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Geophysical Framework and the Appalachian-Caledonide Connection

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Geophysical Framework and the Appalachian-Caledonide Connection Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 27, 2021 Geophysical framework and the Appalachian-Caledonide connection R. T. Haworth, R. Hipkin, R. D. Jacobi, M. Kane, J. P. Lefort, M. D. Max, H. G. Miller & F. Wolff SUMMARY: Gravity and magnetic data from the Appalachian-Caledonide area demonstrate the overall continuity of the orogen while identifying its segmentation into areas of contrasting structural style. The extension of this segmentation into 'drift'-covered areas (e.g. the southern U.S.A.) and offshore areas (e.g. around Newfoundland and the British Isles) provides an orogen-wide framework into which structural detail established at outcrop can be accommodated. Linear gravity and magnetic anomalies often reflect contrasts within the Precambrian basement that have controlled tectonic events to the present. Such basement structure has been investigated by deep seismic profiling, which has also identified large- scale thrusting throughout the Appalachians and the Caledonides with some thrusts even extending into the upper mantle. Speculation to greater depths based on conductivity and P- wave travel-time residuals suggests that traces of the early Palaeozoic collision zone may still exist in the lower crust and upper mantle beneath the northern Appalachians. The loading imposed by thrust sheets during that collision produced foreland basins in the eastern USA whose form and sedimentary record indicate the magnitude and duration of thrusting. Palaeomagnetic results suggest transcurrent movement in Devonian-Carboniferous time, but the early Palaeozoic collisional choreography has not yet been uniquely defined. Participation by geophysicists in the work of the not coincide at all closely with a single bathy- International Geological Correlation Program metric contour and is generally far seaward of the Project 27 'The Appalachian-Caledonide Oro- 500 m contour chosen by Bullard et al. (1965). In gen' began in 1978, 4 years into the project. At addition to trying to fit the real outlines of that time it was recognized by all participants continental crust on both sides of the Atlantic, that many types of geophysical data available geophysicists have also attempted to match both onshore and offshore throughout the orogen specific features within the continental crust. could provide pictorial evidence for the continuity Continuity of features between the Appalachians of the orogen which was not available as easily and Caledonides is therefore both a consequence (or at all) with any of the geological data sets. of and an aid to making pre- (Mesozoic) drift Initially the efforts of the geophysicists were reconstructions of the N Atlantic. directed towards the compilation of gravity and Several reconstructions with little major differ- magnetic data in the Appalachians of the USA ence have been used to demonstrate the continuity and Canada (Haworth & MacIntyre 1975, Hood of geophysical lineations between Appalachia & Reveler 1977, Zietz & Gilbert 1980, 1981) and and Caledonia and to provide a framework composite maps on the same scale and projection within which the hypothesized continuity of as the Tectonic Lithofacies Map of the Appalachian structure could be examined (Lefort & Haworth Orogen were published (Williams 1978, Haworth 1978, Lefort 1980, 1983, 1984, Haworth 1981, et al. 1980, Zietz et al. 1980). These served both Jacobi & Kristoffersen 1981, Lefort & Van der to identify the geophysical characteristics of the Voo 1981, Haworth & Jacobi 1983). Interpreta- tectonic lithofacies units hypothesized by Wil- tion of these compilations suffered from three liams to be common along the length of the major problems: (i) the highly dissected nature of orogen and to demonstrate the extension of these the European continental margin across which it units beneath the coastal plain cover and to the was hoped to follow these lineations, and within edge of the continental shelf. which area the publicly available geophysical From the earliest days of speculation about data were considerably less abundant than on the continental drift, continuity between the Appa- N American margin; (ii) the uncertainties regard- lachians and Caledonides had been hypothesized, ing post-Caledonide, pre-Jurassic movements but only in 1965 did Bullard et al. (1965) attempt (e.g. Kent & Opdyke 1978, Swanson 1982); (iii) to demonstrate physically the degree of fit by the overlap and low-angle divergence of trends matching specified bathymetric contours from associated with post-Caledonide tectonism. The each side of the Atlantic. Unfortunately the edge latter problem is particularly severe when trying of the continental crust as we now know it does to use gravity and magnetic data for regional From HARRIS,A. L. & FETTES,D. J. (eds), 1988, The Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen, Geological Society Special Publication No. 38, pp. 3-20. Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 27, 2021 4 R.T. Haworth et al. extrapolation of Caledonide trends within the ides are therefore only preliminary in nature and UK. Hipkin & Hussain (1983) have used the can be expected to improve significantly in the available seismic reflection data offshore from next few years. Scotland to strip the effects of post-Caledonide As the geophysical contribution to Project 27 sedimentary basins and reveal Caledonide struc- has developed, so has recognition of the difference tural trends, the investigation of whose continuity between the geophysical and geological definition between Britain and Scandinavia must be a prime of suture zones and terrane boundaries. The target for future research. geophysical definitions are generally based upon Compilation of geological data in N America the integration of a physical response over the on which to demonstrate the continuity of thickness of the crust, whereas the geological Appalachian structure was no more easily accom- definition is almost always as a line or zone at the plished than for the Caledonides in Europe--the Earth's surface. The geophysical definition has number of U.S.A. state and Canadian provincial the advantage that it can often indicate the dip surveys to be coordinated were more numerous of the suture. However, the occasional 'disagree- than the national surveys in Europe. However, ment' between the geophysical identification of the N American geophysical programmes were the plan view of that dipping crustal zone and primarily national in origin so that compilation the geological identification of the outcrop of one of geophysical data was easier in N America than boundary within it has been known to hamper in Europe. Differing national specifications in communication between the disciplines. Greater Europe made the situation even more difficult. In emphasis will therefore be given in this paper to magnetics, for example, the aeromagnetic surveys interpretation of deeper structure and the overall of neighbouring countries in Europe have been geophysical recognition of terrane boundaries flown at different heights, at different times and within the orogen. Because deep seismic profiling with different regional fields removed, making it is dealt with in the companion paper by Cook et almost impossible to merge the predominantly al. (1988) we shall concentrate on techniques analogue data sets. Discontinuities along national other than seismic reflection. Most geophysical boundaries therefore compound the problems techniques (palaeomagnetism and geochronology associated with discontinuities onshore and are the prime exceptions) do not yield data that between offshore data sets. can be interpreted to give the timing of tectonic Major efforts within the U.K. have recently activity. Since palaeomagnetism is also dealt with produced a uniform file of gravity data (Hipkin in a companion paper (Briden et al. 1988) and the & Hussain 1983, Hipkin et al. 1986), and analogue chronological development of the orogen as a magnetic field data are being digitized. 1 : 250 000 whole is the objective of the rest of this volume, scale maps are available for all the surveyed land interpretative remarks on these subjects will be and marine areas of the UK except for a few kept to a minimum. coastal areas where merging of the two data sets The Caledonide-Appalachian and Hercynian has proved troublesome. Magnetic and gravity orogenies had two distinct phases, each with around Ireland, N of Scotland and in the North different temporal and geographical extents. The Sea is neither uniform nor universally releasable, 'sutures' representing closure of the Iapetus and covering as it does the hydrocarbon exploration Theic Oceans are parallel in the southern and areas of several countries. However, considerable eastern U.S.A. with consequent Hercynian reac- progress has recently been made with the compi- tivation of Appalachian structures. The 'sutures' lation and release of such data for Ireland and its diverge in southeastern Canada so that in neighbouring continental shelf (Max et al. 1982, Europe-Africa the two elements are distinct. The 1983). In Scandinavia, high-level reconnaissance southern (Appalachian-Hercynide-Mauritan- magnetic surveys (Geological Survey of Sweden ide) connection is discussed by Lefort et al. (1988) 1983) have been succeeded by low-level high- and will therefore be avoided in this paper except resolution surveys (Wolff 1981) directed towards where tectonic overprinting or rejuvenation ne- mineral and hydrocarbon exploration, and there- cessitates mention of it. Some alternatives
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