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2003-11-01 Firearm Related Deaths in Australia, 1991-2001.Pdf A U S T R A L I A N I N S T I T U T E O F C R I M I N O L O G Y No. 269 t r e n d s Firearm Related Deaths & in Australia, 1991–2001 i s s u e s Jenny Mouzos and Catherine Rushforth in crime and criminal justice An examination of fi rearm related deaths in Australia between 1991 and 2001 found a 47 per cent decrease in numbers, with a fall in the number of suicides accounting for the largest part of that decrease. Nine out of 10 fi rearm related deaths involved males. Compared to fi rearm related suicides and accidents where less than 10 per cent involved the death of a female, a higher proportion of homicides involved a female victim (33%). Persons under the age of 15 years were least likely to die as a result of a fi rearm related injury. Males and females who suffered a fatal fi rearms injury tended to follow a similar age distribution, with persons aged between 24 and 34 years accounting for the largest number of fi rearm related deaths. There appears to be a shift in age related risk between 1991 and 2001. In 1991, males aged between 15 and 24 years had the highest risk of fi rearm related fatal injury (rate of 9.5 per 100 000), whereas in 2001 males aged 65 years and older had the highest risk (rate of 4.9 per 100 000). The majority of fi rearm related deaths were committed with a hunting rifl e, although there has been an increase in the use of handguns. Toni Makkai Acting Director his paper examines the use of fi rearms to infl ict fatal injury in November 2003 Australia between 1991 and 2001. It focuses on the fi ve main typesT of fatal fi rearm injury: suicide, homicide, accidents, legal intervention—that is, deaths as a result of law enforcement offi cers ISSN 0817-8542 performing their duties (ABS 1997), and those deaths classifi ed as undetermined by the coroner (that is, cases in which it was unclear ISBN 0 642 53821 2 whether the injury was purposely or accidentally infl icted). Of the 128 544 deaths registered in Australia in 2001, 7876 deaths were caused by accidents, poisonings and violence (referred to as ‘external causes’). The leading external cause of death in 2001 was accidents (transport, falls, and drowning/submersion) accounting for 61 per cent of all incidents. Firearms as a ‘cause of death’ only represent a small fraction of all external causes of death in Australia (4.2% or 333 deaths in 2001). While fi rearms account for a small proportion Australian Institute of externally caused deaths, there is much focus on controlling the of Criminology use of fi rearms in criminal activities—particularly on whether or not GPO Box 2944 their use has increased or decreased since the introduction of fi rearms Canberra ACT 2601 controls in 1997. Briefl y, these controls banned self loading rifl es and Australia both self loading and pump action shotguns; saw the establishment of nationwide fi rearms registration; and introduced stringent limitations to the ownership of fi rearms, primarily minimum age restrictions Tel: 02 6260 9221 and satisfactory fi tness and reason for ownership of fi rearms (Mouzos Fax: 02 6260 9201 1999). The main focus of this report is the identifi cation of shifts in trends and patterns over the 11 year period between 1991 and 2001. For a complete list and the full text of the pa pers in the Trends and Issues in Data Source Crime and Criminal Justice series, visit the AIC web site at: The main data source analysed in the production of this report is the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Underlying Cause of Death http://www.aic.gov.au unit record data supplied to the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) for the period 1991 to 2001. The registration of deaths is the Disclaimer: This research paper does not necessarily refl ect the policy position of the responsibility of the individual state and territory Registrars of Australian Gov ern ment. Australian Institute of Crimi nolo gy Australian Institute of Crimi nolo gy Births, Deaths and Marriages. Figure 1: Number of fi rearms deaths by type of death Information relating to the cause of death supplied by either a medical practitioner or by a Coroner is included as part of the registration. Such information is then provided to the ABS for subsequent coding. Number The data used in this report have been coded by the ABS in accordance with the tenth revision of the International Classifi cation Year of Diseases (ICD-10), which has Other includes legal intervention and underdetermined deaths. been adopted for Australian use Source: Australian Institute of Criminology adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics in the case of deaths. It should be Underlying Cause of Death 1991-2001 [computer fi le] noted that the fi gures contained in this report differ slightly from Table 1: Number of fi rearm related deaths fi gures previously published by the ABS or the AIC (Mouzos 2000) (see Accident Suicide Homicide Other (a) Total methodological note at the end of the report). 