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Joint Force Quarterly C1 net 9/20/96 10:46 AM Page 1 JFQJOINT FORCE QUARTERLY Unified Endeavor ’95 The American Revolution in Military Strategic Affairs Performance Logistics in Wargaming Forces for Engagement 96 Winter95 D-Day Veracruz A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL JFQC2 9/19/96 11:12 AM Page C2 C2 JFQ / Autumn 1995 JFQPre 9/19/96 11:14 AM Page 1 JFQ AWord from the Chairman U.S. Air Force (Edward Littlejohn) Crossing the Sava, December 31, 1995. Recently I testified for the third time before both the House National Security Committee and the Senate Armed Services Committee on the posture and readiness of the Armed Forces, as well as on this year’s defense budget. This annual event pro- vides the Secretary of Defense and myself an opportunity to keep Congress informed, a necessary first step in the fulfill- ment of their constitutional responsibilities for the national defense. We also get their ideas and concerns firsthand, which is valuable for us in managing the force. (continued on page 4) Winter 1995–96 / JFQ 1 JFQPre 9/19/96 11:14 AM Page 2 I CONTENTS I OUT OF JOINT 25 New Forces for Engagement Policy 1 A Word from the Chairman by William W. Mendel by John M. Shalikashvili I I FROM THE FIELD AND FLEET 30 On Strategic Performance by Colin S. Gray 8 Letters to the Editor I JFQ FORUM I 11 U.S. Atlantic Command and 37 The American Revolution Unified Endeavor ’95 in Military Affairs JFQby John J. Sheehan by William A. Owens 39 War in the Information Age by Thomas G. Mahnken 44 Acoustics on the 21st Century Battlefield by Marvin G. Metcalf 16 Joint Operations: The Marine 48 Joint Warfare and Military Perspective Dependence on Space by Thomas C. Linn by Jeffrey L. Caton 20 The Impact of Nationalism 56 Time: The New Dimension on Joint Force Planning in War by George W. Price by Ajay Singh 62 An Ecstasy of Fumbling: PHOTO CREDITS Doctrine and Innovation The cover features amphibious assault vehicles in Kuwait by Kenneth F. McKenzie, Jr. (U.S. Marine Corps/Michael J. Anglin); the front cover insets (from top) show joint information bureau for Unified Endeavor (U.S. Air Force/Randy S. Mallard), 69 Leaving the Technocratic German POWs taken at Anzio (U.S. Navy), crewman Tunnel releasing cargo sling of CH–46 Sea Knight on board USS Theodore Roosevelt (U.S. Navy/Darin Osmun), F–16 by Gary W. Anderson and Terry C. Pierce Fighting Falcon during Joint Task Force 95–3 (U.S. Air Force/Mike Reinhardt), and American forces landing at 76 War, Politics, and RMA— Veracruz in 1847 (Eyewitness to War). The front inside cover includes (clockwise) M1A1 The Legacy of Clausewitz Abrams tank on maneuvers in Kuwait (U.S. Air Force/ Tracy Hall-Leahy), B–117 Stealth fighters (U.S. Air Force/Marvin Lynchard), by Antulio J. Echevarria II 105mm howitzer for Roaring Lion (U.S. Air Force/Chris Putman), HC–130N/P Combat Shadow during Foal Eagle ’93 (U.S. Air Force/Mike Reinhardt), Marine 81 The 1995 RMA Essay Contest: sniper training (Military Photography/Greg Stewart), and USS Carl Vinson (U.S. Navy/David C. Lloyd). A Postscript The table of contents photos are (from top) ranger preparing to jump with by Andrew W. Marshall combat load (U.S. Army/Daniel Hart), B–1 bomber (U.S. Air Force/Brett Snow), and night operations on carrier deck (U.S. Navy). The inside back cover captures F–15 Eagle during Cobra Gold ’95 (Joint Combat Camera Center/Raymond T. Conway). The back cover shows a Navy tanker in transit through the Panama Canal (U.S. Navy). 2 JFQ / Winter 1995–96 JFQPre 9/19/96 11:14 AM Page 3 WINTER 95–96 / NUMBER 10 102 D-Day Veracruz, 1847— A Grand Design by Paul C. Clark, Jr., and Edward H. Moseley 116 Canadian “Jointery” by Jeremy R. Stocker 119 Improving Force Closures by George A. Rollins I OF CHIEFS AND CHAIRMEN 121 Maxwell Davenport Taylor I THE JOINT WORLD 122 Organization, Doctrine, Education, and Periodical I Literature 82 Tuning the Instruments of National Power I OFF THE SHELF by Hans Binnendijk and 125 Mogadishu Duet— Patrick L. Clawson Two Book Reviews by Robert B. Oakley and 89 Change and the Operational Jonathan Stevenson Commander by Jay M. Parker 128 Of Arms and Men: A Book Review 97 Logistics in Wargaming: by Shawn C. Whetstone An Initial Report by John B. LaPlante, David P. Garner, JFQ129 Setting the Record Straight: and Patricia Insley Hutzler A Book Review by James J. Tritten Joint Force Quarterly Hans Binnendijk JFQ is published for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff The editors invite articles and other contributions on joint Editor-in-Chief by the Institute for National Strategic Studies, National De- warfighting, interservice issues that support jointness, and top- Patrick M. Cronin fense University, to