HOW TO PRODUCE A SUS TAINABLE BRAZILIAN W INE?

Gaspar -Emmanuel Desurmont

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Vinifera EuroMaster – European Master of Sciences of and

Orientador: Doutor Manuel Belo Moreira

Co-orientador : Doutor Jorge Tonietto

Júri: Presidente Olga Maria Carrasqueira Laureano, Investigadora Coordenadora do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Vogais - Doutor Manuel Belo Moreira Professor Catedrático do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa . - Doutor Giuliano Elias Pereira, Investigador, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Brasil

Lisboa, 2011

Acknowledgments:

I would not begin this study without express my deepest gratitude to Olga Laureano attentive listening to his patience and understanding, so my respectful gratitude to the faculty of Lisbon, of people met in Brazil, within the 'EMBRAPA and all stakeholders who have expressed their support and interest in this project as an in economic terms, political, technical and of course friendly. Thanks also to potential future investors for their help in realizing this project

Summary :

This thesis forms the basis for the realization of a personal project: producing a sustainable Brazilian . With the help of investors from the world of wine (European and Brazilian) to develop a fine wine (unlike table derived from labrusca) which combines the advanced technical itineraries, from the to the cellar. This wine will have to represent all the progress environmental terms and social, to promote effective marketing in the wine main importing countries (United States, Germany, Benelux) and on the local market. To do this, localize the best of wine point of view taking into consideration sustainable human development.

In a first part, after observing the economic benefits of implementing a vineyard in Brazil, the objective of this study will define the area more favorable to the type of wine to produce. This analysis will be based of meteorological data. Once the wine growing zone discovery, understand and analyze the socio-economic actors in order to include this project in a process of economic and social development. In the second part, evaluation of components needed to achieve a great terroir wine through soil analysis, choice of varieties and rootstocks, the training system of the vineyard. Finally in the last part, explain the development project and business plan.

Keywords: Implantation, vineyard development, meteorology, Brazil.

Resumo :

Esta tese constitui a base para a realização de um projeto pessoal: produzir um vinho sustentável brasileiro. Com a ajuda de investidores do mundo do vinho (europeu e brasileiro) para desenvolver um bom vinho (ao contrário dos vinhos de mesa provenientes de ), que combina os itinerários técnicos avançados, desde a vinha à adega. Este vinho terá que representam todos os termos progresso ambiental e social, para promover de marketing eficaz no vinho principais países importadores (Estados Unidos, Alemanha, Benelux) e no mercado local. Para fazer isso, localize o melhor terroir do ponto de vista do vinho tendo em consideração o desenvolvimento humano sustentável. Em uma primeira parte, depois de observar os benefícios econômicos da implementação de um vinhedo no Brasil, o objetivo do presente estudo será definir a área mais favorável para o tipo de vinho a produzir. Esta análise será baseada em dados meteorológicos. Uma vez que a vitícola descoberta zona, compreender e analisar os atores sócio-econômicos, a fim de incluir esse projeto em um processo de desenvolvimento econômico e social.

Palavras-chave: Implantação, desenvolvimento de vinha, meteorologia, Brasil.

Table of contents

Summary : ...... 3 Resumo :...... 3 Table of contents ...... 4 Brazil and wine ...... 6

Why Brazil?...... 6 In figures: ...... 6 Future economic growth:...... 6

Consumption...... 7 Strengths and weaknesses of competing drinks wine in Brazil: ...... 8 Wine sales channels:...... 8 The consumer:...... 9

The offer:...... 10 Imports...... 10 Local production:...... 11 Projection:...... 12

What type of wine to produce? ...... 13 What is a quality wine for a Brazilian people?...... 13 A : ...... 14 For local and international: a typed Brazil wine : ...... 15

Which place to choose for the production of this Brazilian wine?...... 16

Where produce this wine? ...... 16

An orientation towards sustainable viticulture: ...... 16 Definition of the OIV:...... 17 The objectives of a sustainable viticulture:...... 18 World tour of wine country was moving in a sustainable production process:...... 18 Portraits of the major Brazilian’s wine regions :...... 20

Semi-arid climate...... 23 Tropical climate:...... 24 subtropical climate ...... 25

Climatic factors for the optimum vine growing...... 27 Temperatures...... 28 Sunshine hours...... 31 Rainfall:...... 32

Other problems wine can be managed by the weather:...... 34 Fight against mildew:...... 34 Fight against anthracnose : ...... 37 Fight against frost:...... 38 Struggles against wind breaks during the budbreak: ...... 38

The Campanha:...... 39

Description of Campanha ...... 39 His story:...... 39 its economy...... 39 Its geographical indication:...... 41

The Campanha’s wine:...... 42 Advantage in image terms : ...... 42 Campanha wine figures:...... 42 wine history of Campanha:...... 43

The actors who form the Campanha wine network: ...... 47 Family farming:...... 47 The corporate :...... 48 New entrepreneurs ...... 49 Independent grape growers: ...... 50

Support of the Campanha viticulture:...... 51

Perspectives ...... 53 The creation of the Geographical Indication: Wine from Campanha: ...... 53 From a wine tourism point of view:...... 53 Alternatives to the production of fine wine: ...... 54

Bibliographie : ...... 56

Brazil and wine

Why Brazil?

In figures: Illustration of the Brazilian’s economic data.1

7th in the world for GDP. 7.5% growth in 2010 5.7% unemployment rate 2.61% public deficit. 60% of public debt Average age 29 years.

The Brazilian population with an average age below 30 years, is the fifth world with over 191 million in 2010 (European Community of 27 countries: 454 million).

Brazil is part of the BRIC countries: However at the third summit of the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China), which took place April 14, 2011 in China, which was the opportunity to host South Africa in this club of emerging powers (10,3% growth for China, 8.3% for India and 7.5% for Brazil.) these countries as emerging powers asserted themselves, overcoming their respective statutes of regional powers.

Countries in the BRICS, currently supporting the global economy. As for the European economy, which is drowning in debt, she could find in these emerging countries support it needs to avoid a new recession. Brasilia has reserves of around 360 billion dollars. Although his trade is in deficit, capital flock to the booming economy2.

A flourishing economy: Gross domestic product (GDP) of Brazil grew 7.5% in 2010, with strong growth in the industrial sector (source: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE- Thursday, March 3, 2011). The IBGE said that from 2001 to 2010 the average annual growth in Brazil was 3.6% higher than the previous decade of 2.6%.

Future economic growth:

World Cup football in 2014, the Olympic Games in 2016: few countries to have organized the two largest sporting events in the world in the space of just two years (and the Soccer cup of South America in 2013). Brazil took the challenge. ... There is great synergy between the two events, which creates a virtuous economic circle3.

1 History special issue in July / August 2011. 2http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2011/09/21/les-brics-aux-interets-divergents-ont-peu-de-raisons-d- aider-la-zone-euro_1575352_3234.html 3 Le Monde Mai 2011, http://www.lemonde.fr/sport/article/2011/05/12/coupe-du-monde-20...sil-a-t-il-eu-les- yeux-plus-gros-que-le-ventre_1520731_3242.html In 2017, according to the Government, Brazil should be a historical example of lasting and just transformation4. Consumption

The producers is interested in new markets, such as the BRIC countries, which show a strong increase in imports of wine and are becoming strategic markets. Until then, these emerging markets mattered most secure and recognized values , ie, the wines of the Old World, France and Bordeaux first. In the long term, the situation will change5. The maturing of these markets and the deployment of an effective sales force in these territories will inevitably encourage consumers to test and buy the New World wines6 and as it turned out in all the new wine producing countries, their own production. However, for high levels of taxation and bureaucracy, the Brazilian market is not easy. But the economy has become stronger and the consumer is quick to want to learn and the desire to discover the cultural aspects of wine7.

Consumption per year per capita in liters of wine

France 70 Italie 60 Portugal 50 Espagne 40 Argentine

30 Allemagne

en Litres Uruguay 20 Chili 10 USA

0 Brésil 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Année

Indeed, Brazil is both a producer and consumer of wine. Even though wine consumption per capita is minimal because it is less than 2 liters per year per capita, there are wide disparities in the country (4.8 liters / inhabitants / year in Rio de Janeiro, and is only 0.8 liters in Bahia)8.

The total wine consumption is growing with 340 million liters consumed annually (second largest consumer of wine in Latin America behind Argentina), representing an increase of 36% over the last fifteen years, even though the Brazilian consumption of wine represents only 1.3% of total wine consumption in the world.

4 Le Monde Juin 2011, http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/06/04/le-bresil-lan...-programme-d- eradication-de-la-grande-pauvrete_1531808_3222.html 5 http://www.decanter/news/295035.html 6 Le Monde 4/08/2011 7 Brazil, The next Big Thing, Meininger’s wine business international 2011 8 Étude IBRAVIN 2010 The wine market is currently booming. It represented only 6.1% of alcohol sales in 2005, against more than 20% today9.

Strengths and weaknesses of competing drinks wine in Brazil10:

Beer: Beer remains the alcoholic beverage most consumed in the country (more than 60% of sales). The strength of beer is its affordable price, it is possible to drink a lot, because the alcohol content is low The Brazilian appreciates the purchase of beer because it does not need much knowledge to buy a good beer. He found the organoleptic properties tasty, refreshing, and he likes the color and texture. From a social point of view, the beer is seen as a way to relax after a stressful day, it is usually taken as a group. Associated with the joy it can be drunk at all hours, anywhere without ritual. Beer is for Brazilian a good value "cost benefit".

Cachaça According to a study requested by the IBRAVIN (Brazilian Institute of Wine) cachaça, for brazilian people, has for organoleptic properties tasty with a pleasant smell. Its strength is that it can be combined with other ingredients sodas, lemon ice (to make the caipirinha). In addition, it can be used as medicines, including the respiratory tract (sore throats ...). This is the traditional drink of Brazil and that present in the imagination of tourists as traditional product and / or for export. Its alcohol content allows it to be either a warm drink that be associated with ice, a refreshing drink.

Wine sales channels:

For sales channels, wine (basic, fine wine and sparkling wine) offers financial incentives and images that surpass other alcoholic beverages, which gives to the wine a unique commercial importance. The overall decline in average prices (via the import of wines from Chile and Argentina) has provided access to high quality products to the vast majority of the population, and

9 http://www.vitisphere.com/breve-58287-Concurrence-Les-marches-emergents-attirent-wineries-Nouveau- Monde.htm, 2011 10 D’après l’étude d’Ibravin et Corporacion Vitivinicola Argentina : Estudo do Mercado Brasileiro de Vinhos tranquillos et vinhos espumantes, 2008, www.marketanalysis.com.br has stimulated an emerging culture of wine, both to consumers via the emergence of specific channels and through the specialization of existing channels (though the networks specializing in the sale of fine wines are not yet developed). However, the current volume of wine sales are below expectations for most sales channels, even if they believe in the natural growth of potential consumption, officials of the various channels, expect the growth in consumption. The potential sales volume depends on the lowering of barriers for consumers and suppliers. These barriers can be seasonal consumption, the weakness of the association wine / food, inconsistent quality and irregular product, lack of knowledge, the image of complexity of the product ...

In addition, the current composition of the wine offers (too diverse and fragmented) is in opposition with respect to the degree of knowledge and sophistication of the average Brazilian consumer.

Deal with this analysis we note the difficulty in building sales channels or to communicate a coherent proposal on wine (communication to avoid the stereotypes of the beverage regional, seasonal, occasional or elitist).

Therefore, the idea of the different actors of distribution channels is to make the market more competitive and profitable wine business and hope a more vigorous and a common position more transparent and organized in different markets. Measures taken to encourage consumption should positively affect the sales volume. Today, the profit margin is higher for the wine trade, compared to beer. With the increase in average consumption, the sales volume is expected to grow to the detriment of margin per bottle. The challenge is to win at the scale of production to follow the growth underway.

The consumer:

70% of adults in urban areas (urban the 87% of Brazil's population) consume alcoholic beverages, and by the sparkling wine that much of the traditional non-drinkers is today consuming (though still low-frequency with large spacing between the different drinks)11.

Wine consumption is linked to stages of life cycle consumers. the first phase corresponding to adolescents and youth (15 to 25 years) is the moment of mass consumption, and is the time of initiation to alcohol. The drink is associated with sociability and facility of adaptation to new situations. It is one of the passports for young people feel included, equal to others. This process will fade as the individual grows and passes through a stage of life that requires a more clearly defined responsibilities (career choices, have a family.) Therefore, it appears that three paths are available: The adult who has become "amateur" of wine, the image of his professional success (and financial success) included wine in their daily lives. The adult who has some financial stability consume wine less frequently but at regular intervals.

