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Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space
SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space December 1983 NTIS order #PB84-181437 Recommended Citation: SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space–A Technical Mere- orandum (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA- TM-STI-14, December 1983). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-600624 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Foreword As the other major spacefaring nation, the Soviet Union is a subject of interest to the American people and Congress in their deliberations concerning the future of U.S. space activities. In the course of an assessment of Civilian Space Stations, the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) has undertaken a study of the presence of Soviets in space and their Salyut space stations, in order to provide Congress with an informed view of Soviet capabilities and intentions. The major element in this technical memorandum was a workshop held at OTA in December 1982: it was the first occasion when a significant number of experts in this area of Soviet space activities had met for extended unclassified discussion. As a result of the workshop, OTA prepared this technical memorandum, “Salyut: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space. ” It has been reviewed extensively by workshop participants and others familiar with Soviet space activities. Also in December 1982, OTA wrote to the U. S. S. R.’s Ambassador to the United States Anatoliy Dobrynin, requesting any information concerning present and future Soviet space activities that the Soviet Union judged could be of value to the OTA assess- ment of civilian space stations. -
L5 News, April 1978
L-5 NEWS A PUBLICATION OF THE L-5 SOCIETY VOL. 3 NUMBER 4 APRIL 1978 Carolyn Henson, Editor Membership Services: Marc Boone Jolene Aronson In this issue: Janet Tarney 1 Sunsat Energy Council Formed William Weigle Administrative Services 2 Jimmy C. Will Increase NASA’s Budget If Good Friend Jerry B. Will Take Permanent Space Walk. Board of Directors: Isaac Asimov Barry Goldwater, Sr. High Frontier Bill Introduced Robert A. Heinlein Gordon R. Woodcock 3 Convair to Design System For Space Orbit Assembly Barbara Marx Hubbard Konrad K. Dannenberg UN Committee Discusses Space Issues Hon. Edward R. Finch, Jr. James E. Oberg Tethered Satellite to be Studied Leonard David J. Peter Vajk Jack D. Salmon Art Form for Space? Phillip Parker David M. Fradin 4 Shuttle Update Romualdas Sviedrys Keith Henson 5 So You Want to be an Astronaut? Carolyn Henson William Weigle Astronaut Candidates Selected Mark Hopkins Norie Huddle Magoroh Maruyama 6 Be Your Own Astronaut Space entrepreneur Paul Siegler reports on a Harlan Smith daring plan by Robert Truax to lob people into space. Carol Motts 7 Space Mines, Space Law, and the Third World by Eric Drexler 8 Russia’s Bios-3 Mini-Colony by Phill Parker Publication office: the L-5 Society, 9 Compliments and Caveats T.A. Heppenheimer comments on the 1060 E. Elm, Tucson, Arizona Salut-6 space station. 85719. Published monthly. Subscription: $12.00 per year, Salyut-6 Facts & Figures by James E. Oberg included in dues ($20.00 per year, students $15.00 per year). Second class postage paid at Tucson, 12 OTRAG News Arizona and additional offices. -
Dead Cosmonauts >> Misc
James Oberg's Pioneering Space powered by Uncovering Soviet Disasters >> Aerospace Safety & Accidents James Oberg >> Astronomy >> Blogs Random house, New York, 1988 >> Chinese Space Program Notes labeled "JEO" added to electronic version in 1998 >> Flight to Mars >> Jim's FAQ's >> Military Space Chapter 10: Dead Cosmonauts >> Misc. Articles Page 156-176 >> National Space Policy >> Other Aerospace Research >> Reviews The family of Senior Lieutenant Bondarenko is to be provided with everything necessary, as befits the >> Russian Space Program family of a cosmonaut. --Special Order, signed by Soviet Defense Minister R. D. Malinovskiy, April 16, >> Space Attic NEW 1961, classified Top Secret. NOTE: Prior to 1986 no Soviet book or magazine had ever mentioned the >> Space Folklore existence of a cosmonaut named Valentin Bondarenko. >> Space History >> Space Operations In 1982, a year after the publication of my first book, Red Star in Orbit. I received a wonderful picture >> Space Shuttle Missions from a colleague [JEO: Arthur Clarke, in fact] who had just visited Moscow. The photo showed >> Space Station cosmonaut Aleksey Leonov, hero of the Soviet Union, holding a copy of my book-- and scowling. >> Space Tourism Technical Notes >> Leonov was frowning at a picture of what I called the "Sochi Six," the Russian equivalent of our "original >> Terraforming seven" Mercury astronauts. They were the top of the first class of twenty space pioneers, the best and the boldest of their nation, the ones destined to ride the first manned missions. The picture was taken at the Black Sea resort called Sochi in May 1961, a few weeks after Yuriy Gagarin's history-making flight. -
