S-801 82 Gaevle, Sweden, Hernandez-Pajares, M., Mr., A., Ph: (46)-26-633741, Fx: (46)-2661-0676, E-mail: Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Group of Astronomy & Geomatics, [email protected] UPC/gAGE, c/Gran Capita s/n, Mod. C-3 Campus Nord, SP-08034 He¯in, Michael, Dr., A, Barcelona, Spain, Ph: (34)-93-401-6029, Fx: (34)-93-401-5981, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109, E-mail: [email protected] USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-2823, Fx: (1)-818-393-4965, E-mail: Herrero, Federico A., Dr., A, [email protected] NASA/GSFC, Electrodynamics Branch Code 696, Greenbelt MD 20771- Hefty, JaÁ n, Dr., A, 0001, USA, Ph: (1)-301-286-1648, Fx: (1)-301-286-9240 Slov. Techn. Univ., Dept. Theoret. Geodesy, Radlinskeho 11, CS-81368 Herrero Garcia, R., Mr., A, Bratislava, Slovakia, Ph: (42)-7498047, Fx: (42)-755476, E-mail: Instituto GeograÁ ®co Nacional, Spatial Geodesy Section, Calle General [email protected] Ibanez Ibero 3, 28003 Madrid, Spain 185

Herring, Thomas A., Prof. Dr., A NC F, Hoebl, Gerald, Mr., A, Dept. of Earth Atmospheric&Planetary Sciences, MIT 54-618, Zentralinstitut fur Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Hohe warte 38 PO Massachussets Institute of Technology, Cambridge Mass. 02139, USA, Box 342, A-1190 Wien, Austria, Ph: (43)-222-725674-88, Ph: (1)-617-253-5941, Fx: (1)-617-253-1699, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (43)-222-755674-56 Herrmann, Andreas, Mr., A, Hoeck, Eduard, Mr., A, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, Inst. Geographic & Geology, Technical University of Graz, Satellitengeodaesie, Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Langer Kamp 19C, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany, Ph: (49)-5313915607, Graz, Austria Fx: (49)-5313914577 Hoeg, Per, Dr., A, Herzfeld, Ute C., Mr., A, Danish Meteorological Institute, Solar Terrestrial Physics Division, University of Trier, Fb 6, 54286 Trier, Germany, E-mail: Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 Copenhagen O., Denmark, [email protected] E-mail:[email protected] Hoeggerl, Norbert, Dipl.Ing., A, Hide, Raymond, Prof., A, Bundesamt fuer Eich- und Vermessungswesen, Abteilung V1/1, University of Oxford, Robert Hooke Institute Clarendon Lab., Parks Geophysikalische Grundlagen & Praezissionsnivellement, Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-865-272084, Schi€amtsgasse 1-3, A-1025 Wien, Austria, Ph: (43)-222-21176-3205, Fx: (44)-865-311810 Fx: (43)-222-21176-2224, E-mail: [email protected] Higashi, Toshihiro, Mr., A, Hoepfner, Joachim, Kyoto University, Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of E-mail: [email protected] Science, Oiwake-cho Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606, Japan, Hofman, Marce, Mr., A, Ph: (81)-75-753-3915, Fx: (81)-75-711-1374, E-mail: Rijkswaterstaat Survey Department, PO Box 5023, NL-2600 GA Delft, [email protected] Netherlands Higgins, Matt, Mr., A, Hofmann-Wellenhof, Bernhard, Prof., A, Survey Infrastructure Services, Department of Natural Resources, Locked Technical University of Graz, Inst. fuer Angewandte Geod. u Photogr., Bag 40, Brisbane QLD 4151, Australia, Ph: (61)-7-3896-3754, Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Ph: (43)-316-873-8390, Fx: (61)-7-3891 5168, E-mail:[email protected] Fx: (43)-316-824239 Hildebrand, John, Prof., A, Hogg, D.C., Dr., A, SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, University of California, 9500 University of Colorado, CIRES/Box 449, Boulder CO 80309, USA, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0205, USA, Ph: (1) 619 534 4069, Ph: (1)-303-492-3593 E-mail: [email protected] Hoisl, Richard, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Hill, Chris J., Dr., A, Technische Universitaet Munchen, Lehrstuhl fuer Bodenordnung u. University of Nottingham, IESSG, University Park, Nottingham NG7 Landentwicklung, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80290 Munchen, Germany, 2RD, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-602-513880, Fx: (44)-602-513881, E-mail: Ph: (49)-289-2-2535, Fx: (49)-289-2-1976 [email protected] Holdhal, Sandford R., Dr., F, Hilla, Stephen A., Mr., A, National Ocean Service, Chief Advanced Geodetic Science Branch, Coast National Geodetic Survey, N/CG18 SSMC 3 Statio 8114, and Geodetic Survey, Rockville MD 20852, USA, Ph: (1)-301-443-8528, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3282, USA, Fx: (1)-301-881-0154 Ph: (1)-301-713-3202, Fx: (1)-301-713-4325, Holmes, Simon, A, E-mail: [email protected] Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Australia, Hilsenrath, Ernest, Mr., A, Ph: 61-8-9266-2734, E-mail: [email protected] NASA/GSFC, Code 916, Greenbelt MD 20771-0001, USA, Holota, Petr, Dr., NC, O, F, Ph: (1)-301-286-6051, Fx: (1)-301-286-2630 Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography, CZ-250 66 Himwich, William E., Zdiby 98, Praha-Vychod, Czech Republic, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (420)-2-685-7907/204-85235, Fx: (420)-2-685-7056/204-85236, E-mail: Hinderer, Jacques, Dr., A, [email protected] Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, 5 rue Rene Descartes, Hongwen, Dong, Mr., A, F-67084 Strasbourg cedex, France, Shaanxi Prov. Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, 124 Youyi East Road, E-mail: [email protected] Xi'An, China, Ph: (86)-29-751564-288 Hinson, David, Mr., A, Honkura, Yoshimori, Dr., A, Center for Radar Astronomy, Stanford University, Stanford, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Earth and Planetary CA 94305-9515, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Science, Techn 2 12 1 Oakayama, Meguro Ku Tokyo J-152, Japan, Hipkin, Roger G., Dr., A, Ph: (81)-337-261111 (3033), Fx: (81)-354-994093, E-mail: University of Edinburgh, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Grant [email protected] Institute, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Great Britain, Hora, L., Dr., F, Ph: (44)-31-650-4910, Fx: (44)-31-668-3184, E-mail: Czech. Polytechnical University, Thakurova 7, 166 29 Praha 6-Dejvice, [email protected] Czech Republic Hirabayashi, H., Prof., A, Hornik, Helmut, Dipl. Ing., A, The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 1-1 Yoshinodai 3, Deutsches Geodaetisches Forschungsinstitut, Deutsche Geodaetische Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229, Japan, Ph: (81)-427-51-3972, Kommission, Marstallplatz 8, D-80539 Munchen, Germany, Fx: (81)-427-59-4251 Ph: (49)-89-23031-113, Fx: (49)-89-23031-240, E-mail: Hirsch, M., Mr., A, [email protected] Universitaet Stuttgart, Geodaetisches Institut, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24/ Hoskins, B.J., Prof., IAMAS past President, D, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany Department of Meteorology, PO Box 239, Reading RG6 2AU, Hirsch, Milo, Dipl. Ing., A, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-734-318950, Fx: (44)-734-352604 Technische Universitaet Dresden, School of Surveying, Mommsenstrasse Hothem, Larry D., Mr., A, 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Ph: (49)-51-4634652 USGS National Mapping Division, Geometronics Standards Section, 521 Hirsch, Otto, Prof. Dr.-Ing., VFH Journal, National Center, Reston VA 20192, USA, Ph: (1)-703-648-4663, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Institut fuer Geodaesie und Photogram- Fx: (1)-703-648-4165, E-mail: [email protected] metrie, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany, Hotta, H., Dr., A, Ph: (49)-30-314-23208, Fx: (49)-30-314-25327 Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, 2-15 Natusushima-cho, Hittelman, Allen M., Mr., A, Yokosuka 237, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] NOAA/ERL/WPL, Natl. Geophysical Data Centre, 325 Broadway, Houry, Sabine, Dr., A, Boulder CO 80303-3328, USA Groupe de Recherche en Ge ode sie Spatiale, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Hochwartner, A., ProÄ sident Dipl.-Ing., A, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, Fx: (33)-5-6125-3205 Bundesamt fuer Eich- u. Verm.wesen, Schi€amtsgasse 1-3, A-1025 Wien, Hoyer, Melvin J., Prof. Dr. Ing., A, Austria Universidad del Zulia, Escuela de Ingeniera Geodesica, Apartado Postal Hocke, Klemens, 10311, YV-Maracaibo, Venezuela, Ph: (58)-61-598574, Fx: (58)-61-512214, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, E-mail: [email protected] Germany, E-mail: [email protected] Hsu, Hou Tse, Prof., F, Hodacs, P., Mr., A, Institute of Geodesy & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, n° 54 Uppsala University, Section for Geodesy, Geodetic Institute, Haellby Xudong Road, Wuchan Hubei 430077, China, Ph: (86)-27-6813-855, 75590 Uppsala, Sweden Fx: (86)-27-6813-841, E-mail: [email protected] 186

Hsui, Albert T., Dr., A, Ibrahim, Mohamed Mosaad Ali, Eng., A, University of Illinois, Dept. of Geology NHB 245, 1301 W. Green St., Egyptian Survey Authority, Head of Mapping Sector, Orman Giza, Urbana IL 61801-2991, USA, Ph: (1)-217-333-7732, Fx: (1)-217-244-4996, Egypt, Fx: (202)-348-4880 E-mail: [email protected] Ichikawa, Ryuichi, Hu, Hui, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Yunnan Observatory, Academia Sinica, PO Box 110, 650011 Kunming, Igarashi, Kiyoshi, Mr., A, China, Ph: (86)-871-7172946, Fx: (86)-871-7171845, E-mail: CRL, 4-2-1 Nukui-kita, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Hu, Jianguo, Prof., NCA, Ihde, Johannes, Dr., A, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, 16 Beitaiping Rd., 100039 Institut fuer Angewandte Geodaesie Auss. Leipzig, Abteilung II des Beijing, China, Ph: (86)-10-68212277, Fx: (86)-10-68218654, E-mail: DGFI, Karl-Rothe-Strasse 10-14, D-04105 Leipzig, Germany, [email protected] Ph: (49)-341-5634421, Fx: (49)-341-5634415, Huang, Cheng, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Shanghai Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Iida, Y., Mr., A, 200030 Shanghai, China, Ph: (86)-21-4386191, Fx: (86)-21-4384618, Paci®c Basin Instituteo, 1-7-18, Sasuke, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248, E-mail: [email protected] Japan, Fx: 81-467-24-5713 Huang, Liren R., Dr., A, Ilk, Karl-Heinz, Dr., O, F, State Seismological Bureau, First Land Deformation Monitoring Center, Bonn University, Institut fuer Theoretische Geodaesie, Nussallee 17, Yihaoqiao Jintang Rd., Hedong District 300180 Tianjin, China, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, Ph: (49)-228-732629, Fx: (49)-228-733029, Ph: (86)-22-491572-40, Fx: (86)-22-752371 E-mail: [email protected] Huang, Tai-Yin, Ms., A, Illner, Michael, Dr.-Ing., A, University of Cincinnati, Dept. Physics, 2930 Scioto St. #1109, Cincinnati University of Karlsruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7 OH 45221-0011, USA PO Box 6980, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Huang, Yi D., Dr., A., Ph: (49)-721-6082313, Fx: (49)-721-694552, University of East London, School of Surveying, E-mail: [email protected] Longbridge Road, Dagenham Essex RM8 2AS, Great Britain, Imae, Michito, Mr., A, Ph: (44)-208-223-6250, Fx: (44)-181-849-3618, Communications Research Laboratory, Radio Astronomy Applications E-mail: [email protected] Section, Hirai 893-1 Kashima-machi Ibaraki-ken 314, Japan, E-mail: Huddle, James R., Dr., F, [email protected] Litton Guidance & Control Systems, MS 67, 5500 Canoga Ave, Imanishi, Y., Dr., A, Woodland Hills CA 91367, USA, Ph: (1)-818-715-3264, Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 15-1 1 Chome Minamidai, Fx: (1)-818-715-4567, E-mail: [email protected] Nakano-ku Tokyo 164, Japan, E-mail: Hudnut, Kenneth, Mr., A, [email protected] U.S. Geological Survey, 525 South Wilson Ave, Pasadena CA 91106, Introcasso, Antonio, Prof., A, USA, Ph: (1)-818-405-7232, Fx: (1)-818-405-7827, E-mail: Instituto di Fisica de Rosario, Av. Pellegrini 250, AR-2000 Rosario, [email protected] Argentina, Ph: (54)-41-63451 Hudson, Mark Ransom, Dr., A, Ioane, Dumitru, Dr., A, U.S. Geological Survey, PO Box 25046, Denver CO 80225, USA Geological Institute of Romania 1 Caransebes Street, 78344 Bucharest, Hueckelheim, Gabriele, Mrs, A, Romania, Ph: (40)-1-2241530, Fx: (40)-1-2240404, Bonn University, Institut fuer Theoretische Geodaesie, Nussallee 17, E-mail: [email protected] D-53115 Bonn, Germany, Ph: (49)-228-733578 Iriks, Lucia, Mrs., A, Huefner, German, Mr., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109, E-mail: [email protected] USA, Ph: (818)-354-5412, Fx: (818)-393-4965, E-mail: Hu€, Lloyd, Dr., F, [email protected] Nautical Charting Res. and Dev. Lab., N/CG211 Sta 4952 SSMC 3, 1315 Irsen, Dipl.-Ing, A, East-West Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3281, USA, Landesvermessungsamt NRW, Mu€endorfer Strasse 19-21, 53156 Bonn, Ph: (1)-301-713-2653 Germany Hugentobler, U., Mr., A, Irsen, Wolfgang, Dipl.-Ing., A, Astronomical Institute of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Landesverm. Nordrhein-Westfalen, Mu€endorfer Str. 19-21, D-53177 Switzerland Bonn, Germany, Ph: (49)-228-846100, Fx: (49)-228-846502 Hughes, David, A, Ishiguro, Masato, Dr., A, DMA St. Louis, SMWD2 (mail stop L41), 3200 South Second Street, St. Nobeyama Radio Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory, Luis, MO 63118-3399, USA Nobeyama Minamimaki Minamisaku, Nagano 384-13, Japan, Hughes, J.A., Dr., A, Ph: (81)-267-63-4396 ext. 5745, Fx: (81)-267-98-2884, E-mail: US Naval Observatory, 3450 Massachusetts Ave N.W., Washington DC [email protected] 20392-5420, USA Ishihara, T., Dr., A, Hunegnaw, Addisu, Mr., A, Geological Survey of Japan, 1-1-3, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Geodesy and E-mail: [email protected] Photogrammetry, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden, Ph: 46 08 790 7343, Ishii, I., M., A, E-mail: [email protected] Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Hunt, T.M., Mr., A, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113, Japan, Ph: (81)-3-3816-7803 Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Wairakei Research Center, Ishizawa, Toshiki, Mr., A, Private Bag 2000, Taupo, New Zealand, Marubun Corporation, Manager Space and Geoscience Team, 8-1 Ph: (64)-7-3748211, Fx: (64)-7-3748199, Nihonbashi Odenmacho, Chuo-ku Tokyo 103, Japan, E-mail: HUNT%[email protected] Ph: (81)-267-63-4396 (5745), Fx: (81)-267-98-2884, E-mail: Hurst, Kenneth J., Dr., A, [email protected] Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109, Ivins, Erik R., Dr., A, USA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 183-501, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Hwang, Cheinway, Prof., A, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-4785, Fx: (1)-818-393-0966, National Chiao Tung University, Department of Civil Engineering, 1001 E-mail: [email protected] Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan, E-mail: Iwabuchi, Tetsuya, Mr., A, [email protected] National Astronomical Observatory, 2-12 Hoshigaoka-cho, Mizusawa, Hyndman, Roy D., Dr., A, Iwate 023, Japan, Ph: (81)-197-22-7199, Fx: (81)-197-22-7120, E-mail: Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, Paci®c Geosciences Ctr., 9860 West [email protected] Saanich Road PO Box 6000, Sidney B.C. V8L 4B2, Canada Iz, Huessein Baki, Dr., A, Iakovlev, Alexander P., Dr., A, Hughes STX, Lanham MD 20706, USA, Ph: (1)-301-794-5217, Institute of Physics of the Earth, Academy of Sciences, Fx: (1)-301-306-1010, E-mail: [email protected] 10 Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, 123810 Moscow, Russia, Jaafreh, B., Mr., A, Ph: (7)-95-254-8935, Fx: (7)-95-254-9088, E-mail: Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre, PO Box 414, [email protected] Al Jbeihah, Jordan 187

Jaakkola, Matti, Dr., A, Jentzsch, Gerhard, Prof. Dr., F, National Board of Survey, Opastinsilta 12 PO Box 84, SF-00521 Helsinki, Fridrich-Schiller University, Section Applied Geophysics, Burgweg 11, Finland 07749 Jena, Germany, Ph: (49)-3641-948660/1, Fx: (49)-3641-948662, Jackson, David D., Prof., A, E-mail: [email protected] University of California, Dept. of Earth and Space Science, Los Angeles Jeudy, L.M.A., Prof., A, CA 90024-1567, USA, Ph: (1)-310-825-0421/3880, Fx: (1)-310-825-2779, Universite Laval, Dept. of Geodetic Sciences & Remote Sensing, Pavillon E-mail: [email protected] Casault, Ste-Foy Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada, Ph: (1)-418-656-2294, E- Jacob, A.W.B., Mr., A, mail: LAVALVM1@LMAJEUDY School of Cosmic Physics, 5 Merrion Square, Dublin 2, Ireland Jhaldiyal, C.B., Brig., A, Jacob, Brian, Prof., A, Survey of India, Additional Surveyor General, PO Box 77 17 East Canal School of Cosmic Physics, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Road, Dehra Dun-248001, India, Ph: (91)-135-23468/27051, 5 Merrion Square, Dublin 2, Ireland Jia, Minghai, A, Jaeger, Reiner, Dr., A, Curtin University of Technology, School of Spatial Sciences, GPO Box University of Karlsruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7 PO Box 6980, U1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia, Ph: (61)-8-9266-7565, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Ph: (49)-721-608-2309, Fx: (61)-8-9266-2703, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (49)-721-694-552 Jiang, Jun, Mr., A, Jahn, Cord-Hinrich, Dipl.Ing., A, Institute of Seismology, CSB, Xiao Hongshan District, Wuhan 430071, University of Hannover, Nienburger Strasse 6, D-30167 Hannover, China, Ph: (86) 27 87865690, E-mail: [email protected] Germany, Ph: (49)-511-762-3892, Fx: (49)-511-762-4006 Jiang, Xianhua, Mr., A, Jahr, Thomas, Dr., A, University of Toronto, Dept. Physics, 60 St. George Street, Toronto M5S Techn. Univ. of Clausthal, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 1, 1A7, Canada D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany, Jiang, Zhiheng, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Bureau International de Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, F92312 Jakowski, Norbert, Dr., A, S´vres Cedex, France, Ph: 33 1 4507 7034, Fx: 33 1 4507 7059, E-mail: Institute for Space Research, PF 5123, D-17230 Neustrelitz, Germany, [email protected] Ph: (37)-991-7481, Fx: (37)-991-7485 Jin, W.J., Mr., A, Jaks, Waldemar, Dr., A, Shanghai Observatory, 80 Nandan Road, 200030 Shanghai, China Astronomical Latitude Observatory, Space Research Centre, Polish Jin, Xinxang, Mr., A, Academy of Sciences, PO 62-035 Kornik Borowiec, Poland, Delft University of Technology, Dept. of Geodesy, Thijsseweg 11, Ph: (48)-61-170-187, Fx: (48)-61-170-219, E-mail: NL-2629 JA Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-278-7012, AOSPL@POZN1 V.TUP.EDU.PL Fx: (31)-15-278-3711 James, Earl, Mr., FIG President, Jivall, Lotti, Ms., A, AUSLIG, Scrivener House Dunlop Court, Fernhill Park Bruce A.C.T. National Land Survey of Sweden, S-801 82 Gaevle, Sweden, 2617, Australia, Ph: (61)-6-201-4292, Fx: (61)-6-201-4366 Ph: (46)-26-633740, Fx: (46)-26-610176, E-mail: [email protected] James, Thomas, Dr., A, Job, Andre, Mr., A, Geological Survey of Canada, Geophysics Division, 3 Observatory Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31055 Crescent, Ottawa Ontario K1A OY3, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-952-8987, Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-6127-3959, Fx: (33)-5-6127-4873 E-mail: [email protected] Jochmann, Horst, Prof., A, Jandova, M., Mr., A, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A17, D-14473 Ondrejov Observatory, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-251 65 Ondrejov, Potsdam, Germany, Ph: (49)-331-310-239, Fx: (49)-331-310-648, Czech Republic E-mail: [email protected] Janes, H.W., Mr., A, Joelle, Nicolas, Usher Canada Limited, Edmonton Alberta T5S 1K9, Canada E-mail: [email protected] JannieÁ re, P., Mr., A, Johannessen, Johnny, Mr., A., Altran Technologies, 5 Ave Marcel Dassault, 31500 Toulouse, France E-mail: [email protected] Janssen, Volker, Mr., Johansson, Jan, Dr., F, The University of New South Wales, School of Gomatic Engineering, Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology, S-43992 Sydney NSW 2025, Australia, Ph: 00 61 2 93137493, E-mail: Onsala, Sweden, Ph: (46)-31-772-5558, Fx: (46)-31-772-5590, [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Jansson, Patric, Mr., A, Johnson, Hadley O., Mr., A, Royal Institute of Technology, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, IGPP, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla Jary, Josef, Ing., A, CA 92093-0205, USA, Ph: (1)-619-534-2019 Geofyzika akciova spolecnost, P.O. Box 62, Jecna 29a, 61246 Brno, Czech Johnson, John, Dr., A, Republic School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Jault, Dominique, Dr., A, United Kingdom, Ph: (44)-1603-592598, Fx: (44)-1603-259515, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, De partement de Ge omagne tisme, E-mail: [email protected] 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France, Ph: (33)-1-4427-4934, Johnson, Robert Wally, Dr., IAVCEI Secretary General, Fx: (33)-1-4427-3373 Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Division of Geohazards, Jauncey, David L., Dr., A, Land and Water Resources, GPO Box 378, Canberra ACT 2601, CSIRO, Oce of Space-science and Applications, GPO Box 3023, Australia, Ph: (61)-6-249-9111/9377/9745, Fx: (61)-6-249-99-86, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia, Ph: (61)-2-6216-7220, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (61)-2-6279-0812, E-mail: [email protected] Johnson, Thomas, Jaworski, Leszek, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Space Research Centre, Planetary Geodesy Dept., Bartycka 18a, Johnston, K., Dr., A, PL-00-716 Warsaw, Poland, Ph: (48)-22-410041 ext. 818, Naval Research Laboratory, code 4130, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Fx: (48)-22-411781, E-mail: [email protected] Washington DC 20375-5350, USA Jeanrichard, F., Dir., NCA, Johnston, Paul, Dr., A, Bundesamt fuer Landestopographie, Seftigenstr. 264, CH-3084 Wabern, Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Switzerland, Ph: (41)-31-549111 Canberra ACT 0200, Australia, Ph: (61)-2-6-249-5511, Je€erson, David, Mr., A, Fx: (61)-2-6-249-5443, E-mail: [email protected] Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-600, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Jokela, Jorma, Mr., A, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, FIN-02430 Masala, Jekeli, Christopher, Dr., O, F, EC, Finland, Ph: (358)-9-295-55-219, Fx: (358)-9-29-555-200, E-mail: The Ohio State University, Dept. Civil & Environ. Engr. and Geod. Sci., [email protected] 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1275, USA, Jones, B.M., Dr., A, Ph: (1)-614-292-7117, Fx: (1)-614-292-3780, E-mail:[email protected] University of Otago, Dept. of Surveying, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Jensen, Olivia, Prof., A, Zealand, Ph: (64)-24-771-640 Mc Gill University, Dept. Earth & Planetary Sciences, Jonsson, Bo N.G., Senior Geodesist, A, 3450 University St., Montreal PQ H3A 2A7, Canada, National Land Survey of Sweden, S-801 82 Gaevle, Sweden, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (46)-26-610676, E-mail: [email protected] 188

Jonston, Paul, Dr., A, Kaidzu, Masaru, Dr., A, The Australian National University, Research School of Earth Sciences, Geographical Survey Institute, 1st Geod. Div. Geodetic Dept., PO Box 4, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia, Ph: (61)-6-249-5511, Kitasato-1 Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305, Japan, Fx: (61)-6-249-5443, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (81)-298-64-1111 ext. 431, Fx: (81)-298-64-1802, JooÁ , Istvan, Prof. Dr., F, E-mail: [email protected] College for Surveying and Country-planning, Kaikaris, Rimvydas, Mr., A, University of Forestry and Timber Industry, 1-3 Pirosalma St. Zemaitijos Str. 13/10, Vilnius 2001, Lithuania PO Box 52, H-8002 Szekesfehervar, Hungary, Ph: (36)-22-312-988, Kakkuri, Juhani, Prof. Dr., F, Fx: (36)-22-327-697 Finnish Geodetic Institute, Director General FGI, Geodeetinrinne 2, Joos, Gehrart, Dipl.-Ing., A, FIN-02430 Masala, Finland, Ph: (358)-9-295-55-307, Universitaet Stuttgart, Geodaetisches Institut, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24/ Fx: (358)-9-295-55-200, E-mail: [email protected] D, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany, Ph: (49)-711-1213419, Kakuta, Chuichi, Dr., A, Fx: (49)-7111213500 105-88 Onigoe Shirakawa, Fukushima 961, Japan, Ph: (81)-197-24-7111, Joselyn, Jo Ann, Dr., IUGG Secretary General, Fx: (81)-197-23-5156 University of Colorado, CIRES, Campus Box 216, Boulder CO 80309- Kalhouche, Salem, Dr., A, 0216, USA, Ph: (1) 303 497 5147, Fx: (1) 303 497 3645, E-mail: Centre National des Techniques Spatiales, BP 13 Arzew, 31200 Oran, [email protected] Algeria, Ph: (213)-6-47-25-80/473381, Fx: (213)-6-47-3454 Joshi, C.S., Dr., F, Kall, Tarmo, M.Sc., A, Survey of India, Director Geodetic & Research Branch, PO Box 77 17 Estonian Agricultural University, Institute of Land Surveying, East Canal Road, Dehra Dun-248001, India, Ph: (91)-135-24528 Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, Estonia, Ph: (372)-7-422-539, Fx: (372)-7-422-364, Juanes Marti, Jose Luis, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Instituto Oceanologia, Ministerio de Ciencia Technologõ ay Kalouche, Salem, Dr., Medio Ambiente, Av. 1a No. 18406 Reparto Flores, Playa, National Center of Spatial Techniques, Geodetic Laboratory, CTNS BP La Habana, Cuba, Ph: (53) 7-33-9112, Fx: (53) 7-33-9112, 13, Arzew 31200, Algeria, Ph: (213) 6 472580, (213) 6 472217, E-mail: oceano@cenai-cu Fx: (213) 6 473454 Juma, Roge rio AntoÁ nio, Mr., A, Kamijo, Kenichi, Mr., A, Direc´ao Nacional de Geogra®a e Cadastre, C.P. 288, Maputo, Tokyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350, Japan Mozambique Kaminski, Waldemar, Dr., A, Jun, Dong, Mr., A, University of Agriculture & Technology, Inst. of Geodesy and Nanjing University, Dept. of Mathematics, Nanjing 210008, China Photogrammetry, Oczapowskiego Str. 1, PL 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland, Jung, Woo-Yeol, Dr., A, Ph: 233-305/234-873 US Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7420, Naval Research Laboratory, Kaminskis, J., Dr., A, Washington D.C. 20375, USA, E-mail: [email protected] State Land Service of Latvia, 11. Novembra krastmala, 31, LV-1484 Riga, Jungstand, Arne, Mr., A, Latvia, Ph: (371)-7213471, Fx: (371)-7227858, E-mail: Institute for Space Research, PF 5123, D-17230 Neustrelitz, Germany, [email protected] Ph: (37)-991-7481, Fx: (37)-991-7485 Kaminuma, Katsutada, Prof., A, Juergenson, Harli, Lecturer, A, National Institute of Polar Research, 9-10 Kaga-1 chome, Itabashi-ku Estonian Agricultural University, Institute of Land Surveying, Kreutz- J-173 Tokyo, Japan, Ph: (81)-3-3962-4711 ext.354, Fx: (81)-3-3962-5741, waldi 5, Tartu, Estonia, Ph: (372)-7-422-539, Fx: (372)-7-422-364, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Kanani, Entela, Kaariainen, Juhani, Prof.-Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeettinen Laitos, Geodeetinrinne 2, Kanazawa, T., A, FIN-02430 Masala, Finland, Ph: (358)-9-295-55-318, The First Regional Maritime Safety Headquarters, Minato-machi 5-3, Fx: (358)-9-295-55-200, E-mail: [email protected] Otaru 047, Japan, Fx: (81)-134-32-9301 Kabelac, Josef, Mr., A, Kanazawa, T., Dr., A, Czech. Polytechnical University, Thakurova 7, 166 29 Praha 6-Dejvice, Earthquake Research Institute, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113, Czech Republic Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Kaczorowski, Marek, Dr., A, Kanazawa, Teruo, Prof., A, Space Research Centre, Planetary Geodesy Dept., Bartycka 18a, Maritime Safety Academy, Hydrographic Dept., 5-1 Wakaba-cho, J-737 PL-00-716 Warsaw, Poland, Ph: (48)-22-410041 ext. 57, Kure-shi Hiroshima, Japan, Ph: (81)-3-3541-3816, Fx: (81)-3-3545-2885 Fx: (48)-22-411781 Kang, Jincheng, Mr., A, Kadir, Abd. Majid A., Dr., NCA, China Association for Science and Technology, 54 Sanlihe Road, Beijing University of Technology of Malaysia, Department of Geomatic Eng., 100863, China Locked Bag 791, 80990 Johor Bahru, Malaysia, Kaniuth, Klaus, Dr., A, Ph: (60)-7-576160 xet. 2942, Fx: (60)-7-566163, E-mail: Deutsches Geodaetisches Forschungsinstitut, Marstallplatz 8, D-80539 [email protected] Munchen, Germany, Ph: (49)-89-23031-114, Fx: (49)-89-23031-240 Kadri, A., Ing., A, Kanzawa, T., Dr., A, Service Ge ographique de l'Arme e, B.P. 3094, Damas, Syria Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Kahar, Joenil, Prof., A, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113, Japan, E-mail:[email protected] Bandung Institute of Technology, Dept. of Geodesy, Jalan Ganesha 10, Karahan, Z., Mr., A, 40132 Bandung, Indonesia, Ph: (62)-22-2504852 Ext. 681, Mineral Research & Exploration, Gen. Directorate Jeoloji, 06520 Ankara, Fx: (62)-22-431-792/438338, E-mail: [email protected] Turkey Kahle, Hans-Gert, Prof. Dr., F, Kasahara, K., Mr., F, Federal Institute of Technology, Institut fuer Geodaesie & Photogram- Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, metrie, ETH-Hoenggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113, Japan Ph: (41)-1-633 3255, Fx: (41)-1-633 1066, E-mail:[email protected], Kasahara, Minoru, Dr., A, Homepage: http://www.geod.etz/ggl Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Science, Institute of Seismol- Kahlouche, Salem, Dr., A, ogy and Volcanology, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, Ph: (81)-11-706-3591, Centre National des Techniques Spatiales, BP 13 Arzew, 31200 Oran, Fx: (81)-11-746-7404, E-mail:[email protected] Algeria, Ph: (213) 647 25 80, Fx: (213) 647 34 54, E-mail: Kasdin Jeremy, Mr., A, [email protected] Stanford University, Hansen Labs., GPB, Stanford CA 94305, USA Kahmen, Heribert P., Prof. Dr., OF, Kasenda, Fien, Dr., A, Department of Applied and Engineering Geodesy, Vienna University of Jurusan Teknik Geodesi FTSP-ITB, Jalan Ganesha 10 Bandung, Technology, Gusshausstr. 27-29, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, Bandung 40132, Indonesia Ph: (43)-1-58801/12840, Fx: (43)-1-58801-12840, Kasser, Michel, Prof., A, E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: E.S.G.T., 18 Alle e Jean Rostand, 91025 Evry Cedex, France, info.tuwien.ac.at/ingeo/staff/kahmen.htm Ph: (33)-1-6078-0042, Fx: (33)-1-6936-7421 Kahn, W.D., Dr., A, Kasuga, S., Dr., A, NASA/GSFC, Code 621, Greenbelt MD 20771-0001, USA, Maritime Safety Agency, Hydrographic Department, 5-3-1, Tsukiji, Ph: (1)-301-286-5462 Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] 189