11 www .ibravin.org.br/cadastroviticola.php ?secao=3&m2=true

And finally, the adult, wine connoisseur, who consume more sporadic due to instability in its purchasing power.

Most wine drinkers are men. For fine wine, they represent 92% of consumption. For sales of , women represent 38% of consumption. In the case of sparkling wines, the situation is reversed; it is women who represent 60% of consumption.

For the the Brazilian’s consumer, the wine is a drink for special moments with a ritual that can highlight what's going on. It's a product for a higher social class (high cost) associated with glamor and refinement. The general idea in Brazil is that wine is difficult to decrypt, (many varieties, brands ...) and requires a lot of knowledge and information, but it's good for health (French Paradox).

The offer: Imports

Brazil exports barely, and imports about 60 million liters per year, or 17% of total consumption (all wine basic and fine wine). France, which traditionally ranks in the premium segment, in recent years has lost market share in favor of New World wines from Chile and Argentina. In 2010, over 100 bottles of still wine consumed in the country, 75.6 were imported, as opposed to sparkling wines or in 100 liters consumed 77.8 liters were produced locally, and only 22.2 liters imported…

In the wine segment, there is an upward trend in imports. In 2010, there were respectively an increase of 26.48% and 26.46% in quantity and value of imports. The average price of imported wines was U $ 3.15 per liter in 201012. (Atuação do Brasil no Vitivinícola Mercado Mundial - panorama 2010)

12 Atuação do Brasil no Mercado Vitivinícola Mundial – panorama 2010

Sale of ine wines in Brazil

100 000

80 000

60 000

40 000 Vins ins importés Vins ins brésilien En miliers de litres 20 000

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Année

Table 2 presents a summary of the fine wine market in Brazil. It was drunk in 2010, taking into account local production and imported nearly 100 million liters. Imports account for 75.26% of wines sold in Brazil. The Brazilian wine well, although it has improved in quality (many international medals) fails to regain its lost market share13.

Local production:

This country is the 16th largest wine producer.

Domestic production is assessed in the areas of production as the southern states ( and ) and Northern (). From a point of view of communication, there are more and more information on improving the quality of domestic wines, and this encourages the consumption of locally produced wines. Over the years, the prices become affordable, yet the prices are still not very competitive compared to imported wines and for wine’s lovers, fine national wines are considered costly. Overall, the Brazilians are exceedingly proud of Brazilian products by appropriating their quality, but from a wine point of view it is not that!

13 Source UVIBRA, IBRAVIN et MDIC The upper classes always choose imported wines, proving bias (considered unfavorable climate) against Brazilian wines and revealing the lack of tradition and in addition, information. Consumption of fine wines in Brazil

Projection:

National level:

The head of Miolo Wine Group, the national wine sector is booming and he designed a good growth in the coming years. It is based on an increase of more than 60% over the past 5 years. In addition, the per capita consumption of less than 2 liters (while consumption is 30 liters in Uruguay, 20 liters in Argentina and Chile) showed a clear growth opportunity in the coming decades. The present dynamics is very favorable for the development of wine market. According to an estimate of Ibravin (the Brazilian Institute of the wine), wine consumption per capita in Brazil to increase from 1.8 liters to 9 liters per capita in 15 years14.

Within the Strategic Agenda "Wine 2010 - 201515" the Ministry of Agriculture has the objective of promoting sustainable development and competitiveness of the agro- industry for the benefit of Brazilian society: To do this he wants the wine industry can act using a regional basis, with the signing of agreements with research institutions and universities It promotes strategies to attract public and private resources available for research, development and innovation (eg search for new varieties on the market) and also find alternatives to products and by-products of wine. These desires involve the creation of state incentives (lower interest rates, easier access to finance ...)

From a general point of view Brazil also wants: Do not allow the creation and registration of new products that can be confused with wine and grape and wine derivatives. Harmonize the law applicable to imported and domestic wines, so that there is more than unfair competition (via a discussion to update the regulation Wine MERCOSUR). Transform the current production areas within the geographical indications in international recognition.

14 http://www.ibravin.org.br/projetos.php 15 Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento Secretaria Executiva Agenda Estratégica Vinho, 2010 – 2015 In addition to the local market wants the Brazilian state: Promote their national products (wine, grape juice and sparkling) Focus on increasing domestic consumption, Educating for responsible drinking Developing wine tourism Follow the model of market expansion U. S. and apply it to Brazil, to promote increased consumption in Brazil. Take measures to assist the implementation of certification for good agricultural practices Take measures to assist the implementation of organic certification Finding ways to reduce financial costs of the industry ...

For the international market:

Wine exports supported by Brazilian Wines of Brasil, grow, and post Vinexpo, the initial findings that consumers are Canada, China and Sweden will be more and more Brazilian wines on their line of large area and that the English will consume more as well as Brazilian wine. And especially as Brazil and China expected to become important players in wine for future decade16.

To do so Wines of Brasil, wants to boost exports by promoting participation in international fairs, wine, support the ongoing activities in promoting international partnerships with the Ministry of Agriculture and Foreign Trade, in order to enhance attributes of the wine: the side social, ecological and historical in Brazil.

Deal with this analysis, the question is not if it is necessary to produce in Brazil, but what kind of wine to produce.

What type of wine to produce?

What is a quality wine for a Brazilian people?

Imported wines is for a Brazilian customer better designed and therefore with a higher price, so for him, a quality wine to be imported. This leads him to say that "The Chilean and Argentinean wines are quality because they are more developed and therefore leaves no hangover" and that "the wine more expensive it is, better it’ll be »

The choice of purchase is often by the price, and you can regularly hear that it is better to pay $ 2.00 more for an than for a wine you do not know the origin or name.

From a sensory point of view, a quality wine is a wine with body (something in the mouth), taste very recognizable, and leaving as a taste of a cigar (rounded) without being too acidic " But for the vast majority of Brazilians they do not differentiate between a table wine

16 The Independant 24 june 2011 (from grapes hybrids or American varieties) and fine wines (only from ) even if in addition the word "fine" , indicates the quality, especially for those who do not know the difference between fine wine and table. Table wines are associated with sweet wines and cheaper while the wines are associated with more sophisticated and therefore more expensive.

The label has an important and shows the sophistication and quality. (It turns out that the color of the label must be sober, with gold writing) the depth of the bottom of a bottle and writing on the bottle is a guarantee of quality.

Most red wines consumed are either dry or sweet. Men are more likely to use dry fine wine and women to consume sweet wine.

What kind of wine?

A sparkling wine:

Indeed, the sparkling wines are recognized Brazil as quality products, produced locally, with good marketing and a history. Always associated with Christmas and New year. Once production was centered around Garibaldi, and the entire region (Rio Grande do Sul) is launched. In 1978, the Brazilian market has met the first sparkling wine produced in its left claw: Garibaldi Moscatel Gaucho: Martini Asti Spumante.

Sparkling wines have become more accessible drink in recent years. This change makes this fizzy drink a "mode" and can be consumed in very many times of the year and not necessarily at major celebrations. However, this will be the wine to be consumed with the rare and festive moments (as opposed to the consumption of still wine). The North American’market, increase this interest in this type of wine17. This type of wine is associated with glamorous in the sense of elegance and refinement18.

Also as shown in the following table, the consumption of sparkling wines is growing:

17 http://www.vitisphere.com/breve-58246-Effervescents-toscan-Ruffino-lance-un--pour-marche- americain.html, juillet 2011 18 Moscatel Vin Mousseux: Trente ans d'histoire au Brésil Alberto Lona Adolfo : http://www.cnpuv.embrapa.br/publica/anais/cbve12/76-79.pdf

For local and international: a typed Brazil wine :

Each country has its typical wine grape, each grape variety 'country of excellence "and the is considered as belonging to Argentina, Uruguay, Pinotage to South Africa, the United States, the Carmenère to Chile ... so it would be good to find a variety of little-known but quality could become the medium to long term type of the Brazilian grape! With the exception of New Zealand and its , it is easier to "create" a the Brazilian red grape.

The idea of developing the table wine (Isabelle and other hybrids ..) could have been interesting, but some European markets (France,.) Prohibits the production and marketing of wine not produced from 100% vitis vinifera.

The consumption of decreases and the consumption of rosé wine is incidental.

Through changes in the Brazilian and global consumption, it is better to search to produce a red winebecause in the Brazilian market the consumption of increases (the notion of French Paradox), via an education that is done through the domination of Argentina and Chile wines (for lack of competitiveness of Brazilian wines).

But the wines are often a reflection of those who produce, which try to produce a red wine in the image of what Brazil, colorful, soft, round, jovial, generous, young and open, which can be associated with barbecues and feijoada ...

This wine might and should be sold for the Brazilian market from 20 to R $ 35 (tax included ex cellar) Which place to choose for the production of this Brazilian wine?

Where produce this wine?

The decision factors of setting up a business that can influence the production site are numerous and many can be considered. Each factor can vary depending on the specificity of the region, Carlos (2000) stresses that the analysis should be made a general statement (macro) to a given situation (micro)

In general factors: • Polarization. • Urbanization. • Strategic implications. • the types of industries. (clean or not)

At the regional level, we have: • Infrastructure. • The available services (water, electricity, fuel). • Communications (roads, telecommunications, post, etc.). • Human resources (population, education, level of expertise). • Market (supplier of raw materials and / or inputs, consumption).

With regard to local factors: • Cost of land (historical value). • Terms of terrain (slope, transport conditions). • Environment (industrial waste, air pollution, noise). • Microclimate (rainfall, temperature, humidity, winds). • Incentives (government)

An orientation towards sustainable viticulture:

Competitiveness of the wine is increasingly linked to the production benefits from the interaction between natural and human factors of the territory.

According to Szekely and Knirsch (2005), sustainability is related to the construction of a society that has a good balance between economic, social and environmental.

Sustainability of the company is generally defined as an entrepreneurial approach that results in the creation of shareholder value over the long term by exploiting opportunities and risk management of the three dimensions of sustainability: economic, social and environmental (LO, 2009).

Companies are challenged to minimize the current operating losses (pollution), moving their portfolio of skills and capabilities to more sustainable technologies, and engage in a broad dialogue interaction with external stakeholders, focusing on the current offer (product liability), and how they could develop economically attractive solutions for social and environmental problems of the future (Hart, Milstein, 2004,. Ness et al, 2007).

Investors are looking for companies with good governance, consumers now questioning the source of products consumed, employees seeking employment in companies with healthy environmental and social responsibilities, and governments and civil society are a increasing pressure for companies to monitor and inform reports using social and environmental performance, so to remedy all this (requirements environmental, social and economic) companies are aligning their activities with the principles of sustainability (Keeble, Topiol, BERKELEY, 2003). According to Epstein and Roy (2001) and Krajnc and Glavic (2005), many companies that previously used only financial indicators to track results of their operations, have started to use sustainable practices because of the requirements of the different agents, such as consumers, suppliers, employees, regulatory agencies, national and international banks, insurance companies, shareholders, professional associations and local communities.

Definition of the OIV19:

Comprehensive approach to system-wide production and processing of grapes, combining both the economic sustainability of the structures and territories, obtaining high quality products, taking into account the requirements of precision viticulture, risk the environment, product safety and consumer health and recovery aspects of heritage, historical, cultural, ecological and landscape.

Although the taste and quality are key factors of wine consumers, the environmental and social aspects are to increase their influence on consumer behavior in the act of purchase. The wine cellars in various parts of the world began to realize the importance attached to environmental factorsbecause well as the wine industry is perceived as being environmentally friendly, there are several environmental problems associated with viticulture and (via the use pesticides and fungicides, the discharge of wastewater (Knowles, Hill, 2001).

Another example, in viticulture, good use of land is essential for the prevention of erosion and conserving soil fertility and to avoid the possibility of contamination of surface water and groundwater by the use of fertilizers. According to the Wine Institute (2010), the potential benefits of adopting sustainable practices in viticulture are primarily economic, and then social and environmental. Economic gains associated with the sustainability of land and long-term business by reducing costs or by improving the quality of wine while preparing for future certification requirements (standards for international trade) . The environmental benefits would good use of land and long-term conservation of natural resources. Adoption of sustainable practices, provide health benefits and social welfare for employees in the wine sector and the surrounding municipalities, while improving relationships with customers, suppliers and / or public institutions.