The Elmer A. Sperry Award 2008
Eng-Russian-Sperry-Broc-COLOR-apr09:new-Apr2009 4/27/09 2:50 PM Page 1 The Elmer A. Sperry Award 2008 FOR ADVANCING THE ART OF TRANSPORTATION Eng-Russian-Sperry-Broc-COLOR-apr09:new-Apr2009 4/27/09 2:50 PM Page 3 Hаграда имени Элмера А. Сперри 2008 ЗА ПЕРЕДОВЫЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ В ТРАНСПОРТЕ Eng-Russian-Sperry-Broc-COLOR-apr09:new-Apr2009 4/27/09 2:50 PM Page 4 The Elmer A. Sperry Award The Elmer A. Sperry Award shall be given in recognition of a distinguished engineering contribution which, through application, proved in actual service, has advanced the art of transportation whether by land, sea, air, or space. In the words of Edmondo Quattrocchi, sculptor of the Elmer A. Sperry Medal: “This Sperry medal symbolizes the struggle of man’s mind against the forces of nature. The horse represents the primitive state of uncontrolled power. This, as suggested by the clouds and celestial fragments, is essentially the same in all the elements. The Gyroscope, superimposed on these, represents the bringing of this power under control for man’s purposes.” Eng-Russian-Sperry-Broc-COLOR-apr09:new-Apr2009 4/27/09 2:50 PM Page 5 Presentation of The Elmer A. Sperry Award for 2008 to THOMAS P. STAFFORD GLYNN S. LUNNEY ALEKSEI A. LEONOV KONSTANTIN D. BUSHUYEV as leaders of the Apollo-Soyuz mission and as representatives of the Apollo-Soyuz docking interface design team: in recognition of seminal work on spacecraft docking technology and international docking interface methodology. By The Elmer A. Sperry Board of Award under the sponsorship of the: American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers SAE International Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers American Society of Civil Engineers with special thanks to: The Boeing Company American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Gala Washington, DC 13 May 2009 Eng-Russian-Sperry-Broc-COLOR-apr09:new-Apr2009 4/27/09 2:50 PM Page 2 General Thomas P. -
Human-Machine Issues in the Soviet Space Program1
CHAPTER 4 HUMAN-MACHINE ISSUES IN THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM1 Slava Gerovitch n December 1968, Lieutenant General Nikolai Kamanin, the Deputy Chief Iof the Air Force’s General Staff in charge of cosmonaut selection and training, wrote an article for the Red Star, the Soviet Armed Forces newspaper, about the forthcoming launch of Apollo 8. He entitled his article “Unjustified Risk” and said all the right things that Soviet propaganda norms prescribed in this case. But he also kept a private diary. In that diary, he confessed what he could not say in an open publication.“Why do the Americans attempt a circumlunar flight before we do?” he asked. Part of his private answer was that Soviet spacecraft designers “over-automated” their spacecraft and relegated the cosmonaut to the role of a monitor, if not a mere passenger. The attempts to create a fully automatic control system for the Soyuz spacecraft, he believed, critically delayed its development. “We have fallen behind the United States for two or three years,” he wrote in the diary.“We could have been first on the Moon.”2 Kamanin’scriticism wassharedbymanyinthe cosmonautcorps who describedthe Soviet approach to thedivisionoffunctionbetween humanand machineas“thedominationofautomata.”3 Yet among the spacecraft designers, 1. I wish to thank David Mindell, whose work on human-machine issues in the U.S. space program provided an important reference point for my own study of a parallel Soviet story. Many ideas for this paper emerged out of discussions with David in the course of our collaboration on a project on the history of the Apollo Guidance Computer between 2001 and 2003, and later during our work on a joint paper for the 2004 annual meeting of the Society for the History of Technology in Amsterdam. -
Energiya BURAN the Soviet Space Shuttle.Pdf