Kato, Teruyuki, Prof., F, Kerr, Adam J., Mr., A, University of Tokyo, Earthquake Research Institute, Yayoi 1-1-1, International Hydrographic Bureau, IHO Director, 7 ave Pr. J.F. Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0032, Japan, Ph: (81)-3-3812-2111 ext.5730, Kennedy BP 445, MC-98000 Monte-Carlo, Monaco, Ph: (33)-9350-6587, Fx: (81)-3-5689-7234, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (33)-9325-2003 Katsambalos, Kostas, Prof., A, Kerr, Ann, Mrs., A, University of Thessaloniki, Dept. of Geodesy&Surveying, 54006 SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, IGPP/A-025, 9500 Gilman Drive, Thessaloniki, Greece, Ph: (30)-31-996123, Fx: (30)-31-996137, E-mail: La Jolla CA 92093-0205, USA, Ph: (1)-619-534-2103 [email protected] Khalafalla, El Badri, Kaula, William M., Prof., F, E-mail: [email protected] University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Space & Earth Khalifa, Saliem, Eng., NCA, Sciences, 3806 Geology Building, Box 951567, Los Angeles CA Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre, Director General, PO Box 414, Al 90024-1567, USA, Ph: (1)-213-825-4363, Fx: (1)-213-825-2779 Jbeihah, Jordan, Ph: (962)-845188, E-mail: [email protected] Kausel, Edgar, Dr., F, Khattri, K.N., Prof., A, Universidad de Chile, Depart. de Gologia y Geo®sica, Blanco Encalada Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 34 Gen. Mahadeo Singh Marg, 2085, Casillia 2777 Santiago, Chile, Ph: (56)-2-6966563, Dehradun UP 248 001, India, Ph: (135)-28542, Fx: (135)-25212 Fx: (56)-2-6968686, E-mail: [email protected] Khonsary, Jaafar, Ing., A, Kautzleben, H., Prof., F, Fars Regional Water Authority, PO Box 1189, IR-71365 Shiraz, Iran, Schneewittchenstr. 27, D-1185 Berlin, Germany Ph: (98)-71-335074/332337, Fx: (98)-71-59223/335073 Kawaguchi, Noriyuki, Ass. Prof., A, Khoo, H.P., Mr., A, Nobeyama Radio Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory, Geological Survey of Malaysia, PO Box 1015, 30820 Ipoh Perak, Malaysia Nobeyama Minamimaki Minamisaku, Nagano 384-13, Japan, Khoon, S.Y., Mr., A, Ph: (81)-267-63-4384, Fx: (81)-267-98-2923, E-mail: Geological Survey of Malaysia, PO Box 1015, 30820 Ipoh Perak, Malaysia [email protected] Khorguani, V., Prof., A, Kaya, Yilmaz, Col. Eng., A, Initiative Group of Georgian Geophys. Soc., Institute of Geophysics, Ac. General Command of Mapping, Turkish Nat. U.G.C.G., Harita Genel Sci. Georgia Ruckadze st 1, Tbilisi 380093, Georgia Komutanligi, 06100 Cebeci Ankara, Turkey, Ph: (90)-4-319-7740, Khosla, K.L., Gen., A, Fx: (90)-4-320-1495 Survey of India, PO Box 77 17 East Canal Road, Dehra Dun-248001, Kealy, Allison, Dr., A, India University of Melbourne, Dept. of Geomatics, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Kielland, P., Mr., A, Australia, Ph: 61-3-9344-6804, Fx: 61-3-9347-2916, E-mail: Canadian Hydrographic Service, 615 Booth street, Ottawa Ontario K1A [email protected] OE6, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-992-9415, Fx: (1)-613-996-9053, E-mail: Kearsley, A.H. William, Assoc. Prof., Dr., F, [email protected] University of New South Wales, School of Geomatic Engineering, Kifanga, E.D., Mr., A, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Ph: (61) 2 9385 4188, Fx: (61) 2 9313 7493, Surveys&Mapping Division, PO Box 9201, Dar es Salam, Tanzania E-mail: [email protected] Kikuchi, S., Dr., A, Kee, Changdon, Mr., A, Maritme Safety Agency, Hydrographic Department, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Seoul National University, Department of Aerospace Engineering, GPS Tokyo 104, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Laboratory, 151-742, Seoul, Korea, Ph: (82)-2-8001912, Kilby, Grant, Mr., Fx: (82)-2-887-2662, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Keihm, Stephen J., Dr., A, Kilicoglu, Ali, A, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109, General Command of Mapping, Department of Geodesy, TR-06100 USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-3656/2408, Fx: (1)-818-393-4341 Ankara, Turkey, Ph: 90 312 363 8550/(ext:2268), Fx: 90 312 320 1495, Kejlsoe, E., Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Harpevej 4, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark Killeen, Timothy, Prof., A, Keller, Kristian, O EC, The University of Michigan, Space Physics Laboratory, 2455 Hayward Kort & Matrikelstyrelsen, Rentemestervej 8, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, St., Ann Arbor Michigan 48109-2143, USA, Ph: (1)-313-747-3435, Denmark, E-mail:[email protected], Homepage: www.kms.dk Fx: (1)-313-763-0437, E-mail: [email protected] Keller Wolfgang, Prof. Dr., A, Killigrew, Leo, Mr., A, Universitaet Stuttgart, Geodaetisches Institut, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24/ SLR Research Party LTD, Level 3, 30 Kings Park Rd., West Perth WA D, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany, Ph: (49)-711-121-3459, 6005, Australia Fx: (49)-711-121-3297, E-mail: [email protected] Kim, Donghyun, Mr., A, Kellogg, James N., Dr., An, University of New Brunswick, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics University of South Carolina, Dept. Geological Science, Columbia SC Engineering, Geodetic Research Laboratory, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, 29208, USA Canada, Ph: (1)-506-4535143, Fx: (1)506-4534943, E-mail:[email protected] Kelly, Kevin M., Mr., A, Kim, Jeong-Hee, Dr., A, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Manager Geodetic Services, 90 The Pusan National University, #1 San, Jangjun-dong, Kumjung-ku, Sheppard Ave. E. 4th Floor, North York Ontario M2N 3A1, Canada, Pusan 609-735, Korea, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1)-416-733-5138, Fx: (1)-416-223-6215 Kim, Yongil, Mr., A, Kelm, Rainer, Dr., A, Seoul National University, Department of Urban Engineering, 56-1 Deutsches Geodaetisches Forschungsinstitut, Marstallplatz 8, D-80539 Shilim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, 151-742, Seoul, Korea, Ph: (82)-2-8807364, Munchen, Germany, Ph: (49)-89-23031-210, Fx: (49)-89-23031-240, Fx: (82)-2-8890032, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Kim Dek Yeng, Dr., A, Kenani-Kochesfhani, Mohamad, Mr., A, National Geodetic Service, PO Box 100, Pyongyang, Korea Technical Engineering Cons. Org., no.739 Hafez Shomali Ave, Tehran Kimata, Fumiaki, Dr., A, 15976, Iran, Ph: (98)-8105323/5321, Fx: (98)-892816/802528 Nagoya University, Research Center for Seismology and Volcanology, Kennie, T.J.M., Dr., A, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya J-464, Japan, Ph: (81)-52-789-3040, University of Surrey, Dept. of Civil Engeneering, Guildford, Surrey GU2 Fx: (81)-52-782-4425, E-mail: [email protected] 5XH, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-483-571281 King, Robert W., Dr., F, Kenselaar, Frank, ir., A, Dept. of Earth Atmospheric&Planetary Sciences, MIT 54-620, Delft University of Technology, Dept. of Geodesy, Thijsseweg 11, Massachussets Institute of Technology, Cambridge Mass. 02139, USA, NL-2629 JA Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-278-7012, Ph: (1)-617-253-7064, Fx: (1)-617-253-1699, E-mail: Fx: (31)-15-278-3711, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Kenyeres, Ambrus, Mr., A, Kinoshita, Hiroshi, Dr., A, Inst. of Geod., Cart. and Remote Sensing, Satellite Geodetic Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory, 2-21-1 Ohsawa Mitaka, Tokyo 181, PO Box 546, H-1373 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36)-27-10980, Japan, Ph: (81)-422-41-3615, Fx: (81)-422-41-3193, E-mail: Fx: (36)-27-10982, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Kenyon, Steve C., Dr., A, Kirby, Jon, Dr., National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), GIMGC L-41, 3200 So. Curtin University of Technology, School of Spatial Sciences, GPO Box Second Street, St. Louis, MO 63118-3399, USA, Ph: (1)-314-263-4342, U1987, Pearth WA 6845, Australia, Ph: (61) 8 9266 2218, Fx: (1) 314-263-4102, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (61) 8 9266 2703, E-mail: [email protected] 190

Kirchengast, Gottfried, A., Knight, M., Mr., A., IGAM, University Graz, Universitaetsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria, Surveillance Systems Division, Defence Science & Technology E-mail: [email protected] Organisation (DSTO), P.O. Box. 1500 Salisbury, South Australia 5108, Kirchner, Georg, Dr., A, Australia, Ph: (61)-8-8259-6864, Fx: (61)-8-8259-5200, E-mail: Institute for Space Research, Lustbuehelstrasse 46, A-8042 Graz, Austria, [email protected] Ph: (43)-316-4673-51, Fx: (43)-316-467356, E-mail: Knipling, Louis H., Prof. Dr., A, [email protected] 13503 Island Road SE, Fort Myers FD 33905, USA, Ph: (1)-813-694-1449 Kirwan, R.A., Dr., A, Knudsen, Per, Dr., F, Ordnance Survey Oce, Controller of Mapping, Phoenix Park, Dublin 8, National Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic Division, Rentemestervej 8, Ireland, Ph: (353)-1-8206100, Fx: (353)-1-8204156 DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark, Ph: (45)-3587-5319, Kisimoto, K., Mr., A, Fx: (45)-3587-5052, E-mail: [email protected] Geological Survey of Japan, 1-1-3, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Kobayashi, K., Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, 2-15 Natusushima-cho, Kissell, Kenneth E., Dr., A, Yokosuka 237, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] 8828 Burbank Rd., Annandale VA 22003, USA Kobayashi, S., Dr., A, Kisslinger, Carl, Prof., A, Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, University of Colorado, CIRES Campus Box 216, Boulder CO 80309, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113, Japan, E-mail: USA, Ph: (1)-303-492-6089, Fx: (1)-303-492-1149 [email protected] Kiviniemi, Aimo, Prof. emeritus, F, Kobayashi, S., Dr., A, Oltermannintie 18A, 4, FIN-00620 Helsinki, Finland, Ph: (358)-9-7286699 Earthquake Research Institute, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113, Kivioja, Lassi A., Prof. Dr., A, Japan, E-mail: SHIGEKI.ERI.U-TOKYO.AC.JP Purdue University, 60 Blackfoot Ct., Lafayette IN 47905, USA, Koblinsky, Chester, Dr., A, Ph: (1)-317-474-4264, E-mail: [email protected] NASA/GSFC, Oceans and Ice Branch, Code 971, Greenbelt MD Klees, Roland, Prof. Dr.-Ing, F, 20771-0001, USA, Ph: (1)-301-286-4718, Fx: (1)-301-286-0240, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and E-mail: [email protected] Geosciences, Thijsseweg 11, NL-2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands, Koch, Karl Rudolf, Prof. Dr.-Ing., F, Ph: (31)-15-278-5100, Fx: (31)-15-278-3711, E-mail: Bonn University, Institut fuer Theoretische Geodaesie, Nussallee 17, [email protected] D-53115 Bonn, Germany, Ph: (49)-228-732626, Fx: (49)-228-733029, Klemes, Vit, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] 3460 Fulton, Victoria BC V9C3N2, Canada, Ph: (1)-604-478-1908 Koesters, Anton, Mr., A, Kleusberg, Alfred, Prof. Dr., F, Rijkswaterstaat Survey Department, Survey Department, PO Box 5023, Universitaet Stuttgart, Institut fuer Navigation, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-269 1385, 24/D, D-70174 Stuttgart, Fed. Rep. of Germany, Fx: (31)-15-213 5456, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (49)-711-121-3400, Fx: (49)-711-121-2755, E-mail: Kogan, L., Dr., A, [email protected] Lebedev Physical Institute, Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32, 117810 Moscow, Kleywegt, Robert J., Mr., A, Russia, Ph: 333-31-89 Council for Geoscience, Private Bag X112, Pretoria 0001, South Africa, Kohler, Mr., Dipl.-Geogr., A, Ph: (27)-841-1228, Fx: (27)-21-841-1203, E-mail: Amt fuer Militaerisches Geowesen, Abt. Fuehrung, G4/G6, [email protected] Mercator-Kaserne, Frauenberger Str. 250, 53879 Euskirchen, Germany Kling, T., Mr., A, Koivula, Hannu, Ms., A, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Institut fuer Physikalische Geodaesie, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, FIN-02430 Masala, Petersenstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Ph: (49)-6151-163900, Finland, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: D25B@DDATHD21 Kolaczek, Barbara, Dr., F, Klingele , Emile, Prof. Dr., A, Space Research Centre, Planetary Geodesy Dept., Bartycka 18a, Federal Institute of Technology, Institut fuer Geodaesie & Photogram- PL-00-716 Warsaw, Poland, Ph: (48)-22-403766, Fx: (48)-39-121273, metrie, ETH-Hoenggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (41)-1-633-2628, Fx: (41)-1-371-3556, E-mail: [email protected] Kolb, Mr., Dipl.-Ing., A, Klinkrad, Heiner, Dr., A, Universitaet fur Bodenkultur, Inst. fuer Vermess. und Fernerkundung, ESA/European Space Operations Centre, Mission Analysis Section, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, A-1190 Wien, Austria, Ph: (43)-222-315189 Robert-Bosch-Strasse 5, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany, Kolenkiewicz, Ronald, Dr., A, Ph: (49)-6151-90-2295, Fx: (49)-6151-90-2625, E-mail: NASA/GSFC, Space Geodesy Branch Code 926, Greenbelt MD [email protected] 20771-0001, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Klioner, SergeõÈ , Dr., A, Komjathy, Attila, Mr., A, Institute of Applied Astronomy, 8 Zhdanovskaya Street, St Petersburg University of New Brunswick, Geodetic Research Laboratory, PO Box 197042, Russia, Ph: (7)-812-230-7414/235-3201, Fx: (7)-812-230-7413, 4400, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, Canada, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Klokocnik, Jaroslav, Dr.-Ing., A, Konan, K., Mr., F, Ondrejov Observatory, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-251 65 Ondrejov, Ecole Nationale Supe rieure des Travaux Publics, B.P. 1083, Czech Republic, Ph: (420)-204-857158, Fx: (420)-288-1611, E-mail: Yamoussokro, Ivory Coast [email protected] Kondo, Tetsuro, Klopping, F., Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Micro-g Solutions, Inc., 515 Briggs St., P.O. Box 636, Erie, CO 80516, Konecny, E.H. Gottfried, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, USA, E-mail: [email protected] University of Hannover, Institut fuer Photogrammetrie und Klosko, Steve M., Mr., A, Ingenieurvermessung, Nienburger Strasse 6, D-30167 Hannover, Hughes STX, 7701 Greenbelt Rd. suite 400, Greenbelt MD 20770, USA, Germany, Ph: (49)-511-762-2481, Fx: (49)-511-762-2482/3456 Ph: (1)-301-441-4124, Fx: (1)-301-441-1853, E-mail: Kono, Y., Prof., A, [email protected] Kanzawa University, Faculty of Science, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Klotz, Juergen, Dr., A, 920-11, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Technische Universitaet Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Koop, Radboud, Dr., A, Germany, Ph: (37)-30-3142-3602, Fx: (37)-30-3142-1119, E-mail: Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Geodetic Engineering, [email protected] Thijsseweg 11, NL-2629 JA Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-278-4543, Knickmeyer, Elfriede, Dr., A, Fx: (31)-15-278-3711, E-mail: [email protected] German Aerospace Research Establishment, Remote Sensing Ground Kopaev, Alexander V., Dr., A, Station, Kalkhorstweg 53, D-17033 Neutrelitz, Germany, Astron. Inst. of the Moscow University, Moscow State University, Ph: (49)-3981-7481, Fx: (49)-3981-7485, E-mail: Universitetskii prosp. 13, V-234 119899 Moscow, Russia, [email protected] Ph: (7)-95-939-5327, Fx: (7)-95-939-0126, E-mail: Knickmeyer, Ernst Heinrich, Prof.- Dr. Ing., A, [email protected] Neubrandenburg College, Dept. of Civil and Surveying Engineering, Korhonen, Juha V., A, Brodaer Str. 2, D-17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany, Geological Survey of Finland, Po Box 96, Espoo FIN-02151, Finland, Ph: (49)-395-4513-358, Fx: (49)-395-4513-212 Ph: 358 205 50 12, E-mail: [email protected] 191

Korittke, Norbert, Dipl.Ing., A, Krueger, Claudia Pereira, Dr., A, Deutsche Montan Technology, ILVAG, Westho€str. 17, D-44791 Universidade Federal do Parano , Centro Polite cnico, C.P. 19011, Brazil, Bochum, Germany, Ph: (49)-234-968-3633, Fx: (49)-234-968-3706 Ph: (55)-41-3662323, Fx: (55)-41-2662393, Korotova, Galina Ivanovna, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] IZMIRAN, 142092 Troisk, Russia, Ph: (7)-95-6635 Kruizinga, Gerard, Mr., A., Kosek, Wieslaw, Dr., A, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA Space Research Centre, Planetary Geodesy Dept., Bartycka 18a, 91109-8099, USA, E-mail: [email protected] PL-00-716 Warsaw, Poland, Ph: (48)-22-403766, Fx: (48)-39-121273, Kruse, Lars Peter, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Kosik, Jean-Claude, Dr., A, Krynski, Jan, Dr., F, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, CT/TI/MS/AM, 18 Avenue Edouard Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Dept. of Surveying and Mapping, Belin, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-6152-7561, Ul. Jasna 2/4, PL-00-950 Warsaw, Poland, Ph: (48)-22-827-0328, Fx: (33)-5-6127-3179 E-mail: [email protected] Kostelecky, Jan, Dr., A, Kuang, Da, Mr., A, Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography, CZ-250 66 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Mail Stop 238-600, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Zdiby 98, Praha-Vychod, Czech Republic, Ph: (420)-2-685-7250, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-8332, E-mail: Fx: (420)-2-685-7056, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Kostyanev, Simon, A, Kubacek, Lubomir, Prof. Dr., A, University of Mining and Geology_So®a 1100, Bulgaria, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute, Dubravska Cesta 9, Ph: 359-2-9624940, E-mail: [email protected] CS-84228 Bratislava, Slovakia Kotsakis, Christopher, A, KubaÁ ckovaÁ , Ludmilla, Dr., A, University of Calgary, Department of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 Palacky University, Dept. of Mathematical Analysis and Numerical University Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N1N4, Canada, Mathematics, Tomkova 40, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic, E-mail: Ph: (1) 403 2841980, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Kotzev, Valentin, Dr., A, Kubik, Kurt, Prof., A, Central Laboratory of Geodesy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Ul. 15 Queensland Institute of Technology, Space Center for Satellite Noemvri 1, 1040 So®a, Bulgaria, Ph: (359)-2-720-841, Fx: (359)-2-720-841, Navigation, Faculty of Engineering PO Box 2434, Brisbane QLD-4001, E-mail:[email protected], [email protected] Australia, Ph: (61)-7-3864 1415, Fx: (61)-7-3864-1361, E-mail: Kouba, Jan, Dr., F, [email protected] Geodetic Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), 615 Kubo, Yoshio, Dr., A, Booth street, Ottawa Ontario K1A OE9, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-992-2678, Maritime Safety Agency, 3-1, Tsukiji 5, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan, Fx: (1)-613-992-2061, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (81)-3-3541-3815, Fx: (81)-3-3541-3685, E-mail: Kovacs, Louis C., Mr., A, [email protected] Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7420, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Kuehne, John W., Mr., A, Washington DC 20375-5350, USA, Ph: (1)-202-767-2024, University of Texas, Dept. Geological Sci. 4th ¯oor., PO Box 1085, Austin Fx: (1)-202-767-0167 Texas 78713, USA Kovalevsky, Jean, Prof., F, Kuehtreiber, N., Dr., A, OCA/CERGA, Avenue N. Copernic, 06130 Grasse, France, Technical University Graz, Physical Geodesy, Ph: (33)-4-9340-5353, Fx: (33)-4-9340-5333, E-mail: Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Kovic-Kraij, Polona, Dr., A, Kuhar, Miran, NCA, Institute of Geology, Geotechnics and Geophysics, Dimiceva 14, 1000 University of Ljubljana, Geodaetische Abteilung, Jamova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Ph: (386) 61 1682 461, Fx: (386) 61 1682 557 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Ph: (386) 61 1768 500, Fx: (386) 61 1250704, E-mail: Kozai, Y., Prof., F, [email protected] National Astronomical Observatory, The Foundation for the Kuhn, Michael, Prof., Development of Astronomy, 2-21-1 Ohsawa Mitaka, Tokyo 181, Japan, Institute of Meteorology, Inrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Ph: (81)-422-34-8801, Fx: (81)-422-34-3690 Ph: (43)-512-507-2183, Fx: (43)-512-507-2170, E-mail: Krakiwsky, E.J., Prof., F, [email protected] University of Calgary, Dept. of Surveying Engineering, 2500 University Kuhtreiber, Norbert, Dr., A, Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Ph: (1)-403-220-7378, Technical University of Graz, Institut fuer Physikalische Geodaesie, Fx: (1)-403-284-1980 Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Ph: (43)-316-873-6352, Kramer, Klaus, Mr., A, Fx: (43)-316-817909, E-mail: [email protected] Institut fuer Theoretische Geodaesie, Brockmanngasse 47/3, A-8010 Graz, Kuittinen, Risto, Prof., Director General, A NC, Austria Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, FIN-02431 Masala, Krankowski, Andrzej, Finland, Ph: (358)-9-295-55-307, Fx: (358)-9-295-55-200, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Krarup, T., Dr., F, Kulkarni, Madhav, Major, A, Carolinelundsvej 23, DK-8700 Horsens, Denmark Survey of India, OC 69 Party, PO Box 77 17 East Canal Road, Dehra Kraus, Karl, Prof. Dr. Ing., A, Dun-248001, India, Ph: (91)-135-27114/24528, Fx: (91)-135-27623 Technische Universitaet Wien, Institut fuer Theoretische Geodaesie und Kumar, Muneendra, Dr., F, Geophysik, Gusshausstrasse 27-29 /1281, A-1040 Wien, Austria, NIMA/GIMG, Mail Stop: D-56, 4600 Sangamore Rd., Bethesda MD Ph: (43)-222-58801, Fx: (43)-222-5056268 20816-5003, USA, Ph: (1)-301-227-5551, Fx: (1)-301-227-2837, Kresimir, Colic, A, E-mail: [email protected] Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, Kaciceva 26, Croatia, E-mail: Kumetaitis, Zenonas, Prof., A, [email protected] National Land Survey, Lithuania, Gedimino av. 19, LT - 2025 Vilnius, Krijnen, Hank J., Mr., A, Lithuania, Ph: (370)-2-622792, Fx: (370)-2-622120, E-mail: Bellair Research Center Shell Oil Company, 3737 Bellair Boulevard PO [email protected] Box 481, Houston TX 77025, USA, Ph: (1)-713-663-2628, Kumkova, Irina, Dr., A, Fx: (1)-713-663-2945 Institute of Applied Astronomy, 8 Zhdanovskaya Street, St Petersburg Kristiansen, Oddgeir, Dr., A, 197042, Russia, Ph: (7)-812-230-7414, Fx: (7)-812-230-7413, Statens Kartverk, Geodesidivisjonen, Kartverksveien 21, N-3511 E-mail: [email protected] Honefoss, Norway, Ph: (47)-32118100/8299, Fx: (47)-32118101, Kunak, Ladislav, Dr., ISM President, E-mail: [email protected] Technical University, Letna 9, CS-04001 Kosice, Slovakia Kritpet, Thawatchai, Colonel, A, Kunitsyn, Vyacheslav E., Prof., A, Royal Thai Survey Department, Kalayanamitri Rd, Phranakorn Bangkok Moscow State University, Dept. of Physics, Lenin's Hills, 119899 10200, Thailand, Fx: 662-221-2884 Moscow, Russia, Ph: (7)-95-939-3806/396-7293, Fx: (7)-95-939-0247, Kroner, Corinna, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Kuntjoro, Wedyanto, A, Krop¯i, Robert A., Mr., A, Bandung Institute of Technology, Geodetic Engineering, Indonesia, NOAA/ERL/WPL, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80303-3328, USA E-mail: [email protected] 192

Kuntz, E., Prof. Dr., A, Lapaine, Miljenko, Dr., A, University of Karlsruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7, PO Box 6980, Geodetski Fakultet, University Zagreb, Kaciceva 26, 41000 Zagreb, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Ph: (49)-721-6082304 Croatia, Ph: (385)-1-456-1222, Fx: (385)-1-445-410, E-mail: Kunz, Larry E., Mr., A, [email protected] 14602 Flower Hill Dr., Centreville VA 22020, USA Lapajne, Janez K., Dr., A, Kuo, John T., Prof., F, Geophysical Survey of Slovenia, Kersnikova 3/II, 1000 Ljubljana, 11 Ho€mann Lane, Blauvelt N.Y. 10913, USA, Ph: (1)-914-359-2135, Slovenia, Ph: (386) 61 1320 283, Fx: (386) 61 1327 067, E-mail: Fx: (1)-914-359-4311 [email protected] Kuroda, J., Mr., A, Lapucha, Dariusz, A, Geographical Survey Institute, Kitasato-1 Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305, John E. Chance & Associates, Inc., 200 Dulles Drive, Lafayette, Louisiana Japan, E-mail: [email protected] 70506, USA, Ph: (1)-337-2371300, Fx: (1)-337-2683378, E-mail: Kuroishi, Y., Dr., A, [email protected] Geographical Survey Institute, Kitasato-1 Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305, Larden, Doug R., Prof., A, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] University of South Australia, School of Geoinformatics, Planning and Kusaba, R., Mr., A, Builing, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia, Ph: (61)-8-302-2359, Kochi University, Akebono Cho 2 5 1, Kochi 780, Japan, Fx: (61)-8-302-2252, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Larson, Kristine M., Prof., A, Kusche, Jurgen, University of Colorado, Dept. of Aerospace Eng. Sci./Box 429, Boulder E-mail: [email protected] CO 80309, USA, Ph: (1)-303-492-6583, Fx: (1)-303-492-2825, E-mail: Kusumoto, S., Mr., A, [email protected] Kyoto University, Department of Geophysics, Oiwake-cho Kitashiraka- Laskowski, Peter, Mr., A, wa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606, Japan, E-mail: Intergraph Corporation, Madison AL 35894-0001, USA, [email protected] Ph: (1)-205-730-7717, Fx: (1)-205-730-7296, E-mail: [email protected] Kutterer, Hansjorg, Dr., A, Latka, Jan, Dr., A, University of Karlsruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7 PO Box 6980, Space Research Centre, Bartycka 18a, PL-00-716 Warsaw, Poland, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Ph: (49)-721-608-2309, Ph: (48)-22-403766, Fx: (48)-39-121273/ (48)-22-403766, E-mail: Fx: (49)-721-694552, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Kwon, Jay Hyoun, Laxon, Seymour, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Labokoson, J.A., Ing., A, Lazdans, Jazeps, Dr., A, Institut National de Ge ode sie et Cartographie, Lalana Dama-Ntsoha Riga Technical University, 16 Azenes St., LV-1048, Latvia, R.J.B. B.P. 323, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar Ph: (132)-612725 LaBrecque, John, Mr., A, Le Cocq, Catherine, Mrs., A, NASA/HQ, Code YS Solid Earth Science, 600 Independance Avenue SW, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, PO Box 4349, Stanford CA 94309, Washington DC 20546, USA, Ph: (1)-202-554-6480, Fx: (1)-202-554-6499, USA, Ph: (1)-415-926-2335, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Le Gouic, Michel, Mr., A, Lachapelle, Ge rard, Dr., F, Mission Oce anographique de Me diterrane e, Directeur, BP 700, 83800 University of Calgary, Department of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 Toulon Naval, France, Ph: (33)-4-9402-1522, Fx: (33)-4-9402-0809 University Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Le Pape, Michel, Mr., A, Ph: (1)-403-220-7104, Fx: (1)-403-284-1980, E-mail: Institut Ge ographique National, SGN, 2, avenue Pasteur, 94165 [email protected] Saint-Mande Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-1-43988331, Fx: (33)-1-43988450, Ladd, L.W., Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Exploration Products Western Geophysical, 3600 Briar Park Dr. P.O. Box Le Provost, Christian, Dr., A, 2469, Houston TX 77042, USA, Ph: (1)-713-231-5751 Institut de Me canique de Grenoble, LEGI, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex, Lafuente, T., Mr., A, France, Ph: (33)-4-7682-5065, Fx: (33)-4-7682-5001, E-mail: Instituto GeograÁ ®co Nacional, Servicio de Geodesia, Calle General [email protected] Ibanez Ibero 3, 28003 Madrid, Spain Le Traon, Pierre-Yves, Mr., A, Lahaye, Francios, Mr., A, CLS Argos, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, Geodetic Survey of Canada, Geodetic Survey Division, 615 Booth street, Fx: (33)-5-61 75 10 14, E-mail: [email protected] Ottawa Ontario K1A OE9, Canada Lean, Judith, Dr., A, Lal, Devendra, Prof., A, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 4165, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, SCRIPPS Institution of Oceanography, Geosciences Research Division, Washington DC 20375-5350, USA, Ph: (1)-202-767-5116, 0220, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093-0220, USA, Fx: (1)-202-767-5636, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1)-619-587-1535, Fx: (1)-619-534-0784, E-mail: [email protected] Lebedev, M., Mr., A, Lala, P., Dr., A, Coordinational Scienti®c, Russia, Information Center (CSIC), Russian Ondrejov Observatory, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-251 65 Ondrejov, Space Forces, P.O. Box 14, Moscow, 117279, Russia, Ph: (7)-95-333-8133, Czech Republic, Ph: (420)-724525/2048520 Fx: (7)-95-333-8133, E-mail: [email protected] Lalancette, Marie Francoise, Dr., A, Lechner, Wolfgang, Dr.-Ing., A, EPSHOM, 13 Rue Chatellier, BP 426, Brest 29275, France Avionikzentrum Braunschweig GmbH, Rebenring 33, D-38106 Lambeck, Kurt, Prof., A, Braunschweig, Germany, Ph: (49)-531-3808150, Fx: (49)-531-3808172, The Australian National University, Research School of E-mail: [email protected] Earth Sciences, PO Box 4, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia, Leclerc, Jean-Guy, Dr.-Ing., A, Ph: (61)-2-6-249-5161, Fx: (61)-2-6-249-0756, Universite Laval, Dept. des Sciences Ge omatiques, Pavillon Casault, E-mail: [email protected] Ste-Foy Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada, Ph: (1)-418-656-2530, Lambert, Anthony, Dr., A, Fx: (1)-418-656-7411 Geological Survey of Canada, Head Gravity and Geodynamics, 3 Lee, Suk-Bae, Prof., A, Observatory Crescent, Ottawa Ontario K1A OY3, Canada, Jeonju Technical College, Department of Civil Engineering, Ph: (1)-613-995-5446, Fx: (1)-613-952-8987, 72 Namnosongdond Jeonju City 560-760, Korea, E-mail: E-mail:[email protected] [email protected] LaÁ ng-Varga, MaÁ rta, Mrs., A, Lefebvre, Michel, Dr., F, Technical University of Budapest, Dept. of Geodesy, P.O. Box 91, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31055 H-1321 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36)-1-166-5427, Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-6127-1484, Fx: (33)-5-6128-1408 Fx: (36)-1-166-5427 Lehman, Ruediger, Dr.-Ing., A, Langley, Richard B., Prof., F, University of Karlsruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7 PO Box 6980, University of New Brunswick, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Ph: (49)-721-608-3668, Engineering, PO Box 4400, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, Canada, Fx: (49)-721-69-4552 Ph: (1)-506-453-5142, Fx: (1)-506-453-4943, Leick, Alfred, Dr., A, E-mail:[email protected] University of Maine, Dept. of Spatial Inf. Science and Engineering, 5711 Lanotte, Roberto, Boardman Hall, Orono - Maine 04469-5711, USA, Ph: (1)-207-581-2179, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (1)-207-581-2206, E-mail: [email protected] 193

Leitinger, Reinhart, Prof. Dr., A, Li, Rui-Hao, Dr., A, Karl-Franzens-Universitaet Graz, Institut fuer Meteorologie und Institute of Seismology, Dept. Gravity and Earth Tides, State Seismolo- Geophysik, Halbarthgasse 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria, gical Bureau, Wuhan 430071, China, Ph: (86)-813412-439 Ph: (43)-316-380-5257, Fx: (43)-316-384091, E-mail: Li, Weisheng, Mr., A, [email protected] Wuhan Techn. Univ. of Surv. & Mapp., Dept. of Geodesy, 39 Luoyulu Lelgemann, Dieter, Prof. Dr.-Ing., F, Wuchang, Hubei 430070, China Technische Universitaet Berlin, Inst fuer Astr. und Phys. Geodaesie Sekr. Li, Xi-lin, Dr., A, H12, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany, Institute of Geodesy & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, no. 54 Ph: (49)-30-3143205, Fx: (49)-30-31423222, E-mail: 1428@DB0TUZ01 Xudong Road, Wuchan Hubei 430077, China, Ph: (86)-27-6813841, Lemoine, F.G., Dr., A, Fx: (86)-27-6813841, E-mail: [email protected] NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Space Geodesy Branch, NASA Li, Xiong, Dr., A, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA, E-mail: Institute of Geodesy & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, no. 54 [email protected] Xudong Road, Wuchan Hubei 430077, China, Ph: (86)-27-813401 Lemoine, Jean-Michel, Mr., A, Li, Yanxing, Prof., A, Groupe de Recherche en Ge ode sie Spatiale, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, State Seismological Bureau, First Land Deformation 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-6133-2973, Monitoring Center, Yihaoqiao Jintang Rd., Hedong District 300180 Fx: (33)-5-6125-3098, E-mail: [email protected] Tianjin, China, Ph: (86)-22-491357, Fx: (86)-22-752371, Lenhardt, H., Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Astonomisches Rechen-Institut Heidelberg, Moenchhofstrasse 12-14, Li, Zheng-Xin, Dr., F, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Shanghai Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Leni, S.H., Mr., A, 200030 Shanghai, China, Ph: (86)-21-4386191, Fx: (86)-21-4384618, Kyoto University, Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of E-mail: [email protected] Science, Oiwake-cho Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606, Japan, Li, Zuofa, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Wuhan Techn. Univ. of Surv. & Mapp., Dept. of Geodesy, 39 Luoyulu Lenk, Karin, Wuchang, Hubei 430070, China, Ph: 86-27-711514/941, Fx: 86-27-714185 E-mail: [email protected] Liard, Jacques, Dr., Gravity Systems Manager, A, Lennon, Geo€ W., Prof., F, Geological Survey of Canada, Geodetic Survey Division, 615 Booth Str., The Flinders University of South Australia, Director of National Ottawa Ontario K1A OE8, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-992-4889, Tidal Facility, M. Oliphant Build. Science Park AdelaõÈ de, Fx: (1)-613-992-1468, E-mail: [email protected] Bedford Park South Australia 5042, Australia, Ph: (61)-8-201-7528, Lichten, Stephen M., Dr., A, Fx: (61)-8-201-7523 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-600, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Lensen, G., Mr., F, Pasadena A 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-1614, Fx: (1)-818-393-4965, New Zealand Geological Survey, 60 Te Moana Rd, Waikanae, New E-mail: [email protected] Zealand Lichtenegger, Herbert, Prof., A, Lepore, Angela, Ms., A, Technical University of Graz, Institute for Applied Geodesy, Steyrergasse University of Bologna, Department of Physics Geophysics, Viale Berti 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Ph: (43)-316-873-6833, Fx: (43)-316-873-8888, Pichat 8, I-40127 Bologna, Italy, Ph: (34)-051-6305001, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (34)-051-250106 Lidberg, Martin, Ing., A, Leppard, N.A.G., Mr., A, National Land Survey of Sweden, S-801 82 Gaevle, Sweden, Directorate of Military Survey, Elmwood Avenue, Feltham Middlesex Fx: (46)-2661-0676, E-mail: [email protected] TW13 7AE, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-1-890-3622 Liebsch, Guenter, Dipl.-Ing., A, Leuliette, Eric, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institute fuer Planetare Geodaesie, E-mail: [email protected] Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Ph: (49)-351-463-3045, Levai, Pal, Mr., A, Fx: (46)-351-463-7106, E-mail: [email protected] Inst. of Geod., Cart. and Remote Sensing, Satellite Geodetic Observatory, Lieske, Jay, Mr., A, PO Box 546, H-1373 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36)-27-310980, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Mail Stop 301-150, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Fx: (36)-27-310982, E-mail: [email protected] Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-3642, Fx: (1)-818-393-6388, Levallois, Jean-Jacques, Ing. Gen. Geog., EC O F, E-mail: [email protected] 8 rue de l'Arrive e, F-75015 Paris, France, Ph: (33)-1-45 48 32 78 Lilienblum, Horst, Prof., A, Levine, Judah, Mr., A, CAESAT, Ingenieur und Vermessungburo, Rietschelstrasse 25, 01069 University of Colorado, JILA/Nat. Bureau of Standards Box 400, Boulder Dresden, Germany, Ph: (49)-351-472-4084/441-3580, CO 80309, USA, Ph: (1)-303-492-7785, Fx: (1)-303-492-5235, E-mail: Fx: (49)-351-472-4085/441-3580 [email protected] Lilje, Mikael, Mr., A, Lewandowski, Wlodzimierz, Dr., A, National Land Survey of Sweden, S-801 82 Gaevle, Sweden, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312 Ph: (46)-2663-3742, Fx: (46)-2661-0676, E-mail: [email protected] S´vres Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-1-45077063, Fx: (33)-1-45077059, E-mail: Lindenberger, J., Mr., A, [email protected] Universitaet Stuttgart, Institut fuer Photogrammetrie, Keplerstrasse 11, Lhimeur, Moumen, Mr., A, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany, Ph: (49)-711-1213386 Universite Hassan II, Service de la Ge ode sie, 31 avenue Hassan I, Lindloehr, Monika, Dr., A, MA-Rabat, Morocco Technische Universitaet Berlin, Inst fuer Astr. und Phys. Geodaesie Sekr. Li, Fei, H12, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (37)-30-314-4054, E-mail: 1074@DBOTUZO1 Li, Haihong, Mr., A, Lindloehr, Wolfgang, Dr., A, Wuhan Techn. Univ. of Surv. & Mapp., Dept. of Geodesy, 39 Luoyulu STN Atlas Marine Electronics GmbH, Sebalsbruecker Heerstr. 235, Wuchang, Hubei 430070, China D-28305 Bremen, Fed. Rep. of Germany, Ph: (49)-421-457-3446, Li, Hui, Prof., A, Fx: (49)-421-457-3449, E-mail:[email protected], Homepage: Institute of Seismology, State Seismological Bureau, Wuhan 430071, www.stn-atlas.de China, Fx: (86)-27-7884662 Lindner, K., Dr., A, Li, Jiancheng, Mr., A, University of Karlsruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7 PO Box 6980, Wuhan Techn. Univ. of Surv. & Mapp., 39 Luoyulu Wuchang, Hubei D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Ph: (49)-721-608-2305/4129, 430070, China, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (49)-721-694-552, E-mail: [email protected] Li, Jiancheng, Professor, A, Lindqwister, Ulf J., Dr., A, Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping, School of Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-700, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, 129 Luoyu Rd., Wuhan 430070, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-1734, Fx: (1)-818-393-4965, China, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Li, Rongxing, Dr., A., Lindsay, Cara, Ohio State University, Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geodetic E-mail: [email protected] Science, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Lindsay, Grahame K., Mr., FIG Secretary General, OH 43210-1275, USA, Ph: (1)-614-292-6946, Fx: (1)-614-292-2957, AUSLIG, PO Box 2, Belconnen ACT 2616, Australia, Ph: (61)-6-253-2922, E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: shoreline.eng.ohio-state.edu/ Fx: (61)-6-253-1741, E-mail: [email protected] 194