According to the National Committee of French Foreign Trade Advisors - CNCCEF20 (2009), pressure from consumers and authorities in relation to issues of sustainability will naturally increase, since the standards used are becoming more strict and are

19 Résolution CST 1/2004, Développement de la vitiviniculture durable 20 CNCCEF 2009, http://www.cnccef.org/frontoffice/telechargement/Wine%20in%20the%20world%20a s%20we%20approach%202050_vfinale091026.pdf gradually all adopted (most recently the lighting impacts caused by pesticides to human health and the environment).

The objectives of a sustainable viticulture:

- Produce grapes and wines that match consumer demand; - Protect the health and the safety of consumers, producers and staff associated with the production - Limit the environmental impacts of viticulture and transformation process (promotion of the use of natural regulatory mechanisms). - Promote sustainable viticulture in terms of environmental (maintaining ecosystem biodiversity wine, ecology) and economic (limiting the use of inputs and energy); - Effectively manage waste and effluents; - Preserving and enhancing the vineyard landscapes.

World tour of wine country was moving in a sustainable production process:

The major wine producing countries have embarked on a sustainable viticulture and has been for twenty years. To overlook something that could be considered optional even 5 years ago, now would be a mistake for a commercial point of view. Thus, the examples of a few wine-producing countries, it is easy to understand the evolution of these approaches21.

United States The United States are the leaders in terms of sustainable development is a subject started in a wine region in 1992 (with the same period as the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro). This region Lodi who managed now by creating a book to motivate all California’s22 vineyard to follow the steps in sustainable viticulture. In 2010, the U.S. became the largest consumers23 of wine in the world… and making it in 2012, the leading global consumer of still wine24.

South Africa The strength of South Africa is no wine exported from this country can be if he did not receive the approval of wine from integrated viticulture25. For several years, the plays the card of sustainability with the system IPW26 (Integrated Production System wine). Producers are thus a special place in some markets where the consumer seems more and more sensitive to environmental conservation (Great Britain and the USA in particular). The additional costs are offset by increasing sales. There is evidence that South African

21 http://www.naturavox.fr/alimentation/Le-developpement-durable-comme-nouvel-argument-de-vente-pour-le- vin 22 community sustainability report 2009 23 Wine Institut Mars 2011 24 D’après l’étude de VINEXPO, février 2011,et http://www.vitisphere.com/breve-58353-USA-consommation-vin- continue-progresser.html 25 Wine and Spirit Board, Scheme for Integrated Production of Wine Integrated Production of Wine: Manual for Farms August 2010 26 http://www.ipw.co.za/

wines (and New Zealand also in the process development) gain market share in Britain and the United States. In addition, to South Africa is the first country in terms of Fair Trade wines.

New Zealand NZ is seriously interested in sustainable development, the day when a British journalist published an article explaining that he had to choose French or German wines on the British market in order to reduce carbon27 emissions. It was at that time that NZ has become the first country develop vineyard28 carbon footprints on the wine industry to fight against this image of = wine polluter.

Chile Exporting country par excellence winemaker's paradise: no downy mildew, no powdery mildew, little or no botrytis, no phylloxera ... the land of biodynamic or organic wines (a property of 1000 ha in biodynamics) But they are far from European markets and have undertaken the last 4 years diagnosed with sustainable viticulture they launched in January this year using a process certified.

Therefore, it is evident in the creation of a vineyard or any wine industry to be aware that realize the future international competitors. Also Brazil has many reason to follow these steps, an international perspective as launch a wine on the world market is not always easy, even if Brazil can have a good image, how position themselves to all the new and old wine worlds are making efforts in terms of sustainability?: As a first step to fight against his weaknesses: Amazon Deforestation, children in the fields of sugarcane in São Paulo, the war between armed gangs in the slums and the army, the Belo Monte dam, monoculture (GMOs), floods, landslides, it is good to highlight its strengths: unmatched richness of biodiversity (prohibition of hunting), social laws are stricter than in many European countries, the bio-ethanol, political decision to exclude the country's poverty, only socially stable countries in the BRIC.

In addition, this may enhance the image of the region would take place using this implementation: Strengthening the image of the region and the perception of wine quality, the fact strengthen the vocation of the region to ecological conservation, facilitate the commercialization of wines, serving to reinforce the image of wine in relation to sustainability programs (especially for what is being implemented in Chile);

On the international point of view this would result in a gain competitive market demands by reducing the image of weakness of Brazil in relation to the preservation of the environment.

Once shown the interest to engage in sustainable viticulture, where we do it?

Observing that it is easier to settle in a place with a wine history:

27 http://vin-spirit-ie.blogspot.com/2007/06/achetez-du-vin-franais-ce-sont-les.html 28 http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/nov/02/new-zealand-wine-carbon-footprint Portraits of the major Brazilian’s wine regions :

Seven states in Brazil participate in the production of wine and other derivatives of wine, the Rio Grande Do Sul, Santa Catarina, the state of Sao Paulo, Parana, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco and Bahia. Brazilian viticulture and extends from 31 ° to 9 ° parallel of longitude south.

Vineyards (labrusca, hybrid and vinifera) of the main Brazilian states in hectares % en Etat/Année 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 Pernambuco 6 471 7 137 7 083 7 104 8 801 11% Bahia 3 150 4 096 4 376 3 724 3 273 4% Minas Gerais 930 878 911 854 853 1% Sao Paulo 18 772 11 039 10 717 9 750 9 750 12% Parana 5 657 5 700 5 800 5 800 5 800 7% Santa Catarina 4 986 4 915 4 836 4 937 5 052 6% Rio Grande do Sul 47 584 48 428 49 819 50 415 50 389 60% Brésil 87 550 84 220 83 542 82 584 83 718 100%

Production of grapes (labrusca, hybrid and vinifera) in tonnes. % en Etat/Année 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 Pernambuco 155 783 170 326 162 977 158 515 168 225 13% Bahia 89 738 120 654 97 481 90 508 78 283 6% Minas Gerais 12 318 11 995 13 711 11 773 10 590 1% Sao Paulo 195 357 193 023 192 976 177 934 177 538 14% Parana 95 357 99 180 101 500 102 080 101 900 8% Santa Catarina 47 787 54 554 58 330 67 546 66 214 5% Rio Grande do Sul 623 847 705 228 776 027 737 363 692 692 53% Brésil 1 220 187 1 354 960 1 403 002 1 345 719 1 295 442 100% Source Ibravin

One study showed that during the implementation of a new winery, the winemakers are concerned about the quality of the final product depends on the quality (soil, weather) grapes growing region. Indeed, the need to ensure a high level of quality wines forced the wine industry to expand and seek new qualitative and productive sectors. (Dynamic Positioning of wine production in Rio Grande do Sul and São Francisco Valley, Luciane Schneider Kümmel1 Azanha Marcia Valentine Jours Moraes2 Marques Pedro 2009) Regarding the implementation of a wine business factors taken into account: Niveau du prix du raisin Concernant la matière 1ère Qualité du raisin 2,48 Conditions pédologiques et climatiques Problèmes d'expansion dans d'autres Questions régions 1.82 environnementales Bonnes conditions pour une expansion future Qualité des infrastructures infrastructure 0.86 Disponibilité des services Les coûts du travail Travail Qualité de la main d'œuvre 0.85 Disponibilité et main-d'œuvre Les préférences de l'entrepreneur Les liens familiaux dans la région Les autres facteurs 0.32 autres La proximité des marchés consommateurs Incitations fiscales Etat incitations fiscales 0 Incitations fiscales municipales

Note: 0 = zéro importance, 1 = peu d'importance, 2 = une grande importance, 3 = a été un facteur décisif, 4 = ce facteur a été la cause

I will consider the regions in terms of climate and altitude as well as organoleptic benefits of the wines produced.

Tonietto et al. (2005) have demonstrated the selection of superior varieties for each region based on the sensory expressions of wines from different interactions "cultivar x environment". The typical wines of 13 cultivars is expressed in a particular way in all three study areas in southern Brazil (Vale de los Vinhedos, Campanha, Serra do South East). This can be exploited to enjoy the typical wines and wines of the highest quality on the consumer market. Among white wines, the Campanha has a greater typical variety with the Gewurztraminer ... In the "Serra Gaucha" and the "Serra do South Este", and Semillon are more typical. Among the reds, is more typical in Serra Gaucha and in Serra do South East. The grape wine has the least typical in the three regions29.

Brazil has three main climate wine30.

The subtropical climate may being close to the Mediterranean climate (rainfall that has a maximum in winter and minimum in summer, the coldest month must be less than 15 ° C) but differs in summer precipitation excluding the arid of the season. As lower thermal boundary there are at least 8 months with temperatures above 10 ° C and at least one month with temperatures above 22 ° C (if not, it is called a temperate climate). In the upper limit, these climates are characterized by a temperature of the coldest month below 15 ° C or by at least 7 months of temperatures below 22 ° C (if not, it is called a tropical climate). One of his subdivision would be: the subtropical climate with an actual annual temperature range below 20 ° C. Examples - coastal strip north of Sydney, Australia, Southeast United States, Uruguay, the extreme south of Brazil ...

And a tropical climate characterized by temperatures always above 15 ° C and for at least 6 months above 22 ° C. From the perspective of rainfall, it must have a distribution throughout the year or a distribution such that the summer can not be considered dry (at least 4 months hot and humid).

And finally a semi-arid climate where annual rainfall is between 250 and 400 mm, except for the semi-arid tropical characterized by less than 4 months hot and humid and

29Geographical Indicators for Grapes, J. Tonietto Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation – Embrapa 2008 30 Macroclimats viticoles Mondiaux Tonietto annual rainfall of less than 1000 mm: Examples - Valley of San Francisco in the north- eastern Brazil.

Location of main Vitis vinifera in Brazil31

The climate is important for different parts of the wine world, as it greatly influences the characteristics of the grapes and then wine. Production of wines in the world is on several types of climate.

The Multicriteria Climatic Classification System (Tonietto) was developed to improve the characterization of climate wine growing regions in the world of wine.

Design through its three multi climate indices increased wine means of characterizing the most important climatic factors on the adaptation of grapes on grape quality (sugar, acidity, color, flavor) and the typicity of the wines.

The system can characterize the climate wine growing region and any groups of climate viticulture, as a reference system of viticulture world, with a climate of comparison between the different wine regions.

31 http://www.ibravin.org.br/regioesprodutoras.php

Through this system, (Tonietto) it is possible to determine different climates32 :

Semi-arid climate

Semi-arid with high drought index, thermal index warm to hot, with index freshness of warm nights. Northeast Region of Brazil. Submédio Sao Francisco / Petrolina • 08 º south latitude and altitude close to 350 meters. • The landscape is savannah in the north-east, whose territories include the states of Pernambuco and Bahia, divided by the river San Francisco. • There are 1500 hectares of vinifera grapes available to the industry. • It produces 11 million liters of two wines (sparkling and still) a year. • It is there two major wineries and four small businesses. First the entire vineyard is irrigated, production began there in order to produce table grapes (Italia, Rubi, Benetico, Brasilia ...) In 1980 began the first planting vitis vinifera tank. Currently growth is not to go, despite the efforts of Dao Sul (Business Portugal) and Miolo (creation of sparkling wine from a portion of table grapes). There may be five harvests in two years ....

32 http://www.cnpuv.embrapa.br/tecnologias/ccm/ccm.fr.html

With the development of the production of table grapes from Peru, the region is trying to find new productions. Indeed, until 2005, the global market economy there was a window to sell the production of table grapes: Christmas in Europe. From 2007 to 2010, there were approximately 2000 ha have been uprooted. Competition for table grapes is as strong in Brazil as compared to other country. This is a remote areas consumption and transport of fragile table grapes, is expensive. There may be a future of this region through the production of grape juice from American varieties ("foxy" taste).

Tropical climate:

Tropical climate with drought index: humid, with a thermal index: warm, with an index of freshness of the night: hot.

Nova Mutum: Has 36 hectares of vineyards planted in early Isabel. The disadvantage of two pruning (a lot of rain in the summer flavor dilution ) for one . It is a variety which has less flavor than the variety Concord but produced more (around 30 tonnes per hectare). This production is directed towards the production of juice (pasteurized). However there are also logistical problems, since it is a region far from everything. It is a production from the control of an entrepreneur and research of Embrapa.

Santa Helena de Goias: Located in Parana, everything is irrigated because there is a very dry winter. It is a region in decline through competition that has made cocktails decreasing market table wines (from grapes hybrids or American varieties).