promote understanding of the integrated ics of common interest to the Armed Forces (see page 132 for employment of land, sea, air, space, and special operations details). Please direct all editorial communications to: Executive Editor forces. The journal focuses on joint doctrine, coalition warfare, Editor Robert A. Silano contingency planning, combat operations conducted by the Joint Force Quarterly Editor unified commands, and joint force development. ATTN: NDU–NSS–JFQ Martin J. Peters, Jr. The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations ex- Washington, D.C. 20319–6000 pressed or implied within are those of the contributors and do Production Coordinator not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense Telephone: (202) 685–4220 / DSN 325–4220 Calvin B. Kelley or any other agency of the Federal Government. Copyrighted FAX: (202) 685–4219 / DSN 325–4219 Senior Copy Editor portions of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted Internet: [email protected] without permission of copyright proprietors. An acknowledg- The Typography and Design Division of the U.S. Government ment to Joint Force Quarterly should be made whenever mate- This publication has been approved by the Secretary of Printing Office is responsible for layout and art direction. rial is quoted from or based on its contents. Defense. ISSN 1070–0692 February 1996 Winter 1995–96 / JFQ 3 JFQPre 9/19/96 11:14 AM Page 4 Joint Force Quarterly I A WORD FROM THE CHAIRMAN GEN John M. Shalikashvili, USA (continued from page 1) Publisher While a number of articles in this issue of ADVISORY COMMITTEE JFQ focus on the revolution in military affairs, which is a vitally important matter for the Armed Lt Gen Ervin J. Rokke, USAF I National Defense University Chairman Forces in the long term, we must also remember that the future force begins with today’s budget. BG David A. Armstrong, USA (Ret.) I Office of the Chairman Accordingly, my presentation to Congress, which Col John W. Brooks, USAF I Air Command and Staff College is summarized below, dwelt on the budget as well Brig Gen Roger E. Carleton, USAF I Armed Forces Staff College as recent operations. With regard to operations we have marked MG Richard A. Chilcoat, USA I U.S. Army War College two milestones lately. First, two months ago at A. Denis Clift I Joint Military Intelligence College Guantanamo Bay we held a closing ceremony for Col K.A. Conry, USMC I Marine Corps Command and Staff College JTF–160, the organization that for the previous 20 months had superbly handled a delicate refugee MG John S. Cowings, USA I Industrial College of the Armed Forces crisis in the Caribbean. This task force plucked COL (P) Robert F. Dees, USA I The Joint Staff some 60,000 refugees from the ocean, built 15 Col Paul V. Kelly, USMC I Marine Corps War College huge camps to house, feed, and care for them, and provided safe and humane conditions until I Lt Gen Walter Kross, USAF The Joint Staff the refugees were either repatriated or admitted RADM Michael A. McDevitt, USN I National War College into the United States. Throughout the operation, BG David H. Ohle, USA I U.S. Army Command and General Staff College JTF–160 handled these refugees with great com- passion and understanding, attending to their I Maj Gen D. Bruce Smith, USAF Air War College needs with unequaled efficiency. The mission ac- RADM James R. Stark, USN I Naval War College complished, the camps have been closed and the task force returned home. The other milestone occurred on February 7 EDITORIAL BOARD in Haiti when René Préval was inaugurated as Hans Binnendijk I National Defense University president to succeed Jean-Bertrand Aristide, who Chairman stepped down. This was the first time in Haitian Richard K. Betts I Columbia University history that power passed from one freely elected COL William D. Bristow, Jr., USA I U.S. Army Command and General Staff College leader to another. The forces which were sent to that troubled nation in September 1994 are now Eliot A. Cohen I The Johns Hopkins University coming home, having accomplished their mis- COL Robert A. Doughty, USA I U.S. Military Academy sion superbly, on time, and with utmost care for Aaron L. Friedberg I Princeton University their own safety. The results speak for themselves. Out of the original 23,000, there are only 800 ser- Col Robert J. Garner, USMC I Armed Forces Staff College vicemen and women remaining in country today. Alan L. Gropman I Industrial College of the Armed Forces By April 15, all remaining U.S. forces will be out Col Douglas N. Hime, USAF I Naval War College of Haiti and we will shift to periodic exercises with engineering troops, much like those that we William T.
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