Lingle, Craig, Prof., A, Lopez, Nardo, Ind., A, University of Alaska, Geophysical Inst., Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Av. Independencia 1800, 4000 San Ph: (1)-907-474-7679, Fx: (1)-907-474-7290, E-mail: Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina [email protected] Lopez, Pablo Gran, Mr., NC, Link, Hans Peter, Mr., Instituto Geogra ®co Militar, Chile, Nueva Santa Isabel 1640, Santiago, E-mail: [email protected] Chile Linkwitz, Klaus, Prof. Dr.-Ing., F, Lorenz, G., Dr., A, Universitaet Stuttgart, Institut fuer Anwendungen der Geodaesie im Technische Universitaet Dresden, Sekt. Geodaesie und Kartographie, Bauwesen, Pfa€enwaldring 7A, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany, Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany Ph: (49)-711-685-6610/6612, Fx: (49)-711-685-6670 Louis, Michel, Ing. Ge n. Ge og., EC F, Lisboa, Maria Manuela Rodriguez, Mrs., A, 32 avenue du Mare chal Lyautey, 94100 Saint-Maur, France, Instituto Geogra®co e Cadastral, Pra´a da Estrela, 1200 Lisboa, Portugal, Ph: (33)-1-42-83 04 51 Ph: (351)-1-609925, Fx: (351)-1-3970248 Louis, P., Prof., A, List, Roland, Dr., IAMAS Secretary General, Universite de Montpellier II, Centre Ge ologique & Ge ophysique, Place University of Toronto, Department of Physics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Euge ne Bataillon, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France M5S 1A7, Canada, Ph: (1) 416 978 2982, Fx: (1) 416 978 8905, E-mail: Lowe, David, Mr., A, [email protected] University of Nottingham, IESSG, University Park, Nottingham NG7 Litzenberger, Rolf, Mr., A, 2RD, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-602-484848, Fx: (44)-602-508616 University of Kaiserslautern, Geomathematics Group, KSM26, P.O. Box Lu, G., Mr., A, 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany, Ph: (49) 631 205 3888, University of Calgary, Dept. of Surveying Engineering, 2500 University Fx: (49) 631 205 3052, E-mail: [email protected] Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada Liu, Chi-Ching, Dr., A, Lu, Quian-Kun, Director, A, Acad. Sinica Inst. of Earth Scienc., 78 Hei-Chiang St., National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, Baiwanzhuang, 100830 RC-10764 Taipei, Taiwan, Ph: (886)-2-363-0214, E-mail: Beijing, China [email protected] Lu, Yang, Dr., A, Liu, Ciyuan, Dr., A, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geodesy and geophysics, Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 54 Xudong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430077, China, Ph: 00 86 27 6783841, PO Box 18, Lintong Shaanxi 710600, China, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (86)-29-332255 ext. 418 Lufeng, Miao, Mr., A, Liu, J., Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, 16 Beitaiping Rd., 100039 Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing, China, Ph: (86)-1-821-2277-251 School of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, 129 Luoyu Road, Lugnani, Joao Bosco, Dr., F, Wuhan 430079, China, Ph: (86)-27-87884185, Univ. Federal do ParanaÁ , Dept. de Geociencias, Caixa Postal 19098, E-mail: [email protected] 81531 Curitiba ParanaÁ , Brazil, Ph: (55)-41-366-2323 ext. 257 Liu, Jingnan, A, Lugoe, F., Dr., A, Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping, 129th Luoyu University of Zimbabwe, Dept. of Surveying, PO Box MP 167, Mount Road, Wuhan 430079, China, Fx: (86)2787884185, E-mail: Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe, Ph: 303-211 ext. 1655 juliu@hp827 s.wtusm.edu.cn Lukyanchud, V. Ye., Dr., A, Liu, Lambo, Mr., A, I.S.E.C., Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulianovskaya 51, 109004 University of Conneticut, 354 Mans®eld Rd., Storrs Mans®eld, CT 06269, Moscow, Russia USA Lundberg, John B., Prof., A, Liu, Quanwei, A, Auburn University, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, 211 Aerospace The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Land Surveying Engineering, Auburn AL 36849-5338, USA, Ph: (1)-334-844-6827, & Geo-Informatics, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Fx: (1)-334-844-6803, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (852) 2330 2994, E-mail: [email protected] Luo, Zhicai, Dr., A, Liu, Ruozeng, Prof., A, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Land Surveying Institute of Geodesy & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, no. 54 and Geo-Informatics, Hung Hum, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Xudong Road, Wuchan Hubei 430077, China, Ph: 813805 Ph: 852 233 02994, E-mail: [email protected] Liu, Wayne, Mr., A, Luton, Geo€, Mr., A, DTRC, Code 1523 Bldg. 4 E, Carderock MD 20084, USA, AUSLIG, Scrivener House Dunlop Court, Fernhill Park Bruce A.C.T. Ph: (1)-301-227-1870, Fx: (1)-301-227-4507 2617, Australia, Ph: (61)-2-6-201-4292, Fx: (61)-2-6-201-4366, E-mail: Liu, Xu, Dr., A, [email protected] Shanghai Seismological Bureau, Lan Xi Road 87, Shanghai 200062, Luz, Roberto Teixera, M.Sc., A, China, Ph: 86 21 62579707, E-mail: [email protected] IBGE, Departemento de Geodesia, Av. Brasil, 15671, 3A, Rio de Janeiro Livieratos, E., Prof., F, CEP 21241-051, Brazil, Ph: (55)-21-391-8217, 351-9355, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Dept. of Geodesy & Surveying, Fx: (55)-21-481 2747, 3919028, E-mail:[email protected], Homepage: University Box 474, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece, Ph: (30)-31-991565, www.ibge.gov.br Fx: (30)-31-203587 Luzum, Brian, Astron., A, Lobianco, M.C., Ms., A, US Naval Observatory, Time Service Dept., 3450 Massachusetts Ave Instituto Basileiro de Geogra®a, Av. Brazil 15671, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, N.W., Washington DC 20392-5420, USA, Ph: (1)-202-653-0585, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (1)-202-653-0587 Lockhart, Thomas G., Mr., A, Lwangasi, A.S., Mr., A, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-700, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, University of Nairobi, Dept. of Surveying, PO Box 30 197, Nairobi, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-6102, Fx: (1)-818-393-4965, Kenya, Ph: (254)-2-334-244, Fx: (254)-2-336-885 E-mail: [email protected] Lyard, Florent, A, Lohse, Peter, Dipl.-Ing., A, Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Birkenhead, Merseyside L43 7RA, Universitaet Stuttgart, Geodaetisches Institut, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24/ Great Britain, Fx: (44)-151-653-6269, E-mail: [email protected] D, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany, Ph: (49)-711-121-3391, Lynch, Peter, Dr., A, Fx: (49)-711-121-3500 Met E ireann, Glasnevin Hill, Dublin 9, Ireland Loic, Daniel, Mr., A, Lyszkowicz, Adam, Dr., A, Institut Ge ographique National, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Cite Descartes, Space Research Centre, Dept. of Planetray Geodesy, Bartycka 18a, Champs-sur-Marne, France PL-00-716 Warsaw, Poland, Ph: (48)-22-403766 Ext. 285, Loncarevic, B.D., Dr., A, Fx: (48)-22-403131, E-mail: [email protected] Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth N.S. B2Y 4A2, Canada M'Begha, A.R., Mr., A, Long, James, Ardhi Institute, Land Surveying Dept., PO Box 35176, Dar-es-Salaam, E-mail: [email protected] Tanzania, Ph: (255)-051-71263, Fx: (255)-051-71853 Lonsdale, P., Prof., A, Ma, Li, Prof., A, SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, University of California, 9500 State Seismological Bureau, Center for Analysis and Prediction, 63 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093-0205, USA, E-mail: Fuxing Ave PO Box 166, Beijing 100036, China, Ph: (86)-01-8215522-2417, [email protected] Fx: (86)-01-8218604 195

Ma Cardoze, Nydia, Prof., A, Manansala, M.C., Mr., A, Universidad de Panama , Departamento de Geografõ a, Nation. Mapp. and Geod. Survey Inform. Authority, Coast and Geodetic Apartado Postal 4397, Panama 5, Panama , Ph: (50) 7-230-271, Survey Dept., 421 Barraca St., San Nicolas 1010 Manila, Philippines Fx: (50) 7-637-671 Mancini, Armando, Dr., F, Maas, Hans-Gerd, Dr., A., 15385 Twin Creeks Court, Centreville VA 22020, USA, Delft University of Technology, Department of Geodesy, Thijsseweg 11, Ph: (1)-703-266-3584 NL-2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-278-2556, Manning, Dennis M., Mr., A, Fx: (31)-15-278-2745, E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: 3034 Brentmoor Dr., Arnold MO, 63010, USA www.geo.tudelft.nl/frs/laserscan/index.html Manning, John, Mr., F, Macmillan, Daniel S., Dr., A, AUSLIG, Scrivener House Dunlop Court, Fernhill Park Bruce A.C.T. NASA/GSFC, MC 926 9, Greenbelt MD 20771-0001, USA, E-mail: 2617, Australia, Ph: (61)-6-201-4352, Fx: (61)-6-201-4366, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Macoco, D.K., Mr., A, Mannucci, A.J., Mr., A., University of Nairobi, Dept. of Surveying, PO Box 30 197, Nairobi, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Mail Stop 138-308B, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Kenya, Ph: (254)-2-334-244, Fx: (254)-2-336-885 Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-1699, Fx: (1)-818-393-5115, Macomber, M.M., Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Defense Mapping Agency, 6500 Brookes Lane, Washington DC 20305, Mansberger, Reinfried, Dr., A, USA Universitaet fuer Bodenkultur, Inst. fuer Vermess. und Fernerkundung, MacQueen, Je€ery D., Dr., A, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, A-1190 Wien, Austria, LCT Inc., 1155 Dairy Ashford #306, Houston, TX 77079, USA Ph: (43)-1-47654-5107/5100, Fx: (43)-1-47654-5142 Mader, Gerald R., Dr., F, Mansinha, Lalu, Dr., A, National Geodetic Survey, N/NGS6 SSMC-3 STA 9807, 1315 East-West University of Western Ontario, Dept. of Earth Sciences, London Ontario Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3281, USA, Ph: (1)-301-713-2854, N6A 5B7, Canada, Ph: (1)-519-661-3145, Fx: (1)-519-661-3198, E-mail: Fx: (1)-301-713-4475, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Madsen, Bo, Mr., A, Manurung, Parluhutan, Dr., A, National Survey and Cadastre, Rentemestervej 8, DK-2400 Copenhagen Bakosurtanal (National Coordination Agency for Survey and Mapping), NV, Denmark, Ph: (45)-3587-5319, Fx: (45)-3587 5052 Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km 46, PO Box 46/CBI Cibinong 16911, Madsen, Frede, Dr., NCA, Indonesia, Ph: 62 21 875 2064, E-mail: [email protected] National Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic Division, Rentemestervej 8, Manzino, Ambrogio, Dr., A, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark, Ph: (45)-3587-5286, Politecnico di Torino, Dipartmento di Georisorse e Territorio, Corso Fx: (45)-3587-5057, E-mail: [email protected] Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-11-564-7675, Magnitsky, V.A., Prof., A, Fx: (39)-0-11-564-7699 National Geophysical Comittee of Russia, Acad. of Sci. Molodezhnaya 3, Marakenko, N.L., Mr., A, 117296 Moscow GSP-1, Russia TSNIIGAIK, Onejskaya 26, 125413 Moscow, Russia Magnu sson, Ingvar, A, Marchenko, Alexander, Prof., Dr., A, Landmaelingar Islands, Laugavegi 178, IS-125 ReykjavY k, Iceland State University, Faculty of Geodesy, Lviv Polytechnic, S. Bandera St.12, Mahbod, Keikhorsow, Mr., A, 290646 Lviv, Ukraine, Ph: (38) 0322 398 456, Fx: (38) 0322 744 300, National Cartographic Center, Me'raj St. PO Box 13185-1684, Tehran, E-mail: [email protected] Iran, Ph: (98)-21-902371, Fx: (98)-21-901971 Marchenko, Konstantin I., Dr., A, Mahmoud, Salah Mohamed, Ass. Prof., A, Institute of Physics of the Earth, 10 Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, 123810 National Research Institute of Astronomy & Geophysics, Cairo, Dep. of Moscow, Russia, Ph: (7)-95-252-0726, Fx: (7)-95-255-6040, E-mail: Geodesy, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt, Ph: (20)-2-554-80-20, 202 554 9780, [email protected] Fx: (20) 2 554 8020, E-mail: [email protected] Marchesini, Claudio, Prof., A, Mainville, Andre , Dr., A, Universita di Udine, Istituto di Scienze della Terra, Geodetic Survey of Canada, Geodetic Survey Division, 615 Booth street, Via Cotoni®cio 114, I-33100 Udine, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-432-55-8745, Ottawa Ontario K1A OE9, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-995-4504, Fx: (39)-0-432-558700 Fx: (1)-613-992-6628, E-mail:[email protected], Homepage: Marchi, F. de, A, http://geod.nrcan.gc.ca Gruppe fuer Rustungsdienste, Fachabt. Systemanalyse, Majali, R., Brig. Gen., A, Chef Sektion Luftkrieg, Kasernenstrasse 19, CH-3000 Bern 25, Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre, PO Box 414, Al Jbeihah, Jordan, Switzerland Ph: (962)-661180 Mareyen, Maria, Dr., A, Majed Hamed, Abdul, Mr., A, Institut fuer Angew. Geodaesie, Aussenstelle Potsdam, Directorate of National Mapping, Tabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan, Jalan Telegraphenberg A 17, D-1561 Potsdam, Germany, Ph: (37)-33-310232, Gurney, Kuala Lumpur 15-02, Malaysia Fx: (37)-33-22824 Major, Gyoergy, Prof. Dr., A, Marquardt, Christian, Mr., A., Satellite Research Lab. of the Hungarian Meteorological Service, P.O. GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Box 39, H-1675 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36) 1 290 7387, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (36) 1 290 7387, E-mail: [email protected] Marquart, Gabriele, Dr., A, Makinen, Jaakko, Mr., A, Technische University of Berlin, Inst. Geodasie, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, FIN-02430 Masala, D-10623 Berlin, Germany Finland, Ph: (358)-9-295-55-317, Fx: (358)-9-295-55-200, Marquez, Bertha, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Universidad de Guadalajara Mexico, Departamento de Makris, Janis, Prof. Dr., F, Geografõ a y Ordenacio n Territorial, Apdo. Postal 2-1085, Institut fur Geophysik, Universitat Hamburg Bundesstrasse 55, D-2000 Guadalajara, Jal. 44290, Mexico, Fx: (52)-3-853 5058, Hamburg 13, Germany, Ph: (49)-4041233969, Fx: (49)-4041234921 E-mail: [email protected] Malberti, R.O., Dr., A, Marsella, Maria, Dr., A, INPRES, Roger Balet 67-Norte, 5400 San Juan, Argentina Universita di Roma La Sapienza, Dipt. 37, Via Eudossiana, I-00181 Malis, Miroslav, Mr., A, Roma, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-6-4458-5097/5105, Fx: (39)-0-6-4458-5080, E-mail: Sloval Authority of Geodesy Cartography and Cadastre, Hlboka 2, 813 23 [email protected] Bratislava, Slovakia, Ph: (42)-7-49-20029, Fx: (42)-7-497-562 Marshall, Andrew, Mr., A, Malkin, Zinovy, Dr., A, NASA/GSFC, Space Geodesy Branch Code 926, Greenbelt MD Institute of Applied Astronomy, 8 Zhdanovskaya Street, St Petersburg 20771-0001, USA, Ph: (1)-301-286-3044, Fx: (1)-301-286-2562 197042, Russia, Ph: (7)-812-123-4452, Fx: (7)-812-230-7413 Marson, Iginio, Prof. Dr., F, Malzer, H., Prof., A, Istituto di Miniere e Geo®sica Applicata, Via A. Valerio 10, 34136 Trieste, University of Karlsruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7 PO Box 6980, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-40-6763478/479, Fx: (39)-0-40-6763497, E-mail: D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany [email protected] Manabe, Seiji, Prof., A, Marti, Urs, Dr., A, National Astronomical Observatory, Division of Earth Rotation, Bundesamt fuer Landestopographie, Geodetic Division, Seftigenstr. 264, Mizusawa, Iwate 023, Japan, Ph: (81)-197-22-7133, Fx: (81)-197-23-2785, CH-3084 Wabern, Switzerland, Ph: (41)-31-9632378, Fx: (41)-31-9632459, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] 196

Martin, John, Mr., A, Matsuzaka, Shigeru, Mr., Oce of Public Works, 17/19 Lower Hatch Street, Dublin 2, Ireland, E-mail: [email protected] Martin Davila, Jose, E-mail: [email protected] Mattar, G., Mr., NC, Martinec, Zdenek, Dr., A, Comite National Libanais de Ge ophysique, Centre de Recherche Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Dept. of Geophysics, Charles Ge ophysiques, 165783 Beyrouth, Lebanon University V. Holesovickach 2, 180 00 Praha 8 Pelc-Tyrolka, Czech Mattey, S.N.B., Mr., A, Republic, Ph: (420)-2-849-951/952/959 Surveying Mapping & Remote Sensing, PO Box 18118, Nairobi, Kenya, Martinez, Ernesto Ariel, Prof., A, Ph: (254)-803321-9 Provincia Buenos Aires, Medrano 1165, Buenos Aires, BA 1663, Matthias, H.J., Prof. Dr., F, Argentina Federal Institute of Technology, Institut fuer Geodaesie & Martinez-Benjamin, Juan Jose, Prof., A, Photogrammetrie, ETH-Hoenggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Universitat Politecnica Catalunya, Jorge Girona Salgado 31, SP-08034 Ph: (41)-1-377-32-56 Barcelona, Spain, Ph: (34)-9-3-4017057, Fx: (34)-9-3-4016801 Maturana Nadal, Rodrigo, Mr., A, Martinez-Garcia, M., A, Instituto Geogra®co Militar, Nueva Santa Isabel 1640, Santiago, Chile, Polytecnica de Catalunya, Dept. of Applied Physics, C/Jordi Girona 1-3, Fx: (56)-2-6988278 Barcelona 08034, Spain, E-mail: [email protected] Matus, Sergio, Martini, Marino, Prof., A, E-mail: [email protected] University of Florence, Dept. Earth Science, Via Lapira 4, Florence Matyska, Ctirad, Dr., A, 50121, Italy Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Dept. of Geophysics, Charles Martin-Neira, Manuel, Mr., A., University V. Holesovickach 2, 180 00 Praha 8 Pelc-Tyrolka, Czech ESA, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2200-AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Republic, Ph: (420)-2-8576-2538, Fx: (420)-2-8576-2555, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Ma rton, Pe ter, Prof. Dr., A, Maul, Georges A., Dr., A, Eoetvoes Lorand University, Department of Geophysics, Ludovika ter 2, NOAA/AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Csway, Miami FD 33149, USA, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36) 1 210 1089, Fx: (36) 1 210 1089, Ph: (1)-305-361-4343, Fx: (1)-305-361-4343 E-mail: [email protected] Mavridis, Lyssimachos, Prof., A, Marton-LefeÁ vre, Julia, Dr., Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of ICSU Secre tariat, Executive Director, 51 Blvd de Montmorency, 75016 Geodetic Astronomy, University Box 474, 54006 Thessaloniki, Paris, France, Ph: (33)-1-4525-0329, Fx: (33)-1-4288-9431, E-mail: Greece, Ph: (30)-31-996131, Fx: (30)-31-824273, [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Marzan, G.T., Dr., A, Mayer, R., Dr., A, University of the Philippines, Training Center for Applied Geodesy, Institut fuer Angewandte Geophysik, Forschungsgesellschaft Joanneum, College of Engineering, Quezon City, Philippines Roseggerstrasse 17, A-8700 Leoben, Austria Mas, Sebastian, Prof. Dr., A, Mayoud, Michel, Dr., A, Isaac Penal 18, 28015 Madrid, Spain, Ph: (34)-9-1-2444725 CERN, Head of Applied Geodesy Group, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Mashhoon, Bahram, Prof., A, Switzerland, Ph: (41)-22-767-3007, Fx: (41)-22-767-3456, E-mail: University of Missouri at Columbia, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, 223 [email protected] Physics Building, Columbia MO 65211, USA, Ph: (1)-314-882-3335, Mazo, E.L., Dr., A, Fx: (1)-314-882-4195 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Geophysics, Maslov, Leo Alexander, Prof., A, Geology Facility, 119899, MSU, Leninskie gory, Moscow, Russia, E-mail: Inst. of Tectonics & Geophysics, Computing Center, Kim Yu Chau St., [email protected] 680063 Khabarovsk, Russia, Ph: (7)-4212-333743, Fx: (7)-4212-333743, Mazzega, P., Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] GRGS/CNRS, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, Massad, C., Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Comite National Libanais de Ge ophysique, Conseil National de la Mc Adoo, David, Dr., A, Recherche Scienti®que, Centre de Recherche Ge ophysiques, 165783 Geodetic Research and Development Lab., N/OES13 SSMC 4, 1305 Beyrouth, Lebanon East-West Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3281, USA, Massevitch, Alla Genzikhovna, Prof.-Dr., A, Ph: (1)-301-713-2860, E-mail: [email protected] Institute of Astronomy, 48 Pjatniskaya St., 109017 Moscow, Russia, Mc Intyre, Marie C., Mr., A, Ph: (7)-95-231-3980/5461, Fx: (7)-95-230-2081, E-mail: Deep Ocean Engineering, 1431 Doolittle Drive, San Leandro CA 94577, [email protected] USA, Ph: (1)-415-562-9300, Fx: (1)-415-430-8249 Masterton, Clive, Mr., A, Mc Kay, Edward, Mr., A, University of Zimbabwe, Dept. of Surveying, PO Box MP 167, Mount National Geodetic Survey, Vertical Network Branch, Rm 8813, 1315 Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe, Ph: (263)-4-303-280, Fx: (263)-4-333-407, East-West Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3282, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1)-301-713-3191 Mathews, P.M., Prof., A, Mc Kay, Mark, Mr., A, Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Madras (Guindy University of South Australia, The Levels Campus PO Box 1, Ingle Farm Campus), Chennai 600 034, India, Ph: (91) 44 8272098, SA 5098, Australia, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (91) 44 8272098, E-mail: [email protected] Mc Nutt, Marcia, Dr., F, Mathews, Piravonu, Prof., A, MBARI - Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, P.O. Box 628, HarvarD-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, MS 42, 60 Garden st., 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-0628, USA, Cambridge MA 02138, USA, Ph: (1)-617-496-7657, Fx: (1)-617-495-7345, Ph: (1)-831-775-1814, Fx: (1)-831-775-1647, E-mail:[email protected], E-mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.mbari.org Matindas, R.W., Ing., A, McCarthy, Dennis D., Dr., F, National Agency for Survey and Mapping, Bakosurtanal, Jalan US Naval Observatory, Directorate of Time, Raya-Bogor Km 46 PO Box 3546/JK, RI-Cibinong, Indonesia, 3450 Massachusetts Ave N.W., Washington DC 20392-5420, USA, Ph: (99)-82062/82067 Ph: (1)-202-762-1837, Fx: (1)-202-762-1563, Matsumo, K, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 1-15-1, Munamidai, McCue, Darren, Mr., Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164, Japan, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Mdanat, Husam, Mr., A, Matsumoto, K., Mr., A, Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre, PO Box 414, Al Jbeihah, Jordan, Ocean Research Institute, 15-1 1 Chome Minamidai, Nakano-ku Tokyo Ph: (962)-6-845188, Fx: (962)-6-844939 164, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Medina Guzman, Reynaldo A., Ing., A, Matsumoto, T., Dr., A, Instituto Geogra®co Nacional, Av. Juan Bertis 79 ± Delgado, San Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, 2-15 Natusushima-cho, Salvador, Salvador, Ph: 503-276-5900, Fx: 503-276-4769 Yokosuka 237, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Medvedev, Petr, Dr., A, Matsushima, M., Mr., A, Russian Academy of Sciences ± Geophysical Center, Acad. of Sci. Geographical Survey Institute, Kitasato-1 Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305, Molodezhnaya 3, 117296 Moscow GSP-1, Russia, Ph: (7)-95-930-5639, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (7)-95-930-5509, E-mail: [email protected] 197

Meehan, Tom, Mr., A., Meurers, Bruno, Dr., A, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109- Institut fuer Meteorologie und Geophysik, Hohe Warte 38, A-1190 Wien, 8099, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Austria, Ph: (43)-1-36026/3205, Fx: (43)-1-365612, E-mail: Meertens, Charles, Dr., A, [email protected] University of Colorado, Center for Astrodynamics Research, Boulder CO Meyer, Audrey, Mrs., A, 80309, USA, Ph: (1)-303-492-4994, Fx: (1)-303-497-8028, E-mail: Ocean Drilling Program, 1000 Discovery Drive, College STN TX 77845, [email protected] USA, Ph: (1)-409-845-9299, Fx: (1)-409-845-4857 Meinig, Manfred, Dr.-Ing., A, Meyer, R.L., Mr., A, Bundesamt fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie, Aussenstelle Potsdam, Instituto Geogra®co Nacional, Av. Juan Bertis 79-Delgado, San Salvador, Michendorfer Chaussee 23, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany Salvador Ph: (49)-331-316609, Fx: (49)-331-316602, E-mail: [email protected] Mezera, David F., Prof., A, Melbourne, William G., Dr., F, University of Wisconsin, 1214 Engr. Bldg. 1415 Johnson Dr., Madison WI Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-540, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, 53706, USA, Ph: (1)-608-262-4365 Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-5071, Michel, Volker, Mr., A, Fx: (1)-818-393-6686 University of Kaiserslautern, Geomathematics Group, KSM26, Melchior, Paul, Prof., F, P.O. Box 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany, Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 Bruxelles, Ph: (49) 631 205 3244, Fx: (49) 631 29081, Belgium, Ph: (32)-2-373-0267, Fx: (32)-2-3749822, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Middel, B., Mr., A, Mena, Manuel, Mr., A, Universitaet Stuttgart, Geodaetisches Institut, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24/ Instituto de Geo®sica, Ciudad universitaria, Delegacion de Coyoacan, D, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany, Ph: (49)-711-1212187, E-mail: Codigo 04510 Mexico DF, Mexico HAAZ@DSORUS1I Me nard, Yves, Dr., A, Migliaccio, Federica, Dr., A, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31055 Politecnico di Milano, Dip. IIAR Sez. Rilevamento, Piazza Leonardo da Toulouse Cedex, France, E-mail: [email protected] Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-2-2399-6507, Mencin, David, Dr., Fx: (39)-0-2-2399-6530, E-mail: [email protected] USA, E-mail: [email protected] Mihaly, Szabolcs, Dr., A, Mendes-Victor, Luis Alberto, Prof., A, Inst. of Geod., Cart. and Remote Sensing, Satellite Geodetic Observatory, Universidade de Lisboa, Cstr. Geo®sica, Rua da Escola Politecnica 58, PO Box 546, H-1373 Budapest, Hungary P-1200 Lisboa, Portugal, Ph: (351)-1-396-1521, Fx: (321)-1-395-3327, Mikolaichuk, Alexander, A, E-mail: [email protected] International Research Centre, Geodynamic Proving Ground in Bishkek, Meng, Jia-chun, Prof., A, 720049, Bishkek-49, Kyrghzstan, Russia, Ph: 7 996 312 21 93 73, E-mail: Institute of Geodesy & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, no. 54 [email protected] Xudong Road, Wuchan Hubei 430077, China, Ph: (86)-613925-251, Milani, A., Mr., A, Fx: (86)-27-711242 Universita di Pisa, Dipartimento di Matematica, Via Buonarroti 2, 56127 Menge, Falko, Pisa, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Milbert, Dennis G., Dr., A, Mentes, Gyula, Dr., A, National Geodetic Survey, N/CGS5, Room 9349, 1315 East-West Geodetic and Geophysical Res. Institute of the Hungarian Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3282, USA, Ph: (1)-301-713-3202, Academy of Sciences, P.O Box 5, Csatkai u. 6-8, H-9401 Sopron, Fx: (1)-301-713-4176, E-mail: [email protected] Hungary, Ph: (36)-99-314290, Fx: (36)-99-313267, Milev, Georgi, Prof. Dr.-Eng., A, E-mail: [email protected] Union of Surveyors and Land Managers, 108 Rakovski Str. PO Box 431, Mercier, Franck, BG-1000 So®a, Bulgaria, Ph: (359)-2-720491/873257, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (359)-35-2-2879360 Merminod, Bertrand, Mr., A, Miller, A.J., Mr., A, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), National Meteorological Center, Room 808, 5200 Auth Road, Camp Institut de Geomatique, DGR ± EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, Springs MD 20746, USA, Ph: (1)-301-763-8071, Fx: (1)-301-763-8381, Ph: (41)-21-693-2754, Fx: (41)-21-693-5740, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Miller, Hugh G., Mr., A, Merriam, James B., Prof. Dr., A, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Earth Sciences, St. John's University of Saskatchewan, Department of Geological Sciences, Newfoundland A1B 3X5, Canada, Ph: (1)-709-737-7491 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada, Ph: (1)-306-966-5716, Miller, James K., Mr., A, Fx: (1)-306-966-8593, E-mail: [email protected] 19265 Braemore Rd., Northridge, CA 91326, USA Merry, Charles L., Prof., A, Milovanovic, Vladeta S., Prof. Dr., A, University of Cape Town, Department of Geomatics, Private Bag, Gradjevinski Fakultet, Institut Za Geodeziju, Bulevar Revolucije 73/I, Rondebosch, South Africa, Ph: (27)-21-650-3572, Fx: (27)-21-650-3576, 11000 Beograd, Serbia, Ph: (381)-11327-441, Fx: (381)-11-3220-237 E-mail: [email protected] Minchev, Momchil, Dr., A, Mertikas, Stelios, Dr., A, Military Topographic Service, 48 Sitnyakovo Blvd., 1505 So®a, Bulgaria Technical University of Crete, Dept. Mineral Resources Eng., 73133 Ming, Zha, A, Chania Crete, Greece, Ph: (30)-821-69327, Fx: (30)-821-64802, E-mail: Xi'an Technical Division of Surveying and Mapping, 36 Xiyinglu, Xi'an [email protected] 710054, China, E-mail: [email protected] Mervart, Leos, Mr., A, Ming, Zhao, Mr., A, Astronomical Institute of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Shanghai Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Switzerland, Ph: (41)-31-631-8591, Fx: (41)-31-631-3869, 200030 Shanghai, China E-mail: [email protected] Mingsamon, S., Col., A, Mesko, Attila, Prof. Dr., A, Royal Thai Survey Department, Geodesy & Geophysics Division, Eoetvoes Lorand University, Department of Geophysics, Ludovika ter 2, Kalayan Aitri Rd, Phranakorn Bangkok 10200, Thailand H-1083 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36)-1-210-1089, Fx: (36)-1-210-1089, Minster, Jean-Bernard, Prof., A, E-mail: [email protected] SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, IGPP/A-025, 9500 Gilman Drive, Meteris, Hikmet, Colonel Engineer, NCA, La Jolla CA 92093-0205, USA, Ph: (1)-619-534-5650, General Command of Mapping, 06100 Cebeci, Ankara, Tukey, Fx: (1)-619-534-2902, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (90) 312 363 8550, Fx: (90) 312 320 1495, Mira, Sjamsir, Prof. Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Bandung Institute of Technology, Dept. of Geodesy, Jalan Ganesha 10, Metris, Gilles, Mr., A, 40132 Bandung, Indonesia, Ph: (62)-22-2502728, Fx: (62)-22-431792, OCA/CERGA, Avenue N. Copernic, 06130 Grasse, France, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (33)-4-93-405356, Fx: (33)-4-93-405333, E-mail: [email protected] Mireault, Yves, Mr., A, Metzner, Magritta, Mrs., A, 1 Montana Way, Napean ON K2J 4M5, Canada Institut fuer Meereskunde, Universitaet Hamburg, Troplowitzstrasse 7, Miserez, A., Prof., A, D-22529 Hamburg, Germany, Ph: (49)-40-4123-5753, Ecole Polytechnique Fe de rale, GR- Ecublens, CH-1015 Lausanne, Fx: (49)-40-4123-4644, E-mail: [email protected] Switzerland, Ph: (41)-21-357050 198