Caldas: In Minas Gerais, production is declining while wine tourism activity (on the road to Ouro Preto) is booming. A researcher comes via the inverse rhythm "saisonier" grapes, to produce quality . One major problem, birds, and the double pruning for a single harvest.

Pirapora: Once location of a cooperative. In 2005 there were 650 ha, and 2010 = 250 ha. The production cost is very high, is gradually wine production is replaced by that of the passion fruit.

Jales: State of Sao Paulo. Instead of an experimental station (for two cycles per year). The force is the proximity of the local market of the city of Sao Paulo. However, the land becoming more expensive, which will bring the wine lands to give way to businesses.

Rolandia: 2000 ha of vineyards in northern Parana. Lot of rain. Association between the production of citrus fruits and grapes (creation of a hybrid grape variety matures at the end of the cycle of citrus).

Sao Roque: the earth will be more and more expensive change is a production of less important but developing a stronger and stronger wine tourism. Buying grapes in other states.

subtropical climate

With drought index: humid, with a thermal index: temperate, and an index of night: temperate / cool: The Planalto Santa Catarina / Sao Joaquim The state of Santa Catarina and vineyards altitude Altitude ranging from 950 meters to 1,300 meters and 27 ° south latitude. The cold and wet weather A dozen small companies of fine wines .. Three main vineyards Sao Joaquim (200 ha) Caçador (50 ha) and Campos Novos (40ha). The state of Santa Catarina is about 4% of the national grape American species (Vitis labrusca L.) and European (Vitis vinifera L.). Late spring frosts and early fall. The rain and cloudy weather during the flowering period can produce a malformation of abortion of flowers and berries. In addition, rain during maturation facilitates damage by attacking clusters by mildew.

Campos de Cima da Serra / Vacaria Belonging to the region north of Rio Grande do Sul • Location: 28 ° south latitude, between 950 and 1050 meters. • The cold and wet weather. • Municipalities are major producers Muitos Capo & Vacaria .. There are about 250 ha of vines.

With drought index: humid, with a thermal index: warm temperate and an index of night: temperate:

Serra Gaucha / Bento Gonçalves • Location: 29 ° south latitude. Between 400 and 700 meters (altitude) • There are about five micro-areas clearly identified, as this region has areas that differ in soil and climate, with the possibility of differentiating the level of characteristics of the grape and the typical characteristics of wines made from different interactions "climate of the vineyard soil X Vale de los Vinhedos (the first region in Brazil to obtain official recognition as a geographical indication, the annual production since 2001: 37 companies, is about 08 million liters ..), Pinto Bandeira, Monte Belo ... • The cold is moderate and the climate is humid. • The largest wine producing region in Brazil. • There are about 150 companies that make wines that are both fine wines and sparkling. • Production: 44 million liters of wine vinifera for an area of 5000 hectares of vines. The "Serra Gaucha" has the ability to produce quality sparkling wines. The physical and chemical characteristics of these wines are due to natural conditions of climate and soil, which determine the degree of maturation of the structure of grape in the region.

Serra do Sudeste-Encruzilhada do Sul • Location: 30 ° south latitude. Between 500 and 600 meters (altitude) • hot and humid weather. • Cities of the main producers are: Pinheiro Machado and Encruzilhada do Sul • 300 hectares of vineyards.

With drought index: sub-humid, with a thermal index: warm temperate and an index of night: hot33 or index night: temperate34.

The Campanha / Bagé The Campanha is the only region of the country with the class of moderate drought index • Location: 31 ° south latitude. Between 100 and 300 meters (altitude) • a temperate climate with dry summers. • Cities of the main producers are: Candiota, Bage, Dom Pedrito and Santana do Livramento. • The second most important wine production region in Brazil In Campanha, quality and typicality appear to be determined by a balance between pH and acidity, more than the sugar content of grapes itself.

Sustainable viticulture must be based on climatic factors to limit the use of pesticides and use water for irrigation (high energy demand) That is why, any use of hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex) should be banned, it naturally excluding the vineyards in the tropical zones. Because so far, it is impossible to produce economically viable grape in tropical or semi-arid whatsoever without the use of hormones for a uniform bud break. Thus the choice of the vineyard must be done under a climate for growing grapes, with marked seasons and cold winters. To this end, the choice of an area (suitable for a sustainable viticulture) is limited to the state of Santa Catarina and the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Two Brazilian states with a strong wine tradition. However, the objective is to achieve a Brazilian red wine and sparkling wine from the sustainable viticulture.

33 Tonietto 2006 34 Milka FERRER BACCINO 2007 Climatic factors for the optimum vine growing.

This analysis is based on meteorological data from 1961 to 199035.

No weather data can be extrapolated, however, we agree in this analysis that the meteorological data collected over almost 40 years reflect an image of reality closer to the truth. We exclude any information about global warming. Selected cities may just serve as a reference. Indeed, it is a meso-climate and is not under any circumstances be used to analyze micro-climate. However, the data show a trend.

The cities references, are : Cities State Latitude Longitude Altitude Bagé RS 31°20'S 54°06'W 242 Bento Gonçalves RS 29°09'S 51°31'W 640 Calçapava do Sul RS 30°31'S 53°29'W 450 Caxias do Sul RS 29°10'S 51°12'W 760 Encruzilhada do Sul RS 30°32'S 52°31'W 428 Itaqui RS 29°07'S 56°32'W 76 Santana do Livramento RS 30°50'S 55°36'W 328 Uruguaiana RS 29°45'S 57°05'W 62 Vacaria RS 28°33'S 50°42'W 955 São Joaquim SC 28°17'S 49°55W 1399

What parameters explain the quality performance of a vineyard? Temperature, sunlight, water? In fact, the yield is mainly related to the regularity of water supply. The radiation affects, in turn, the color and flavor, and finally the temperature can be a limiting factor for quality.

Climate variables referred to by the authors to characterize the vintage in Bordeaux (Ribereau - Gayon et al., 1988 to 2004) are the sum of average temperatures, the number of days with temperatures above 25 ° C, hours insolation and the number of days with rainfall greater than 0.5 mm.

Ribereau - Gayon and Peynaud (1960) show that, for great , it is necessary sums of daily average temperatures from April to September over 3100oC, a number of hot days (air temperature above 30oC ) greater than 15 and a relatively dry from April to September. These authors studied the effect in terms of vintage Bordeaux. They classify the vintage as the sum of temperatures from April to September and the height of the rains. This approach leads them to conclude that these are the years hottest and driest that give the best wines. According to Branas (1974), the influence of the vintage is also highlighted by the time occur rain, drought or heat. Ribereau - Gayon et al. (1975), comparing an exceptional year with a poor vintage, come to determine the climatic conditions of each. The conditions seem to characterize the very good years were: monthly temperatures almost always greater than or equal to the average, lower rainfall than normal, and especially the month preceding the harvest have to be hot. The called bad year was still in deficit in terms of temperature, while the months

35 NORMAIS CLIMATOLOGICAS DO BRASIL (1961-1990) Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia Brasilia - 1992 preceding the harvest was wet to excess. The climatic conditions of month of flowering determines the yield, while the climate in August (Northern Hemisphere) provide conditions for maturation. In Gironde, Lafforgue, 1954, in Ribereau - Gayon et al. (1975), after analyzing 150 vintages, concludes that the good years are often years of good production. Climatic conditions favorable to the abundance of the crop are favorable to quality. But in poor years, a strong production brings a significant drop in quality.

Seguin (1971) notes that the global importance of different climate elements does not mean much, but that what matters above all is the regularity of their distribution. Thus, a prolonged drought followed by heavy rainfall or alternating hot and cold periods do not perform as well as the same amount of these elements distributed on a regular basis. The author notes that elements of the environment contributing to the temperature control and water supply of the vine allow for greater consistency in the maturation of the grapes. The best vintages are obtained with hot and dry summers. Bertaud et al. (1987) found that, for the bad years, the to maturation period - always knows conditions cooler and wetter, while for the exceptional years, this period is much warmer and drier than normal. The authors conclude that the best vintage is associated with relatively early phenological phases and sometimes short-term, favored by relatively high temperatures during flowering and veraison and low rainfall during ripening of the grapes. The importance of climatic conditions of the veraison - maturation period is obvious because in this phase, changes in acidity is dependent on both temperature and precipitation. However, the sugar content seems fairly independent of climatic influence and only the role of rainfall should be mentioned. The mass of the berries is not significantly correlated with climatic criteria. For its part, Fregoni (1999) reports that in northern Italy, as in Bordeaux, for a wide range of years studied, the best vintages are those without rain pre-harvest and with average summer temperature. In South Africa, Villiers (1997) states that the important factors for the vintage are cumulative temperature degree days and average maximum temperature of hottest month, February. Values considered by the author as necessary to obtain high quality wines are an index Winkler below 1389oC x days and an average temperature of February between 21 and 22.9 oC. According to Failla et al. (2001), the annual variability in profiles of maturation of the grape is mainly due to the interaction between hours of sunshine and heat sum. (Milka Baccino Ferrer 2007).

Brazilian information:

September: Budbreak October: Flowering December / January: Véraison February / March: harvest

To achieve a quality red wine, temperature is one of the factors most important:

Temperatures

Carbonneau (1992) highlighted the vintage effect on the qualitative composition of the wine in relation to the thermal parameters and water. In the area of Bordeaux, the studies of Jones and Davis (2000) on the relationship between climate and the growth and composition of the berries, production and quality, show that there is an influence of the cycle time, these authors conclude that the best vintage is associated with phenological phases that occur early in the season and are of short duration, with relatively high temperatures during flowering - veraison and low rainfall during ripening of the grapes. Morlat et al. (1997) note that the land known as premature (early phases and shorter) are less influenced by the vintage. These authors have developed an Index Maturity in relation to temperature, to characterize the .

Break dormancy: We must sum hours in winter with temperatures below 7 ° C.

The lack of cold winter on the vine produces effects such as the delay in the buds and shoots decreased, which requires the use of plant growth regulators to break dormancy.

Average winter temperature minimum of 39 years: Mai Juin Juil Aout Bage RS 11,0 8,7 8,8 9,1 Bento Gonçalves RS 10,6 8,9 8,8 9,1 Caçapava do Sui RS 11,1 8,9 8,6 8,6 Caxias do Sui RS 10,6 8,8 8,7 9,2 Encruzilhada do Sui RS 11,6 8,9 8,9 9,3 ltaqui RS 12,3 9,9 10,0 10,6 Santana do Livramen RS 10,3 7,8 8,0 8,9 Uruguaiana RS 12,3 9,6 10,0 9,9 Vacaria RS 7,7 6,3 6,4 7,1

Warm weather during the veraison: Growth, but also the quality of the wine can be correlated directly to the temperature; An American team showed a quadratic relationship between the average temperature of vine growth and wine quality product (modeled by the ranking recognized internationally Sotheby's ). There is a positive correlation to a certain threshold not reached for the majority of wines. Coombe (1987) and Jackson and Lombard (1993) drew attention to the importance of thermal regime during the ripening of the grapes on the color, rich in aromas, anthocyanins and polyphenols.

Rating wine based on the growth temperature of the vines for red Bordeaux (Jones, 2003)

During periods of veraison average of temperatures from 39 years: Dec Janv Fev Moyenne Bage RS 22,8 23,9 23,3 23,3 Bento Gonyalves RS 20,8 21,7 21,8 21,4 Calçapava do Sul RS 21,2 22,1 22,0 21,8 Caxias do Sui RS 19,6 20,6 20,6 20,3 Encruzilhada do RS 21,0 22,0 21,8 21,6 Santana do Livra RS 22,4 23,8 23,0 23,1 Uruguaiana RS 24,7 25,9 25,1 25,2 Sao Joaquim SC 16,0 16,8 17,1 16,6 Vacaria RS 18,6 19,4 19,7 19,2

Interesting point: the harvest begins 10 to 15 days in advance to Santana do Livramento from Bage, for the same grape variety.

High thermal amplitudes in order to promote the creation of anthocyanins during the veraison:

Carbonneau (1996) and Tonietto and Carbonneau (2002) characterize the thermal climate wine world including the cool nights and temperature range. They conclude that the index Hüglin, the cool nights during veraison - harvest and maximum temperatures of maturation give a good estimate of the thermal regime for the period of maturation of the grapes.

On the other hand, too high temperatures at night causing disturbance in the polyphenols synthesis.