1991 29 505 84 11 629 1992 24 488 96 14 622 Trends in Firearm Related 1993 18 431 64 9 522 Deaths: Number and Rates 1994 20 420 76 13 529 In total there were 5083 1995 15 388 67 9 479 registered deaths attributable to fi rearms in Australia between 1991 1996 30 382 104 5 521 and 2001. Suicides committed with 1997 19 330 79 9 437 fi rearms accounted for the majority of these deaths (77%), followed by 1998 21 234 57 15 327 fi rearms homicide (15%), fi rearms 1999 28 269 50 6 353 accidents (5%), fi rearms deaths resulting from legal intervention 2000 45 222 57 7 331 and undetermined deaths (2%). 2001 18 261 47 7 333 Over the 11 year period the number and rate of fi rearm related deaths (a) Other includes legal intervention and underdetermined deaths. has decreased (Figure 1 and Table1). In comparison, there has been little Source: Australian Institute of Criminology adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics change in the trend for deaths Underlying Cause of Death 1991-2001 [computer fi le] caused by sharp instruments. In 1991 there were 629 fi rearm related The fi rearm related death rate For example, compared to all other deaths in Australia compared for males, females and all persons to 333 in 2001. This represents a fi rearm related deaths, only fi ve (regardless of gender) in Australia 47 per cent decrease in fi rearms per cent of fi rearm related suicides has similarly decreased over the 11 deaths between 1991 and 2001. The involved a female, whereas 33 per year period (Table 2). In 1991 the incidence of both fi rearms suicides cent of fi rearm related homicides fi rearm related death rate was 3.6 and fi rearms homicides almost involved a female victim. This is a per 100 000 persons, 6.6 per 100 000 halved over the 11 year period. slightly lower proportion compared males and 0.7 per 100 000 females. While the number of fi rearms to the overall gender distribution In 2001 the fi rearm related death homicides has continued to decline, of all homicide victims in Australia rate decreased to 1.7 per 100 000 with 2001 recording the lowest (37% females and 63% males, persons, 3.1 per 100 000 males and number of fi rearms homicides Mouzos, 2003a.) 0.4 per 100 000 females. during this period (n =47), the number of fi rearms suicides Age Variation declined consistently from 1991 to Gender Variation 1998, but has since fl uctuated. The There is also variation in the number of fi rearm related accidents Males have consistently age of those who die in fi rearm also fl uctuated over the same outnumbered females as victims period, from 29 fi rearms accidents of fi rearms misuse (Figure 2). Nine related incidents. Persons under the in 1991 to 18 in 2001, but ranging out of 10 fi rearm related deaths age of 15 years are least likely to be between 15 and 45 over this time. involved males, and this gender involved in fatal injury resulting While the numbers are quite small, distribution has remained static from the misuse of a fi rearm (Table 3). the year 2000 recorded the highest over the 11 year period. There is, In terms of absolute numbers, males number of fi rearms accidents however, gender variation based on and females aged between 24 and (45 accidents) during the 11 year the type of fi rearm related death. 34 years accounted for the largest period. 2 3 Australian Institute of Crimi nolo gy Australian Institute of Crimi nolo gy Table 2: Firearm related deaths: rate per 100 000 population Accident Suicide Homicide All Firearms Deaths (a) Year Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons 1991 0.32 0.01 0.17 5.59 0.27 2.92 0.53 0.44 0.49 6.57 0.73 3.64 1992 0.26 0.01 0.14 5.30 0.30 2.79 0.71 0.39 0.55 6.44 0.69 3.56 1993 0.18 0.02 0.10 4.71 0.19 2.44 0.48 0.25 0.36 5.47 0.46 2.95 1994 0.17 0.06 0.11 4.50 0.22 2.35 0.54 0.31 0.43 5.33 0.61 2.96 1995 0.17 0.00 0.08 4.06 0.25 2.15 0.51 0.23 0.37 4.80 0.52 2.65 1996 0.32 0.01 0.16 4.03 0.16 2.09 0.74 0.40 0.57 5.14 0.58 2.85 1997 0.20 0.01 0.10 3.35 0.23 1.78 0.58 0.28 0.43 4.22 0.52 2.36 1998 0.20 0.02 0.11 2.33 0.18 1.25 0.46 0.15 0.30 3.14 0.36 1.75 1999 0.27 0.03 0.15 2.72 0.14 1.42 0.41 0.12 0.26 3.46 0.28 1.86 2000 0.42 0.05 0.23 2.22 0.10 1.16 0.43 0.17 0.30 3.13 0.33 1.73 2001 0.17 0.02 0.09 2.50 0.20 1.34 0.34 0.14 0.24 3.07 0.37 1.71 (a) Includes legal intervention and undetermined fi rearms deaths.
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