Miskovic, Dusan, Mr., A, Fx: (44)-21-333-6215, E-mail: Slovenian Association of Geodesy and Geophysics SZGG, IAG National [email protected] Correspondent, Kersnikova 3/II, 61000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Moore, Terry, Dr., A, Misra, P.N., Mr., A, University of Nottingham, IESSG, University Park, Nottingham NG7 M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory, PO Box 73, Lexington MA 02173-0073, USA 2RD, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-115-951-3932, Fx: (44)-115-951-3881, E- Mitrovica, Jerry X., Mr., A, mail: [email protected] University of Toronto, Dept. of Physics, 60 St. George Street, Toronto Moose, Robert, Dr., F, M5S 1A7, Canada, Ph: (1)-416-978-4946, Fx: (1)-416-978-7606, E-mail: National Geodetic Survey, Sta 8826 SSMC 3, 1315 East-West Highway, [email protected] Silver Spring MD 20910-3282, USA, Ph: (1)-301-713-3191 Moehlbrinker, W., Dr., A, Mora, Hector, Mr., A, Universitaet Stuttgart, Keplerstrasse 11, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany Volcanological & Seismological Observatory, Avenida 12 de Octubre Moeller, Dietrich, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, 15-47, Manizales SA, Columbia, E-mail: Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, Institut fuer Vermessungskunde, [email protected] Gauss strasse 22, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany, Morales Garcia, Manuel, Lic., A, Ph: (49)-531-391-7470/7474, Fx: (49)-531-391-7499 Universidad de Guadalajara Mexico, Departimento de Geogra®a y Moeller, Tilman, Dipl. Ing., A, Ordenacio n Territorial, Apdo. Postal 2-1085, Guadalajara, Jal. 44290, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Institut fuer Phys. Geodaesie, Mexico, Fx: (52)-3-853 5058, E-mail: [email protected] Petersenstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Ph: (49)-6151-163012 Moreau, Richard, Mr., A, Moenicke, Hans-Joachim, Dr., A, MinisteÁ re Energie & Ressources, local F-301, 5700 4eme Ave Ouest, Universitaet Stuttgart, Institut fuer Anwendungen der Geodaesie im Charlesbourg Quebec G1H 6R1, Canada, Ph: (1)-418-644-1783, Bauwesen, Pfa€enwaldring 7 A, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany, Fx: (1)-418-643-5826 Ph: (49)-711-685-6674, Fx: (49)-711-685-6670 Moreau Dominguez, Alicia, Directora General (Dr. Lic.), A, Moerner, Nils-Axel, Dr., A, Servicio Auto nomo de Geografõ a y Cartografa Nacional, Stockholm University, Paleogeophysics & Geodynamics, S-10691 Ave. Este 6C.S.B. Eso, Camejo, Edif. Camejo, Piso 2, Caracas 1010, Stockholm, Sweden, Ph: (46)-8-790-6771, Fx: (46)-8-790-6777 Venezuela, Ph: (58)-2-408 1710/-1, Fx: (58)-2-545 0607, Mogilny, S., Prof., A, E-mail: [email protected] Politechnisches Institut Donetz, Ul. Artjoma 58, 34000 Donetz, Ukraine, Moreaux, Guilhem, A, Ph: 622-910781 University of Copenhagen, Department of Geophysics, Juliane Maries Vej Mogilowski, Edward, Dr., A, 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen Oe, Denmark, E-mail:[email protected], Survey of Israel, 1 Lincoln St., 65220 Tel-Aviv POB 14171-61141, Israel Homepage: www.gfy.ku.dk/ Mohamed, Abdul Majid, Surveyor General, NCA, Morelli, Carlo, Prof., F, Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, 8th ¯oor, Bangunan Ukur, Universita di Trieste, 1 Piazzale Europa, 34136 Trieste, Italy, Jalan Semarak, 50578 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Ph: (60)-3-292-5311/5932, Ph: (39)-0-40-56034789, Fx: (39)-0-40-6763497 Fx: (60)-3-291-7457/293-4084 Morgan, Peter, Assoc. Prof., A, Moirano, Juan Francisco, A, University of Canberra, School of Computing, Belconnen ACT 2616, Universidad La Plata, Paseo del Bosque S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina, Australia, Ph: (61)-6-201-2557, Fx: (61)-6-201-5041, E-mail: Ph: (54)-21-38810 lok. 129, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Mojzes, Marcel, Dr., A, Morgan, W. Jason, Mr., A, Slovak Technical University, Dept. of Theoretical Geodesy, Princeton University, Geology Dept., Princeton NJ 08544, USA, Radlinskeho 11, CS-81368 Bratislava, Slovakia, Ph: (427)-494401, Ph: (1)-609-258-3596, Fx: (1)-609-258-1274, E-mail: Fx: (427-325476 [email protected] Mokrik, Robert, A, Morgenstern, Dieter, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Institute of Geology, Sevcenkos 13, Vilnius 2600, Lithuania, Bonn University, Institut fuer Kartographie und Topographie, Ph: 370-2-236-710, E-mail: [email protected] Meckenheimer Allee 172, D-5300 Bonn 1, Germany, Molenaar, Martien, Prof. Dr., A, Ph: (49)-228-733-526/527, Fx: (49)-228-695-246 Center for Geographic Inform. Proc., Dept. of Land Surv., Photogr. & Moritz, Helmut, Prof. Dr., EC F IUGG past President, IAG honory president, Rem. Sensing, Hesselink-van-Suchtenlenweg 6, 6700 AH Wageningen, Technical University of Graz, Institut fuer Physikalische Geodaesie, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-8370-82910, Fx: (31)-8370-84643, E-mail: Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Ph: (43)-316-873-6350 or 51, [email protected] Fx: (43)-316-873-6356, E-mail: [email protected] Molitor, Mathias, Mr., A, Morrison, Leslie V., Dr., A, Les Services du Geometre, Ville de Luxembourg, Boulevard Royal 51, Royal Greenwich Observatory, SERC, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 L-2449 Luxembourg Grand Duche , Luxembourg OEZ, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-223-374771, Fx: (44)-223-374700, E-mail: Molitor & Magirus, A, [email protected] Administration du Cadastre e de la Topographie, Avenue Gaston Mortensen, Mette Dahl, Ms., A., Diderich, 54, L-1017 Luxemburg, Luxemburg Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 Copenhagen O., Mollinedo del Villar, Jonny, Mr., A, Denmark, E-mail: [email protected] Instituto Geogra®co Militar, IGM Bolivia, Comando General Del Morton, Janet, Mrs., A, Ejercito, Avenida Saavedra 2303, (Estado Mayor) Mira¯ores, Casilla No. US Geological Survey, USGS, 345 Middle®eld Rd #999, Menlo Park, CA 7641 La Paz, Bolivia, Fx: 59-2-368 329 94025-3561, USA Molodensky, Sergey, Dr., F, Moser, T.-J., Dr., A, Institute of Physics of the Earth, 10 Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, Universitet i Bergen, Inst. of Solid Earth Physics, Alle gaten 41, N-5007 123810 Moscow, Russia, Ph: (7)-95-2549195, Bergen, Norway, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Motnikar, Barbara Sket, Dr., A, Monges Caldera, J., Dr., A, Geophysical Survey of Slovenia, Kersnikova 3/II, 1000 Ljubljana, Instituto de Geo®sica, Ciudad universitaria, Delegacion de Coyoacan, Slovenia, Ph: (386) 61 1319 267, Fx: (386) 61 1327 067, E-mail: Codigo 04510 Mexico DF, Mexico, Ph: 548-58-92/550-52-15 ext. 4368 [email protected] Monico, Joao F. Galera, Dr., A, Mourad, A. George, Dr., F, UNESP: Presidente Prudente, Rua Roberto Simonsen 305, CEP Batelle Columbus Laboratories, 505 King Avenue, Columbus Ohio 43201, 19060-900 Prez Prudente SP, Brazil, Ph: (55)-18-2215388, USA, Ph: (1)-614-424-5097 Fx: (55)-18-2232227, E-mail: [email protected] Mousa, Ashraf, Dr. Eng., A, Montag, Horst, Prof. Dr., A, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Dep. of Fachhochschule Anhalt, Bauhausstrasse 1, PF 2215, 06818 Dessau, Geodesy, Helwan, Egypt, Ph: (202) 5549780, Fx: (202) 5548020, E-mail: Germany, Ph: (49)-340-6514226, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Mooers, Chris N.K., Mr., A, Moynot, Bernard, Eng., A, RSMAS/University of Miami, Applied Marine Physics Division, 4600 Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31055 Rickenbacker Cawy, Miami FD 33149, USA, Ph: (1)-305-361-4160, Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-61-332939, Fx: (33)-61-253098 Fx: (1)-305-361-4701 Muco, Betim, Prof. Dr., A, Moore, Philip, Dr., A, Department of Seismological Network, Seismological Institute, Academy Aston University, Dept. of Computer Sci. and Appl. Mathematics, Aston of Science, Tirana, Albania, Ph: (355)-42-47665, Fx: (355)-42-28274, Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-21-359-3611, E-mail: [email protected] 199

Mueler, J., Dr., A, Musman, Steven, Dr., A, Technical University of Munich, Inst. fuer Astronomische und NOAA/ERL/WPL, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80303-3328, USA Physikalische Geodaesie, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80290 Munich, Germany, Mussio, L., Prof., A, E-mail: [email protected] Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Mueller, Achim, Mr., A, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-2-2399-6501, Fx: (39)-0-2-2399-6530 Amt fuer Militaerisches Geowesen, Frauenberger Str. 250, 53879 Nadenik, Zbynek, Prof., A, Euskirchen, Germany, Ph: (49)-2251-709-221, Fx: (49)-2251-709-311 Czech. Polytechnical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mueller, Ivan I., Prof., EC, OF, Thakurova 7, 166 29 Praha 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic, The Ohio State University, 4361 Shire Creek Court, Hilliard, OH 43026, Ph: (420)-2-332-4381 USA, Ph: (1)-614-876-7830, Fx: (1)-614-876-7830, E-mail: Nagar, Vinay Kant, Mr., A, [email protected] Survey of India, Surveyor General of India, PO Box 77 17 East Canal Mueller, J., Dr., A, Road, Dehra Dun-248001, India, Ph: (91)-135-24528 Technische Universitaet Munchen, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80290 Munchen, Nagy, Dezso, Dr., A, Germany Geological Survey of Canada, Geophysics Division EM&R, Mueller, Tilman, Mr., A, 3 Observatory Crescent, Ottawa Ontario K1A OY3, Canada, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Institut fuer Physikalische Geodaesie, Ph: (1)-613-995-5449, Fx: (1)-613-992-8987, E-mail: [email protected] Petersenstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany Naito, Isao, Dr., A, Muench, Robin D., Dr., IAPSO President, National Astronomical Observatory, Division of Earth Rotation, Earth & Space Research, 1910 Fairview E., #102, Seattle, Mizusawa, Iwate 023, Japan, Ph: (81)-197-22-7129, Fx: (81)-197-22-7120, WA 98102-3699, USA, Ph: (1)-206-747-0522, Fx: (1)-206-747-, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Naja®-Alamdari, Mehdi, A, Mukai, A., Dr., A, Surveying Engineering Dept., Faculty of Civil Engineering, 1346 Valiasr Kyoto University, Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Avenue, Mirdamad intersection, Iran, Ph: 9821 877 9476, E-mail: Science, Oiwake-cho Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606, Japan, [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Nakagawa, Ichiro, Prof., F, Mukhopadhyay, M., Prof., A, Nango 4-11-14, Otsu, Shiga 520-0865, Japan, Ph: (81)-77-534-2289, Indian School of Mines, Department of Applied Geophysics, Dhanbad ± Fx: (81)-77-534-2289 826004, Bihar, India, Fx: (91)-0326-2030427202380 Nakai, Sinji, Prof., A, Mulder, Joseph E.V., Mr., A, National Astronomical Observatory, Division of Earth Rotation, University of Otago, Dept. of Surveying, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Mizusawa, Iwate 023, Japan, Ph: (81)-197-22-7140, Fx: (81)-197-22-7120, Zealand, Ph: (64)-34-79-7591/7585, Fx: (64)-34-79-7586/7591, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Nakamura, Hideo, Prof., A, Mulholland, J.D., Mr., F, University of Tokyo, 3-1, Hongo 7, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, Observatoire de Nice, BP 229, 06304 Nice, France Ph: (81)-3-3812-2111, Fx: (81)-3-3812-4977 Muller, Jean-Claude, Prof., A, Nakamura, K., Dr., A, Intern. Inst. for Aerospace Survey&Earth Sciences, 350 Boulevard 1945 Research Center for Earthquake Prediction, Disaster Prevention Research PO Box 6, 7500 AA Enschade, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-53-874-444 ext. 463, Institute, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, E-mail: Fx: (31)-53-874-400 [email protected] Muls, Alain, Mr., A, Nakamura, S., Dr., A, Ecole Royale Militaire, ASGE, Avenue de la Renaissance 30, 1040 Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Katata 2347-6, Shirahama, Bruxelles, Belgium, Ph: (32)-2-737-6120, Fx: (32)-2-737-6047, E-mail: Nishimurogun, Wakayama 649-22, Japan, Fx: (739)-42-4352 [email protected] Nakane, K., Dr., A, Munoz Curto, Juan, Cap. Ing., A, Geographical Survey Institute, Kitasato-1 Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305, Instituto GeograÁ ®co Nacional, Av. Arumburu 1198, Surquillo, Lima, Japan Peru, Fx: (51)-14-753075 Nakanishi, M., Dr., A, Munschy, Marc, Dr., A, Ocean Research Institute, 15-1-1 Chome Minamidai, Nakano-ku Tokyo Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, 5 rue Rene Descartes, 164, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] F-67084 Strasbourg cedex, France, Ph: (33)-3-8841-6398, Nakiboglu, S. Mete, Prof. Dr., A, Fx: (33)-3-8861-6747, E-mail: King Saud University, Civil Eng. Dept., PO Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi [email protected] Arabia, Ph: (90)-312-2101000 Murai, Shunji, Prof., ISPRS President, Namie, H., Mr., A, Tokyo University, 7-22 Roppongi Minatoku, Tokyo J-106, Japan, Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine, 2-1-6 Etchujima, Koto-ku, Ph: (81)-33-402-6231, Fx: (81)-33-479-2762 Tokyo 135, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Murakami, H., Mr., A, Nard, Georges, Mr., A, Geographical Survey Institute, Kitasato-1 Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305, 16, rue Bernadette, 44300 Nantes, France, Ph: (33)-2-40492308 Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Nary, Herilalao Iarivo, Mr., A, Murakami, Makoto, Dr., A, Institut Ge ode sique et Hydrographique National, F.T.M., B.P. 323, Geographical Survey Institute, Kitasato-1 Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar, Ph: (261)-2-229-35, Fx: (261)-2-252-64 Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Nastratullah, Mr., NCA, Murata, I., Prof., A, Survey of Pakistan, Deputy Director, Muree Road PO Box 1068, Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113, Japan, E-mail: Nastula, J., Dr., A, [email protected] National Astronomical Observatory, 2-12 Hoshigaoka-cho, Mizusawa, Murata, Masa-Aki, Dr., A, Iwate 023, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] National Aerospace Laboratory, 7-44-1 Jindaiji-Higashi, Chofu Tokyo Navedis, L.A., Mr., A, 182, Japan, Ph: (81)-422-47-5911, Fx: (81)-422-48-5888, E-mail: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Geodetic Astronomy, [email protected] University Box 474, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece Murphy, Brian, Mr., A, Nawa, K., Mr., A, AUSLIG, Scrivener House Dunlop Court, Fernhill Park Bruce A.C.T. Nagoya University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chikusa 2617, Australia, Ph: (61)-6-201-4292, Fx: (61)-6-201-4366, E-mail: Ku, Nagoya J-464, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Ndyetabula, S., Prof., A, Murray, Mark H., Dr., A, Ardhi Institute, PO Box 35176, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania U.S. Geological Survey, O€. of Earthquakes Volcanoes Negri, Andrew, and Eng., 345 Middle®eld Rd., Menlo Park CA 94025, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1)-415-329-4850, Fx: (1)-415-329-5163, E-mail: Negusini, Monia, [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Murty, T.S., Dr., A, Neilan, Ruth E., Mrs., F, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, Inst. of Ocean. Sciences, 9860 West Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-540, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Saanich Road PO Box 6000, Sidney B.C. V8L 4B2, Canada, Pasadena A 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-8330, Fx: (1)-818-393-6686, Ph: (1)-604-363-6311, Fx: (1)-604-363-6746 E-mail: [email protected] 200

Nelson, Alan R., Dr., A, Noomen, Ron, Dr., A, U.S. Geological Survey, PO Box 25046, Denver CO 80225, USA Delft University of Technology, Faculty. of Aerospace Engineering, Nemeth, Zsuzsanna, Dr., A, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-785377, Inst. of Geod., Cart. and Remote Sensing, Satellite Geodetic Observatory, Fx: (31)-15-783444, E-mail: [email protected] PO Box 546, H-1373 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36)-27-310980, Norbech, Torbjorn, Dr. Ing., A, Fx: (36)-27-310982 Statens Kartverk, Norwegian Mapping Authority, N-3500 Honefoss, Nerem, Robert Steven, Dr., A, Norway, Ph: (47)-3211-8100, Fx: (47)-3211-8101 University of Texas, Center for Space Research, 3925 West Braker Lane, Nord, Tomas, Mr., A, Suite 200, Austin TX 78759-5321, USA, Ph: (1)-512-471-7599, Royal Institute of Technology, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden Fx: (1)-512-471-3570, E-mail: [email protected] Nore us, Jonas, Lic.Eng., A, Neumeyer, Jurgen, Mr., A, Chalmers University of Technology, Dept. of Radio & Space Science, Bargblick 23, Bergholz-Rehbrucke 14558, Germany, E-mail: S-41296 Goteborg, Sweden, Ph: (46)-31-7721844, Fx: (46)-31-164513, [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Neves Sales Grade, E., Mr., A, Normark, William, Dr., A, Instituto de Investigaa ao Cienti®ca e Tropical, Rua da Junqueira 86, 1300 US Geological Survey, USGS, 345 Middle®eld Rd #999, Menlo Park, CA Lisboa, Portugal 94025-3561, USA Newby, Simon P., Dr., A, Nose, H., Mr., A, University of New Brunswick, Geodetic Research Laboratory, PO Box Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Department of 4400, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, Canada Geophysics, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan, Newling, M., Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Surveys & Land Information, Private Bag X 10, 7705 Mowbray, South Nothnagel, Axel, Ing., A, Africa, Ph: (27)-21-685-4070 Bonn University, Geodaetisches Institut, Nussallee 17, D-53115 Bonn, Ney, Bogdan, Prof., A, Germany, Ph: (49)-228-733574, Fx: (49)-228-732988, E-mail: Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Ul. Jasna 2/4, PL-00-950 Warsaw, [email protected] Poland, Ph: (48)-22-270328/266512, Fx: (48)-22-270328/266512, E-mail: Nouel, Fran´ois, Dr., A, [email protected] Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, TE/IS/MS/MO, 18 Avenue Edouard Neyman, Yuri M., Prof. Dr., A, Belin, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-6127-4067, MGUGK, Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography, Fx: (33)-5-6128-1855, E-mail: [email protected] Gorokhovsky Pereulok 4, 103 064 Moscow, Russia, Ph: (7)-95-261-9240, Nourredine, Bouchekhima, Mrs., A, Fx: (7)-95-267-4681 218 rue de la victoire, El-Eulma 19600 Setif, Algeria, Ph: (05)-86-20-46 Nguyen Manh Duc, Dr., A, Nsombo, Peter, Dr., A, Centre National de la Recherche du Vietnam, Centre de Recherche Royal Institute of Technology, Dept. of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Ge ophysique, Nghia doà Tu LieÃm, HanõÈ , Vietnam, Ph: 52380 School of Surveying, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden, Ph: (46)-8-7908602, Nicholson, George D., Mr., A, Fx: (46)-8-7907343 Hartebeestoek Radio Astron. Observatory, Nurutdinov, Kostyantyn, Dr., PO Box 443, Krugerdorp 1740, South Africa, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Nuth, Vannaroth, Mr., A, Niebauer, T.M., Dr., A, University of Texas, Center Space Research, WRW 402, Austin Texas Micro-g Solutions, Inc., 515 Briggs St., P.O. Box 636, Erie, Co. 80516, 78712, USA, E-mail: [email protected] USA, E-mail: [email protected] Nwilo, Peter Chigozie, Dr., A, Niell, Arthur E., Dr., A, University of Lagos, Department of Surveying & Geoinformatics, Haystack Observatory, NEROC, Westford MA 01886, USA, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria, Ph: 234 1 5454891 3 ext. 1865, Ph: (1)-617-981-5416, Fx: (1)-617-981-0590, E-mail: Fx: 234 1 2691315, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Nyapola, H.N., Mr., A, Niemeier, Wolfgang, Prof.-Dr. Ing., A, Survey of Kenya, PO Box 30046, Nairobi, Kenya Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, Institute of Geodesy and Oberndorfer, Helmut, Mr., A., Photogrammetry, Gausstrasse 22, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (49)-531-3917474, Fx: (49)-531-3917499, O'Brien, James J., Prof., A, E-mail: [email protected] The Florida State University, Meteorological Annex, Tallahasse FD Nikolaev, A.V., Prof., IASPEI past President, 32306, USA, Ph: (1)-904-644-4581, Fx: (1)-904-644-9642 Institute of Physics of the Earth, Academy of Sciences, 10 Bolshaya O'Connor, William P., Prof., A, Gruzinskaya, 123810 Moscow, Russia, Ph: (7)-95-254-9072, Great Lakes Envir. Res. Lab., 2205 Commonwealth Blvd., Ann Harbor Fx: (7)-95-271-3028 MI 48105, USA, Ph: (1)-313-668-2370 Nilobol, S., Col., A, O'Reilly, C.T., Mr., A, Royal Thai Survey Department, Geodesy & Geophysics Division, Canadian Hydrographic Service, Dartmouth, P.O. Box 1006, Kalayan Aitri Rd, Phranakorn Bangkok 10200, Thailand Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada, E-mail: Ning, Jinsheng, Prof., A, [email protected] Wuhan Techn. Univ. of Surv. & Mapp., President WTUSM, O'Toole, J., Mr., A, 39 Luoyulu Wuchang, Hubei 430070, China, Ph: (86)-27-7875571, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren VA 22448-5000, USA Fx: (86)-27-7814185 Obana, K., Mr., A, Nino, Oscar, Ing., A, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan, Ministerio de Defensa, DIGECAFA, Fuerte Tiuna-El Valle, Caracas, E-mail: [email protected] Venezuela, Fx: (58)-2-68 23405 Obel, J.D., Dr., F, Nitta, K., Mr., A, Geomatics Services, PO Box 53 225, Nairobi, Kenya, Ph: (254-2)-212744, Geographical Survey Institute, Kitasato-1 Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305, Fx: (254-2)-212747, E-mail: [email protected] Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Oberholzer, Gustav, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Njau, E.N., Dr., NCA, Universitaet der Bundeswehr Munchen, FK Bauingenieur-und Surveys & Mapping Division, Director, PO Box 9201, Dar es Salam, Vermessungswesen, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85579 Neubiberg, Tanzania Germany, Ph: (49)-89-6004-3426/6004-3435, Fx: (49)-89-6014-693 Nobili, Anna, Dr., F, Ochieng, Washington, Mr., A, Universita di Pisa, Dipartimento di Matematica, University of Nottingham, IESSG, University Park, Nottingham NG7 Via Buonarroti 2, 56127 Pisa, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-50-599552, 2RD, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-602-484848, Fx: (44)-602-508616, E-mail: Fx: (39)-0-50-599524 [email protected] Noll, Carey E., Mrs, F, Odamaki, M., Dr., A, NASA/GSFC, Code 902.2, Greenbelt MD 20771-0001, USA, Martime Safety Agency, Hydrographic Department, Martime Safety Ph: (1)-301-286-9283, Fx: (1)-301-286-0213, E-mail: Agency, 5-3-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Nolton, John O., Mr., A, Odden, Vanya, Mr., A, P.O.Box 2876, Van Nuys CA 91404, USA, Ph: (1)-213-847-5196, Norwegian Hydrographic Service, Postboks 2503, Ullandhaug ± 4004 Fx: (1)-213-847-5174 Stavanger, Norway, Ph: (47)-4-563411, Fx: (47)-4-563740 201

Odlanicki-Poczobutt, M., Prof., F, Orren, Michael, Professor, A, Agh Institut des Mines et de la Me tallurgie, Institut de Ge ode sie, Al. University College, Galway, Department of Oceonography, University Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, Poland College, Galway, Scotland Ohtani, Ryu, Mr., A, Ortega, Guillermo, Mr., A., 1-15-1 Minamidai Nakano-Ku, Tokyo 164, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] ESA, ESTEC, P.O. Box 299, Noordwijk 2200 AG, The Netherlands, Ohya, Fumio, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Research Center for Earthquake Prediction, Disaster Prevention Research Orupabo, Sika, Dr., A, Institute, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, University of Lagos, Nigerian Association of Geodesy, Dept. of Ph: (81)-774-32-3111 ext. 3045, Fx: (81)-774-32-8579, E-mail: Surveying, WAN-Lagos, Nigeria [email protected] Osborne, Allen, Mr., A, Oiu, W., Mr., A, Allen Osborne Associates Inc., 756 Lake®eld Road, Westlake Village CA University of Calgary, Dept. of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 University 91361, USA, Ph: (1)-805-495-8420, Fx: (1)-805-373-6067, E-mail: Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada [email protected] Okada, Yoshimitsu, Dr., A, Oshinowo, Babatunde, Dr., A, Nat. Res. Inst. for Earth Sci. and Disaster Prev., Ten-nodai 3-1, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Survey, Alignment and Geodesy Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305, Japan, Ph: (81)-298-51-1611 ext. 425, Group, P.O. Box 500, MS 334, Batavia, IL 60510, USA, Fx: (81)-298-51-5658, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1)-708-840-3654, Fx: (1)-708-840-4655, E-mail:[email protected], Okamoto, O., Mr., A, Oskam, Dick, Mr., A, Nishimatsu Construction Co., Ltd., 2570-4 Shimotsuruma, Yamato, Delft University of Technology, Thijsseweg 11, NL-2629 JA Delft, Kanagawa 242, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Netherlands, Ph: (3)1-15-278-5234, Fx: (31)-15-278-2348 Okamoto, O., Mr., A, OsoÁ rio, Isabel, Prof. Dr., A, Nishimatsu Construction Co., Ltd., 2570-4 Shimotsuruma, Yamato, Observatorio Astronomico, Universidade do Porto, Monte da Virgem, Kanagawa 242, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] 4400 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal, Ph: (352)-2-782-0404, Okino, K., Ms., A, Fx: (351)-2-782-7253, E-mail: [email protected] Science and Technology Agency, 2-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo OsoÁ rio, Jose Pereira, Prof. Dr., A, 100, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Observatorio Astronomico, Universidade do Porto, Monte da Virgem, Okubo, Shuhei, Prof., F, 4400 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal, Ph: (351)-2-7820404, University of Tokyo, Earthquake Research Institute, Yayoi 1-1-1, Fx: (351)-2-7827253, E-mail: [email protected] Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0032, Japan, Ph: (81)-3-5841-8274, Ostach, Oleg M., Dr., A, Fx: (81)-3-5841-5729, E-mail: [email protected] Moscow State University, Geodesy and Cartography, Gorokhovski per, 4, Okubo, Y., Mr., A, Moscow 103064, Russia, Fx: (7)-95-267-46-81 Ogaki-kita High School, Gifu Prefecture, 4-110-1 Nakagawacho, Ogaki, Osypov, K.S., Mr., A, Gifu 503, Japan, Fx: 584-74-8165 Physics Institute of St. Petersburg University, Ul'yanovskaya 1 Petershof, Okumu, B.M., Mr., A, St. Petersburg 198904, Russia University of Nairobi, Dept. of Surveying & Photogrammetry, PO Box 30 Osypov, Konstantin S., Dr., A, 197, Nairobi, Kenya Uppsala University, Dept. Geophysics, Geodetic Institute, Haellby 75590 Oleg, T., Dr., A, Uppsala, Sweden Astron Institute of Saint-Petersburg University Bibliotechnaya Sq, 2 Oszczak, Stanislaw, Prof., A, Petrodvorets 198904, Russia, Ph: 7-(812)-428-71-29, E-mail: University of Agriculture & Technology, Oczapowskiego Str. 1, PL 10-957 [email protected] Olsztyn, Poland, Ph: (48)-89-233481, Fx: (48)-89-273908 Oliveira, Leonardo Castro de, Mr., A, Otero, J., Prof., A, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenhoria Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia, Faculta de Ciencias Matematicas, Cartogra®a, Praca General Tiburcio, 80 Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, Ph: (34)-9-1-3944591, 22270-290, Brazil, Ph: (55)-21-542-3598, Fx: (55)-21-542-3598, Fx: (34)-9-1-3944607, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: leonardo@aquarius.ime.eb.br Otsubo, Toshimichi, A, Olivier, Gerrit Cornelius, Dr., A, NERC Satellite Laser Ranging Facility, Monks Wook, Abbots Ripton, PO Box 540, Amanzimtoti Natal 4125, South Africa Huntingdon, PE17 2LS, United Kingdom, E-mail: [email protected] Olivier, Raymond, Dr., A, Ou, Ziqiang, Mr., A, University of Lausanne, Inst. Geophysics, College Propedeutique, University of New Brunswick, Dept. of Geodesy and Geometics Engr., Lausanne 1015, Switzerland PO Box 4400, Fredericton N.B. E3B 2Y1, Canada Ollikainen, Matti, Mr., A, Oufrid, Ali, MSc, A, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, FIN-02430 Masala, Administration de la Conservation Fonci´re du Cadastre et de la Finland, Ph: (358)-9-295-55-217, Fx: (358)-9-295-55-200, E-mail: Cartographie, 31 Av. Hassan I, Rabat, Morocco, Ph: (212) -7-705311, [email protected] Fx: (212) -7-705191 Olliver, J.G., Dr., A, Overgaauw, Bart, Ir., A, University of Oxford, Dept. of Earth Sciences, 62 Banbury Road, Delft University of Technology, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, Oxford OX2 6PN, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-865-274581, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-785375, Fx: (44)-865272072 Fx: (31)-15-783444, E-mail: Olsen, Jon, Mr., A, [email protected] National Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic Division, Rentemestervej 8, I zaydin, Dogan, Col. Eng., A, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark, Ph: (45)-3587-5319, General Command of Mapping, Harita Genel Komutanligi, 06100 Cebeci Fx: (45)-3587-5052, E-mail: [email protected] Ankara, Turkey, Ph: (90)-312-319-7750, Fx: (90)-312-320-1495, E-mail: Omuoyo, J.O., Mr., A, [email protected] Survey of Kenya, PO Box 30046, Nairobi, Kenya Oztoerk, E., Dr., A, Omura, M., Prof., A, Karadeniz Teknik UÈ niversitesi, Trabzon, Turkey Kochi Women's University, Department of Applied Science, 5-15, Pachelski, Wojciech, Dr., A, Eikokuji-cho, Kochi 780, Japan, E-mail: Space Research Centre, Plan. Geod. Department, Bartycka 18a, [email protected] PL-00-716 Warsaw, Poland, Ph: (48)-22-403-766, Fx: (48)-39-121273 Onoue, Kensuke, Mr., A, Pachimkul, A.M., Maj.Gen., A, Koyto University (Donzurubo Observatory), 3280 Anamushi Nara-ken, Royal Thai Survey Department, Kalayan Aitri Rd, Phranakorn Bangkok Kashiba-shi 639-02, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] 10200, Thailand Ooe, Masatsugu, Prof., A, Pacino, Maria Christina, A, National Astronomical Observatory, Mizusawa, Iwate 023, Japan, Av, Pellegrini 250, Rosario 2000, Argentina, Ph: 54 341 4493301, E-mail: Ph: (81)-197-22-7111, Fx: (81)-197-22-2715, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Orker, Dr., A, Padmanabhan, Rajam, Dr., A, Bundesamt fur Eich- und Vermessungswesen, Schi€amtsgasse 1-3, A-1025 Dubai Municipality, PO Box 14698, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Wien, Austria, Ph: (43)-2221-357611 Paesalu, Joel, Dr., A, Oroz, Reynaldo, Dr., A, Tallinn Technical University, Institute of Physics, Ehitajate Tee 5, Tallinn Instituto Geogra®co Militar, Estado Mayor, PO Box 6741, La Paz, EE-0026, Estonia, Ph: 532-067, Fx: 3722/532446, E-mail: Bolivia [email protected] 202

Paewpisakun, Paew, Lt. Gen., NCA, Paunonen, Matti, Dr., A, Royal Thai Survey Department, Supreme Command Headquaters, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Metsahovi Observatory, Geodeetinrinne 2, Kalayan Aitri Rd, Phranakorn Bangkok 10200, Thailand FIN-02430 Masala, Finland, Ph: (358)-9-264994, Fx: (358)-9-264995, Pagiatakis, Spiros, Dr., A, NC, E-mail: [email protected] Geological Survey of Canada, Geophysics Survey Division/Geomatics Paunovski, Boris, Mr., NC, Canada, 615 Booth Street, Ottawa Ontario K1A 0E9, Canada, Macedonian Seismological Association, Univeristy St. Cyril and Ph: (1)-613-995-8720, Fx: (1)-613-995- 3215, E-mail: Methodius, Salvador Aljende 73, P.O. Box 101, 91000 Skopje, [email protected] Republic of Macedonia Paik, Ho Jung, Dr., A, Pavan, Angelo Jose , Dr., A, University of Maryland, Dept. of Physics, College Park MD 20742, USA, IBGE, DGC/SUDEG, Av. Brasil 15671 Bl. III-A, Rio de Janeiro RJ Ph: (1)-301-454-6086, Fx: (1)-301-405-6087, E-mail: 21241-051, Brazil [email protected] Pavlis, Erricos C., Dr., O F, PallejaÁ , Ezequiel, Dr., NCA, NASA/GSFC, Space Geodesy Branch Code 926, Greenbelt MD Juncal 3699 P10, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Ph: (54)-71-1714 20771-0001, USA, Ph: (1)-301-286-4880, Fx: (1)-301-286-1760, Palmonari, Federico, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] University of Bologna, Department of Physics Geophysics, Viale Berti Pavlis, Nikolaus K., Dr., A, Pichat 8, I-40127 Bologna, Italy Hughes STX, 7701 Greenbelt Rd. suite 400, Greenbelt MD 20770, USA, Palte, G., Mr., A, Ph: (1)-301-441-4121, Fx: (1)-301-441-1853, (1)-301-441-2432, University of Hannover, Geodaetisches Institut, Nienburger Strasse 6, E-mail:[email protected] D-30167 Hannover, Germany, Ph: (49)-511-762-2465 Pavoni, Nazario, Dr., A, Pan, Ming, Mr., A, Institut fuer Geodaesie & Photogrammetrie, Institut fuer Geophysik, Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Geodesy, S-10044 Stockholm, ETH-Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Ph: (41)-1-633-2658, Sweden Fx: (41)-1-371-2556 Pan, Yanjun, Dr., A, Pearlman, Michael R., Dr., A, Bonn University, Nussallee 17, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, E-mail: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden st., [email protected] Cambridge MA 02138, USA, Ph: (1)-617-495-7481, Fx: (1)-617-495-7105, Pana cek, Adria n, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Geocomplex, a.s., Geologicka 21, 82207 Bratislava, Slovak Republic Peltier, Richard, Prof., A, Panto , Gyoergy, Prof. Dr., A, University of Toronto, Dept. of Physics, 60 St. George Street, Toronto Laboratory for Geochemical Research of the Hungarian Academy of M5S 1A7, Canada, Ph: (1)-416-978-2938, Fx: (1)-416-978-8905, E-mail: Science, Budaoersi u t 45, H-1112 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36) 1 319 3145, [email protected] Fx: (36) 1 319 3145, E-mail: [email protected] Pelz, E., Doz. Dr. sc. silv., A, Papo, Haim B., Prof. Dr., A, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institut fuer Photogrammetrie und Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Fernerkundung, Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel, Ph: (972)-4-292959, Ph: (49)-375-1-4633372, Fx: (49)-375-1-4637106 Fx: (972)-4-220133 Pelzer, Hans, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Papp, Gabor, Mr., A, University of Hannover, Geodaetisches Institut, Nienburger Strasse 6, Geodetic and Geophysical Res. Institute of the Hungarian D-30167 Hannover, Germany, Ph: (49)-511-762-2461, Academy of Sciences, P.O Box 5, Csatkai u. 6-8, H-9401 Sopron, Fx: (49)-511-762-2468 Hungary, Ph: (36)-99-314290, Fx: (36)-99-313267, Pengfei, Cheng, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, 16 Beitaiping Rd., 100039 Paà quet, Paul, Prof., F, Beijing, China, Ph: (86)-1-821-2277 ext. 402, Fx: (86)-1-821-8654 Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 Bruxelles, Penna, Nigel, A, Belgium, Ph: (32)-2-373-0211, Fx: (32)-2-374-9822, E-mail: The University of Nottingham, Institute of Engineering Surveying & [email protected] Space Geodesy (IESSG), University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, Great Parker, David, Dr., A, Britain, Ph: (44)-115-8466025, Fx: (44)-0-115-9513881, E-mail: University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Dept. of Surveying, Newcastle-upon- [email protected] Tyne NE1 7RU, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-91-222-6447, Perdomo, L.R., Mr., A, Fx: (44)-91-222-8691, E-mail: [email protected] Facultad de Ciencias Astron. y Geophis., Universidade do Porto, Paseo Parker, Paul R., Mr., A, del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, Inst. of Geophysics and Planetry Perdomo, Raul, Lic., A, Physics, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093-0205, USA Observatorio Astronomico La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Parker, Robert L., Mr., A, Argentina, Fx: (54)-21-211 761 SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, Inst. of Geophysics and Planetry Pereira, Katia Duarte, Ing., A, Physics, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093-0205, USA IBGE, Dept. de Geodesia IBGE, Parada Lucas, Rio de Janeiro CEP Parm, Teuvo, Prof., A, 21241-051, Brazil, Fx: (55)-21-391 7070 Helsinki University of Technology, Institute of Geodesy and Pereira de Mello, Mauro, Prof., A, Cartography, Otakaari 1, SF-02150 Espoo, Finland, IBGE, Av. Franklin Roosevelt 194/Grupo 207, Centro Rio de Janeiro RJ, Ph: (358)-0-451-3910, Fx: (358)-0-465-077 CEP 20021-120, Brazil, Fx: (55)-21-262 7308 Parseliunas, Eimuntas, A, Perez del Aguila, G.L., Mr., A, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Department of Geodesy and Instituto Geogra®co Militar, Av. Aramburu 1190, Apartado N.2038, Cadastre, Sauletekio al .11 2040, Vilnius, Lithuania, Ph: 370 2 73 38 74, Surquillo, Lima 34, Peru E-mail: [email protected] Perez Rodino, Roberto, Surveyor engineer, A, Parsons, B., Prof., A, Universidad de la Repu blica, Facultad de Ingenieria, Julio Herrera y University of Oxford, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 Reissig 565, Casilla de Correo 30, Montevideo, Uruguay, 3PU, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-865-272-017, Fx: (44)-865-272-072, E-mail: Ph: (598) 2-71-0395, Fx: (598) 2-71-5446, [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Pascual, D.G.V., Ing., A, Perez-Urquiola, Manuel, Dr., A, Instituto GeograÁ ®co Nacional, jefe Seccion de Nivelaciones, Calle General Depto. Fisica Aplicada, 11510 Poligono del rio San Pedro, Puerto Real, Ibanez Ibero 3, 28003 Madrid, Spain Cadiz, Spain, Ph: (34)-9-56-599365, Fx: (34)-9-56-470811, E-mail: Pasynok, Sergey, A, [email protected] Moscow State University, Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Perin, Barbara, Msr., A, Universitetskii prospect 13, Moscow 119899, Russia, Ph: 7 095 939 0126, UNAVCO, Natl Ctr Atmospheric Research, PO Box 3000, Boulder CO E-mail: [email protected] 80307-3000, USA, Ph: (1)-303-492-4994, E-mail: Patel, G.B., Mr., A, [email protected] Hughes STX, 7701 Greenbelt Rd. suite 400, Perosanz, Felix, Greenbelt MD 20770, USA E-mail: [email protected] Paul, Segall, Prof., A, Persson, Clas-Goeran, Dr., A, Institut de Me canique de Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex, National Land Survey of Sweden, Geodetic Research Division, S-801 82 France, Ph: (33)-4-7651-4505, Fx: (33)-4-7651-4422 Gaevle, Sweden, Fx: (46)-26-610676, E-mail: [email protected] 203