Dec Janv Fev Mars Moyenne max min max min max min max min amplitude Bage RS 29,3 17,0 30,5 18,3 29,6 18,2 27,6 16,6 11,7 Bento Gongalve RS 26,9 16,0 27,7 17,2 27,6 17,4 26,0 16,1 10,4 Cagapava do Sui RS 27,7 15,4 28,5 16,7 28,1 17,1 25,7 15,7 11,3 Caxias do Sui RS 25,7 15,4 26,6 16,7 26,4 17,0 24,6 15,7 9,6 Encruzilhada do RS 27,3 16,1 28,3 17,8 27,8 17,8 26,2 16,8 10,3 Itaqui RS 31,9 19,3 32,5 20,2 31,7 20,2 29,7 18,6 11,9 Santana do Livr RS 28,4 16,2 30,1 17,5 29,3 17,4 27,0 15,6 12,0 Uruguaiana RS 31,1 18,6 32,1 20,1 31,3 19,6 29,2 18,0 11,9 Vacaria RS 25,0 13,5 26,1 14,5 26,1 15,1 24,3 13,7 11,2

Temperatures not exceeding 35 ° C.

Day, exceeding the threshold of 35 ° C in full sun induced damage to the leaves most exposed, so just the most photosynthetic (this is called shrivelling), then they dry and fall off early, slowing food the berries.

Maximum temperatures allow us to understand the dangerous periods in relation to heat waves.

Janvier Fevrier Mars Année C° Année C° Année C° Bage RS 1964 39,2 1965 38,9 1968 38,4 Bento Gonçalves RS 1963 35 1971 35 1978 35 Caçapava do Sui RS 1963 37,4 1963 39,5 1968 35,3 Caxias do Sui RS 1963 34,6 1965 33,6 1978 32,3 Encruzilhada do S RS 1963 36 1968 35,2 1970 35,1 Itaqui RS 1964 39,9 1962 39,5 1963 38,2 Santana do Livram RS 1963 40,5 1965 39 1968 37,7 Uruguaiana RS 1963 40,8 1975 39,6 1963 38,2 Vacaria RS 1963 34,1 1965 32,4 1966 31,1 Sao Joaquim SC 1963 30,6 1973 30,1 1970 28

Sunshine hours

These allow the proper functioning of the creation of the basic elements for grapes for wine: Solar radiation in its visible part (red and blue) represents the energy source of photosynthesis. The part notvisible solar radiation consists of waves such as ultraviolet (UV), endowed with a significant mutagenic effect on plants, they stimulate their defense mechanisms through activation of genes and accumulation of flavonoids and of anthocyanins. These compounds have antioxidant function to absorb excess radiation, but involved an important part in the final aroma of the wine astringency, roundness, etc.. Changes of incident radiation will therefore have significant effects on the composition of the wines. On the other hand, sunlight promotes the formation of wax, protective layer of the sheet, thus ensuring a better disease resistance.

The nebulosity index based on 12-hour = noon, midnight = 24 (close to 0 the lower the cloud, 1 being the complete obscuration of the sky): Dec Jan Fev Mars Moyenne Moyen 12 18 24 12 18 24 12 18 24 12 18 24 à 12H à 18H Bage RS 0,4 0,4 0,5 0,4 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,3 0,5 0,6 0,4 0,5 Bento Gonçalves RS 0,4 0,5 0,4 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,5 0,5 Caçapava do Sui RS 0,3 0,2 0,4 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,3 Caxias do Sui RS 0,5 0,7 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,5 0,6 0,7 Encruzilhada do RS 0,5 0,6 0,3 0,5 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,3 0,5 0,6 Itaqui RS 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,4 0,3 0,3 Santana do Livra RS 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 Uruguaiana RS 0,5 0,6 0,3 0,5 0,6 0,4 0,4 0,6 0,4 0,4 0,6 0,3 0,5 0,6 Vacaria RS 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6

Summary of sunshine hours in 39 years: Janv Fev Mars Avril Mai Juin Juil Aout Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Bage RS 242 198 195 168 162 116 138 135 149 202 221 257 2182 Caxias do Sui RS 208 186 184 185 166 147 154 142 142 181 200 212 2106 Encruzilhada do S RS 233 196 192 174 167 143 158 156 153 189 223 249 2230 Uruguaiana RS 276 238 229 211 187 141 163 181 186 243 266 291 2610

Rainfall:

Water requirements vary greatly from one plant to another. Those of the vine, however, are quite limited in comparison with other crops such as wheat, corn, or even fruit crops. A slight moisture deficit is necessary for correct maturation of the grapes, thus allowing the concentration of sugars and balanced sugar / acidity. We can therefore speak of a threshold effect, excessive dryness is inversely very bad for the grapes. What time the vine is it the most sensitive to drought? When drought occurs before veraison ( to maturation), it has significant effects on the growth of the vine. If, however, it takes place during ripening, it decreases the total duration of a few days and influences the storage of sugars: a lack of water will result in excessive slowing of storage, due to competition between vegetative growth and maturation of the grapes.

The profile of rain fall during the year is crucial to characterize the year. Its effect is significant in yield and on the concentration of sugars and acids (Rodriguez et al. 2002; Persuric et al. 2003; Van Leeuwen et al. 2004; Payan, 2005) and even on the total contents of phenolics and anthocyanins (Puech et al. 2002; Van Leeuwen et al., 2004). Carbonneau (2003) schematic, depending on of the water the "quality" of the harvest. The highest quality is obtained in the absence of water stress during flowering - fruit set and a moderate water stress in the late veraison to maturation. Williams (1996) and Williams et al. (2002) note that the soil water is related to the hydration of the plant and therefore the potential measured by leaf. The water status of the plant has an influence on the yield and composition of berries and, for this author, the soil texture is the predominant factor in determining the water status of the plant (we discuss this point in the second part of this project).

Payan (2005) states that a non-limiting water regime leads to high yields associated with a high acidity. For cons, the dry diet results in a wealth of high sugar musts, to the detriment of the weight of berries. The contributions of excess water during the ripening cause a drop in the quality of the grapes. This is due to slow maturation process accompanied by a reduction in sugar content, a higher acidity and a delay in the accumulation of anthocyanins (Zamboni et al. 1987; Mathews, et al 1988). Cabernet Sauvignon on the very wet years cause a delay of maturity and a decrease in phenolic content (Moretti et al., 2005). According to Barbeau et al. (2005), the delay maturity is related to the acidity of the grapes.

Research by Barbeau et al. (2003) on the behavior of four red grape of the during the period 1988-1998 show a strong dependence on weather conditions. The vintage effect explained to yield, sugar content, total acidity and malic acid content, mainly the temperature of the flowering period - veraison and rainfall for the entire growing season. According to Wood (2002 and 2004), working on the temporal variability mesoclimate in Gironde, all indices reflecting the water regime of the vine are generally correlated for each phenological periods from flowering to maturity.

The results of principal component analysis (PCA) provide a characterization of synthetic vintages. The first two components are used to characterize the years by a factor of water supply (water deficit, 32% of variance explained) and speed of development (early maturity, 25% of variance explained).

Where a search of rainfall to water stress.

Wine quality according to the degree water stress

Monthly precipitation accumulated 39 years (mm). Dec Janv Fev Mars Moyenne Bage RS 99 108 114 106 107 Bento Gonçalves RS 146 144 133 137 140 Caçapava do Sui RS 135 138 111 175 140 Caxias do Sui RS 168 164 147 161 160 Encruzilhada do RS 93 126 137 128 121 Itaqui RS 107 115 144 187 138 Uruguaiana RS 140 160 186 194 170 Vacaria RS 138 121 127 129 Sao Joaquim SC 119 172 163 147 150

Average monthly and annual water surplus or deficit for the climate state of Rio Grande Do Sul in mm .36. Janv Fev Mars Avril Mai Juin Juil Aout Sept Oct Nov Dec Déficit Excédent Bage RS -4 0 16 41 99 112 89 105 105 65 23 -1 5 611 Bento Gonca RS 30 40 36 50 63 125 128 127 139 91 58 41 0 928 Caixas do Sul RS 43 58 118 73 65 121 120 141 158 111 62 72 0 1142 Encruzilhada RS 0 28 35 34 68 120 127 118 98 65 35 -1 1 727

Dec Janv Fev Mars Déficit Excédent Bage RS -1 -4 0 16 5 16 Bento Goncal RS 41 30 40 36 0 147 Caixas do Sul RS 72 43 58 118 0 291 Encruzilhada RS -1 0 28 35 1 63

After searching the place for the production of quality red wine, it is important to consider the environmental aspect and the fight against the major fungal disease: mildew.

Other problems wine can be managed by the weather:

Fight against mildew:

Brazil is an important issue related to humidity: fungal diseases. About treatment can be as many as 33 per year in the wettest places!

It is to fight against the effects of moisture on wine production as the first Italian settlers adopted varieties resistant or tolerant to downy mildew. Indeed, late blight is the recurring problem for the entire Brazilian viticulture (with the exception of the states of North-East). In the idea of producing a fine wine, it is not possible to implement hybrid grapes.

To fight against mildew viticulture Brazilian plant uses all the options, Bordeaux mixture, and other fungicide. In the "Serra Gaucha", the use of copper as a fungicide has important implications in terms of soil management.

The vines are submitted annually to copper fungicide applications for control of fungal diseases. This practice increases the copper content in the soil, causing toxicity to plants and increases the likelihood of transfer to surface water sources.

A study was designed to assess levels of copper in soils planted with vines. This study is supported on 64 samples of soil planted with vines in the region of the Serra Gaucha

36 http://www.bdclima.cnpm.embrapa.br/resultados/index.php?UF=rs (Rio Grande do Sul) taken within 20 cm of soil. The data show that the copper extracted by HCl 0.1 mol L-1 in soil under vines ranged from 7.30 to 900 mg kg-1. These values cause the toxicity of vines and plants that live together can increase the amount of cupric transferred to water sources.

Assessing levels of copper in soils planted with vines in the Sierra Gaucha in Rio Grande do Sul (Brunetto Gustavo, George Wellington Melo Bastos, John Kaminski, Carlos Alberto Ceretta)

Another study shows that in the soil and végétative cycles, the dry mass and leaf area were negatively affected by the increase in copper concentration in the soil. Assessment of vine growth in two soils with different levels of copper (George Wellington Melo, Alex Basso; Graciane Furini; Bortoli Ligia; Ferronato Lorenza, Gustavo Brunetto)

The results show that the cultivation of vines for 40 years has changed the soil chemical properties, since increased pH values in H 2 O, the exchangeable calcium and magnesium, phosphorus and copper, and a decrease in the availability of potassium and content of soil organic matter. Attributes of a chemical estimated Udorthent cultivated with vines in the Sierra Gaucha in Rio Grande Do Sul Gustavo Brunetto1; Diovan Moterle2 Freire; Rheinheimer3 Danilo dos Santos, Carlos Alberto Casali2; Kaminski3 John, George Wellington Melo4 Bastos, Edson Campanhola Bortoluzzi5

The results showed the production of root biomass crop has decreased linearly with the dose of copper. Influence of copper content in the soil on the root system of the vine Alex Basso1; Graciane Furini1; Bortoli2 Ligia; Lopes3 Aleandro; Brunetto4 Gustavo, George Wellington Melo5

Now copper is one of the few sources in the current state of knowledge has to be allowed in organic viticulture.

Where a search of a dry climate during the growing cycle of the vine.

Mildew develops through in moisture and air temperature between 18 and 22 ° C (given that infections can occur at temperatures between 6 and 25 ° C). However, the temperature is necessary for the proper ripening of the grapes. Therefore we will first of all, the data on the relative humidity of the air. Because sporulation requires high humidity, with 98% humidity and a temperature of 25 ° C, sporulation requires 10 hours, 12 hours at 20 ° C and 20 hours at 13 ° C. A relative humidity below 70%, there is no sporulation.

The most important period in the fight against mildew is in bloom. Indeed, this fungal disease can partially or completely destroy the inflorescences and young leaves leading to early defoliation detrimental to the quality of the harvest.