Pertsev, B.P., Dr., F, Pillirone, Giuseppe, Mr., A, Institute of Physics of the Earth, Academy of Sciences, 10 Bolshaya Center for Spatial Information Systems, Istituto di Urbanisistica e Gruzinskaya, 123810 Moscow, Russia Plani®cazione, via Larga 43, Italy Pertsinidu, S., Mr., A, Pinch, Michael, Mr., A, 101 Curl Dr., Cols OH. 43210, USA, Ph: (1)-614-272-9072 Geodetic Survey of Canada, Natural Resources, 615 Booth street, Pesec, Peter, Dr., A, Ottawa Ontario K1A OE9, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-995-0207, Institute for Space Research, Graz Observatory, Lustbuehelstrasse 46, Fx: (1)-613-995-3215 A-8042 Graz, Austria, Ph: (43)-316-472231, Fx: (43)-316-467356, Pineda Portillo, Noe, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Instituto GeograÁ ®co Nacional, Honduras, Apartado Postal 3177, Peter, George, Mr., A, Tegucigalpa, M.D.C., Honduras, Ph: (504)-337-166, Fx: (504)-379-715 Geodetic Research and Development Lab., SSMC 4 Sta 8210, Pinto, J., A, 1305 East-West Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3281, USA, Instituto Portugu, Cas de Cartogra®a e Cadastro, Cas de Cartogra®a e Ph: (1)-301-713-2856, Fx: (1)-301-713-4475, Cadastro, Artilharia 1, 1070 Lisboa, BA 107, Portugal, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (351)-1-381-96-96, E-mail: [email protected] Peter, R., Dr., A, Pinto, Jose , Dr., A, University of Bern, Institute of Applied Physics, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Military Geographic Institute, Nueva Santa Isabel 1640, RCH-21 Bern, Switzerland, Ph: (41)-31-631-8563, Fx: (41)-31-631-3765, Santiago, Chile E-mail: [email protected] Pinto Teixeira, Jorge, Peters, F.C., Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] 1017 Derwydd Lane, Berwyn PA. 19312, USA, Ph: (1)-215-531-6806 Piraszewski, Mieczyslaw, Dr., A, Peters, Mary Flather, Mrs., A, Institute of Geodesy and Geodetical Astronomy, Pl. Politekniki 1, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7420, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Warsaw 00-661, Poland, Ph: (48)-2-660-7754, Fx: (48)-2-621-0052, Washington DC 20375-5350, USA, Ph: (1)-202-767-2024, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (1)-202-767-0167, E-mail: MARY@HP8 C.NRL.NAVY.MIL Pirwitz, Konrad, Mr., A, Petit, Ge rard, Mr., A, Ministry of Physical Planning and Construction, Dept. of Surveyor Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, General, Wspolna 2 PO Box 19, PL-00-926 Warsaw, Poland, F-92312 S´vres Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-1-45077067, Fx: (33)-1-45342021, Ph: (48)-661-8118, Fx: (48)-628-5887 E-mail: [email protected] Pishchukhina, Krasimira, Dr., A, Petkov, I., Pres. Dr., A, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Central Laboratory of Geodesy, 1 Nat. Comm. Geodesy Geophysics, United Centre of Earth Sciences, Block November 7th str., 1000 So®a, Bulgaria, Ph: (359)-2-713-2458, No.3 ul.Acad.G.Bonchev, BG-1113 So®a, Bulgaria, Ph: (359)-700135, Fx: (359)-2-70-0226, E-mail: KRASY@BGEARN Fx: (359)-700226 Piuzzi, Alfred, Mr., A, Petroskevicius, Petras, Dr., A, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, CT/TI/MS/MO, 18 Avenue Edouard Institute of Geodesy, Director Institute of Geodesy, Sauletekio al. 11, Belin, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-61274506, LT-2054 Vilnius, Lithuania, Ph: (370)-2-767879, Fx: (370)-2-763864, Fx: (33)-5-61281855, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Plag, Hans-Peter, Dr., A, Petrova, Natasha, A, Statens Kartverk, Geodesidivisjonen, Kartverksveien 21, N-3511 Kazan University, Dpt. of Astronomy and GRG, Honefoss, Norway, Ph: (47)-32118100/8474, Fx: (47)-32118101, Kremljevskaja Str 18, Kazan 420008, Russia, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Plaumann, S., Dr., A, Petrovic, Svetozar, Mr., A, NLFBAlfred-Bentgz-Haus, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany Technische Universitaet Berlin, Institut fuer Geodaesie und Poder, Knud, Dr., F, Photogrammetrie, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany, Gartnersvinget 18, 3650 Olstykke, Denmark Ph: (49)-314-24-054, Fx: (49)-314-23-205, E-mail: Podmore, Francis, Dr., NCA, [email protected] University of Zimbabwe, Dept. of Physics, PO Box MP 167, Mount Petrovskaya, Margarita, Dr., A, Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe, Ph: (263)-4-303211 ext. 1629, Main Astronomical Observatory of Russian Academy of Sciences, Fx: (263)-4-333407/335429, E-mail: [email protected] Pulkovskoe Shosse 65, Pulkovo, St. Petersburg, 196140, Russia, Pointon, K.W., Mr., A, Ph: (7-812) 123-4335, Fx: (7)-812 123-49-22 or 314-33-60, E-mail: University of Calgary, Dept. of Surveying Engineering, [email protected] 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Pezzoli, Laura, Ms., A, Ph: (1)-403-220-4112 University of Bologna, Dept. Physics, Viale Berti Pichat 8, I-40127 Poitevin, Christian, Dr., F, Bologna, Italy Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Centre de Ge ophysique Interne, Avenue Pfeifer, Ludvik, Mr., A, Circulaire 3, B-1180 Bruxelles, Belgium, Ph: (32)-2-3730294, DMA Aerospace Center, GGB MS L-41, 3200 South Second Street, St. Fx: (32)-2-3749822, E-mail: [email protected] Louis MO 63118, USA, Ph: (1)-614-263-7804 Popelar, Joseph, Dr., A, Phiphitkun, P., Col., A, Geodetic Survey of Canada, Systems and Development Section, 615 Royal Thai Survey Department, Geodesy & Geophysics Division, Booth street, Ottawa Ontario K1A OE9, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-943-2354, Kalayan Aitri Rd, Phranakorn Bangkok 10200, Thailand Fx: (1)-613-592-3227, E-mail: [email protected] Phunsanong, Anan, Mr., A, Poutanen, Markku, Mr., A, Royal Thai Survey Department, Director, Kalayan Aitri Rd, Phranakorn Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, FIN-02430 Masala, Bangkok 10200, Thailand, Ph: (66)-2-222-9893/221-2884, Finland, Ph: (358)-9-295-55-218, Fx: (358)-9-295-55-200, E-mail: Fx: (66)-2-221-2884 [email protected] Piccolo, Cintia, Dr., A, Pramdee, Surapol, Mr., A, Instituto Argentino de Oceanogra®a, Av. Alem 53, 8000 Bahia Blanca, Survey Division Royal Irrigation, Pakkret 11120, Thailand Argentina, Ph: (54)-91-23555, Fx: (54)-91-883933 Prescott, William H., Dr., A, Pick, Milos, Dr., A, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 977, 345 Middle®eld Rd., Menlo Park CA Geophysical Institute, Czechsl. Acad. Scienc. (CSAS), Bocni II cp 1401, 94025, USA, Ph: (1)-415-329-4860, Fx: (1)-415-329-5163, E-mail: CS-141 31 Praha 4-Sporilov, Czech Republic, Ph: (420)-2-766051 ext. 330, [email protected] Fx: (420)-2-761549, E-mail: [email protected] Pre sident Directeur Ge ne ral OTC, A, Piechocinska, J., Dr., A, Oce de la Topographie et de la Cartographie, Cite Olympique PO Royal Institute of Technology, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden, Box-1080, Tunis, Tunisia Ph: (46)-8-790-7334 Priam, Stefan, Dr., A, Pielkington, J.D.H., Dr., A, Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography, CZ-250 66 Royal Greenwich Observatory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OEZ, Zdiby 98, Praha-Vychod, Czech Republic, Ph: (420)-7-296-041, Great Britain Fx: (420)-7-292-028 Pierozzi, Marco, Dr., A, Prijanto, Agus, Mr., A, Istituto Geogra®co Militare, Direzione Geodetica, Via F.T. Baracchini 61, National Agency for Survey and Mapping, Bakosurtanal, Jalan I-50127 Firenze, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-55-2775427, Raya-Bogor Km 46 PO Box 3546/JK, RI-Cibinong, Indonesia, Fx: (39)-0-55-4378120 Ph: (62)-21-8754591/8752062, Fx: (62)-21-8752064/8753067 204

Prilepin, Mikhail T., Prof., NC F, RaÁ dulescu, I., Dir. Ing., A, United Institute of Physics of the Earth, yl. Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, 10, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, 1 Caransebes St. secto 1, Bucharesti, 123810 Moscow, Russia, Ph: (7)-095-254-0201, Fx: (7)-095-2556040, Romania E-mail: [email protected] Raguni, Giuseppe, Mr., A, Priou, Denis, Dr., A, University of Bologna, Department of Physics Geophysics, Viale Berti Institut Ge ographique National, LAREG, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Cite Pichat 8, I-40127 Bologna, Italy Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, France, Ph: (33)-1-4398-8327, Rais, Jacub, Prof., F, Fx: (33)-1-4398-8488 National Research Council, Jalan Kemang Utara C, No. 4, Priovolos, G.J., Dr., A, Jakarta 12730, Indonesia, Ph: (62)-21-799-3431, 80 Main Street, Reading MA 01867, USA, Ph: (1)-617-942-2666, Fx: (62)-21-391-0733 Fx: (1)-617-942-2403 Rajal, Baldev Singh, Director, A, Promthong, Chaiwat, Mr., A, Survey of India, Geodetic & Research Branch, PO Box 77 17 East Canal Royal Thai Survey Department, Geodesy & Geophysics Division, Road, Dehra Dun-248001, India, Ph: (91)-135-24528/27112, Kalayan Aitri Rd, Phranakorn Bangkok 10200, Thailand, Fx: (91)-135-27623, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (66)-2-222-3045, Fx: (66)-2-225-3347 Rakovec, Joze, Prof. Dr., A, Proni, J., Dr., A, University of Ljubijana, Faculty of Physics, Chair for Meteorology, NOAA/AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Csway, Miami FD 33149, USA Hajdrihova 28, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Ph: (386) 61 1769 285, ProÁ szynski, Witold, Prof.-Dr., A, Fx: (386) 61 217 281, E-mail: [email protected] Institute of Geodesy and Geodetical Astronomy, Warsaw University of Ramanaliskas, Rimantas, Mr., A, Technology, Pl. Politekniki 1, Warsaw 00-661, Poland, Institute of Geodesy, Sauletekio al. 11, LT-2054 Vilnius, Lithuania, Ph: (48)-2-625-1527/660-7299, Fx: (48)-2-625-1527 Ph: (370)-2-767879, Fx: (370)-2-763864, E-mail: Pryatna, Kosasih, Mr., A, [email protected] Jurusan Teknik Geodesi FTSP-ITB, Jalan Ganesha 10 Bandung, Rands, P., Mr., A, Bandung 40132, Indonesia University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Dept. of Surveying, Newcastle-upon- Puntavungkour, Lt. Smooch, Tyne NE1 7RU, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-91-232-8511 Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Mail Box no. 629, Rapatz, Phillip J.V., Mr., A, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand, Exploration Products Western Geophysical, 3600 Briar Park Dr. PO Box E-mail: [email protected] 2469, Houston TX 77042, USA, Ph: (1)-713-964-6525, Puntodewo, T., Prof., A, Fx: (1)-713-781-7417 National Agency for Survey and Mapping, Bakosurtanal, Rapp, Richard H., Prof., F, Jalan Raya-Bogor Km 46 PO Box 3546/JK, RI-Cibinong, Indonesia, 26 Hicory Forest Drive, Hilton Head Island, SC 29926-2699, USA, Ph: 219-82062, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1) 843 3427474, E-mail: [email protected] Purcell, George H. Jr., Mr., A, Rappaport, Nicole, Dr., A, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-600, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Mail Stop 301-280, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-3395, Fx: (1)-818-354-4965, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-8211, Fx: (1)-818-354-9068, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Qeleschi, Georg, Mr., A, Rasmussen, Jakob Grove, Instituti Hidrogjeoteknik, Tirana, Albania Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen Qi-Xian, Qiu, Prof., A, Oe, Denmark, E-mail: [email protected] Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, 16 Beitaiping Rd., 100039 Ratanakarn, N., Lt.Col., A, Beijing, China, Fx: 86-010-68218654 Royal Thai Survey Department, Geodesy & Geophysics Division, Qian, Zhihan, Prof., A, Kalayan Aitri Rd, Phranakorn Bangkok 10200, Thailand Shanghai Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Ratton, E., Dr., A, 200030 Shanghai, China, Ph: (86)-21-438-6191, Fx: (86)-21-438-4618, Univ. Federal do ParanaÁ , Caixa Postal 19098, 81531 Curitiba ParanaÁ , E-mail: [email protected] Brazil, Ph: (55)-41-2625243 Qin, Xinhua, Mr., A, Rautz, Konrad, Dipl.-Ing., A, Magellan, 471 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95059-4300, USA, Technical University of Graz, Dept. of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Ph: (1)-408-6153306, Fx: (1)-408-6153955, Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (43)-316-873-6351, Fx: (43)-316-817-909, Qiu, Wei Gen, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Wuhan Techn. Univ. of Surv. & Mapp., 39 Luoyulu Wuchang, Hubei Ravnik, Danilo, Prof., A, 430070, China Home AdressPoljanski nasip 30, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Quembo, Jose Luis, Mr., NCA, Ph: (386) 61 326 214 Direc´ao Nacional de Geogra®a e Cadastre, C.P. 288, Maputo, Ray, James, Dr., A, Mozambique, Ph: 422021/3, Fx: 421460 Geodetic Research and Development Lab., N/OES13 SSMC 4, Quian, Zhi-Han, Mr., A, 1305 East-West Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3281, USA, Shanghai Observatory, 80 Nandan Road, 200030 Shanghai, China Ph: (1)-301-713-2850, Fx: (1)-301-713-4475, E-mail: Quintanilla, Israel, B.Sc., [email protected] Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Ingeneria Cartogra®ca, Geodesia y Ray, Jayanta Kumar, Ms., A., Fotogrametria, c/ Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, 46022 Valencia, University of Calgary, Department of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 Spain, Ph: (34) 963877556, Fx: (34) 963877559, University Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: www.upv.es Ph: (1)-403-220-8806, Fx: (1)-403-284-1980, Quiros Donate, Rafael, Ing., A, E-mail:[email protected], Instituto GeograÁ ®co Nacional, Calle General Ibanez Ibero 3, 28003 Ray, Jim, Madrid, Spain, Ph: (34)-9-15-548961 E-mail: [email protected] R.C. de Freitas, Silvio, Professor, A, Ray, Richard D., Mr., A, University of Paranû, GeomaÁ tica, Po.Box 19001, 81531-990 Curitiba, NASA/GSFC, Space Geodesy Branch Code 926, Greenbelt MD Brazil, Ph: (55) 41 361 3150, Fx: (55) 41 266 2393, 20771-0001, USA, Ph: (1)-301-286-5341, Fx: (1)-301-286-2562, E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: www.geoc.ufpr.br E-mail: [email protected] Radej, Karel, Dr., A, Rebai, Noamen, Dr., A, Ministry of DefenceVitezne Namesti 1500, 16001 Praha 6, Czech Republic E.S.G.T., 18 Alle e Jean Rostand, 91025 Evry Cedex, France, Radicioni, Fabio, Associate Professor, A, Ph: (33)-1-69367450, Fx: (33)-1-69367305, E-mail: [email protected] Universita' di Perugia, Istituto de Ingengneria Ambientale, Via Duranti Recy, Jacques, Mr., A, 1-A, Via Duranti 1-A, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-75-5852765, Fx: (39)-0-75-8582756, ORSTOM, 70-74 route d'Alnay, 93140 Bondy, France E-mail: [email protected] Rego Chaves Beirao, M.A., Mr., A, Radix, Jean-Claude, Prof., A, Instituto Geogra®co e Cadastral, Pra´a da Estrela, 1200 Lisboa, 23 rue Paul Ce zanne, 78370 Plaisir, France, Ph: (33)-1-3054-0688 Portugal Radouch, Ferdinand, Dipl.-Ing., A, Rehren, Frank, Mr., A, Czech. Oce of Geod. and Cartog., Hybernska 2, CS-11121 Praha 1, University of Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Schneiderberg 50, Czech Republic, Ph: (420)-2-2365887, Fx: (420)-2-2353411 D-30167 Hannover, Germany 205

Reid, Mark J., Dr., A, Riemersma, J., Mr., A, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Ass. Director Radio & Ruurloseweg 91, 7255 MB Hengelo Gld, Netherlands Geoastron. Div., 60 Garden st., Cambridge MA 02138, USA, Ries, John C., Dr., F, Ph: (1)-617-495-7470, Fx: (1)-617-495-7345, E-mail: [email protected] University of Texas, Center for Space Research, 3925 West Braker Lane, Reigber, Christoph, Prof. Dr., F, Suite 200, Austin TX 78759-5321, USA, Ph: (1)-512-471-7486, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Bereich 1, P.O. Box 1116, D-82230 Fx: (1)-512-471-3570, E-mail: [email protected] Oberpfa€enhofen, Germany, Ph: (49)-331-288-1100, Rietveld, H., Mr., A, Fx: (49)-331-288-1111, E-mail: [email protected] Rijkswaterstaat Survey Department, PO Box 5023, NL-2600 GA Delft, Reilinger, Robert E., Dr., A, Netherlands Dept. of Earth Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences, Massachussets Rim, Hyung Jin, Mr., A, Institute of Technology, Cambridge Mass. 02139, USA, E-mail: University of Texas, Center for Space Research, 3925 West Braker Lane, [email protected] Suite 200, Austin TX 78759-5321, USA, Ph: (1)-512-471-7931, Reilly, James, Mr., A, Fx: (1)-512-471-3570, E-mail: [email protected] New Mexico State University, Math. Sci. PO Box MB, Las Cruces New Rim, Hyung Jin, Mr., A, Mex 88003, USA, Ph: (1)-505-546-6748, Fx: (1)-505-546-3549 University of Texas, Center for Space Research, 3925 West Braker Lane, Reinhart, Ewald, Prof. Dr., A, Suite 200, Austin TX 78759-5321, USA, Ph: (1)-512-471-7931, Bundesamt fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie, Richard Strauss Allee 11, Fx: (1)-512-471-3570, E-mail: [email protected] D-60598 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Ph: (49)-69-6333-249, Rios, Victor-Hugo, Dr., A, Fx: (49)-69-6333-425, E-mail: [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Instituto de Geodesia, Av. Indepen- Reit, Bo-Gunnar, Dr., A, dencia 1800, 4000 San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina, Ph: (54)-81-242155, National Land Survey of Sweden, S-801 82 Gaevle, Sweden, Fx: (54)-81-311462 Ph: (46)-26-633735, Fx: (46)-26-610676, E-mail: [email protected] Ritschel, Berned, Rek, Christof, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Technische Universitaet Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Rius, Antonio, Dr., A, Germany, Ph: (49)-30-31423602, Fx: (49)-31421119 Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Rekkedal, Svein, Dr., A, Cienti®cas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Statens Kartverk, Norwegian Mapping Authority, N-3500 Honefoss, Ph: (34)-9-1-5824578, Fx: (34)-9-1-2439489, E-mail: Norway, Ph: (47)-67-24100, Fx: (47)-67-26190 [email protected] Remondi, Benjamin W., Dr., A, Rizos, Chris, Assoc. Professor, EC O F, National Geodetic Survey, NOS NOAA N/CG 1 ´ 6, 1315 East-West University of New South Wales, School of Geomatic Engineering, Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3282, USA, Ph: (1)-301-713-3226 Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Ph: (61)-2-9385 4205, Fx: (61)-2-9313 7493, Rennen, Markus, E-mail:[email protected], Homepage: www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap E-mail: [email protected] Rizzoli, Paola, Dr., A, Rentsch, Matthias, Massachussets Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, E-mail: [email protected] Cambridge Mass. 02139, USA, Ph: (1)-617-253-2451, Renzetti, Nicholas A., Dr., A, Fx: (1)-617-253-4464, E-mail: [email protected] Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 303-400, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Robayshi, S., Dr., A, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-4517, Fx: (1)-818-792-6290, E- Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Deputy Minister, PO Box mail: [email protected] 247, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Retscher, Guenther, Dipl.-Ing. Dr., A, Robbins, A.R., Prof., F, Department of Applied and Engineering Geodesy, Vienna University of Nuthatch, 11 Moorlands West Hill, Ottery St. Mary Devon EX11 1UL, Technology, Gusshausstr. 27-29, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, Great Britain Ph: (43)-1-58801-12847, Fx: (43)-1-58801-12895, Robbins, John W., Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: Hughes STX, 7701 Greenbelt Rd. suite 400, Greenbelt MD 20770, USA, info.tuwien.ac.at/ingeo/staff/retscher.htm Ph: (1)-301-441-4119, Fx: (1)-301-441-1853, E-mail: Rezgui, Magtouf, Mr., A, [email protected] Oce de la Topographie et de la Cartographie, Cite Olympique PO Box- Roberts, Gethin, Mr., A., 1080, Tunis, Tunisia The University of Nottingham, Institute of Engineering Surveying & Riad, Samir, Prof., A, Space Geodesy (IESSG), University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, Great Assuit University, Dept. of Geology, Faculty of Science, Assuit, Egypt, Britain, E-mail:[email protected], E-mail: Ph: (202)-348-5586, Fx: (202)-349-6295 [email protected] Ribeiro, Fernando Quintas, Dr., A, Roberts, Terry A., Assoc. Prof., A, Instituto de Meteorologia, R.C. Aeroporto, 1700 Lisboa, Portugal, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Dept. of Land Information, Ph: (351)-1-8402022, Fx: (351)-1-8402370, E-mail: PO Box 2476 V, Melbourne 3001, Australia, Ph: (61)-3-9925-2529, [email protected] Fx: (61)-3-9663-2518, E-mail: [email protected] Richardson, C.A., Dr., A, Robertson, Douglas S., Dr., A, University of Wales, School of Ocean Sciences, Menai Bridge, Gwynedd University of Colorado, CIRES Box 216, Boulder CO 80309, USA, LL59 5E9, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-248-351151, Fx: (44)-248-71367 Ph: (1)-303-492-3694, Fx: (1)-303-492-5070, E-mail: Richardson, James P., Mr., A, [email protected] Sterling Software, 3340 Mitchell Lane, Boulder CO 80516, USA Rochester, Michael, Mr., A, Richardson, Randal M., Prof., A, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Earth Sciences, St. John's University of Arizona, Dept. of Geosciences Bldg 77, Tucson AZ 85721, Newfoundland A1B 3X5, Canada, Ph: (1)-709-737-7565, USA, Ph: (1)-602-621-4950, Fx: (1)-602-621-2672, Fx: (1)-709-737-2589, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Rocken, Christian, Dr., F, Richter, Bernd, Dr. Ing., A, UNAVCO, CIRES, PO Box 3000, Boulder CO 80307-3000, USA, Institut fuer Angew. Geodaesie, Richard Strauss Allee 11, Frankfurt am Ph: (1)-303-497-8012, Fx: (1)-303-497-7857, Main, Germany, Ph: (49)-33-310305, Fx: (49)-33-310314, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: [email protected] www.cosmic.ucar.edu or www.gst.ucar.edu Richter, Burghard, Dr.-Ing., A, Rodrigez-Caderot, Gracia, Prof., A, Deutsches Geodaetisches Forschungsinstitut, Marstallplatz 8, D-80539 Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia, Faculta de Ciencias Matematicas, Munchen, Germany, Ph: (49)-89-23031-214, Fx: (49)-89-23031-240 Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, Ridgway, J.R., Mr., A, Ph: (34)-9-1-3944-588, Fx: (34)-9-1-3944-607, SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, University of California, 9500 E-mail: [email protected] Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093-0205, USA, E-mail: Rodrigues Lisboa, M.M., Mr., A, [email protected] Instituto Geogra®co e Cadastral, Pra´a da Estrela, 1200 Lisboa, Portugal Ridway, Je€rey, Mr., A, Rodriguez, Alejandro, Mr., A, 8936 Cli€ridge Ave, La Jolla, CA 92037-2103, USA INETER, Apartado Postal N» 2110, Managua, Nicaragua Riecken, Jens, Ing., A, Rodriguez, Claudio V., Mr., A, Bonn University, Institut fuer Theoretische Geodaesie Nussallee 17, Instituto Geogra®co Nacional, Avenida 20 Calle 9-11, San Jose , D-53115 Bonn, Germany, Ph: (49)-228-733578 Costa Rica 206

Rodriguez, Ruben C., Dr., A, Rowlands, D.D., Mr., A, Luis M. Campos 1521-6B, 1426 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Hughes STX, Lanham MD 20706, USA Ph: (54)-1-781-8901, Fx: (54)-1-781-8901 Roy, Bimal Chandra, Brig.-Dr., A, Rodriguez Pujol, Enrique, Ing., A, Survey of India, Director Geodetic & Research Branch, Subdireccion General de Geodesia y Geo®sica, Instituto Geogra®co PO Box 77 17 East Canal Road, Dehra Dun-248001, India, Nacional, Iba®cz de Ibero 3, 28003 Madrid, Spain, Ph: (34)-9-1-5333-800, Ph: (91)-135-24528/27112, Fx: (91)-135-27623, Fx: (34)-9-1-5331-158, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: 4044-0630097200 NICMAIL Roeder, R., Mr., A, Roy, K.K., Prof., A, University of Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Schneiderberg 50, Indian Institute of Technology, Dept. of Geology & Geophysics, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, Ph: (49)-511-762-3362, Kharagpur-721 302, India, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (49)-511-762-4006 Rubincam, David, Dr., A, Roehrich, Stefan, Dipl. Ing., A, NASA/GSFC, Geodynamic Branch code 921, Greenbelt MD 20771-0001, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Institut fuer Physikalische Geodaesie, USA, Ph: (1)-301-286-5107, Fx: (1)-301-286-1616 Petersenstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Rudenko, Sergei, A, Ph: (49)-6151-163012 National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Main Astronomical Roesch, K., Prof., A, Observatory, Golosiiv, Kiev 252022, Ukraine, Ph: 380-44-266-2147, Universitaet Stuttgart, Geodaetisches Institut, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24/ E-mail: [email protected] D, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany Rueger, Jean M., Assoc. Prof., F, Rogers, Henry, Mr., A, University of New South Wales, School of Geomatic Engineering, Directorate of Military Survey, Mapping&Charting Establishment, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Ph: (61)-2-9385-4173, Fx: (61)-2-9313-7493, Elmwood Avenue, Feltham Middlesex TW13 7AE, Great Britain, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (44)-81-890-3622 ext. 4138 Ruegg, Jean-Claude, Dr., A, Rogowski, Jerzy, Mr., A, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex Institute of Geodesy and Geodetical Astronomy, Warsaw Univ. of 05, France, Ph: (33)-1-4427-2499, Fx: (33)-1-4427-3894, E-mail: Technology, Pl. Politekniki 1, Warsaw 00-661, Poland [email protected] Roland, Erik, Mr., A, Ruess, Diethard, Dr., A, Statens Kartverk, Geodetic Inst., Norwegian Mapping Authority, N-3500 Bundesamt fur Eich- und Vermessungswesen, Abteilung V1/1, Honefoss, Norway Geophysikalische Grundlagen & Praezissionsnivellement, Schi€amtsgasse Romaides, Anestis J., Mr., A, 1-3, A-1025 Wien, Austria, Ph: (43)-222-21176-3211, Hanscom AFB, PL/GPE Earth Sciences Division, MA 01731-5000, USA, Fx: (43)-222-21176-2224, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1)-617-377-5205, Fx: (1)-617-377-2707, E-mail: Ruiz, Antonio, Dr., A, [email protected] Inst. Cartograph. de Catalunya, Parc de Montjuic, s/n, SP-08038 Ronnang, Bernt O., Prof. Dr., A, Barcelona, Spain, Ph: (34)-9-3-4252900, Fx: (34)-9-3-4267442 Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology, S-43992 Ruland, Robert, Dr., A, Onsala, Sweden, Ph: (46)-31-772-5530, Fx: (46)-31-772-5590, E-mail: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, PO Box 4349, Stanford CA 94309, [email protected] USA, Ph: (1)-650-926-3468, Fx: (1)-650-926-4055, E-mail: Roof, Ed., Mr., A, [email protected] US Army Engineer Topographie Labs, W.C Cude Building, Fort Belvoir Rummel, Reiner, Prof. Dr., F, VA 22060, USA Technical University of Munich, Inst. fuer Astronomische und Roosbach, Udo, Mr., A, Physikalische Geodaesie, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80290 Munich, Germany, Universitaet der Bundeswehr Munchen, Inst. of Geodesy and Navigation, Ph: (49)-89-289-23190, Fx: (49)-89-289-23178, E-mail: Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85579 Neubiberg, Germany [email protected] Roosbeek, Fabian, Mr., A, Rundle, John, Dr., A, Avenue Circulaire 3, Brussels 1180, Belgium University of Colorado, CIRES, PO Box 808, Boulder CO 80309, USA, Rosborough, George W., Dr., A, Ph: (1)-303-492-5642/1143, Fx: (1)-303-492-1149, E-mail: University of Colorado, Dept. of Aerospace Eng. Sci./Box 429, Boulder [email protected] CO 80309, USA, Ph: (1)-303-492-6721, Fx: (1)-303-492-7881, E-mail: Russell, Don, [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Rosen, Paul Alan, Dr., A, Russo, P., Mr., A, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109, Istituto di Engegneria, via Scandiana 21, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy USA Ryan, James W., Dr., A, Rosen, Richard, Dr., A, NASA/GSFC, Space Geodesy Branch Code 926, Greenbelt MD Atmospheric & Environmentals Res. Inc., 840 Memorial Drive, 20771-0001, USA, Ph: (1)-301-286-9020, Fx: (1)-301-286-4943, Cambridge Mass. 02139, USA, Ph: (1)-617-547-6207, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (1)-617-661-6479, E-mail: [email protected] Ryon, James, Mr., A, Rossi, A., Mr., A, NASA/GSFC, Code 926.9, Greenbelt MD 20771-0001, USA CNUCE, C.N.R., via S. Maria 37, I-56126, Italy Saadi, Nadir, Mr., A, Rossikopoulos, D., Dr., A, Institut National de Cartographie, 123 rue de Tripoli BP 69, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Dept. of Geodesy & Surveying, Hussein Dey Alger, Algeria, Ph: (213)-2-774215, University Box 474, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece, Fx: (213)-2-596767 Ph: (30)-31-991545 Saavedra, V., Prof., A, Rossol, Mr., Verm.Dir., A, Instituto Geogra®co Militar, Estado Mayor, PO Box 6741, La Paz, Landesvermessung und Geobasisinformation Niedersachsen (LGN) Bolivia, Ph: 37-81-94 Postfach 3769, 30037 Hannover, Germany Sabadini, Robert, Prof., A, Rostom, R.S., Prof., F, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sezione Geo®sica, Via Cicognara, 7, University of Nairobi, Dept. of Surveying & Photogrammetry, PO Box 30 Milano, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-2-23698407, E-mail: 197, Nairobi, Kenya, Ph: 721705 [email protected] Rotacher, Markus, Saburi, J., Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Ardhi Institute, PO Box 35176, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, Rotaru, Marian, Dr., NCA, Ph: (255)-71263/71264/71272 Directia Topogra®ca Militara, Chief Military Topographic Dept., Bd. 1 Sacerdote, Fausto, Prof., F, Mai nr. 124-126, R-78219 Bucharest, Romania, Ph: (40)-666-4685, Univ. di Firenze, Dip. di Ing. Civile, via di S. Marta 3, I-50139 Firenze, Fx: (40)-666-3370 Italy, Ph: (39)-055 4796220, Fx: (39)-055 495333, E-mail: Rothacher, Markus, Dr., A, [email protected] Astronomical Institute of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Sadig, A.A., Dr., A, Switzerland, Ph: (41)-31-631-8591, Fx: (41)-31-631-3869, E-mail: University of Khartoum, Dept. of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, [email protected] Khartoum PO Box 321, Sudan, Ph: 78192 Roubertou, Andre Marc, Ing., A, Saelthun, Niels Roar, Mr., A, 62 Avenue Emile Zola, F-75015 Paris, France, Ph: (33)-1-4577-5286, NIVA, Postboks 173, Kjelsaas, N-0411 Oslo, Norway, Fx: (33)-1-4065-9998 Ph: (47) 22 18 51 00, Direkte 22 18 51 21, Fx: (47) 22 18 52 00 207

Saenz, J., Mr., A, Sanli, Ilhan, Mr., A, Ciudad Universitaria Octavio Mendez Pereira, Instituto de Geociencias, General Command of Mapping, Harita Genel Komutanligi, 06100 Cebeci Estafeta Universitaria, Panama, Panama Ankara, Turkey Saetre, Roald, Mr., A, Sanso , Fernando, Prof., NC EC O F President of IAG, Havforskningsinstituttet, Postboks 1870 Nordens, N-5024 Bergen, Politecnico di Milano, DIIAR - Sezione Rilevamento, P.zza Leonardo da Norway, Ph: (47) 55 23 85 00, Direkte 55 23 86 02, Fx: (47) 55 23 85 84, Vinci, 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-2-2399-6504/6506, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (39)-0-2-2399-6530/39-0-31-3327365., E-mail: Sa®, A.M., Gen., A, [email protected] Service Ge ographique de l'Arme e, B.P. 3094, Damas, Syria Santerre, Rock, Prof., A, Sagiya, Takeshi, Mr., A, Universite Laval, Centre de Recherche en Ge omatique, Pavillon Casault, Geographical Survey Institute, Crustal Dynamics Dept., Kitasato-1 Ste-Foy Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada, Ph: (1)-418-656-2294/2530, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305, Japan Fx: (1)-418-656-7411, E-mail: [email protected] Sahin, Muhammed, Mr., A, Santos, Marcelo C., Mr., A, Istanbul Technical University, Dept. of Geodesy & Photogrammetry, Universidade Federal do Parana , Departamento de Geociencias, Centro Faculty of Civil Engineering, 80626 Maslak/Istanbul, Turkey, Polite cnico-Jardim das Ame ricas, 81531-970 ± Curitiba, Brazil, Ph: (90)-212-285-3782/3828, Fx: (90)-212-285-6587, E-mail: Fx: (55)-41-266-2393, E-mail: [email protected] INOZTAN@TRITU Sanyal, A.K., Mr., A, Sailor, Richard V., Dr., A, Survey of India, PO Box 77 17 East Canal Road, Dehra Dun-248001, TASC, 55 Walkers Brook Dr., Reading MA 01867, USA, India Ph: (1)-617-942-2000, Fx: (1)-617-942-7100, E-mail: Sardon, Esther, Mrs., A, [email protected] Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Saito, Akinori, Mr., A., Madrid, Spain Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Department of Sarhidai, A., Mr., A, Geophysics, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, Ph: (81)-75-753-3954, Hungarian Geological Survey, Columbus 17-23, Budapest 1145, Hungary Fx: (81)-75-722-7884, E-mail: [email protected] Sarkoesy, F., Prof., A, Saito, T., Prof., A, BME Geodeziai Intezet, Muegyetem Rkp 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary, Geographical Survey Institute, Geodetic Division, Kitasato-1 Ph: (36)-27-453-192 Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305, Japan, Ph: (81)-298-64-4825, Sarrailh, M., Mr., A, Fx: (81)-298-64-1802, E-mail: [email protected] Groupe de Recherche en Ge ode sie Spatiale, Bureau Gravime trique Sakr, K., A, International, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, National Research Institute of Astronomy & Geophysics, CairoHelwan, Ph: (33)-5-6133-2893, Fx: (33)-5-6133-3098, E-mail: Cairo, Egypt, Ph: 002-02-5548020, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Sakuma, Akihiko, Mr., A, Sas-Uhrynowski, Andrezj, Prof.-Dr., NC (3) A, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312 Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Ul. Jasna 2/4, PL-00-950 Warsaw, SeÁ vres Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-1-4507-7070, Fx: (33)-1-4534-2021 Poland, Ph: (48)-22-270328, Fx: (48)-22-270328 Sakuma, S, Dr., A, Sasagawa, Glenn S., Dr., A, Tokimec Inc., 3-1, Takakuko Nasucho, Nasugun, Tochigi 325, Japan, 4729 Spine Rd Apt. B, Boulder, CO 80301-3258, USA E-mail: [email protected] Sasaki, Minoru, Dr., Director, A, Sakuma, Sadaomi, Maritime Safety Academy, 5-1 Wakaba-cho, Kure 737-0832, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (81)-823-21-4961 ext. 341, Fx: (81)-823-20-0087, E-mail: Salamon, Amos, Mr., A, [email protected] 12 Alfasi St., Jerusalem 92303, Israel Sasao, Tetsuo, Prof., A, Saleh, Jarir, Mr., A, National Astronomical Observatory, Division of Earth Rotation, The University of West Indies, Dept. of Surveying of Land Information, Mizusawa, Iwate 023, Japan, Ph: (81)-197-22-7127, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago, Ph: (1) 809 663 1334, Fx: (81)-197-25-6619 Fx: (1) 809 662 6241, E-mail: [email protected] Sato, Kachishige, Dr., A, Salemi, Giuseppe, Mr., A, Tokyo Gakugei University, Dept. of Astronomy and Earth Sciences, 1-1, Universita di Udine, Via Cotoni®cio 114, I-33100 Udine, Italy, Nukui-kita 4, Koganei, Tokyo 184, Japan, Ph: (81)-423-25-2111 ext. 2678, Ph: (39)-0-432-558732, Fx: (39)-0-432-558700, E-mail: Fx: (81)-423-24-9832, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Sato, Katsuhisa, Mr., A, Salman, Richard, Dr., A, National Astronomical Observatory, National Astro Geodynamics DMA Aerospace Center, Geodesy & Geophysics Dept., 3200 South Observatory, Mizusawa, Iwate 023, Japan, Ph: (81)-197-22-7126, Second Street, St. Louis MO 63118, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (81)-197-22-7120, E-mail: [email protected] Salychev, O.S., Prof., A, Sato, Tadahiro, Dr., A, Moscow State Technical University 2, Institute of Information and National Astronomical Observatory, 2-12 Hoshigaoka-chyo, Control Systems, Baumanskoya 5, 107005 Moscow, Russia, Mizusawa-shi, Iwate 023-0861, Japan, Ph: (81)-197-22-7137, Ph: (7)-95-263-6891, Fx: (7)-95-292-6511 Fx: (81)-197-22-2715, E-mail: [email protected] Salzmann, Martin, Mr., A, Satomura, Mikio, Delft University of Technology, Dept. of Geodetic Eng. DGCC (LGR), E-mail: [email protected] Thijsseweg 11, NL-2629 JA Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-278-2574, Sauer, Knut, Fx: (31)-15-278-2348 E-mail: [email protected] Samad, Abu Haji, Mr., A, Sauermann, Knud, Dipl.-Ing., A, Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, 8th ¯oor, Bangunan Ukur, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Institut fuer Physikalische Geodaesie, Jalan Semarak, 50578 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Petersenstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Ph: (49)-6151-163900, Sanchez, Laura M., Mrs., A, Fx: (49)-6151-165489 Instituto Geogra®co Agustin Codazzi, Calle 66A, 17-06, Santafe de Savinykh, V.P., Prof., A, Bogota, Colombia, Ph: 57 1 368 0991, E-mail: [email protected] MIIGAiK, Director, Gorokhovsky Pereulok 4, 103 064 Moscow, Russia Sanchez Benett, Eddy Hardie, Mr., A, Savrov, Lev, A, INSIVUMEH, 7a Avenida 14-57 Zona 13, Ciudad de Guatemala, Moscow University, Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Universitetsky Guatemala, Ph: 315944/319164, Fx: 315005 av.13, Moscow 119899, Russia, Ph: (7) 095 932 8841, E-mail: Sandwell, David, Dr., A, [email protected] SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA Savulescu, Constantin, 92093-0205, USA, Ph: (1)-619-534-7109, Fx: (1)-619-534-2902, E-mail: Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bdul Lacul Tei, nr. 124, 72302 [email protected] Bucharest, Romania, Ph: (40)-1-2421208, Fx: (40)-1-2420781, E-mail: Sang, Wong Fong, Director, A, [email protected] Centraal Bureau Luchtkaartering, Maystraat 39, Paramaribo, Suriname Saxena, Narendra K., Prof., Director, F, Sanguanruang, S., Col., A, University of Hawaii at Manoa, College of Engineering, Royal Thai Survey Department, Geodesy & Geophysics Division, Civil Engineering, 2540 Dole Str., Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2382, USA, Kalayan Aitri Rd, Phranakorn Bangkok 10200, Thailand, Ph: (1)-808-956-7338, Fx: (1)-808-956-5014, E-mail: Ph: (66)-221-1993, Fx: (66)-225-3347 [email protected] 208

Schaarschmidt, Joachim, Mr., A, Schnadelbach, Klaus, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Universitaet Stuttgart, Keplerstrasse 11, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany, Technische Universitaet Munchen, Lehrstuhl fuer Geodaesie, Arcisstrasse Ph: (49)-711-121-3390, Fx: (49)-711-121-3500 21, D-80290 Munchen, Germany, Ph: (49)-289-2-2850, Fx: (49)-289-2-3967 Schaefer, Christof, A, Schnadt, Mr., Direktor, A, Bundesamt fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie, Aussenstelle Potsdam, Landervermessungsamt Brandenburg, Postfach 601062, 14411 Potsdam, Michendorfer Chaussee 23, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany, E-mail: Germany [email protected] Schneider, Dieter, Dr.-Ing., A, Schaer, Stefan, Dr., Bundesamt fuer Landestopographie, Seftigenstr. 264, CH-3084 Wabern, E-mail: [email protected] Switzerland, Ph: (41)-31-9632280, Fx: (41)-31-9632459, E-mail: Schafer, Uwe, [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Schneider, Manfred, Prof.-Dr., A, Scha€rin, Burkhard, Prof. Dr., F, Technical University of Munich, Inst. fuer Astronomische und The Ohio State University, Dept. Civil & Environ. Engr. and Geod. Sci., Physikalische Geodaesie, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80290 Munich, Germany, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1275, USA, Ph: (49)-289-2-3191, Fx: (49)-289-2-3178 Ph: (1)-614-292-0502/2771, Fx: (1)-614-292-2957/3780, E-mail: Schnuell, M., Mr., A, [email protected] or [email protected] University of Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Schneiderberg 50, Scharler, Heimo, Mr., A, D-30167 Hannover, Germany Institut fuer Theoretische Geodaesie, Brockmanngasse 47/3, A-8010 Graz, Schoedlbauer, Albert, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Austria Universitaet der Bundeswehr Munchen, Allgemeine Geodaesie, Scharroo, Remko, Ir., A, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85579 Neubiberg, Germany, Delft University of Technology, Section Space Research and Technology, Ph: (49)-89-6004-3423, Fx: (49)-89-6014-693 Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-781483, Schoene, Tilo, Dr., A., Fx: (31)-15-783444, E-mail: GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Divison 1, Section 1.2, op.gfz-pots- [email protected] dam.de/altimetry, c/o DLR Oberpfa€enhofen, D-82234 Wessling, Schastok, Joachim, Dr., A, Germany, Ph: (49)-0-8153-28-1391, Fx: (49)-0-8153-28-1207, University of Tubingen, Theor Astrophys, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, E-mail:[email protected], Homepage: D-72076 Tubingen, Germany op.gfz-potsdam.de/altimetry Scheid, John, Dr., A, Schrama, Ernst J.O., Dr., F, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 180-701, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Geodetic Engineering, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-9627, Fx: (1)-818-353-1492, Thijsseweg 11, NL-2629 JA Delft, Netherlands, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (31)-15-278-4975/3289, Fx: (31)-15-278-3711/2348, Scheinert, Mirko, Dipl.Ing., A, E-mail: [email protected] Technische Universitaet Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062 Dresden, Schramm, B., Mr., A, Germany, Ph: (49)-375-14630 University of Karlsruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7 PO Box 6980, Schenewerk, Mark S., Dr., A, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany NOAA N/OES 13, SSMCIV STA 8208, 1305 East-West Hwy, Silver Schreiner, M., Mr., A, Spring MD 20910, USA, E-mail: [email protected] University of Kaiserslautern, Laboratory of Technomathematics, Schenk, Vladimir, A, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany Inst. of Rock Structure & Mechanics, Acad. Sc.V. Holesovickack 41, 182 Schroeder, Dietrich, Dipl.-Ing., A, 09, Czech Republic, Ph: 420-2-688-0105, E-mail: [email protected] Universitaet Stuttgart, Keplerstrasse 11, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany, Schenke, Hans W., Dr., A, Ph: (49)-711-685-6601, Fx: (49)-711-121-3500 Alfred-Wegener Institut fuer Polar und Meereforschnung, POB 120161, Schroeder, F.H., Adjunct-secretaris, Secretary JOG, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany, Ph: (49)-471-4831-222, Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie, Postbus 5030, 2600 GA Delft, Fx: (49)-471-4831-149, E-mail: [email protected] Thijsseweg 11, 2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands, Ph: (31) 15 782819, Scherneck, Hans-Georg, Dr., A, Fx: (31) 15 781775, E-mail: [email protected] Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology, S-43992 Schroeter, Jens, Mr., A., Onsala, Sweden, Ph: (46)-31-772-5556, Fx: (46)-31-772-5590, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Schrumpf, B., Mr., A, Schernek, Hans Georg, 8 rue Monbel, 75017 Paris, France, Ph: (33)-1-4763-0674 E-mail: [email protected] Schuh, Harald, Dr., A, Schilizzi, Richard T., Prof. Dr., A, Deutsches Geodaetisches Forschungsinstitut, Abt. I, Marstallplatz 8, Netherlands Foundation for Res. in Astronomy, Joint Institute for VLBI D-80539 Munchen, Germany, Ph: (49)-89-23031-214, in Europe, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands, Fx: (49)-89-23031-240, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (31)-5219-7244, Fx: (31)-5219-7332, E-mail: [email protected] Schuh, Wolf-Dieter, Dr., A, Schlatter, Andreas, Technical University of Graz, Math. Geodesy and Geoinformatics, E-mail: [email protected] Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Ph: (43)-316-873-6347, Schlemmer, Harald, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Fx: (43)-316-873-6845, E-mail: Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Geodaetisches Institut, [email protected] Petersenstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Schulz-Ohlberg, J., Dr., A, Ph: (49)-6151-162147, Fx: (49)-6151-164047 Bundesamt fuer Seeschi€arhrt und Schlueter, Wolfgang, Dr. Ing., A, HydrographieBernhard-Nocht-Strasse 78, 20359 Hamburg, Germany Satellitenbeobachtungsstation Wettzell, Abt. II des DGFI, D-93444 Schutz, Bob E., Prof., F, Kotzting, Germany, Ph: (49)-9941-603-107, Fx: (49)-9941-603-222, University of Texas, Center for Space Research, 3925 West Braker Lane, E-mail: [email protected] Suite 200, Austin TX 78759-5321, USA, Ph: (1)-512-471-4267, Schmidt, K., Mr., A, Fx: (1)-512-471-3570, E-mail: [email protected] National Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic Division, Rentemestervej 8, Schwarz, Charles R., Dr., A, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark, Ph: (45)-3587-5319, National Geodetic Survey, Coast and Geodetic Survey N/CG15, 1315 Fx: (45)-3587-5052, E-mail: [email protected] East-West Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3282, USA, Schmidt, Rudolf, Dr.-Ing., A, Ph: (1)-301-713-3257, Fx: (1)-301-713-4176, E-mail: Max Planck Str. 7, D-53177 Bonn, Germany, Ph: (49)-228-33-2291 [email protected] Schmidt, Thorsten, Mr., A., Schwarz, Johannes, Mr., A, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, LEICA AG Heerburg, CH-9435 Heerburg, Switzerland Germany, E-mail: [email protected] Schwarz, Klaus-Peter, Prof. Dr., EC O F Past President of IAG, Schmincke, Hans Ulrich, Prof., A, University of Calgary, Department of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 Marine Geowiss, Wischhofstrasse 1-3 Geb 4, D-2300 Kiel, Germany, University Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Fx: (49)-431-7202156 Ph: (1)-403-220-7377, Fx: (1)-403-284-1980, E-mail: Schmitt, Guenter, Prof. Dr.-Ing., F, [email protected] University of Karlsruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7, D-76128 Schwarz, P.G., Mr., A, Karlsruhe, Germany, Ph: (49)-721-608-3669, Fx: (49)-721-694552, E-mail: Rijkswaterstaat Survey Department, PO Box 5023, NL-2600 GA Delft, [email protected] Netherlands 209

Schwarze, Volker S., Mr., A, Shapira, Avi, Dr., A, University of Stuttgart, Geodetic Inst., Keplerstrasse 11, D-70174 Institute for Pertroleum Research and Geophysics, Seismological Stuttgart, Germany Division, PO Box 2286, IL-58122 Holon, Israel, Schwiderski, E.W., Dr., A, Ph: (972)-3-805112, Fx: (972)-3-802925, 102 Bell St., Fredericksburgh VA 22405, USA E-mail: [email protected] Schwintzer, Peter, Dr., A, Shapiro, Irwin I., Dr., A, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Dept. 1.3, Telegrafenberg A17, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, MS 45, 60 Garden st., D-14473 Potsdam, Germany, Ph: (49)-331-288-1131, Cambridge MA 02138, USA, Ph: (1)-617-495-7100, Fx: (1)-617-495-7105, Fx: (49)-331-288-1111, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Sciarretta, Cecilia, Dr., A, Sharif, Ayob, Dr., A, Telespazio SPA, Via Tiburtina 965, I-00156 Roma, Italy, University of Technology, Locked Bag 791, 80990 Johor Bahru, Malaysia Ph: (39)-0-6-4079-3864, Fx: (39)-0-6-4079-3638, E-mail: Sharni, Dan, Dr., A, [email protected] Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Scott, D., Mr., A, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel, Ph: (972)-4-292-482, Fx: (972)-4-220-133 Geodetic Survey of Canada, 615 Booth street, Ottawa Ontario K1A OE9, She, Bin Bin, Dr., A, Canada Exploration Products Western Geophysical, 3600 Briar Park Dr. PO Box Seeber, Guenter, Prof. Dr.-Ing., F, 2469, Houston TX 77042, USA University of Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Schneiderberg 50, Shedayed, A.M., Mr., A, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, Ph: (49)-511-7622475, Ministry of Municipal and Rural A€airs, Surveying and Cadastral Dept., Fx: (49)-511-7624006, E-mail: [email protected] Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Seeger, Hermann, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Shelus, Peter J., Dr., F, Schulzchenstr. 22, D-53474 Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany University of Texas, Mc Donald Obs./Dept. of Astronomy, PO Box 1085, Segantine, Paulo Cesar L., Mr., A, Austin Texas 78712, USA, Ph: (1)-512-471-3339, Fx: (1)-512-471-6016, University of Sao Paulo (Engineering School), Av Dr Carlos Botelho E-mail: [email protected] 1465, Sao Carlos SP 13560-250, Brazil, Ph: (55)-016-2749254, Shen, Men, Dr., A, Fx: (55)-016-2749255, E-mail: [email protected] Chung Chen Institute of Technology, Dept. of Surveying Engineering, Segawa, Jiro, Prof., A, Ta-Shi, Taiwan 335, Taiwan Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 15-1 1 Chome Minamidai, Shen, Wenbin, Mr., A, Nakano-ku Tokyo 164, Japan, Ph: (81)-3-5351-6430, Graz Technical University, Section of Physical Geodesy, Steyrergasse 30, Fx: (81)-3-3377-3293, A-8010 Graz, Austria, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Shen, Wenbin, Dr., A, Sehnal, Ladislav, Prof., A, Graz University of Technology, Graz University of Technology, Ondrejov Observatory, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-251 65 Ondrejov, Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, E-mail: Czech Republic, Ph: (420)-204-85212, Fx: (420)-2-881611, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Shen, Zheng-Kang, A, Seitz, K., Mr., A, University of California, Dept of Earth and Space Sciences, 3806 University of Karlsruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7 PO Box 6980, Geology, 595 Circle Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, USA, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: 1-310-825-2779, E-mail: [email protected] Selig, Avri, Mr., A., Sheng, Gu Dan, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, 16 Beitaiping Rd., 100039 Selley, Doug, Dr., IUSM Secretariat, Beijing, China Geomatics Canada Natural Resources, 10th ¯oor, 580 Booth street, Sheng, Ning Jin, Prof., A, Ottawa Ontario K1A OE4, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-995-4776, Wuhan Techn. Univ. of Surv. & Mapp., 39 Luoyulu Wuchang, Hubei Fx: (1)-613-995-0842, E-mail: [email protected] 430070, China, Ph: (86)-27-875571/875922 Sengoku, Arata, Dr., A, Sheridan, Kevin, Hydrographic Department, Geodesy and Geophysics Division, 3-1, Flat 6, 172 Beckenham rd., Beckenham, Kent BR3 4RJ, United Kingdom Tsukiji 5, Chuo-ku1, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan, Ph: (81)-3-3541-3816, Shi, Pan, Prof., A, Fx: (81)-3-3541-4483, E-mail: [email protected] Xian Res.Inst. of Surveying and Mapping, 1 Yantalu Zhongduan, Xian Sequeira, Y.A., Cor., NCA, 710054, China, Ph: 29-526-4668/4996, Fx: 29-526-5310 Servicio GeograÁ ®co Militar, 8 de Octubre 3255, Montevideo 11600, Shi, Pinhao, Prof., A, Uruguay, Ph: 816810 Wuhan Techn. Univ. of Surv. & Mapp., Dept. of Geodesy, 39 Luoyulu Serbetci, Muza€er, Prof. Dr., A, Wuchang, Hubei 430070, China Karadeniz Teknik UÈ niversitesi, Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri Bolumu, Shibuya, Kazuo, Prof., A, Trabzon, Turkey, Ph: (462)-32-53-225 Ext. 2760, Fx: (462)-32-57-405 National Institute of Polar Research, 9-10 Kaga-1 chome, Itabashi-ku Seto, Takao, Mr., A, J-173 Tokyo, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Sokkisha Co. Ltd, R & D Dept., 260-63 Aza Yanagi-cho, Hase Atsugi Shichi, Ryuichi, Prof., A, Kanagawa 243, Japan, Ph: (81)-462-48-0034, Fx: (81)-462-47-1731 Regional Center for Earthquake Prediction Observation, School of Sevilla, Miguel J., Prof., NC F, Sciences, Furo-machi 1 Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01, Japan, Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia, Faculta de Ciencias Matematicas, Ph: (81)-52-789-3037, Fx: (81)-52-789-3047, E-mail: Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, Ph: (34)-1-3 944582, [email protected] Fx: (34)-1-3 944607, E-mail: [email protected] Shimada, Seiichi, Dr., A, Seyed-Mahmoud, Behnam, Mr., A, Nat. Res. Inst. for Earth Sci. and Disaster Prev., Ten-nodai 3-1, York University, Dept. Earth & Atmos Sci., 4700 Keele St., North York Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305, Japan, Ph: (81)-298-51-1611, ONT M3J IP3, Canada Fx: (81)-298-51-5658, E-mail: [email protected] Sguerso, Domenico, Dr., A, Shimida, Seiichi, Dr., Universitû di Trento, Dipartimento de Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Nat. Res. Inst. for Earth Sc., Disaster Prevention, Solid Earth Division, Via Mesiano, 77, I-38050 Trento, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-461-88-2608, 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-Shi, Ibaraki-Ken 305-0006, Japan, Fx: (39)-0-461-88-2672, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (81) 298 51 1611, Fx: (81) 298 54 0629, E-mail: Shaker, Ahmed Abd-El-Satar, Dr., A, [email protected] Zagazig University, Faculty of Engineering, Shubra, Cairo, Egypt Shotar, Mazen, Mr., A, Shamir, Uri, Dr., IUGG Vice President, Dept. of Lands and Surveys, PO Box 70, Amman, Jordan, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ph: (9626)-622900/632601, Fx: (9626)-614567 IL-32000 Haifa, Israel, Ph: (972)-4-292239, Fx: (972)-4-292239 Shuhua, Ye, Dr., A, Shannon, Vere L., Dr., President-Elect IAPSO, Shanghai Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa, 200030 Shanghai, China, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (27)-21-650-3277, Fx: (27)-21-650-3979, E-mail: Shum, Che-Kwan, Dr., F EC, President Section II, [email protected] Ohio State University, Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Shao, Zhan Ying, Prof., A, Science, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, Institute of Seismology, State Seismological Bureau, Wuhan 430071, USA, Ph: (1)-614-292-7118, Fx: (1)-614-292-2957, E-mail: China [email protected] 210

Shyllon, E., A., Simek, Jaroslav, Mr., A, University of Lagos, Geoinformatics Laboratory, Lagos, Nigeria, E-mail: Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography, CZ-250 66 [email protected] Zdiby 98, Praha-Vychod, Czech Republic, Ph: (420) 2 6857907, Sideris, Michael G., Professor, O F EC, President Section III, Fx: (420) 2 6857056, E-mail: [email protected] University of Calgary, Department of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 Simeon, J.W., Dr., A, University Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Institut Ha tien de Statistique, Boulevard Harry Truman, Port-au-Prince, Ph: (1)-403-220-4985, Fx: (1)-403-284-1980, E-mail:[email protected], HaõÈ ti Homepage: www.ucalgary.ca/\simsideris Simeonova, Stella, Dr., A, Sidlichovsky, M., Dr., A, Nat. Comm. Geodesy Geophysics (So®a), Block No.3 ul. Acad. Astronomicky Ustav. CSAV, Budecska 6, Vinohrady, CZ-12023 Praha 2 G. Bonchev, BG-1113 So®a, Bulgaria, Ph: (359) 2 700293, Sporilov, Czech Republik, Fx: (42) 2 255010 Fx: (359) 2 700226 Sidorenkov, Nikolai Sergeevich, Dr., A, Simmonds, I.H., Prof., A, Hydrometeorological Center of RF, Bolshevistskaja Str., 123242 Moscow, University of Melbourne, School of Earth Sciences, Parkville, Victoria Russia, Ph: (7)-95-255-2152 3052, Australia, Ph: (61) 3 9344 7216, Fx: (61) 3 9344 7761 Sidorin, A.Y., Dr., A, Simmons, A., Dr., A, Russian Academy of Sciences ± Geophysical Center, Acad. of Sci., ECMWFECMWF, Shin®eld Park, GB-Reading RG2 8AX, United Bolshaya Gruzinskaya 10, RU-123810 Moscow D-242, Russia, Kingdom Ph: (7) 095 254 8925, Fx: (7) 095 254 9316 Simoes Da Silva, Alberto Vaz Cunha, Prof., A, Sidorov, Vladimir A., Dr., A, Universidade de Coimbra, Aptdo 3008, Fac. di Ciencas e Tecnologia, Institute of Geology and Exploitation, Fersmana 50, Moscow, 117312, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal, Ph: (351)-3-928097 Russia, Fx: (7)-95-129-4107 Simon, Zdenek, Dr., A, Siedler, Gerold, Prof, A, Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography, CZ-250 66 University of Kiel, Dusternbrookerweg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany, Zdiby 98, Praha-Vychod, Czech Republic, Ph: (420)-204-85235, Ph: 49 431 5973890, Fx: 49 431 565876, E-mail: Fx: (420)-204-85236 [email protected] Simon, Zdenik, Dr., A, Siefring, Carl L., Dr., A, Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington DC CZ-250 66 Zdiby 98, Praha-Vychod, Czech Republic, 20375-5350, USA E-mail: [email protected] Sierk, Bernd, Simons, Wim, E-mail: [email protected] DEOS/PUTKluyverwe 6, 1, NL-2629 HS Delft, Netherlands, E-mail: Sigmundsson, Freysteinn, Dr., A, [email protected] Nordic Volcanological Institute, University of Iceland, Jarfraedihus v/ Sinclair, Andrew, Dr., A, Hringbraut, Sudurgata, IS 101 Reykjavik, Iceland Royal Greenwich Observatory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OEZ, Signer, Thomas, Dipl.-Ing., A, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-223-374-000, Fx: (44)-223-374-700 Bundesamt fuer Landestopographie, Seftigenstr. 264, CH-3084 Wabern, Singh, Avadh Hrain, Mr., A, Switzerland, Ph: (41)-31-9632384, Fx: (41)-31-9632459, E-mail: Survey of India, Geodetic Branch, PO Box 77 17 East Canal Road, Dehra [email protected] Dun-248001, India, Ph: (91)-135-27112 20 Sigvaldason, Gudmundur E., Dr., A, Sirayanone, Supachai, Dr., A, Nordic Volcanological Institute, University of Iceland, Jarfraedihus v/ 3100 Pleasant Cr., Marina CA 93933, USA Hringbraut, Sudurgata, IS 101 Reykjavik, Iceland, Ph: 354 525 4492, Sjoeberg, Lars E., Prof. Dr., F, Fx: 354 562 9767, E-mail: [email protected] Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Geodesy, S-10044 Stockholm, Sikilo, B.A., Dr., A, Sweden, Ph: (46)-8-790-7330, Fx: (46)-8-790-7343, E-mail: Surveying Mapping & Remote Sensing, PO Box 18118, Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] Silcock, David, Mr., A, Skaloud, Jan, Dr., A., University of South Australia, School of Geomatics, Planning and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), EPFL-DGR-TOPO, Building, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia, dgrwww.ep¯.ch/TOPO/personnes/jsk, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, Ph: (61)-8-302-1855, Fx: (61)-8-302-2252, E-mail: Ph: (41)-21-693-2753, Fx: (41)-21-693-5740, E-mail:[email protected], [email protected] Homepage: dgrwww.epfl.ch/TOPO/personnes/jsk Sildvee, Heldur, Dr., A, Skone, Susan, Dr., A, Development Center of National Land Board, Mustamee tee 51-311, University of Calgary, Department of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 10621 Tallinn, Estonia, Ph: (372)-2-6650669, Fx: (372)-2-6650604, E-mail: University Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, [email protected] Ph: (1)-403-220-7589, Fx: (1)-403-284-1980, E-mail: Sillard, Patrick, Dr., A, [email protected] Institut Ge ographique National, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Cite Descartes, Skorvanek, Matej, Dr., A, Champs-sur-Marne, France, Ph: (33)-1 43988209, Fx: (33)-1-4398 8488, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, CS-84228 Bratislava, E-mail: [email protected] Slovakia, Ph: (42)-7-375268, Fx: (42)-7-375278 Silva, Antonio, Mr., A, Slabinski, Victor J., Dr., A, University of Nottingham, IESSG, University Park, Nottingham NG7 INTELSAT, MS 60, 3400 International Drive N.W., 2RD, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-602-484848, Fx: (44)-602-508616 Washington DC 20008-3098, USA, Ph: (1)-202-944-7954, Silveira, G.M., Dr., A, Fx: (1)-202-944-7897 Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Geo®sica, Rua da Escola Politecnica Slater, James, Dr., A, 58, P-1200 Lisboa, Portugal, Ph: (351) 1 688028, Fx: (351) 1 4715213 Defense Mapping Agency, 8613 Lee Highway, Fairfax VA 22031-2137, Silver, Paul G., Dr., A, USA, Ph: (1)-703-285-9273, Fx: (1)-703-285-9374 Carnegie Institute of Washington, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Sledzinski, Janusz, Prof. Dr.-habil, A, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA, Institute of Geodesy and Geodetical Astronomy, Warsaw University of Ph: (1) 202 686 4386, Fx: (1) 202 364 8726 Technology, Pl. Politekniki 1, Warsaw 00-661, Poland, Silverman, S., Dr., A, Ph: (48)-2-622-8515, Fx: (48)-2-621-0052, AFGRL (OPR-1), L.G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, MA 01830, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Silvestrin, Pierluigi, Mr., A., ESA, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2200-AG Small, C., Dr., A, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, E-mail: [email protected] Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 423 W. 120th Sima, Jiri, Dr., A, St. #64, Palisades, New York, NY10964, USA Czech Oce of Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre, P.O. Box 459, Smets, Eduard, Prof., A, Hybernska 2, 111 21 Praha 1, Czech Republic Lange Lozanastraat 134, B-2018 Antwerpen 1, Belgium, Sy ma, Zdislav, Dr., A, Ph: (32)-3-2361850, Fx: (32)-3-2359523 Astronomical Institute, Bocni II 1401, CZ-141 31 Praha 4, Czech Smit, Jeroen, Mr., A, Republic, Ph: (420)-2-67103 042, Fx: (420)-2-769023, E-mail: Delft University of Technology, Dept. of Geodesy, Thijsseweg 11, [email protected] NL-2629 JA Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-278-2527, Simao, Velemo Cambaco, Mr., Fx: (31)-15-278-3711 A, Direc´ao Nacional de Geogra®a e Cadastre, C.P. 288, Maputo, Smit, Martijn, Mr., A., Mozambique, Ph: 258 422021/3, Fx: 258 421460 E-mail: [email protected] 211