The air humidity compensated (in%):

Sept Oct Nov Dec Janv Fev Mars Moyenne Bage RS 73,0 69,0 65,0 62,0 63,0 67,0 70,0 67,0 Bento RS 75,7 73,9 72,6 71,9 74,5 76,7 78,5 74,8 Calçapava do Sul RS 81,4 77,5 75,0 71,5 73,8 76,6 79,3 76,4 Caxias do Sul RS 77,0 78,0 75,0 76,0 77,0 79,0 82,0 77,7 Encruzilhada do RS 77,0 74,0 71,0 87,0 72,0 76,0 77,0 76,3 ltaqui RS 72,4 68,8 68,2 67,5 70,0 72,2 72,8 70,3 Santana Livrame RS 72,8 69,5 67,0 64,7 63,8 68,2 71,7 68,2 Uruguaiana RS 71,0 67,6 64,7 63,4 65,0 68,6 70,9 67,3 Vacaria RS 79,0 78,0 76,0 76,2 75,6 78,7 79,6 77,6

However, it is important to know the wettest periods (at 12H, 18H or midnight)

(about another a fungal wine disease: the botrytis: the latest treatments that can only be applied at least 1 month before harvest) wet periods are taken into consideration.

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Fev Mars 12 18 24 12 18 24 12 18 24 12 18 24 12 18 24 12 18 24 12 18 24 Bage RS 88 73 86 86 71 85 82 68 81 80 65 78 82 66 79 84 68 81 87 69 82 Bento Gonçal RS 81 63 79 78 61 78 76 59 78 76 59 76 78 62 80 81 64 81 83 66 83 Caçapava do S RS 86 72 85 81 66 82 79 64 80 76 60 77 80 61 77 83 64 80 86 67 82 Caxias do Sul RS 90 78 89 88 77 89 86 75 88 85 73 87 87 75 88 89 77 90 91 78 91 Encruzilhada RS 89 77 89 87 75 89 84 71 86 81 68 84 84 70 87 87 72 88 89 74 89 Itaqui RS 77 64 75 74 60 70 72 60 71 71 59 70 73 61 73 77 61 75 78 62 74 Santana do Liv RS 82 60 75 77 57 72 74 55 69 73 54 66 74 52 64 79 56 68 83 58 75 Uruguaiana RS 79 58 73 74 56 70 71 53 70 70 52 67 72 54 67 76 57 71 78 59 73 Vacaria RS 84 61 84 81 62 85 78 59 84 78 60 83 78 57 84 82 61 86 85 60 87

The rains have a dual effect by allowing the spread of mildew spread through the dispersion of its spores, and to the extent when it rains or fungal products (not systemic) are leached and can not remain on the leaves, mildew colonizes . It is therefore important to know the rhythms of precipitation: Where the rains are less frequent during the stages of flowering to harvest dates (less processing)

The number of raining days :

Number of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 1 mm in days: Sept Oct Nov Dec Janv Fev Mars Total Bage RS 8 7 7 6 7 7 8 50 Bento RS 11 10 9 10 11 10 10 71 Calçapava do Sul RS 10 8 8 7 9 7 8 57 Caxias do Sul RS 12 11 10 10 13 11 10 77 Encruzilhada do 8 8 7 7 10 8 9 57 Sul RS ltaqui RS 7 6 6 6 6 6 7 44 Santana do 9 7 7 7 7 6 8 51 Livramen RS Uruguaiana RS 7 8 7 7 7 7 8 51 Vacaria RS 10 10 8 9 12 9 10 68 Sao Joaquim SC 11 10 10 10 13 12 12 78

The important period is the flowering, October:

The table below shows the periods without rain (period 3, 5 or 10 days without rain) per month over a period of 39 years:

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Fev Mars 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 3 j 5 j 3 j 5 j 3 j 5 j 3 j 5 j 3 j 5 j 3 j 5 j 3 j 5 j j j j j j j j Bage RS 2,9 1,8 0,5 3,5 2,1 0,5 3,0 1,9 0,7 2,7 2,1 0,8 3,1 1,9 0,7 2,8 1,9 0,4 3,4 1,5 0,6 Bento Gonça RS 2,8 1,7 0,2 3,4 1,6 0,2 2,7 1,5 0,6 3,1 1,6 0,3 3,1 1,3 0,2 2,3 1,2 0,4 3,2 1,6 0,2 Caçapava do RS 3,2 1,6 0,4 2,8 1,9 0,5 2,9 1,7 2,8 2,0 0,6 2,9 1,5 0,6 2,3 1,5 0,5 3,6 2,0 0,4 Caxias do Sui RS 2,9 1,7 0,1 3,1 1,8 0,1 2,8 1,6 0,4 3,2 1,7 0,1 2,8 1,3 0,1 2,3 1,3 0,2 3,2 1,7 0,2 Encruzilhada RS 3,3 2,0 0,3 3,5 2,1 0,4 2,9 2,0 0,7 3,1 1,8 0,5 3,2 1,4 0,3 2,5 1,4 0,5 3,4 1,9 0,4 Itaqui RS 3,5 2,4 0,5 2,9 1,9 0,7 3,2 2,2 0,9 3,1 2,0 0,9 2,9 1,8 0,7 2,6 1,7 0,6 2,9 2,0 0,7 Uruguaiana RS 3,1 2,1 0,5 3,1 1,7 0,7 3,7 2,0 0,5 3,0 2,1 0,9 3,1 1,7 0,5 2,9 1,7 0,5 3,3 1,8 0,6 Vacaria RS 2,7 1,6 0,3 3,3 1,5 0,2 3,0 1,6 0,3 3,2 1,5 0,3 3,1 1,5 0,0 2,3 1,6 0,2 Sao Joaquim SC 2,7 1,8 0,4 3,6 1,5 0,2 3,0 1,7 0,3 2,9 1,5 0,3 2,8 1,2 0,0 2,3 1,0 0,2 2,8 1,3 0,3

Wind:

The wind can dry the leaves and is a major factor in limiting the moisture in the air. Good ventilation of the canopy is an effective means of control against fungal diseases.

Intensity of wind m/s-1 Oct Nov Dec Janv Fev Mars Moyenne Bage RS 3,08 3,11 2,92 3,00 2,89 2,40 2,90 Bento Gonyalv RS 1,79 1,72 1,64 1,54 1,45 1,44 1,64 Caçapava do Su RS 2,97 2,89 2,73 2,66 2,60 2,68 2,82 Caxias do Sui RS 2,72 2,66 2,59 2,73 2,60 2,41 2,66 Encruzilhada d RS 2,28 2,24 2,11 2,11 2,03 1,90 2,13 Itaqui RS 2,26 2,14 2,12 2,13 2,02 2,06 2,13 Santana do Liv RS 2,40 2,30 2,09 1,97 1,98 1,90 2,13 Uruguaiana RS 3,01 2,73 2,53 2,42 2,30 2,26 2,60 Vacaria RS 2,42 2,17 2,21 2,09 2,04 2,05 2,20

The impact of other diseases through good control of meteorological data, can be minimized.

Fight against anthracnose :

This is the case of anthracnose (Elsinoe ampelina). The control means is to avoid planting vines in low lying wet areas and on land exposed to cold winds. To fight against this disease are advised to seek areas of good exposure and well drained soil. This disease is mostly annoying since bud break until the pre- veraison. In southern Brazil the cold winds coming from the south.

Table of pre-dominant directions depending on the month: Sept Oct Nov Dec Bage RS indef indef indef indef Bento Gonyalves RS NE SE NE NE Caçapava do Sui RS E E E E Caxias do Sui RS N indef indef indef Encruzilhada do Sui RS SE SE SE SE Itaqui RS S S E E Santana do Livram RS S S S S Uruguaiana RS NE NE SE NE Vacaria RS N N N N Sao Joaquim SC N N N N Following these observations the place of planting a vineyard sustainable should be positioned in the southern Rio Grande do Sul. Either within the region named Campanha.

Fight against frost: Spring frost, feared by growers can be frequent between late August and early cotobre destroys grape buds and promotes, through injuries on the leaves and clusters, disease outbreaks. There is therefore a direct and indirect effect on yield reduction.

Minimum temperatures from 39 years.

Août Sep Oct Nov Année C° Année C° Année C° Année C° Bage RS 1963 -0,8 1974 0,1 1972 1 1970 4,8 Bento Gonçalves RS 1970 -3 1964 -1,6 1962 2,8 1970 5 Caçapava do Sul RS 1963 -1,7 1964 -0,5 1962 0,4 1962 4,2 Caxias do Sul RS 1963 -2,3 1964 -1,6 1979 0,1 1970 3,9 Encruzilhada do Sul RS 1974 0,1 1966 0,9 1971 1,9 1974 4,8 Itaqui RS 1972 0,2 1973 2,2 1971 4 1970 6,1 Santana do Livramen RS 1978 -0,8 1977 1,2 1965 2,5 1964 5,6 Uruguaiana RS 1963 -1,2 1974 1 1971 3,3 1970 6,6 Vacaria RS 1966 -5,6 1964 -5,1 1964 -0,5 1964 2,4 Sao Joaquim SC 1963 -8,2 1964 -7,5 1969 -2,4 1970 0,3

Struggles against wind breaks during the budbreak: Wind intensity during the first months of buds: Sept Oct Nov Bage RS 2,87 3,08 3,11 Bento Gonyalves RS 1,92 1,79 1,72 Caçapava do Sui RS 3,21 2,97 2,89 Caxias do Sui RS 2,91 2,72 2,66 Encruzilhada do 2,27 2,28 2,24 Sui RS Itaqui RS 2,21 2,26 2,14 Santana do 2,24 2,40 2,30 Livramen RS Uruguaiana RS 2,94 3,01 2,73 Vacaria RS 2,41 2,42 2,17

Following these objective observations, the place of planting a vineyard sustainable should be positioned in the southern Rio Grande do Sul. Either within the region named Campanha. The Campanha:

Thus we can define the Campanha by its specific Climate low humidity, plenty of sunshine and therefore a high summer insolation and good temperatures and low rainfall during the period of to maturation promoting photosynthesis, resulting in an increase in sugar content berries.

It is formed by a gently rolling terrain, occupied by grazing cattle ranching, and low- lying areas characterized by wetlands often used for rice production. In southern Brazil, the pampas ecosystem represents an area of 157,000 km2, relatively homogeneous ecological and agricultural terms. It is an area border and it is 1,068.4 km from the Brazilian state and Uruguay.

Description of Campanha

His story:

The current configuration of political boundaries of the state emerged from battles and negotiations between the Kingdom of Castile and Lusitano (Portugal and Spain), mainly in the period between 1750 and 1870. Thus, this region has marked the history of Brazil, for it was a strategic issue of the Portuguese kingdom to control access to the Atlantic Ocean, the Rio de la Plata (now his mouth is the boundary between Uruguay and the Argentina) ..

The southern border of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) was formed by the company of farmers, farm workers and slaves. It was a region of production of dried meat, leather and wool, and this in large farms (with fazenderos responsible for protecting their land against the Spanish state neighbors). The interest in ranching fact that due to periods of unrest (incursions of the Spanish armies) it was easier to save his cattle than any perennial plantations ...

The process of colonization of the Campanha was characterized by territorial disputes between the Portuguese and Spanish during the eighteenth and nineteenth century, it gave an ethnic interbreeding between Castilian and Portuguese would have given a new social type the "Gaucho" (which is the founding myth of the identity of the RS). According to (Heidrich, 2000). The "gaucho" is identified with the border region, pastoralism and large ranches. For Zanirato and Schwanz (2010) the words "pampas" and "Gaucho" shows unit, a process that started with the settlement of the region. its economy

The traditional agriculture and agrifood (cattle and sheep, rice,) This region is marked by natural elements such as Pampa (important attraction of the gaucho culture).

The Campanha is composed of municipalities Aceguá, Bage, Caçapava do Sul, Candiota, Dom Pedrito, Hulha Lavras do Sul and Negra, and Fronteira Oeste, Alegrete, Barra do Quar, Itacurubi, Itaqui, Maçambará, Manoel Viana, forty, do Rosário Sul, Santa Margarida do Sul, Santana do Livramento, São Borja, São Gabriel and Uruguaiana

Campanha includes micro-regions:, Southern Campanha bounded by Aceguá, Bage, Dom Pedrito, Hulha Negra and Lavras do Sul; Central Campanha with the municipalities of Rosario do Sul, Santa Margarida do Sul, Santana do Livramento and St. Gabriel.

Western Campanha, with municipalities Alegrete, Barra do Quar, Garruchos, Itaqui, Maçambara, Manoel Viana, forty, São Borja, São Francisco de Assis and Uruguaiana ..

National Policy for Regional Development Agricultural (ADRP), defined by the Ministry of National Integration, identifies the southern half of Rio Grande do Sul as a region in economic stagnation. This region is considered to have many problems of social and economic development. It shows for decades a set of socio-economic problems related in particular to the high concentration of land and very low economic diversification.