Smith, A.G., Prof., A, Spada, Giorgio, Dr., A, Cambridge University, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Downing St., GB-CB2 University of Bologna, Department of Physics Geophysics, Viale Berti 3EQ Cambridge, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-223-333400, Fx: (44)-223-333450, Pichat 8, I-40127 Bologna, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-51-6305013, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (39)-0-51-250106, E-mail: [email protected] Smith, David E., Dr., A, Spetzler, Hartmut, Prof., A, NASA/GSFC, Code 920, Greenbelt MD 20771-0001, USA, University of Colorado, CIRES/Geological Sciences, Boulder CO 80309, Ph: (1)-301-286-8671, Fx: (1)-301-286-9200, E-mail: USA, Ph: (1)-303-492-6715, Fx: (1)-303-492-1149 [email protected] Spielvogel, L.Q., Dr., A, Smith, Dru, SEACO Inc., 146 Hekili St., Kailua HI 96734, USA E-mail: [email protected] Spiess, Fred N., Dr., A, Smith, Eluan G.C., Dr., A, University of California, Marine Physical Laboratory MS 0205, 9500 Dept. of Scienti®c Industrial Research, Geophysics Division, PO Box Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093, USA, Ph: (1)-619-534-1621, 1320, Wellington, New Zealand, Ph: (64)-4-738208, Fx: (64)-4-4710977 Fx: (1)-619-534-6849, E-mail: [email protected] Smith, Randall W., Mr., A, Spietz, P., Mr., A, Defense Mapping Agency, 8613 Lee Highway, Fairfax VA 22031-2137, Am Sportplatz 8, D-6551 Bretzenheim/Nahe, Germany, USA Ph: (49)-671-33245 Smith, W.H.F, Dr., A, Spilhaus, A.F., Dr., A, NOAA Geosciences Laboratory, 1305 East-West Highway, room 8423 American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W. 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Earth & Atmospheric Sci., 4700 Keele St., North E-mail: [email protected] York ONT M3J IP3, Canada Stacey, Frank D., Prof., A, Snay, Richard A., Dr., F, University of Queensland, Physics Dept., Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia, National Geodetic Survey, NOS NOAA N/CG18, 1315 East-West Ph: (61)-7-365-3463/374-2059, Fx: (61)-7-365-1242/374-2059 Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3282, USA, Ph: (1)-301-713-3202, Staliunas, Silvestras, Mr., A, Fx: (1)-301-881-0154, E-mail: [email protected] National Land Survey, Lithuania, Gedimino av. 19, LT ± 2025 Vilnius, Sneeuw, Nico J., Ir., A, Lithuania Technical University of Munich, Inst. fuer Astronomische und Stammer, Detlef, Mr., A, Physikalische Geodaesie, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80290 Munich, Germany, Dept. of Earth Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences, Massachussets Ph: (49)-89-289 23193, Fx: (49)-89-289-23178, E-mail: Institute of Technology, Cambridge Mass. 02139, USA, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Sobolev, G.A., Prof., A, Stange, Lothar, Prof., F, National Geophysical Comittee of Russia, Acad. of Sci. Molodezhnaya 3, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Lehrstuhl fuer Theoraetische u. 117296 Moscow GSP-1, Russia, Ph: (7)-095-930-0546, Physicalische Geodaesie, Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062 Dresden, Fx: (7)-095-930-55-09, E-mail: [email protected] Germany, Ph: (49)-375-1-4630, Fx: (49)-375-1-463-7106 So€el, Michael H., Dr., A, Stangl, Guenter, Dipl.-Ing., A, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institut fuer Planetare Geodaesie, Institute for Space Research, Dept. of Satellite Geodesy, Lustbuehel- Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Ph: (49)-351-463-4200, strasse 46, A-8042 Graz, Austria, Ph: (43)-316-472231, Fx: (49)-351-463-7019, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (43)-316-467356, E-mail: Solaric, Miljenko, Prof., A, [email protected] Geodetski Fakultet, Kaciceva 26, 41000 Zagreb, Croatia, Starasolszky, Oedoen, Prof. Dr., A, Ph: (385)-41-442600, Fx: (385)-41-445410 Water Resources Research Centre (VITUKI), Kvassay Jenoe u.1, H-1089 Soler, TomaÁ s, Dr., A, Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36) 1 215 2617, Fx: (36) 1 216 1514, E-mail: National Geodetic Survey, NOS/NOAA SSMC3/8116, 1315 East-West [email protected] Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3282, USA, Steed, Jim B., Mr., A, Ph: (1)-301-713-3205 ext. 157, Fx: (1)-301-713-4322, E-mail: AUSLIG, Geodesy, Scrivener Building, Dunlop Court, Fernhill Park, [email protected] Bruce A.C.T. 2617, Australia, Ph: (61)-2-6201-4347, Fx: (61)-2-6201-4366, Solheim, Dag, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Statens Kartverk, Geodesidivisjonen, Kartverksveien 21, N-3511 Stein, Ross S., Dr., A, Honefoss, Norway, Ph: (47)-32-118100/8295, Fx: (47)-32-118101, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 977, 345 Middle®eld Rd., Menlo Park CA E-mail: [email protected] 94025, USA, Ph: (1)-415-329-4840, Fx: (1)-415-329-5163/5143, E-mail: Soltau, Gerhard, Dr., A, [email protected] Institut fuer Angewandte Geodaesie Auss. 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Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Steinberg, Daniel, Dr., A, Sciences, P.O Box 5, Csatkai u. 6-8, H-9401 Sopron, Hungary, NASA/GSFC, Geodynam Branch, Code 921, Greenbelt MD 20771-0001, Ph: (36)-99-314-290, Fx: (36)-99-313-267, E-mail: [email protected] USA Sona, Giovanna, Ms., A, Steinberg, Gershon, Dr., NCA, Politecnico di Milano, Ambientale e del Rilevamento, Piazza Leonardo da Survey of Israel, 1 Lincoln St., 65220 Tel-Aviv POB 14171-61141, Israel, Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy, E-mail: Ph: (972)-3-209937, Fx: (972)-3-5610866 [email protected] Steiner, Andrea, Mrs., A., Sosa, Alberto Benavidez, Dr., A, IGAM, University Graz, Universitaetsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria, E-mail: Institute of Geophysics, San Jose 1280 E.2, Montevideo, [email protected] Ph: (598)-2-982575, Fx: (598)-2-982575, E-mail: [email protected] Steinert, Klaus-Guenter, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Soudarin, Laurent, A., Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institut fuer Planetare Geodaesie, E-mail: [email protected] Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Ph: (49)-375-1-4634097, Souriau, Annie, Dr., A, Fx: (49)-375-1-4637019 Groupe de Recherche en Ge ode sie Spatiale, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Steinhauser, Peter, Prof. Dr., A, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-6127-2964, Zentralinstitut fur Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Hohe warte 38 PO Fx: (33)-5-6125-3205, E-mail: [email protected] Box 342, A-1190 Wien, Austria, Ph: (43)-222-364-453 ext. 2001, Souriau, Marc, Dr., A, Fx: (43)-222-369-1233, E-mail: [email protected] Groupe de Recherche en Ge ode sie Spatiale, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Stelzer, David, Mr., A, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-6127-4076 Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel Sovers, O., Dr., A, Stephenson, R., Prof., A, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-700, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, ISPG-GSC, 3303-33 St. NW, Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Pasadena CA 91109, USA Ph: (1)-403-284-0430 212

Steppe, A., Dr., A, Suendermann, J., Prof. Dr., A, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Mail Stop 238-332, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Institut fuer Meereskunde, Universitaet Hamburg, Troplowitzstrasse 7, Pasadena CA 91109-8099, USA D-22529 Hamburg, Germany, Ph: (49)-40-4123-2606, Fx: (49)-40-5605926, Sterlini, Paul, Mr., E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Suenkel, Hans, Prof. Dr., F, Sternberg, Harald, Dipl.-Ing., A., Technical University of Graz, Mathematical Geodesy and University of Federal Armed Forces, Institut fuer Geodaesie, Bau V 9, Geoinformatics, Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Neubiberg 85577, Germany, Ph: (49)-89-6004-2670, Fx: (49)-89-6004-3906, Ph: (43)-316-873-6345 or 46, Fx: (43)-316-873-6845, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Stevens, Colleen W., Ms., A, Suetti, Juraj, Prof., A, Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Dept. 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Baracchini 61, I-50127 Firenze, Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3282, USA, Ph: (1)-301-713-3222, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-55-2-775441, Fx: (39)-0-55-2-417909 Fx: (1)-301-881-0154 Sutherland, Neil, Mr., A, Strauss, Robert, Dr.-Ing., A, University of Otago, Dept. of Surveying, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Hessisches Landvermerssungsamst, Vermessungsdirektor, Postfach 3249 Zealand, Ph: (64)-3-479-7589, Fx: (64)-3-479-7586, E-mail: Schaperstrasse 16, D-65022 Wiesbaden 1, Germany, Ph: (49)-611-535345, [email protected] Fx: (49)-611-535309 Sutisna, Sobar, Dr., A, Stresen, Elizabeta, A, National Agency for Survey and Mapping, Bakosurtanal, Jalan Geophysical Survey of Slovenia, Kersnikova 3/II, 1000 Ljubljana, Raya-Bogor Km 46 PO Box 3546/JK, RI-Cibinong, Indonesia, Slovenia, Ph: (386) 61 1319 267, Fx: (386) 61 1327 067 Ph: (62)-21-8754354, Fx: (62)-21-8753067, Strykowski, Gabriel, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] National Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic Division, Rentemestervej 8, Suyehiro, K., Prof., A, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark, Ph: (45)-3587-5319, Ocean Research Institute, 15-1 1 Chome Minamidai, Nakano-ku Tokyo Fx: (45)-3587-5052, E-mail: [email protected] 164, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Subba Rao, D.V., Suzuki, Hiromiti, Dr., A, National Geophysical Research Institute, P O Bag 724, India, OHBA Co. Ltd., 2-17-26-104 Takada, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171, Japan, Ph: 040 91 7171564 7170, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (81)-3-3468-6528, Fx: (81)-3-3378-5803 Subirana, Joan Capdevila, Mr., A, Svehla, Drazen, B.Sc., Instituto GeograÁ ®co Nacional, Jefe de Seccion Calculos Geodesicos, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy, Institute of Higher Geodesy, Calle General Ibanez Ibero 3, 28003 Madrid, Spain, Kaciceva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Ph: (385) 1 4826953, Ph: (34)-9-1-5-54-8961, Fx: (34)-9-1-5-34-9536 Fx: (385) 1 4828081, E-mail: [email protected] Subiza, Walter H., Maj., Chief 1st Div. Geodesy, A, Svensson, Leif, Assoc.Prof., A, Servicio GeograÁ ®co Militar, 8 de Octubre 3255, Montevideo 11600, Lund Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mathematics, Box 118, S-221 00 Uruguay, Ph: (598)-2-471810, Fx: (598)-2-470868, E-mail: Lund, Sweden, Ph: (46)-46-2228-538, Fx: (46)-46-2224-010, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] 213

Svetlov, S., Dr., A, Tanaka, Minoru, Prof., A, National Astronomical Observatory, 2-12 Hoshigaoka-cho, Mizusawa, Kagoshima University, Faculty of Science, 2-21-35, Gungen 1, Iwate 023, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-006, Japan, Ph: (81)-992-85-7111 ext. 8136, Svitlov, Sergiy, A, Fx: (81)-992-59-4720, E-mail: [email protected] Kharkov State Research Institute of Metrology 42 Mironositskaya St., Tanaka, T., Mr., A, Kharkov 310002, Ukraine, Ph: (380) 572 43 61 93, E-mail: Kanazawa University, Faculty of Science, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa [email protected] 920-11, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Swain, Christofer J., Dr., A, Tanaka, Torao, Prof., F, 17 Flanagan Parade, Kalgoorlie WA 6430, Australia Research Center for Earthquake Prediction, Disaster Prevention Research Swan, Rosemary, Mrs., A, Institute, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Ph: (81)-774-38-4225, Geomatics Information Center, Products and Service Division, 615 Booth Fx: (81)-774-38-4239 (81)-774-38-4190, E-mail: street, Ottawa Ontario K1A OE9, Canada [email protected] Swinerd, G.G., Mr., A, Tang, Gouqiang, Dr., A, University of Southampton, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology, S-43992 Hants SO9 5NH, Great Britain Onsala, Sweden, Ph: (46)-300-606-50, Fx: (46)-300-62621 Syndergaard, Stig, Mr., A, Taniguchi, Keisuke, Mr., A, Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 Copenhagen O., Kyoto University of Education, 1 Fukakusa-Fujinomori-cho, Denmark Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8522, Japan, Ph: (81)-75-644-8272, Szacherska, Maria K., Prof. Dr., A, Fx: (81)-75-645-1734, E-mail: [email protected] University of Agriculture & Technology, Dept. of Geodesy and Regional Tao, Benzao, Professor, A, Planning, Oczapowskiego Str. 1, PL 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland, Wuhan Techn. Univ. of Surv. & Mapp., 39 Luoyulu Wuchang, Hubei Ph: (48)-89-234870, Fx: (48)-89-273908 430070, China, Ph: (86)-27-7879071, Fx: (86)-27-7884185 Szeto, Anthony, Dr., A, Tao, Vincent, Dr., A., York University, Dept. of Earth and Atmospheric Science, University of Calgary, Department of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 4700 Keele St., North York ONT M3J IP3, Canada, University Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Ph: (1)-416-736-2100 ext. 77703, Fx: (1)-416-736-5817, Ph: (1)-403-220-5826, Fx: (1)-403-284-1980, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Szunyogh, Istva n, Dr., A, Tapia-Castillo, J.L., Dr., A, Eoetvoes Lorand University, Department of Meteorology, Ludovika ter Military Geographic Institute, Nueva Santa Isabel 1640, RCH-21 2, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36) 1 113 8617, Fx: (36) 1 210 1089, Santiago, Chile E-mail: [email protected] Tapley, Byron D., Dr., A, Tabei, Takao, Prof., A, University of Texas, Center for Space Research 60605, PO Box 1085, Kochi University, Dept. of Physics, Faculty & Science, Akebono Cho 2 5 Austin Texas 78712, USA, Ph: (1)-512-471-7363, 1, Kochi 780, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (1)-512-471-3570, Taibi, Habib, A, E-mail: [email protected] Geodetic Laboratory, National centre of Spatial Techniques-CNTS, Tasayco del Solar, J., Dr., A, BP13, Arzew 31200, Algeria, Ph: 213 6 473454 Instituto Geogra®co Militar, Apartado 2038, Pasaje Ayulo 139-C Jesus Tairo, Joseph, Mr., A, Maria, Lima 11, Peru Ardhi Institute, PO Box 35176, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, Tatarinov, V.N., A, Ph: (255)-51-75004/71272, Fx: (255)-51-71853 Russian Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Centre, Tajima, K., Dr., A, Molodezhnaya 3, Moscow 117296, Russia, Member of Geodetic Society of Japan2-1008, Amanuma-cho, Ohmiya, Ph: 7 95 930 55 09, Saitama 330, Japan E-mail: [email protected] Takahashi, Yukio, Mr., A, Tatevian, Suriya K., Dr., A, Communications Research Laboratory, Radio Astronomy Applications Institute of Astronomy, Space Geodesy Dept., 48 Pjatniskaya St., 109017 Section, Hirai 893-1 Kashima-machi Ibaraki-ken 314, Japan, Moscow, Russia, Ph: (7)-95-231-2923, Fx: (7)-95-230-2081, E-mail: Ph: (81)-299-82-1211, Fx: (81)-299-83-5728 [email protected] Takemoto, Shuzo, Prof. Dr., NC F EC, Tatsuno, T., Mr., A, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Department of Maritime Safety Agency, Hydrographic Department, 5-3-1, Tsukiji, Geophysics, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, Ph: (81)-75-753-3911, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (81)-75-753-3917, E-mail:[email protected], Homepage: Tavernier, Gilles, A., www.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ E-mail: [email protected] Takeuchi, T., Prof., A, Tawadros, Maher Yacob, Prof., A, The University of Electro-Communications The University of National Research Institute of Astronomy&Geophysics, Head of Space Electronic-Communications, 1-5-1, Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo 182, Research Dept., Helwan, Cairo, Egypt, Ph: (202)-780645/780046, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Fx: (202)-782683 Talaya, Julia, Ms., A, Taw®q, N., Dr., A, Inst. Cartograph. de Catalunya, Parc de Montjuic, s/n, SP-08038 Salah Elding University, Engineering College, Erbil, Iraq Barcelona, Spain, Ph: (34)-93-5671500, Fx: (34)-93-5671567, E-mail: Taybatorov, Konstantin, Mr., A, [email protected] Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, 10 Naberezhnaya Kutuzova, St. Talbot, Nick, Dr., Petersburg 191187, Russia, Ph: (7)-812-275-4414, Fx: (7)-812-272-7968, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Dept. of Land Information, E-mail: [email protected] PO Box 2476V, Melbourne 3001, Australia, Ph: 61-3-9925-2419, Taylor, Charles L., Mr., A, Fx: 61-3-9663-2517, E-mail: [email protected] Hanscom AFB, PL/GPE Earth Sciences Division, Talich, Milan, Mr., A, MA 01731-5000, USA Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography, Taylor, D.R. Frayser, Prof., ICA President, CZ-250 66 Zdiby 98, Praha-Vychod, Czech Republic, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by Drive, Ottawa Ontario K1S 5B6, Ph: (420)-2-6882020, Fx: (420)-2-6857056, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-788-2519, Fx: (1)-613-788-2521, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Tamaki, K., Prof., A, Taylor, Frederik W., Dr., A, Ocean Research Institute, 15-1 1 Chome Minamidai, Nakano-ku Tokyo University of Texas, Institute for Geophysics, 8701 N. MoPac Expy, 164, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Austin Texas 78759-8397, USA, Ph: (1)-512-471-0453, Tamme, Lembit, Mr., A, Fx: (1)-512-471-8844, E-mail: [email protected] National Land Board, Head of Geodesy and Cartography, Mustamaee tee Tealeb, Ali Abd-El-Azim, Prof., NCA, 51 Box 16 35, EE 0006 Tallinn, Estonia, Ph: (372)-2-52-8202, National Research Institute of Astronomy & Geophysics, Helwan, Cairo, Fx: (372)-2-52-8401 Egypt, Ph: (202)-5549780, Fx: (202)-5548020, E-mail: Tamura, Yoshiaki, Dr., A, [email protected] National Astronomical Observatory, Mizusawa, Iwate 023, Japan, Tebickie, H.L., Mr., A, Ph: (81)-197-22-7131, Fx: (81)-197-22-3410, E-mail: Ethiopian Sciences and Technology Commission, P.O. Box 2490, Addis [email protected] Abbeba, Ethiopia 214

Teller, Jos Luis Teller, Ing., A, Tomasi, Paolo, Mr., A, Instituto Geogra®co Militar, Avenida 16 de Julio 1732, La Paz, Bolivia, Istituto di Radioastronomia, via Irnerio 46, I-40126 Bologna, Italy, Fx: (59)-1-2368329 E-mail: [email protected] Terada, K., Ms., A, Tombolini, Luigi, Ing., A, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Department of Elettronica Comunicazioni S.p.A, Via Carlo Pesenti 121, I-100156 Roma, Geophysics, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-6-4108331, Fx: (39)-0-6-4112818 E-mail: [email protected] Tomoda, Yoshibumi, Prof., A, Terekhov, A.I., Mr., A, Tokai University, Dept. of Ocean Science and Technology, 3-20-1 Orio, SibIZMIR, Irkutsk 33 PO Box 4026, Irkutsk 664033, Russia J-424 Shimizu Shizuoka, Japan, Ph: (81)-543-34-0411 Te rmens, AssumpcioÁ , Ms., A, Torales, Sev. Geog. Juan Carlos, Cap., A, Inst. Cartograph. de Catalunya, Parc de Montjuic, s/n, SP-08038 DISERGEMIL, Artigas 920, Asuncio n, Paraguay, Barcelona, Spain, Ph: (34)-9-3-4252900, Fx: (34)-9-3-4267442, E-mail: Fx: (59) 5-21-213 812 [email protected] Torchetti, Ricardo Antonio, Ing., A, Teskey, Bill, Dr., A, Instituto Geogra ®co Militar, Cabildo 381, CP 1426- Buenos Aires, University of Calgary, Dept. of Surveying Engineering, 2500 University Argentina, Ph: (54)-1-771 8838, Fx: (54)-1-776 1611 Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Ph: (1)-403-22O-7397, Torge, Wolfgang, Prof., EC O F, Fx: (1)-403-284-1980 University of Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Teterin, Dimitry E., Dr., A, Schneiderberg 50, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, Institute of Physics of the Earth, 10 Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, 123810 Ph: (49)-511-762-2794/2795, Fx: (49)-511-762-4006, Moscow, Russia, Ph: (7)-95-252-0726, Fx: (7)-95-255-6040 E-mail: [email protected] Teunissen, Peter J.G., Prof. Dr. Ir., NC EC O F Editor in Chief JOG, Torim, Ants, Dr., Chief Specialist, NCA, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Development Centre, Estonian Land Board, Taara pst 2, Geosciences, Thijsseweg 11, NL-2629 JA Delft, Netherlands, 51 005 Tartu, Estonia, Ph: (372)-7-421962, Fx: (372)-7-422435, Ph: (31)-15-278-2558, Fx: (31)-15-278-3711, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Torlegard, Kennert, Prof. Dr., A, Teyssandier, P., Dr., A, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Geodesy, Dept. of Geod. Institut Henri Poincare , Laboratoire de Physique The orique, 11 rue Pierre and Photogram., S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden, Ph: (46)-8-7907344, et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France Fx: (46)-8-7906610 Thalhammer, Markus, Dr.-Ing., A, Toro, Beniamino, Prof., A, Technical University of Munich, Inst. fuer Astronomische und Universita di Roma La Sapienza, Dipt. di Scienze Della Terra, Piazza A. Physikalische Geodaesie, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80290 Munich, Germany, Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-6-4957393, Fx: (39)-0-6-4454729 Ph: (49)-289-2-3180, Fx: (49)-289-2-3178, E-mail: Torrence, Mark H., Dr., A, [email protected] Hughes STX, 7701 Greenbelt Rd. suite 400, Greenbelt MD 20770, USA, Thiam, S.M., Mr., A, Ph: (1)-301-441-4115, Fx: (1)-301-441-1853, E-mail: MinisteÁ re de l'Equipement, Service Ge ographique, B.P. 740, Dakar, [email protected] Senegal Torres, Joao Manuel Agria, Dr., NCA, Thomas, Claudine, Mrs., F, Instituto Portugues de Cartogra®a e Cadastro, Rua da Artilharia um, no. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Responsable Section du 107, 1070 Lisboa, Portugal, Ph: (351)-21-3819600, Fx: (351)-21-3819699, temps, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312 SeÁ vres Cedex, France, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (33)-1-45077073, Fx: (33)-1-45077059, E-mail: [email protected] Toth, Gyula, Dipl.Ing., A, Thong, N.C., Mr., A, Technical University of Budapest, Dept. of Geodesy, P.O. Box 91, H-1321 Universitaet Stuttgart, Geodaetisches Institut, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24/ Budapest, Hungary, Ph: (36)-1166-5427 D, D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany Touboul, Pierre, Mr., A., Thorbergsson, Gunnar, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] National Energy Authority, Grensasvegur 9, IS-108 Reykjavik, Trache, M.A., Dr., A, Iceland Centre National des Techniques Spatiales, BP 13 Arzew, 31200 Oran, Tierra Criollo, Alfonso Rodrigo, M.Sc., Algeria, Ph: (213)-637-6665, Fx: (213)-637-8454 Escuela Politecnica del Ejercito, Hodo Santa Clara S/N, Ecuador, Tralli, David, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 183-501, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Tikdirine, Lahsen, Mr., A, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-1835, Fx: (1)-818-393-5059, Universite Hassan II, Service de la Ge ode sie, 31 avenue Hassan I, E-mail: [email protected] MA-Rabat, Morocco, Ph: (212)-77-67021, Fx: (212)-77-65885 Tranquilla, James M., Mr., A, Timmen, Ludger, Mr., A, EMR Microwave Technology Corp., President, 64 Alison Blvd. Suite 105, University of Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Schneiderberg 50, D- Fredericton N.B. E3C 1N2, Canada, Ph: (1)-506-459-4334, 30167 Hannover, Germany, Ph: (49)-511-7623452, Fx: (49)-511-7624006 Fx: (1)-506-459-4345 Tinti, Stefano, Prof., A, Trapeznikov, Yuri, A, University of Bologna, Settore di Geo®sica, Viale Berti Pichat 8, I-40127 International Research Center Geodynamic Proving Ground, Bishkek Bologna, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-51-243330, Fx: (39)-0-51-250106, E-mail: 720049, Kyrgyz Republic, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Trattner, KarlHeinz, Dr., A, Toba, Yoshiaki, Prof., A, M.P.I fuer Extraterrestische Physik, Giessenbachgasse, D-8046 Garching, Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Tohoku University, Faculty of Germany, Ph: (49)-9-3299-3518 Science, Sendai 980-77, Japan, Ph: (81)-22-217-6529, Fx: (81)-22-217-6530, Tregoning, Paul, Dr., E-mail: [email protected] The Australian National University, Research School of Earth Sciences, Tocho, Claudia Noemi, Mrs., A, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia, Ph: 61-2-6249-5510, Fx: 61-2-6249-5443, Facultad de Ciencias Astronomicas y Geo®sicas, Departamento de E-mail: [email protected] Gravimetria, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina, Tresl, Jiri, Dr., A, Ph: 54-221-4211761, E-mail: [email protected] Geophysical Institute, Czechsl. Acad. Scienc. (CSAS), Bocni II cp 1401, Todorovic, Ranko T., Prof.-Dr., A, CS-141 31 Praha 4-Sporilov, Czech Republic, Ph: (420)-762528, FNT Montaniska, Askerceva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Fx: (420)-761549 Ph: (386)-61-125-4121, Fx: (386)-61-22-4105 Treuhaft, Robert N., Dr., A, Toepfer, F., Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-700, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institut fuer Photogrammetrie und Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Ph: (1)-818-354-6216, E-mail: Fernerkundung, Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, [email protected] Ph: (49)-375-1-4633779, Fx: (49)-375-1-4637106 Trifonov, Vladimir, Mr., A, Toft, David, Mr., A, Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevsky Lane 7, Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, Romsey Road Maybush, 109017 Moscow, Russia Southampton SO9 4DH, Great Britain Trimmer, Ronald G., Mr., A, Tokuyama, H., Dr., A, 106 Lenox, Granite City, IL 62040, USA Ocean Research Institute, 15-1 1 Chome Minamidai, Nakano-ku Tokyo True, Scott A., Mr., A, 164, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] 1795 Primrose, Barnhart, MO 63012-1483, USA 215

Tsakiri, Maria, Dr., Unis, Muftah, Dr., A, Curtin University of Technology, School of Spatial Sciences, Survey of Libya, Secretaire Ge ne ral de l'OACT, PO Box 2043, Tripoli, GPO Box U1987, Pearth WA 6845, Australia, Libya, Ph: (218)-21-833032, Fx: (218)-21-833-031 Ph: (61) 2 9266 7600, Fx: (61) 2 926 2703, Untung, M., Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Geological Research & Development Center, Director, Tsaoussi, Lucia, Dr., A, Jalan Diponegoro 57, RI-40122 Bandung, Indonesia, Ph: (62)-22-72601, Hughes STX, 7701 Greenbelt Rd. suite 400, Greenbelt MD 20770, USA, Fx: (62)-22-702669 Ph: (1)-301-441-4123, Fx: (1)-301-441-1853, E-mail: Uotila, Urho A., Prof., F, [email protected] The Ohio State University, Dept. of Geodetic Science & Surveying, 1958 Tscherning, Carl Christian, Prof., EC O F IAG Secretary General, Neil Avenue, Columbus OH 43210-1247, USA, Ph: (1)-614-451-3171 University of Copenhagen, Department of Geophysics, Juliane Maries Vej Urban, T., A, 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen O., Denmark, Ph: (45)-3532 0582, University of Texas Center for Space Research, 3925 W. Braker Lane, Fx: (45)-35365357, E-mail: [email protected] Suite 200, Austin, TX 78759-5321, USA, Ph: 1-512-471-3570, E-mail: Tsubokawa, Tsunea, Dr., A, [email protected] National Astronomical Observatory, Mizusawa Astro Geodynamics Urpo, Seppo, Prof., A, Observatory, Mizusawa, Iwate 023, Japan, Ph: (81)-197-22-7150, Helsinki University of Technology, Metsahovi Radio Res. Station, Fx: (81)-197-22-7120, E-mail: [email protected] Otakaari 1, SF-02150 Espoo, Finland, Ph: (358)-4512235/264-417, Tsuchyia, A., Dr., A, Fx: (358)-460-224/264-531, E-mail: [email protected] National Astronomical Observatory, 2-21-1 Ohsawa Mitaka, Tokyo 181, Usai, S., Mr., A, Japan, Ph: (81)-422-32-5111 Observatory of Milan, via Brera 28, I-20121 Milano, Italy Tsuda, Toshitaka, Mr., A., Uyeda, S., Prof., A, RASC, University Kyoto, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, E-mail: Tokai University, 3-20-1 Orio, J-424 Shimizu Shizuoka, Japan, [email protected] Ph: (81)-543-2862, Fx: (81)-543-36-0920, E-mail: [email protected] Tsuei, Gwo-Chyang, Mr., A, Vaca¯or, Jose Luis, Geodesist Engineer, A, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, Dept. of Surveying and Mapping Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Institute of Geodesy, Estados Unidos Engineering, Tahsi, Taoyan, Taiwan 33509, Taiwan, 25, 4000 San Miguel de Tucuma n, Argentina, Ph: (54) 81 22 32 15, Ph: (886)-3-380-0364 ext. 107, Fx: (886)-3-389-1519, E-mail: Fx: (54) 81 22 32 15, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Va®dis, Antony, Mr., A, Tsuji, Hiromichi, Mr., A, Technical University of Crete, Dept. Mineral Ressources Eng., 73133 Geographical Survey Institute, Geodetic Department, Kitasato-1, Chania Crete, Greece, Ph: (30)-821-54370, Fx: (30)-821-41944 Kukuba, Ibaraki-ken 305-0811, Japan, Ph: (81)-298-64-1111 ext. 465, Vajda, Peter, Dr., A, Fx: (81)-298-64-1802, E-mail: [email protected] Smrekova 11, 010 01 Zilina, Slovakia, E-mail: [email protected] Tsujii, T., Mr., A, Valev, George, Prof., A, National Aerospace Laboratory, 7-44-1 Jindaiji-Higashi, Chofu Tokyo Univ. of Architect. Civil Engin. & Geodesy, 1 Christo Smirnenski Boul., 182, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] So®a 1421, Bulgaria, Ph: (359)-2-666770, Fx: (359)-2656809 Tsukahara, K., Mr., A, Valorge, Christian, Mr., A, Geographical Survey Institute, Kitasato-1 Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, TE/IS/MS/MO, 18 Avenue Edouard Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Belin, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France Tsuruta, Seiitsu, Mr., A, Vamosi, Sandor, Mr., A, National Astronomical Observatory, Mizusawa, Iwate 023, Japan Geodetic Survey of Canada, 615 Booth street, Ottawa Ontario K1A OE9, Tu, Yuh-Min, Mr., A, Canada, Ph: (1)-613-992-2663, Fx: (1)-613-995-3215 University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Dept. of Surveying, Newcastle-upon- Van Dam, Tonie M., M., A, Tyne NE1 7RU, Great Britain CIRES, Campus Box 216, Boulder, CO 80309-0216, USA Tucker, Stevens P., Dr., A, Van den Herrewegen, Marc, Mr., A, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Oceanography, 833 Dyer Road, Institut Ge ographique National, 13 Abbaye de la Cambre, B-1050 Monterey CA 93943-5122, USA, Ph: (1)-408-656-3269, Brussel, Belgium Fx: (1)-408-656-2712 Van der Marel, Hans, Dr., A, Turner, Jim, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and E-mail: [email protected] Geosciences, Thijsseweg 11, NL-2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands, Twigg, David R., Dr., A, Ph: (31)-0-15-278-4907, Fx: (31)-0-15-278-3711, E- Loughborough University of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Building mail:[email protected], Homepage: Engineering, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, Great Britain, www.geo.tudelft.nl/mgp Ph: (44)-1509-222613, Fx: (44)-1509-223981, E-mail: Van Gein, W.A., Ir., A, [email protected] Hydro Service RNEN, PO Box 90704, 2509 LS Gravenhage, Netherlands, Tziavos, Ilias N., Prof., F, Ph: (31)-70-316-2810, Fx: (31)-70-316-2843 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Dept. of Geodesy & Surveying, Van Gelder, Boudewijn H.W., Dr., A, University Box 474, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece, Purdue University, LSE/School of Civil Engineering, 1284 Civil Ph: (30)-31-996125, Fx: (30)-31-995948, E-mail: Engineering Building, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, [email protected] Ph: (1)-317-494-2165, Fx: (1)-317-496-1105, Udomsorayuth, Thamnoon, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Royal Thai Survey Department, Director, Kalayan Aitri Rd, Van Gelderen, Martin, Dr., A, Phranakorn Bangkok 10200, Thailand, Ph: (66)-2-2230-895, Delft University of Technology, Thijsseweg 11, NL-2629 JA Delft, Fx: (66)-2-225-3347 Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-278-2562, Fx: (31)-15-278-3711, E-mail: Ulaanbaatar, Tarzadin, A, [email protected] National University of Mongolia, Dept of Earth Sciences, Central Post Van Hove, Teresa, Ms., A, Oce, POB441 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, Ph: 976 1320 159, E-mail: UNAVCO, PO Box 3000, Boulder CO 80307-3000, USA [email protected] Van Leeuwen, Peter Jan, Mr., A, Ulkekul, Cevat, Major General, A, IMAU, P.O. Box 80005, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands, General Command of Mapping, Ministry of National Defense, Harita Fx: (31)-3054 3163, E-mail: [email protected] Genel Komutanligi, 06100 Cebeci Ankara, Turkey Van Loon, Danny L.F., Dr., A, Ulotu, P.E., Mr., A, Kootwijk Observatory, PO Box 581, 7300 An Apeldoorn, Netherlands, Surveys & Mapping Division, PO Box 9201, Dar es Salam, Tanzania Ph: (31)-5769-8219, Fx: (31)-5769-1344, E-mail: Unchaiya, Rath, Col., A, [email protected] Royal Thai Survey Department, Geodesy & Geophysics Division, Van Mierlo, Johann, Prof. Ir., A, Kalayan Aitri Rd, Phranakorn Bangkok 10200, Thailand, University of Karlsruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7 PO Box 6980, Ph: (66)-2-222-3045, Fx: (66)-2-2253347 D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Ph: (49)-721-608-2300, Unguendoli, Marco, Prof., A, Fx: (49)-721-608-4552 University of Bologna, DISTART, Viale Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Van Onselen, Kyra, A, Bologna, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-51-6443107, Fx: (39)-0-51-6448073, E-mail: Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] 216