The region is engaged in a process of decline (since the mid-nineteenth century) which contrasts with other regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (state considered the most developed of Brazil), known for their dynamism, even with nearby areas in terms of agro-climatic characteristics same as Uruguay and Argentina (now united through the Mercosur customs union) The existence of these regional differences is strongly linked to the crisis in the productive sectors of the traditional farming and rice (particularly related to macroeconomic policies, open markets through which farmers exposed to competition from the Uruguay and Argentina).

The ADRP hope that the region diversifies its production, and for that, defined as major development projects: afforestation and reforestation, fruit growing, crafts, milk production, the furniture industry, agro-ecological network seed and the establishment of a Centre for Viticulture (Brazil, 2007). The program entitled "Itinerary 2015: a development plan for the state," proposes a plan to guide state actions in the pursuit of growth and reduce regional inequalities, highlighting the strategies, it should be implemented in the coming years.

Its geographical indication:

The area holds one of seven geographical indications Brazil: IGP Meat "Gaucha":

This area of Geographical Indication is 1,293,479.04 hectares, fully inserted into the ecosystem BioPampa. The meat of the IG, is produced exclusively from native pasture or improved naturally. The races can benefit from this IG must come from cows Hereford and Angus, raised in extensive mode. She settled on 11 municipalities: Herval, Pinheiro Machado, Pedras Altas, Candiota, Hulha Negra, Bage, Aceguá, Dom Pedrito, Santana do Livramento, Lavras do Sul e São Gabriel The GI can enhance the image of the Pampas Gaucha as place of production of quality meat.

In contemporary societies, markets have begun to appreciate greatly the supply of differentiated products. Geographical indications (GIs) are a way to create the recognition, protection and disclosure of the identity of the area and local conditions. The potential of the strategy of geographical indications, aims to Campanha, territorial development by making available most of the peasant families of the indication and to preserve and conserve biodiversity (conservation of native grasslands, conservation of migratory birds ) The Geographical Indication promotes the promotion of regional identity in the local community, and reinforces the feeling of that community, promotes confidence of the players in the economic values of the local culture and acts positively on all of the territory's economy.

However, the IG 'can promote regional development if there is no organization of producers, or if there asymmetries in the distribution of income and value added along the production chain.

The Campanha’s wine:

Advantage in image terms :

La Campanha part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul which is the largest wine producing state in Brazil, with an annual harvest of between 500 and 600 million tonnes, representing 90% of national production of wines and grape juice.

While production of Rio Grande do Sul is concentrated around the "Serra Gaucha", it is developed into new production regions, located mainly in the southern half. Currently, Campanha represents 13% of the total production of grapes of Rio Grande do Sul (Wine Cadastre, 2008), and in fact became one of the main producing regions of RS as can the "Serra Gaucha", "Campos de Cima da Serra, "and the" Serra do Sudeste "(FALCADE, 2007).

Campanha currently is the only place of production of wine (a Semillon, Gewurztraminer and a Cabernet) certified organic (near Santana do Livramento) on the border with Uruguay. From the point of view of location this area is at the 31 ° parallel, as many areas of production of the New World: Chile, Argentina, South Africa and Australia, which occur at this latitude excellent wines.

Area of wine production in the Rio Grande Do Sul:

Campanha wine figures:

• Zone included (10 municipalities) 4,161,400 ha • Population 560,000 residents • Production estimated at 8 million liters • Production in 5-year 15 million liters

The data from the cadastre (2007) • 1300 hectares of vineyards (Cabernet Sauvignon: 361ha) • 15% of grape production for wines from Brazil • 150 producers involved

Unlike other wine regions, the Campanha has a production profile historically associated with farming and rice on large properties leading to a, lack of identity for the local wine culture. This gives contractors the first real pioneers in the search of the best terroirs. wine history of Campanha:

The beginnings of viticulture in the Campanha

Grape production in Campanha have started with the Jesuits in the seventeenth century and the Portuguese in the eighteenth century. EMATER (2009) reported that grape consumption was present in the fazendas, and represented an old traditional eating habits.

In 1890, John Remedi, colon of Italian origin, bought a farm near Santana do Livramento, and there established a small winery, which will disappear after his death in 1924 (Brenner & Castro, 1986 and Mota, 1992).

In years 70, studies conducted by Professor Harold Olmos, UC Davis (USA), with the participation of the Federal University of Pelotas, via Professor Fernando da Mota, Secretary of Agriculture of SR identified the physical factors of the region that would support the production of grapes.

This study revealed that the region of the Campanha, (represented by the towns of Santana do Livramento and Bage) possess the best set of weather conditions for the production of red wines in the Rio Grande do Sul.

Identification of the region indicated for the production of fine wines from the RS. Source: Mota, 1992

Thus, the Campanha attracted the 70s, investors in the production of wine and the outside of the region that was the traditional "Serra Gaucha. So that, having held the installation of Almaden (now one of the largest vineyards in South America with a single set of over 585 hectares of vines), which launched its first wine in the early 80's, this is when a Japanese group moved there also Campanha to produce wine for export. These companies deployed in large-scale agricultural systems, with different cropping systems, basements, tanks and modern equipment.

The viticulture expansion in Campanha After the first moment of introduction of viticulture in Campanha, the evolutionary process has stabilized. However, from 2000, the region has grown significantly, as shown in the below graphs:

The search for new grape growers by companies located in the "Serra Gaucha, and the political environment that encouraged the production of fruit as a way to diversify and increase income for the southern half of the state of the RS, (creation in 1997 of the Committee for the fruits of the southern half of the RS) encouraged the development of viticulture in the Campanha Other factors have forced the cellars of Serra Gaucha Campanha to invest in, as the need to expand production, mainly because they are in an area already dense with land becoming very expensive (FALCADE, 2005). In addition, soil and climatic conditions of the Campanha allow better control of "pests" and reducing production costs. Another point concerns the quality of products. Indeed, the control system is in the Campanha VSP (vertical shoot positioning), while in the "Serra"Gaucha"(via the Italian cultural heritage) continues the system of pergolas, giving a higher output but with a inferior quality.

The increase in the number of properties, as evidenced by the following graphic indicates the entry of new producers in the market, in the three regions from the 2000s

The region of Central Campanha (with the city of Santana do Livramento as locomotive) is a pioneer in this process, based on multinational investment.

The presence of the "Serra Gaucha (leader of the Brazilian wine production) is felt through its professionals who come to work in new businesses established in Campanha (because the region has no identity and therefore no training in viticulture oenology). in addition, the companies created by international groups in the 70's, are gradually taken over by companies from the "Serra Gaucha.

Within the Western Campanha, there was a great impulse to the initiative of producers who sought to diversify and increase revenue (through the cultivation of grapes for sale to companies in the Serra Gaucha). Then create a cooperative to Uruguaiana, supported by investments from the governments of Brazil and RS.

In the South Campanha, is really quite a diversified There are growers of the "Serra Gaucha, local entrepreneurs and independent producers. For example, the municipality of Bage was chosen by Salton (2nd largest winery in Brazil), which selected 28 producers, financing costs implementation of their vineyard (via plants financing and the purchase of posts and fertilization for two years) and by providing technical assistance, and that in order to ensure supplies for its cellar located in the "Serra Gaucha. On entrepreneurs, there are many in the municipality of Dom Pedrito, (4 independent vineyards), they seek the production of wine from their own vineyard.

The boom is supported and confirmed the relevance of the region to produce grapes of vitis vinifera, which is why the period between 2000 and 2005 was marked in the region by the entry of most growers (or with the price appreciation of the grape, either through a framework to encourage fruit production in the region). Thus, many producers who had no prior knowledge or connection to the wine industry began to invest in viticulture, involving a period of adaptation and learning. But when the vine began to produce, there was an increase in supply, which led to a significant reduction of the amounts paid and marketing difficulties.

The expansion and consolidation of the wine country in the search for a Geographical Indication (GI): The third phase runs from 2009 and continues the development process initiated earlier through a new impetus. At that time there has been no significant entry of new producers. Because they were discouraged by the loss of the crop 2009-2010 and marketing difficulties encountered by many who had started in the 2000s (some producers abandoned the wine now or allow their vineyards fallow). Faced with a difficult to sell their production, the movement is given by the main cellars seeking to encourage new producers and begin to value more their own production by developing the image of quality wines from the Campanha.

The main contribution to this phase is to consolidate the region as a wine region, which would be perceived by investors as a new "real" wine region (particularly by companies already established in the "Serra Gaucha) and also strengthening links between local actors wine. These efforts led to the creation of an association which has as main objective the creation of a protected geographical indication. this association is for the date in April 2010, (Association of Producers wines for the "Campanha Gaucha").

Its purpose: • Consolidate the image of wines by showing Campanha reference quality • Organise the promotion of trade and market access • Search for regulating the indication of origin • Achieve partnerships with public and private sectors • The organization of the wine sector of the Campanha • Discussions in the field of technology through constant technological updating

The actors who form the Campanha wine network:

According to Silva et al. (2009), the concept of sustainability in the business sector represents a new approach to doing business. This approach promotes social responsibility and reduced the use of natural resources, reducing the negative impacts on the environment while preserving the integrity of the planet for future generations, without neglecting the economic and financial viability of the company.

To this end it seems appropriate to explore the region of interest in launching it in viticulture.

The shift to small landowners and to the family farming: The implementation of a production system in a rural area can contribute to the reversal of economic trends observed in several industrial economies. These phenomena are themselves related to immediate causes of underemployment, as the increase in urban population as a result of migration to urban centers or the increase in agricultural productivity in rural areas. Also, consider the new role of rural areas, which is its intimate relation to the protection of the environment.

It can be defined three main groups: corporate wine companies, new entrepreneurs and independent grape growers, who often come from this group of actors who are important people from family farming.

Family farming: Family farming is a productive segment with its own characteristics. Livestock is a specificity of family farming adapted to the socio-cultural environment of Campanha. Livestock is considered a security, it is considered a commodity. The cattle are marketed in accordance with the needs, expectations and desires of the family.

Family farming, often in search of new revenue through the sale of his labor, he keeps his cattle while working outside the farm. (Rafael Porto et al 2009).

The five main features of the livelihoods of family farmers are: The first is the beef as the main agricultural activity carried out on natural pastures and low external input (as announced animals are considered a reserve of raw materials). This involves strategies such as high number of animals per hectare, the mix of farming activity and sales of animals only when there is financial need.

The second is the independence from the market by establishing marketing strategies based on family needs and not based on the best price (which puts his family far in debt as soon as there is a need money, they sell some of their livestock).

The third is the main use of family labor associated with an exchange of services with neighboring families in a reciprocal relationship that can face from time to time, increased demand for labor of work (mowing, marking).

The fourth is the large number and importance of the pension in rural areas for family farmers.

The fifth is the presence of self-consumption of beef and lamb in particular.

These five points, despite having little income, shows that farmers have a lifestyle that contributes economically, environmentally and socially in the process of rural development and the more widely than a economic point of view. CLAUDIO BRANDS RIBEIRO, 2009

The impoverishment of small farmers has resulted in a significant increase in the seasonal labor that could serve the needs of large institutions. Indeed, small farmers have found in this way an alternative to the inability to maintain their independence only as breeders. (GRACIELA GARCIA Bonasso 2005)

The corporate wineries: This first group was a pioneer of viticulture in the region. Currently, this entire group consists of companies owned by wineries of the "Serra Gaucha. It is important to note that the initiative of the first investment in the region were made by foreign capital and will remain so until the year 2005, which marked the first acquisition of a foreign company by a local company.

As mentioned above, the first investments were supported by academic research, which identified soil and climatic conditions favor the production of grapes, specifically in the cities of Santana do Livramento and Bage.

Thus, in the 70's, the region began to attract investors, mainly in the city of Bage, or Santana do Livramento and this will confirm these cities as a center of production. Today Campanha home projects of wine Miolo via Almaden and Fortale do Seival a draft Salton we stated the action before, and the exploration of "Casa Valduga" ... The great vineyards can be created, this being facilitated by the availability of large areas, and topography that allows mechanization (the large property is a characteristic of the region unique to ranching). The advantage of large properties is that it tends to dilute fixed costs by realizing economies of scale, which implies a lower production cost.

These large companies have professional vineyard management system (attention to procedures and standards, especially on aspects of quality of processes and products) away from the amateurism of new players from the world other than agriculture.