Van Ruymbeke, Michel, Dr., A, Verioe, Aarne, Mr., A, Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Dept. 1, Avenue Circulaire 3, B-1180 National Board of Survey, Opastinsilta 12 PO Box 84, SF-00521 Helsinki, Bruxelles, Belgium, Ph: (33)-2-373-0286, Fx: (33)-2-374-9822, E-mail: Finland, Ph: (358)-1543347, Fx: (358)-1543343 [email protected] Vermaat, Erik, Dr., A, Van Twembeke, Urbain, Prof. Dr. Ir., NCA, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Geodetic Engineering, Kruisebogenlaan 11, 3210 Linden, Belgium Thijsseweg 11, NL-2629 JA Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-278-1679, Vandenberg, Nancy, Mrs., A, Fx: (31)-15-278-3711, E-mail: [email protected] NASA/GSFC, Space Geodesy Branch Code 926, Greenbelt MD Vermeer, Martin, Prof., F, EC, 20771-0001, USA, Ph: (1)-301-286-9019, Fx: (1)-301-286-1776, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Head of Dept. of Geodesy, Geodeetinrinne 2, E-mail: [email protected] FIN-02430 Masala, Finland, Ph: (358)-9-295-55-215, Vanek, Jiry , Dr., A, Fx: (358)-9-295-55-200, E-mail: [email protected] Geophysical Institute, Czechsl. Acad. Scienc. (CSAS), Bocni II cp 1401, Vermeersen, Bert, Dr., A, CS-141 31 Praha 4-Sporilov, Czech Republic, Ph: (420)-2-766051, University of Bologna, Dipartimento de Fisica, Viale Berti Pichat 8, Fx: (420)-2-761549 I-40127 Bologna, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-51-6305023, Fx: (39)-0-51-250106 Vanicek, Petr, Prof., F, Vero-Heteniy, M., Mr., A, University of New Brunswick, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia, Geodeziai es Engineering, PO Box 4400, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, Canada, Geo®zikai Hutato Intezeie, Posto®ok 5, H-9401 Sopron, Hungary Ph: (1)-506-453-5144, Fx: (1)-506-453-4943, E-mail: [email protected] Veroe, Jo zsef, Prof. Dr., A, Varga, Peter, Prof. Dr., A, Geodetic and Geophysical Res. Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Geodetic and Geophysical Res. Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 5, Csatkai u. 6-8, H-9401 Sopron, Hungary, Sciences, P.O Box 5, Csatkai u. 6-8, H-9401 Sopron, Hungary, ph: 36 99 314 290, Fx: 36 88 313 267, E-mail: vero@ ggki.hu Ph: (36) 99 314 290, Fx: (36) 99 313 267, E-mail:[email protected] Veronneau, M., Mr., A, Vasiljev Vladimir, Mr., A, Geodetic Survey of Canada, Canada Center for Surveying, 615 Booth Gradjevinski Fakultet, Institut Za Geodeziju, Bulevar Revolucije 73/I, street, Ottawa Ontario K1A OE9, Canada, 11000 Beograd, Serbia, Ph: (381)-11327-441, Fx: (381)-11-3220-237 E-mail: [email protected] Vasquez, E.V., Mr., A, Verrone, Grazia, Dr., A, INSIVUMEH, 7a Avenida 14-57 Zona 13, Ciudad de Guatemala, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Bari, Via Amendola 173, Guatemala, Ph: (502)-2-314967 / 214986 I-70126 Bari, Italy, Ph: (39)-0-80-243215, Fx: (39)-0-80-242434 Vassiliou, A.A., Dr., A, Vespe, Francesco, Dr., A, Mobil Research & Development Corporation, Dallas Research Lab., Agencia Spaziale Italiana, Centro di Geodesia PO Box 819047, Dallas TX. 75381-9047, USA, C.P. 11, I-75100 Matera, Italy, Ph: (1)-214-851-8801 Ph: (39)-0-835-377211, Fx: (39)-0-835-339005, Vatrican, A., Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Centre Scienti®que de Monaco, 13 Blvd de Suise, 98000 Monte-Carlo, Vettore, Antoino, Dr., A., Monaco Tesaf-Department, University of Padua, Statale Romea 16, Legnaro Vatrt, Viliam, (Padova) 35020, Italy, Ph: (39)-049-8272688, Fx: (39)-049-8272686, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Veenstra, C., Dr., F, Vicente, Raimundo O., Prof. Dr., A, Division of National Mapping, PO Box 31, Belconnen A.C.T. 2616, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, R. Mestre Aviz 30 R/c, Australia 1495 Lisboa, Portugal Veillet, Christian, Dr., F, Vieira Diaz, R., Dr., A, OCA/CERGA, Avenue N. Copernic, 06130 Grasse, France, Institute de Astronomia y Geodesia, Facultad de Matema ticas, Ph: (33)-2-9940-5353, Fx: (33)-4-9340-5333, E-mail: Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain, [email protected] Ph: (34)-9-1-3944-586, Fx: (34)-9-1-3944-607, E-mail: [email protected] Veis, Georges, Prof., NCF, Vigo-Aguiar, Isabel M., Dr., A, National Technical University of Athens, Higher Geodesy Laboratory, University of Alicante, Dpt of Applied Mathematics, EPS, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Str., GR-15773 Zographou Athens, Greece, University of Alicante, Alicante, E-03080, Spain, Ph: (30)-1-7722 668, Fx: (30)-1-77 22 670, Ph: (34) 96 5903900 ext. 2751, Fx: (34) 96 5903809, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: www.dma.ua.es Veitners, Zigurds, Mr., A, Villanueva, Klaass J., Prof., A, State Land Service of Latvia, Director of National Surveying Center, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jurusan Teknik Geodesi FTPSP-ITB, 11 Novembra krastmala 31, LV-1484 Riga, Latvia, Jalan Ganesha 10, 40132 Bandung, Indonesia, Ph: (371)-2-227858, Fx: (371)-2-212320 Ph: (62)-22-82116, Fx: (62)-22-431792, E-mail: [email protected] Venedikov, A., Dr., A, Vincent, Mark A., Dr., A, Institut Ge ophysique, 6 rue Moskowska, So®a, Bulgaria Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 301-9142, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Ventura, A.P., Capt., A, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Nation. Mapp. and Geod. Survey Inform. Authority, Ph: (1)-818-354-4321, E-mail: [email protected] Coast and Geodetic Survey Dept., 421 Barraca St., San Nicolas 1010 Vincent, Patrick, Dr., A, Manila, Philippines Groupe de Recherche en Ge ode sie Spatiale, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Venuti, Giovanna. A, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France, Ph: (33)-5-6133-2922, Politecnico di Milano, Facolta di Como, Piazzale Gerbetto 6, 22100 Fx: (33)-5-6125-3205, E-mail: [email protected] Como, Italy, E-mail: [email protected] Visser, H., Dr., A., Vereecken, J., A, Technische Physische Dienst, Tno-Th Stialljeswag 1 Box 155, NL-2600 Institut Ge ographique National, 13 Abbaye de la Cambre, B-1050 Delft, Netherlands Brussel, Belgium, Ph: (32)-2-629-8211, Fx: (32)-2-629-8450 Visser, Pieter, Dr., A., Vergara, A.M., Mr., A, Delft University of Technology, Delft Institute for Earth-Oriented Space Instituto Geogra®co Nacional Tommy Guardia, Via Bolivar s/n Apdo Research, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands, P.5267 Zona 5, Panama, Panama Ph: (31)-152-782595, Fx: (31)-152-785322, Verheijen, Jos, Ir., A, E-mail: [email protected] Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Geodetic Engineering, Vitelli, E., Mr., A, Thijsseweg 11, NL-2629 JA Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-278-2501, Direzione Generale del Cadastro, Largo Leopardi 5, Fx: (31)-15-278-3711 I-00195 Roma, Italy Verhoef, Hedwig M.E., Ms. Ir., A, Vitor, Luis Alberto Mendes, Prof., A, Delft University of Technology, Dept. of Geodetic Eng. DGCC (LGR), Universidade de Lisboa, Centro Geo®sico, Rua da Escola Politecnica 58, Thijsseweg 11, NL-2629 JA Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-278-3319, P-1200 Lisboa, Portugal, Ph: (351)-1-603311, Fx: (351)-1-395327 Fx: (31)-15-278-2348 Vitouchkine, Leonid, Mr., A, Verhoeven, Ronald, Mr., A, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312 Delft University of Technology, Dept. of Geodesy, Thijsseweg 11, SeÁ vres Cedex, France NL-2629 JA Delft, Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-278-2574, Vitushkin, Leonid, Fx: (31)-15-278-3711 E-mail: [email protected] 217

Vo, Dang Hung, Prof., NCA, Wang, Chengsung, Mr., A, Lang Trung, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam, National Taiwan Ocean University, Dept. Oceanography, Keelung 20224, Ph: (84)-48344065, Fx: (84)-48352199 Taiwan Vodopivee, Florjan, Prof. Dr., A, Wang, Hongsheng, Mr., A, University of Ljubijana, Faculty of Civil engineering and Geodesy, National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, Baiwanzhuang, 100830 Hajdrihova 28, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Beijing, China Ph: (386) 61 1231 241, Fx: (386) 61 268 572 Wang, Jinling, Mr., A, Voet, Pierre, Mr., A, School of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, GPO BOX U1987, Perth, Institut Ge ographique National, 13 Abbaye de la Cambre, WA 6845, Australia, Ph: (61) 8 9266 3775, Fx: (61) 8 9266 2703, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (32)-2-648-6480, Fx: (32)-2-640-9189 Wang, Qi, Mr., A, Vogel, Manfred, Mr., A, Institute of Seismology, State Seismological Bureau, Wuhan 430071, University of Karisruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7 PO Box 6980, China D-76128 Karisruhe, Germany, Wang, Qian-shen, Prof., A, Ph: (49)-721-608-2301, Fx: (49)-721-694-552, Institute of Geodesy & Geophysics, no. 54 Xudong Road, Wuchan Hubei E-mail: [email protected] 430077, China, E-mail: [email protected] Vogt, Peter, Dr., A, Wang, Rongjiang, Mr., A, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5110, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam,Telegrafenberg A17, D-14473 Washington DC 20375-5350, USA, Potsdam, Germany, Ph: (1)-202-767-3013, Fx: (1)-202-767-0167 Ph: (49)-331-2881512, Fx: (49)-331-2881503, Volgyesi, Lajos, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Technical University of Budapest, Dept. of Geodesy, P.O. Box 91, Wang, Xinzhou, Ass. Prof., A, H-1321 Budapest, Hungary, Wuhan Techn. Univ. of Surv. & Mapp., 39 Luoyulu Wuchang, Ph: (36)-1-1665-427, Fx: (36)-1-1665-427 Hubei 430070, China, Volpert, Mark, Mr., A, Ph: (86)-27-7862234, Fx: (86)-27-7884185 Res. Inst. of Geology of Foreign Countries, 69 Novocheriomushkinskaya Wang, Yan Ming, Dr., A, st., 117418 Moscow, Russia, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Geodetic Science & Surveying, 1958 Ph: (7)-95-332-54-97, Fx: (7)-95-420-20-05 Neil Avenue, Columbus OH 43210-1247, USA, VondraÁ k, Jan, Dr., A, Ph: (1)-301 441 4108, Fx: (1)-301-441-4234, Geophysical Institute, Astronomical Institute, Bocni II cp 1401, CS-141 E-mail: [email protected] 31 Praha 4-Sporilov, Czech Republic, Ph: (420)-2-766050/6051, Wang, Yue-Jin, Mr., A, Fx: (420)-2-769023, E-mail: [email protected] IPS Radio and Space Services, Chatswood, NSW 2057, Sydney, Ausralia, Voosoghi, Behzad, A, Ph: (61)-2-9414-8387, Fx: (61)-2-9414-8331, University of Stuttgart, Geodaetisches Institut, Geschwister-Scholl-str. 24, E-mail: [email protected] D 70174, Germany, Ph: 0049 711 121 3285, Wanke, Heinrich, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Max-Planck Inst. Chemie, Saarstrasse 32, Mainz 55122, Germany Vyskocil, Pavel, Dr.-Ing., Director of ICRCM, F, Wanninger, Lambert, Mr., A, Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography, CZ-250 66 Technische Universitaet Dresden, Geodaetisches Institut, Zdiby 98, Praha-Vychod, Czech Republic, Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Ph: (420)-2-685-7965, Fx: (420)-2-685-7056 Ph: (49)-351-463-2852, Fx: (49)-351-463-7201, Vzaters, Janis, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] 14-58 Marsa Satve, Riga, LV-1069, Latvia Warburton, Richard, Prof., A, Waalewijn, A., Mr., F, GWR Instruments, Suite 117, 10623 Roselle St., Rijkswaterstaat Survey Department, PO Box 5023, NL-2600 GA Delft, San Diego CA 92121, USA, Netherlands Ph: (1)-619-452-7655, Fx: (1)-619-452-6965, E-mail: [email protected] Wagner, Carl, Mr., A, Ware, Randolph, Mr., A, Geodetic Research and Development Lab., SSMC 4 Room 8331, 1305 UNAVCO, PO Box 3000, Boulder CO 80307-3000, USA, East-West Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910-3281, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1)-307-713-2857, Fx: (1)-301-713-4475, Warken, Mr., Ltd. Verm.Dir, A, E-mail: [email protected] Landesvermessungsamt Saarland Von der Heydt 22, 66115 Saarbruecken, Wahr, John, Dr., F, Germany University of Colorado, Dept. of Physics, Box 390, Warnant, Rene , Mr., A, Boulder CO 80309-0440, USA, Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 Bruxelles, Ph: (1)-303-492-8349, Fx: (1)-303-492-3352, Belgium, Ph: (32)-2-3730251, Fx: (32)-2-3749822, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected], Wakker, Karel F., Prof., A, Homepage: www.oma.be/KSB-ORB/D1/GPS/main.html Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Watkins, Michael, Dr., A, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-600, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Ph: (31)-15-782065, Fx: (31)-15-781822 Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Walch, Jean-Jacques, Mr., A, Ph: (1)-818-354-7514, Fx: (1)-818-393-4965, OCA/CERGA, Avenue N, Copernic, 06130 Grasse, France, E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Wayumba, G.O., Mr., A, Walker, Charles, Mr., A, Survey of Kenya, PO Box 30046, Nairobi, Kenya Stennis Space Center, NOARL/MC&G Division, Mississipi 39522, USA, Wdowinski, Shimon, Dr., A, Ph: (1)-601-688-4608, Fx: (1)-601-688-4853 Tel Aviv University, Dept. of Geophysics, PO Box 1066, Walker, Rodney, Mr., A, Ramat Aviv, Israel, Queensland Institute of Technology, Cooperative Research Centre for Ph: (972)-3-604-8302, Fx: (972)-3-640-9282, Satellite Systems, Navigation Group, 2 George Street GPO Box 2434, E-mail: [email protected] Brisbane Q-4001, Australia, Weber, Mr., Ltd. Verm.Dir., A, Ph: (61)-7-3864-1772, Fx: (61)-7-3864-1517, Bayerisches landesvermessungsamtAlexandrastrasse 4, E-mail: [email protected] 80538 Munchen, Germany Walsh, David, Mr., A, Weber, Georg, Dr., A, University of Nottingham, IESSG, University Park, Nottingham NG7 Bundesamt fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie, Richard Strauss Allee 11, 2RD, Great Britain, D-60598 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Ph: (44)-602-484848, Fx: (44)-602-508616 Ph: (49)-69-6333-391, Fx: (49)-69-6333-425, E-mail: [email protected] Walter, Steven J., Dr., A, Weber, Robert, Dr., A, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS T-1182/3, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Technische Universitaet Wien, Institut fuer Theoretische Geodaesie und Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Geophysik, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, A-1040 Wien, Austria, Ph: (1)-818-354-1626, Fx: (1)-818-393-4506, Ph: (43)-1-58801-12865, Fx: (43)-1-58801-12896, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] 218

Wedyanto, K., Mr., A, White, James V., Dr., A, Earthquake Research Institute, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113, The Analytic Sciences Corporation, 55 Walkers Brook Dr., Reading MA Japan, E-mail: [email protected] 01867, USA, Wehrenpfennig, Andreas, Mr., A, Ph: (1)-617-944-6850 DLR Neustrelitz, Kalkhorstweg 53, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany, E-mail: White, Lawry A., Dr., F, [email protected] Curtin University of Technology, School of Surveying and Land Wei, Ming, Dr., F, Information, GPO Box U 1987, Perth WA 6001, Australia, University of Calgary, Dept of Surveying Engineering, 2500 University Ph: (61)-9-351-2691, Fx: (61)-9-351-2703 Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Whitemore, Guy, Mr., A, Ph: (1)-403-220-5834, Fx: (1)-403-284-1980, E-mail: [email protected] University of Nottingham, IESSG, University Park, Nottingham NG7 Wei, Ming, A, 2RD, Great Britain, Ph: (44)-602-484848, Fx: (44)-602-508616 Intermap Technologies Ltd, #900, 645-7th Avenue, SW Calgery, Whitney, Alan, Mr., A, Alberta, Canada, E-mail: [email protected] Haystack Observatory, NEROC, Westford MA 01886, USA, Wei, Ziqing, Prof., A, E-mail: [email protected] Xian Res. Inst. of Surveying and Mapping, 1 Yantalu Zhongduan, Wichiencharoen, C., Prof., A, Xian 710054, China, Ph: 5264996-312, Chulalongkorn University, Dept. of Surveying Engineering, Faculty of E-mail: [email protected] Engineering, 10500 Bangkok, Thailand Weightman, Jack A, Dr., F, Wickert, Jens, Mr., A, Molibus, Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors, 44 Aytoun road GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Pollockshields, GB-G41 5HN Glasgow Scotland, Great Britain, Potsdam, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (44)-141-423-8290, Fx: (44)-141-337-2699 Wieczerkowski, Karin, A, Weir, C.H., Mr., A, Institute of Planetology, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str 10, 14003-75th Ave., Edmonton Alta TR5 2Y5, Canada Munster 48149, Germany, Weiss, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Ph: (49) 251 8339083, E-mail: [email protected] Bonn University, Institut fuer Staedtebau Bodenordnung und Kultur- Wiejak, Waldemar, Mr., A, technik, Meckenheimer Allee 172, D-5300 Bonn 1, Germany, Racjonalizacji 6/8, 02-673 Warsaw, Poland, Ph: (48) 22 843 0209, Ph: (49)-228-737-499, Fx: (49)-228-733-281 Fx: (48) 22 853 21 73, E-mail: [email protected] Wells, David E., Prof., F, Wieser, Manfred, Dr., A, University of New Brunswick, Dept. of Surveying Engineering, PO Box Technical University of Graz, Institute fuer Theoraetische Geodesie, 4400, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, Canada, Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Ph: (1)-506-454-2650/453-4698, Fx: (1)-506-453-4943, Ph: (43)-316-873-6348, Fx: (43)-316-813247 E-mail: [email protected] Wiget, Adrian A., Dipl. Ing., A, Welsch, Walter M., Prof. Dr., F, Bundesamt fuer Landestopographie, Seftigenstr. 264, Ch-3084 Wabern, Universitaet der Bundeswehr Munchen, Institut fuer Geodaesie, Switzerland, Ph: (41)-31-9632469, Fx: (41)-31-9632459, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (49)-89-6004-3435, Fx: (49)-89-6004-4090, Wild, Urs, Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Bundesamt fuer Landestopographie, Sektion Geodaetische Grundlagen, Wen, Hanjiang, A, Seftigenstr. 264, CH-3084 Wabern, Switzerland, Institute of Theoretical Geodesy, Steyrergasse 30, TU-Graz, Ph: (41)-31-9632232, Fx: (41)-31-9632459, Graz 81010, Austria, E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: http://swisstopo.ch Ph: (43) 316 873 6845, E-mail: [email protected] Wildermann, Eugen, Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Wen, Xiang-Bei, Mr., A, Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal 15439, Escuela de Ingenieria Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, 16 Beitaiping Rd., 100039 Geodesia, Maracaibo 4005, Maracaibo 4011-A-526, Venezuela, Beijing, China Ph: (58)-14-603142, Fx: (58)-61-512197, Wende, Werner, Dipl.-Ing., A, E-mail: [email protected] Deutsches Geodaetisches Forschungsinstitut, Bayerische Kommission die Wilkins, George A., Dr., Honorary Research Fellow, F, Internationale Erdmessung, Marstallplatz 8, D-80539 Munchen, University of Exeter, Devon, Mathematics Department, Devon EX4 4QE, Germany, Ph: (49)-89-23031111, Fx: (49)-89-23031240, Great Britain, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (44) 1395-579541, Fx: (44) 1392-263997, Weng, Willy Lehman, Geodesist, A, E-mail: [email protected] Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Geological Wilkinson, Gordon, Mr., A, Mapping, Thoravej 8, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark, 1456 St Patrick Street, Victoria B.C. V35 4V4, Canada Ph: (45)-3814 2260, Fx: (45)-3814 2050, E-mail: [email protected] Willgalia, Stefan, Wenzel, Hans-Georg, Prof. Dr.-Ing., F, Universitet Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Schneidersberg 50, University of Karlsruhe, Geodetic Institute, Englerstrasse 7 PO Box 6980, 30165 Hannover, Germany D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Williams, Bobby Gene, Mr., A, Ph: (49)-721-6082307, Fx: (49)-721-694552, 358 Hornblend Ct., Simi Valley, CA 93065-7067, USA E-mail: [email protected], Homepage: Williams, Donald J., Prof., IAGA past President, http://www-gik.bau-verm.uni-karlsruhe.de John Hopkins University, Applied Physical Laboratory, John Hopkins Wesley, Peter William, Mr., A, Rd., Laurel MD 20723, USA, Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, Romsey Road Maybush, Ph: (1)-301-953-5405, Fx: (1)-301-953-6904, Southampton SO9 4DH. Great Britain, Ph: (44)-703-792576 E-mail: [email protected] West, Owen G., Mr., A, Williams, G.E., Dr., A, 115 Spring Road, Kalamunda, WA 6076, Australia University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, South Weston, Niel D., Mr., A, Australia 5005, Australia, Ph: (61)-8-303-5843, Fx: (61)-8-303-4347, 1510 December Dr. #204, Silver Spring, MD 20904-3615, USA, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Williams, H.S., Dr., A, Westwater, Ed R., Dr., A, University of Cape Town, Dept. of Surveying, Rondebosch 7700, NOAA/ERL/WPL, R/E/WP5, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO South Africa 80303-3328, USA, Williams, James G., Dr., A, Ph: (1)-303-497-6527, Fx: (1)-303-497-6978, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Mail Stop 238-332, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, E-mail: [email protected] Pasadena CA 91109-8099, USA, Whaler, Kathy, Ms., A, Ph: (1)-818-354-6466, Fx: (1)-818-393-6890, Grant Institute, Department of Geology and Geophysics, West Main E-mail: [email protected] Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Great Britain, Williams, O., Dr., A, Ph: (44)-131-650-4904, Fx: (44)-131-668-3184, DMA/Aerospace Center, St Louis Air Force Station, Missouri 63118, E-mail: [email protected] USA Whipple, A.L., Mr.,A, Williamson, Ronald G., Mr., A, University of Texas, Mc Donald Observatory, PO Box 1985, Austin Texas Hughes STX, Lanham MD 20706, USA, 78712, USA E-mail: ZCRGW@VPVMVS 219

Willis, Pascal, Dr., EC, O, F, Wu, J.T., Dr., A, Institut Ge ographique National, ENSG/LAREG, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Chung Chen Institute of Technology, Institute of Aeronautics and Pascal, Cite Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77455 Marne-la-Vallee, Astronautics, Ta-Shi, Taiwan 335, Taiwan France, Ph: (33)-1-6415-3254, Fx: (33)-1-6415-3253, Wu, Jicang, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Tongji University, Surveying Department, Shanghai, PRC 200092, China, Wilmes, Herbert, Dr., A, Ph: 00 86-21-6502-2737, E-mail: jcwu@celiang tongji.edu.cn Institute fuer Angewandte Geodaesie, Richard Strauss Allee 11, D-60598 Wu, Liming, Mr., A, Frankfurt arm Main, Germany, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N Ph: (49)-69-6333-252, Fx: (49)-69-6333-425, 1N4, Canada E-mail: [email protected] Wu, Shumin, Assoc. Prof., A, Wilson, Clark R., Prof., O F EC, President Section V, Institute of Crustal Dynamics, State Seismological Bureau, PO Box 2855, University of Texas, Department of Geological Sciences, PO Box 1085, 100085 Beijing, China, Ph: (86)-1-2913865-2054, Fx: (86)-1-5005968 Austin, TX-78712, USA, Wu, Sien-Chong, Dr., A, Ph: (1)-512-471-5008, Fx: (1)-512-471-9425, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-600, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, E-mail: [email protected] Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Wilson, Peter, Dr., A, Ph: (1)-818-354-4937, Fx: (1)-818-393-4965, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A17, E-mail: [email protected] D-14473 Potsdam, Germany, Wuebbens, G., Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Geott GmbH, Granatstrasse 30, Garbsen d-30827, Germany Wingham, Duncan, Mr., A, Wunsch, Carl, Mr., A, University College London, Department of Space and Climate Physics, Dept. of Earth Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences, Massachussets 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, Great Britain, Institute of Technology, Cambridge Mass, 02139, USA, Ph: (44)-171-4193677, Fx: (44)-171-4193418, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Wyatt, Frank K., Mr., A, Winter, P.J., Mr., A, SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, IGPP, 9500 Gilman Drive, Geological Survey of Canada, 3 Observatory Crescent, Ottawa Ontario La Jolla CA 92093-0205, USA, K1A OY3, Canada Ph: (1)-619-425-2019, Fx: (1)-619-534-2411, Wirth, Bruno, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Federal Institute of Technology, Institut fuer Geodaesie & Photogram- Wyllie, Peter, J., Dr., IUGG President, metrie, ETH-Hoenggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, California Institute of Technology, Geological and Planetary Sciences, Ph: (41)-1-3772644, Fx: (41)-1-3712593 Pasadena CA 91125, USA, Wisniewski, Zbigniew, Prof., A, Ph: (1)-818-356-6461, Fx: (1)-818-568-0935, E-mail: [email protected] University of Agriculture & Technology, Inst. of Geodesy and Wysocki, Jerzy, Mr., A, Photogrammetry, Oczapowskiego Str. 1, PL 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland, Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Geokart, UL Jasna 2/4, Ph: 233-305/234-873 PL-00-950 Warsaw, Poland, Witte, Bertold U., Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Ph: (48)-22-276267/2-612-5822, Fx: (48)-22-277193/2-612-5822 Bonn University, Geodaetisches Institut, Nussallee 17, Xin-Xiang, Jin, Mr., A, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, Delft University of Technology, Thijsseweg 11, NL-2629 JA Delft, Ph: (49)-228-732620, Fx: (49)-228-732988, E-mail: [email protected] Netherlands, Ph: (31)-15-278-9111, Fx: (31)-15-278-3711 Wnuk, Edwin, Mr., A, Xu, Bang-Xin, Prof., A, Mickiewicz University, Astronomical Observatory, ul Sloneczna 36, Nanjing University, Dept. of Astronomy, Nanjing 210008, China, Poznan 60-286, Poland Ph: (86)-25-6637551 ext. 2882, Fx: (86)-25-302728 Wolf, Detlef, Dr., F, Xu, Caijun, Ass. Prof., A, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Division 1: Recent Kinematics and Wuhan Techn. Univ. of Surv. & Mapp., 129 Luoyo Road, Wuhan, Dynamics of the Earth, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany, 430079, China, Ph: (86)-27-7877253, Fx: (86)-27-7884185, Ph: (49)-331-2881140, Fx: (49)-331-2881163, E-mail:[email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Xu, Guochang, Dr., A, Wolfrum, O., Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, National Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic Division, Rentemestervej 8, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Fachgebiet Landesvermessung, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark, Petersenstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Ph: (45)-3587 5278, Fx: (45)-3587 5052, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (49)-6151-16147/5347 Xu, Jusheng, Prof., A, Wong, R., Mr., A, Institute of Seismology, State Seismological Bureau, Wuhan 430071, University of Calgary, Dept. of Surveying Engineering, 2500 University China, Ph: (86)-27-723412, Fx: (86)-27-7814662 Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Xu, Pelliang, Dr., A, Ph: (1)-403-220-7378 Research Center for Earthquake Prediction, Disaster Prevention Research Wonnacott, Richard, Mr., NCA, Institute, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Chief Directorate: Surveys & Mapping, Private Bag X 10, E-mail: [email protected] 7705 Mowbray, South Africa, Yabuid, T., Mr., A, Ph: (27)-21-6854070, Fx: (27)-21-6891351, Hydrographic Department, 3-1, Tsukiji 5, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Wooden, William, Dr., A, Yamaguchi, K., Mr., A, Defense Mapping Agency, PRA MS A-13, 8613 Lee Highway, Geographical Survey Institute, Kitasato-1 Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305, Fairfax VA 22031-2137, USA, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1)-703-275-8449, Fx: (1)-703-285-6494 or 275-8596, Yamamoto, A., Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Hokkaido University, Faculty of Science, Nishi 8, Kita 10, Sapporo 060, Woodside, John M., Dr., A, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geomarine Centre, De Boelelaan 1085, Yamauchi, Tsuneo, A, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, Nagoya University, Research Center for Seismology and Volcanology, Ph: (31)-20-548-5587, Fx: (31)-20-646-2457, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya J-464, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (81)-52-789-3038, Fx: (81)-52-789-3047, Woodworth, Philip L., Dr., F, E-mail: [email protected] Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Director Permanent Service for Yambaev, B.N., Prof., A, Mean Sea Level, Birkenhead, Merseyside L43 7RA, Great Britain, MIIGAIK, Gorokhovsky Pereulok 4, 103 064 Moscow, Russia Ph: (44)-51-653-8633, Fx: (44)-51-653-6269, E-mail: [email protected] Yan-Ben, Han, A, Woppelmann, Guy, Dr., Beijing Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun E-mail: [email protected] Road #20A, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China, Wrobel, B., Prof. Dr.-Ing., A, Ph: 00 86 10 64 8 88731, E-mail: [email protected] Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, FB Photogrammetrie im FB12 Yanez, C.C., Prof., A, Vermessungswesen, Petersenstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Academia Politecnica Militar, Clasi®cador 9 Coreo 21, San Ignacio 242, Ph: (49)-6151-162035, Fx: (49)-6151-165489 RCH-21 Santiago, Chile 220

Yang, Fumin, A, Youcai, Huang, Mr., A, Shanghai Observatory, 80 Nandan Road, 200030 Shanghai, P.R. China, Wuhan Techn. Univ. of Surv. & Mapp., 39 Luoyulu Wuchang, Hubei E-mail: [email protected] 430070, China Yang, Ming, Prof., Young, Gary M., Mr., A, E-mail: [email protected] National Geodetic Survey, N/CG 3, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Yang, Yuanxi, Prof. Dr., A EC, Spring MD 20910-3282, USA, Xian Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, 1 Mid-Yanta Road, Ph: (1)-301-713-3191/3197, Fx: (1)-301-713-4324/4325 710054 Xian, China, Young, Gordon, Dr., IAHS Secretary General, Ph: (86)-29-55333503, Fx: (86)-29-5525310, Wilfrid Laurier University, Department of Geography, Waterloo, Ontario E-mail: [email protected] N2L 3C5, Canada, Yang, Zhan Ji, Dr., A, Ph: (1) 519 884 1970 ext. 2387, Fx: (1) 519 846 0968, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Land Surveying E-mail: [email protected] and Geo-Informatics, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Young, Larry, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-600, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Yang, Zhigen, Prof., A, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, National Astronomical Observatory, 2-12 Hoshigaoka-cho, Mizusawa, Ph: (1)-818-354-5018, Fx: (1)-818-393-4965, Iwate 023, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Yu, Junyuan, Mr., A, Yanxing, Li, Prof., A, Publishing House of Surveying and Mapping, Sanlihe Road 50, First Crustal Deformation Monitoring Center, State Seismological Beijing, China, Ph: (86)-1-863901 Bureau, Yihaoqiao, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300180, Yu, Shui-Beih, Dr., A, People's Republic of China, Academia Sinica, Institute of Earth Sciences, PO Box 1-55, Fx: (86)-22 439 9777 Nankang Taipei, Taiwan, Yarmukhamedov, A.R., A, Ph: (886)-2-783-9910 ext. 416, Fx: (886)-2-783-9871, Institute of Seismology, Khurshid Str. 3, Tashkent 700128, Uzbekistan, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Yu, Ting-To, Mr., A, Yatskiv, Yaroslav Y., Prof. Dr., F, Academia Sinica, PO Box 1-55, Nankang Taipei Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of Taiwan Yuan, Dah-Ning, Mr., A, Ukraine, Golosiiv, 252650 Kyiv-22, Ukraine, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-700, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Ph: (380)-44-266-31-10, Fx: (380)-44-266-21-47, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (1)-818-354-7549, Fx: (1)-818-393-4965, Ye, Duzheng, Prof., A, E-mail: [email protected] Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academia Sinica, 100085 Beijing, China, Yuldashbaev, T.S., Prof., A, Ph: 868361 ext. 843, Fx: (86)-1-25-62-347 Usbeck Academy of Sciences, Director Astronomical Institute, Ye, Shu-Hua, Prof., A, Astronomiceskaj str. 33, 70005 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Shanghai Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Yun, Hong-Sic, Dr., A, 200030 Shanghai, China, Sung Kyun Kwan University, Department of Civil Engineering, Chun Ph: (86)-21-4386191, Fx: (86)-21-4384618, Chun Dang, Suwon, Korea, E-mail: BMASAO%[email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Ye, Shuhua, Yunck, Thomas, Dr., F, E-mail: [email protected] Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 238-640, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Yeh, Yih-Hsiung, Prof., A, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Academia Sinica, Institute of Earth Sciences, PO Box 1-55, Ph: (1)-818-354-4321, Fx: (1)-818-393-4965, Nankang Taipei, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (886-2)-783-9880, Fx: (886-2)-788-3493, Yurkina, Mariya I., Prof., A, E-mail: [email protected] TSNIIGAIK, CNIIGHIK, Onejskaya 26, 125413 Moscow, Russia, Yeu, Bock-Mo, Prof., A NC, Ph: (7)-456-9531, Fx: (7)-456-9371 Yonsei University, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 134 Shinchon-Dong Zadoorian, Teywan, Mr., A, Sudaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea, National Cartographic Center, Base Map Project/NCC, Me'raj St. PO Ph: 543-8679, E-mail: [email protected] Box 13185-1684, Tehran, Iran, Yi, Y, A, Ph: (98)-21-904281, Fx: (98)-21-6001971 Ohio State University, Dept, Civil and Environmental Engineering and Zadro, Maria, Prof., A, Geodetic Science, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, OH 43210-1275 University of Trieste, Department of Earth Sciences, Via Weiss 1, Columbus, USA, 34100 Trieste, Italy, Ph: (614)292-2957, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (39)-0-40-575519, Fx: (39)-0-40-6762256, Yi, Yuchan, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Zahel, W., Prof., A, Yin, Lin, Mr., A, Institut fuer Meereskunde, Troplowitzstrasse 7, D-22529 Hamburg, University of California, IGPP, Dept. of Space & Earth Sciences, Los Germany, Angeles CA 90024-1567, USA Ph: (49)-40-4123-2987, Fx: (49)-40-5605926, Yoder, Charles F., Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 183-501, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Zaiem, Jamel, Mr., A, Pasadena CA 91109, USA, Oce de la Topographie et de la Cartographie, Cite Olympique PO Ph: (1)-818-354-2444, Fx: (1)-818-354-0966, Box-1080, Tunis, Tunisia E-mail: [email protected] Zanimonskiy, Yevgen, A, Yokeyama, Koichi, Prof.-Dr., F, Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Lenina pr. 66a, 52, Kharkov, National Astronomical Observatory, 310164, Ukraine, Division of Earth Rotation, Mizusawa, Iwate 023, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (81)-197-22-7111, Fx: (81)-197-22-7120, Zarraoa, Ne stor, Dr., A, E-mail: [email protected] Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Yong, Kim Dok, Mr., NCA, Madrid, Spain, Ph: (34)-9-1-3944578 Hydrometeorological Service of the Dem. 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Zayonchek, Andrew, A, Zheng, Guan, Professor, E-mail: [email protected] Tianjin Institute of Hydrographic Surveying and Charting40, Zebhauser, Benedikt, Mr., A, You Yi Road, Tianjin 300061, China, Technical University of Munich, Inst. fuer Astronomische und Physika- Ph: (86) 22 84685006, Fx: (86) 22 28353537 lische Geodaesie, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80290 Munich, Germany, Zhian, Qian, Mr., A, Ph: (49)-89-289-23181, Fx: (49)-89-289-23178, Shanghai Observatory, 80 Nandan Road, 200030 Shanghai, China E-mail: [email protected] Zhibeng, Jiang, Mr., A, Zeggai, Ali, A, Institut Ge ographique National, Laboratoire de Recherche en Geodesie, National centre of Spatial Techniques-CNTS, Geodetic Laboratory, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Champ-sur-Marne, 77455 Marne-la-Vallee, BP13, Arzew 31200, Algeria, Ph: 213 6 473454 France, Fx: 33 (0)1 6415 3107, E-mail: [email protected] Zehner, Claus, Mr., A, Zhou, Chuan Hui, Prof., A, Technical University of Graz, Institut fuer Theoraetische Geodaesie, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, 16 Beitaiping Rd., 100039 Steyrergasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria Beijing, China Zelaya, Jose Antonio, Ing., A, Zhou, Dongmin, Dr., A, Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia, Casilla n 5829, La Paz, Bolivia Institute of Geodesy & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, no. 54 Zelensky, Nildta, Prof., A, Xudong Road, Wuchan Hubei 430077, China Hughes STX, 7701 Greenbelt Rd. suite 400, Greenbelt MD 20770, USA, Zhu, Sheng-Yuan, Dr., A, Ph: (1)-301-794-5368, Fx: (1)-301-441-1853, E-mail: GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Aufgabenbereich 1, Telegrafenberg [email protected] A17, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany, Zeman, Antonin, Dr., A, Ph: (49)-331-310-334, Fx: (49)-331-310-648, Czech. 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China, E-mail: [email protected] Zerbini, Suzanna, Prof. Dr., F EC, Zhu, Zhuowen, Mr., A, University of Bologna, Dept. of Physics, Viale Berti Pichat 8, 1-40127 Institute of Geodesy & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, no. 54 Bologna, Italy, Xudong Road, Wuchan Hubei 430077, China, Ph: (39)-0-51-2095019, Fx: (39)-0-51-2095058, Ph: (86)-27-681-3841/3855 ext. 241, Fx: (86)-27-781-1080 E-mail: [email protected] Zid, Jalel, Mr., A, Zewen, Wang, Mr., A, Oce de la Topographie et de la Cartographie, Cite Olympique The Ohio State University, Dept. of Geodetic Science & Surveying, 1958 PO Box-1080, Tunis, Tunisia Neil Avenue, Columbus OH 43210-1247, USA Zielinski, Janusz B., Prof. Dr., A, Zhang, Changyou, Mr., A, Space Research Centre, Planetary Geodesy Dep., Bartycka 18a, The Ohio State University, Dept. 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