The relationship with farmers, Engelmann (2009) highlights the type of "producer- employee", which refers to a situation where the company has production capacity and the employee sells his labor power. Also, in this situation, the culture of learning happens through training sponsored by companies. An interesting fact is that, in Santana do Livramento, most technicians working in the cellars in the vicinity have their own small vineyard (they work during their holidays), sometimes these measures are encouraged by the large wineries.

In the case of large companies, the production of grapes (Salton) or unfinished wines (Seival) is sent in the parent in the "Serra Gaucha. This mother forcing companies to expand their cellars ...

These pioneering companies are considered "school" and as "example". Therefore, they were forced to invest in training to qualify the workforce.

New entrepreneurs

The group of "new entrepreneurs" is composed of young wineries producing their first wines, from just ten years. This group began to settle in Campanha in the "second boom" from the 2000s. New entrepreneurs are at the time of "implementation" and tries to link with the market and thus ensure their sustainability over the long term.

Most of them have other companies and "diversify" their activities with the wine. Many entrepreneurs are in other cultures, or even industries, they all have one main source of income other than wine. Entrepreneurs in the region invest in wine, and often it becomes a life project. Interest in wine can be made through social and environmental opportunities, personal skills, values , experiences, but it is often linked to an identification of an opportunity. What emerges from these entrepreneurs is the participation of family ownership in the projects, which characterizes them as "family businesses". The entrepreneur can be seen from different angles. Among them are entrepreneurs acting as agents of innovation (triggering economic development) and, in another approach, as the creator of networks.

Entrepreneurs show a better understanding of the benefits of working together, which can generate alternatives and solutions, and strengthening the economic network of the region.

For Dornelas (2008) the entrepreneur makes things happen, and anticipates having made a future vision of the organization. For many, the strategy is to compensate for the lack of history and tradition in the pursuit of technical skills to produce quality wines directly. Thus, for these new entrepreneurs, the trend is vinified its own production and sell the surplus of wine grapes to large enterprises.

Independent grape growers:

The third category includes a heterogeneous group, which has the common culture and sale of grapes, without the wine making. (in 2007 they were 100, now they would be based SEBRAE 150). In general, the production of grapes through independent producers in the Campanha started from the year 2000, specifically in the period between 2000 and 2005, when the caves were agitating attractive prices for the purchase of grapes.

Independent producers can be organized into two groups:

The winegrowers: Group dedicated to wine producers, technicians in the world of wine in large wineries that grow grapes to make extra income

The winegrowers of diversification: In this group are predominant producers of local origin. They want to use the grapes to diversify production that can be livestock, rice, soybeans and forestry. Producers have no knowledge or connection with the cultivation of grapes and wine, which leads to a learning period. (Alexandre Ribeiro Menna) Among the producers of wine grapes, many people live in uncertainty about the position that going to adopt the buyers of their grapes. Indeed, on the one hand, they receive incentives and technical assistance, (which improve the quality of the harvest) on the other hand, uncertainty hovers renewal of contracts in the medium / long term, for, waving contracts or promises to purchase, cellars grape buyers invest in their own vineyards. For current production is not sufficient to meet demand, despite that the prices of recent vintages are always drawn down, accompanied by the loss of the 2009-2010 season (due to weather conditions), there is caution from producers when developing their vineyard. The focus is now on sustainability for farmers who are already investing in culture.

In the case of the harvest in 2009-2010. many have lost their entire production. In this context, grape growers, who had no other source of income were forced to find alternatives.

Most, however, had the vine culture as extra or diversification, which helped minimize the damage and keep the wine. In the new outbreaks of wine, for example, the situation has been exacerbated by the difficulty in marketing due to poor logistics. Many new winegrowers have destroyed their vineyards and therefore abandoned vineyards.

Faced with this difficulty of flow of grapes, one of the programs undertaken by SEBRAE in 2009 was focused on access to markets and wineries in the area of the Serra Gaucha, encouraging negotiations. However, the agreements were detrimental for the loss of the next harvest, but the canal was opened, which tends to strengthen communication between regions and trade opportunities for future harvests.

In general, the expansion of viticulture by independent producers demands attention from the wine groups and even by the institutions to support and promotion of the region. Often considered as unreliable and can easily discouraged.

Support of the Campanha viticulture:

By creating this Wine Producers Association for Campanha Gaucha, viticulture of Campanha it has a nice tool for the organization of the wine industry through the creation of the geographical indication "wines Campanha Gaucha", promoting the expansion of investment in the industrialization of the sector. The association also wants to focus on the production of a typical wine Campanha as well as the production of sparkling wines. Having encouraged the development of environmentally friendly businesses, the association promotes the development of control systems, allowing the medium term to become a leader in sustainable development wine. However, with respect to producers of grapes, the Association shall ensure that legal persons, which limits the integration of individual producers, but allows the participation of associations.

Apart from this association that includes a majority of the players in wine Campanha, there are many associations of fruit growing in many cities: ASPROUVA (Associação dos produtores of Santana do Livramento Uva = grape growers association of Santana do Livramento) AQUAFRUTI (Associação Quariense Fruticultores of association = "Quarai" of the fruit farmers) ABEFRUT (AssociaçãoBageense dosFruticultores = Bagé Fruit Growers' Association) AFRUG (Associação dos Fruticultores Uruguaiana of fruit farmers = association of Uruguaiana) These associations are often formed by independent producers, not engaged in winemaking. Some associations do not hesitate, as Uruguaiana, to propose the creation of a cellar to make wine and increase the added value of their grapes ... and become independent. Some projects have received support from the federal government through municipalities.

In Bagé, city or is a large number of winegrowers in partnership with the Salton company, they think through their association to the creation of a cooperative.

All of his associations highlight the will of their associated communicate, to share their common experiences and thus strengthen relationships within the viticulture and also Campanha fundraising individually they could not get . However relations exist between stakeholders involved (producers, winegrowers, entrepreneur, etc.). They come to exchange information and services, but they do not even business relationships.

There is also the COPTEC (Cooperativa de Prestação Serviços Técnicos = of a cooperative delivery technical services), through this "cooperative" partners are trying to fight against the lack of knowledge in viticulture. However there is a lack of technicians specialized in viticulture.

From a political point of view:

Municipalities, through their Secretariat of Agriculture, can provide a more or less strong support for viticulture. Most often directed to help independent producers, they can become partners in the creation of their winery to a small producers.

EMATER: aid agency to family farming, supports very strong among independent producers. Very close to new producers, promotes the emergence of agriculture that respects the man and his environment through a wine-oriented biological techniques.

SEBRAE: Brazilian state agency for assistance and the creation of small and medium enterprises, turns out to be the manager and leader in the development of viticulture in Campanha. Main Coordinator of developments, the link between the various stakeholders wine. It is this organization that launched the "program of development of viticulture and fruit-tree" and the project "Wine of the Campanha Gaucha" that included 80 growers and 15 wineries. It is the financial arm of the development of viticulture Campanha. Its desire to develop the economy of the region by consolidating it as a major player in the Brazilian production of fine wines, moving towards quality research (via the creation of standards) and increasing the volume traded viable to the economy of the wine business in the region. SEBRAE produces media and training qualification in technical and business management and aid in the creation of information material in shows ...

Embrapa Uva e Ibravin e Vinho: These two institutions have their headquarters in Bento Gonçalves, are the obligatory references to Brazilian viticulture. For Campanha, IBRAVIN, through its export strategy helps companies that want to export their production (the goal in 2025, 25% of Brazilian production should be exported). Another highlight is the creation of the Network for Innovation in winemaking, sponsored by and related to IBRAVIN SIBRATEC (National Technology) within the Ministry of Science and Technology, (MTC, 2010). The network is linked to the "innovation system" and aims to encourage cooperation between research institutions, in partnership with business, to stimulate technological and economic development for the wine industry.

Regarding the EMBRAPA: it helps in all matters concerning technical issues, creation of the Geographical Indication, choice of varieties, reflecting on the ways of winemaking ...

It is important to highlight the role of universities, in fact, compared to other wine regions in Brazil (Serra Gaucha, vineyards of Santa Catarina, or Pernambuco), the Campanha supported by the UFSM (Federal University of Santa Maria ) to very advanced for the study of soils, the Universities of Pelotas (Federal University of Pelotas, the Catholic University of Pelotas and Rio Grande University Foundation) very advanced in terms of temperate fruit growing. Also this year, Dom Pedrito, a town between Santana do Livramento and Bage, opened the first university to complete training in viticulture and oenology the University of UNIPAMPA, moving both on the fish, cheese, and many on viticulture. This young university wants to develop numerous projects with the participation of local growers.

For all of its universities, research Campanha the way to ensure long-term "leadership" in terms of research and wine production over the role of education and popularization. For there is need to strengthen local institutions for the consolidation of the territory of wines Campanha.

Perspectives

The creation of the Geographical Indication: Wine from Campanha:

According Tonietto and Falcade (2004), there is currently Brazil's search for identity at the Brazilian wine production, and this through the production of quality wine in specified regions. The implementation of geographical indications, is an alternative to increasing the competitiveness of Brazilian wines and strengthening the national identity of these.

Origin of Geographical Indications in Brazil: Faced with a wine market more competitive, one of the most traditional wine regions in Brazil is facing a growing need to improve the quality of their products as an alternative to price competition. Thus, through an association of producers, sought to establish a geographical indication (with a guarantee as to the origin of a product and / or their regional characteristics and qualities). This strategy gives producers the necessary certification and qualification of their products, and relieves a confrontation against the unfair international competition. By analyzing the IG "Vale de los Vinhedos" in the Serra Gaúcha, it appears that this indication has a history of cooperation and reciprocity and sense of belonging to a dense network, capable of functioning as a powerful "social cement "and stimulate local productive arrangements (Cesar Antonio Ortega).

However, if we think in terms of territorial development strategy, these farmers could benefit from IG recognized as part of their territory, because this IG can project a positive image of a given territory, reflecting the dynamism of the actors involved in recognition of the IG (Froehlich, Joseph Marcos 2010).

From a wine tourism point of view:

One challenge is to optimize the logistics of this region is geographically remote from consumers and providers, it causes a major impact on costs. Where promote wine tourism, so that it is consumers who are coming!

The outlook is for strengthening tourism in the region. In Santana do Livramento, for example, is to build a kind of "corridor" for wine tourism through a concentration of vineyards - Alliance, Almaden, Salton, Cordillera de Santana, and finally Valduga - coupled with the shopping tourism already traditional in the region (much of the population of Rio Grande do Sul moves one to several times a year at the border with Uruguay to buy products not subject to Brazilian taxes).

But to do this, there is a need for full development of local infrastructure, focusing on wine tourism and better integration between the vineyards and the actors of the tourism industry (bars, restaurants, hotels, etc. ... As seen in the Serra Gaúcha, the development of wine tourism should provide a greater spread of reputation and the consequent increase in wine sales.

Alternatives to the production of fine wine:

Seminar Bagé in viticulture, is a time of strengthening the wine culture of the region and moving towards sustainability of viticulture in Campanha. Its purpose is to ensure the economic viability of current producers, before considering expansion. While discussing the expansion of production in the region, the vineyards of the Serra Gaucha are making promises and agreements of purchase for the next harvest, but then they begin to create their own vineyards.

Thus, independent producers know they can sell their products over the next five years (the time required to enter new vineyard in full production). If a large number of farmers interviewed would expand the area devoted to viticulture, they highlight the lack of funding and little prospect of marketing beyond the "five years".

This is why many people looking for alternatives to the production of wine grapes, moving towards organic or not (table grapethe market within the region) or in the production of grape juice ... The new direction that can take grape growers can become a point of conflict with the Association of wine producers in the Campanha because the organization advocates the establishment of the region as a producer of fine wines, not not as common grape- growing region (hybrid and American varieties). However, it is difficult to stop the process as it takes shape in the alternative income for independent producers, a process that is supported by institutional programs.

After analyzing the production site of a future sustainable vineyard in Brazil, the second part will deal with determining the type of soil to search for specific items and vineyard management: choice of varieties and rootstocks, the system conduct, viticultural practices (amendments, struggles against weeds, diseases, insects ..)

Tonietto 2004

Figure 5 shows the points to be discussed in Part 2, or the choice of soil, the topography of the location, the choice of grape variety and the rootstock and viticultural practices through the system conduct. This section is currently being drafted and reflection from European nurseries, you can ask me by sending an email to: gaspar.desrmont @ gmail.com

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