Energiya±Buran The Soviet Space Shuttle Bart Hendrickx and Bert Vis Energiya±Buran The Soviet Space Shuttle Published in association with Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK Mr Bart Hendrickx Mr Bert Vis Russian Space Historian Space¯ight Historian Mortsel Den Haag Belgium The Netherlands SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason, M.Sc., B.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN978-0-387-69848-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg NewYork Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2007929116 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2007 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project management: Originator Publishing Services Ltd, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper Contents Ooedhpjmbhe ........................................ xiii Foreword (translation of Ooedhpjmbhe)........................ xv Authors' preface ....................................... xvii Acknowledgments ...................................... xix List of ®gures ........................................ xxi 1 The roots of Buran ................................. -
Into the Cosmos Pitt Series in Russian and East European Studies Jonathan Harris, Editor Into the Cosmos Space Exploration and Soviet Culture
Into the Cosmos Pitt Series in Russian and East European Studies Jonathan Harris, Editor Into the Cosmos Space Exploration and Soviet Culture Edited by James T. Andrews and Asif A. Siddiqi University of Pittsburgh Press Published by the University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Pa., 15260 Copyright © 2011, University of Pittsburgh Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Into the cosmos : space exploration and Soviet culture / edited by James T. Andrews and Asif A. Siddiqi. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8229-6161-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Astronautics—Soviet Union—History. 2. Astronautics and state—Soviet Union. 3. Astronautics—Social aspects—Soviet Union. 4. Popular culture—Soviet Union. I. Andrews, James T., 1961– II. Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966– TL789.8.S65I58 2011 629.40947—dc23 2011020849 The research and writing of chapter 6, Amy Nelson’s “Cold War Celebrity and the Coura- geous Canine Scout: The Life and Times of Soviet Space Dogs,” was supported by a Sum- mer Humanities Stipend and a Jerome Niles Faculty Research Award from Virginia Tech and by the Summer Research Laboratory on Russia and Eastern Europe at the University of Illinois. Portions of this chapter appeared previously in “The Legacy of Laika: Celeb- rity, Sacrifice, and the Soviet Space Dogs,” in Beastly Natures: Human-Animal Relations at the Crossroads of Cultural and Environmental History, edited by Dorothee Brantz (Univer- sity of Virginia Press, 2010), 204–24. -
Other Soviet and Russian Cosmonaut Selections
Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center Rex D. Hall, David J. Shayler and Bert Vis Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center Published in association with Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK Rex D. Hall, MBE David J. Shayler Bert Vis Education Consultant Astronautical Historian Firefighter, Dutch Fire Service Chairman of the BIS Astro Info Service Den Haag London Halesowen The Netherlands UK West Midlands UK SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 0-387-21894-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is a part of Springer Science + Business Media (springeronline.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2005922814 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Copyright, 2005 Praxis Publishing Ltd. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project Copy Editor: Mike Shayler Typesetting: BookEns Ltd, Royston, Herts., UK Printed in Germany on acid-free paper This book is dedicated to the staff of the Cosmonaut Training Centre named for Yuri Gagarin who, over the last 40 years, have created a facility that has enabled science fiction to be turned into science fact. -
University of Alberta Space Propaganda “For All Mankind
University of Alberta Space Propaganda “For All Mankind”: Soviet and American Responses to the Cold War, 1957-1977 by Trevor Sean Rockwell A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History and Classics © Trevor Sean Rockwell Fall 2012 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is herby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author’s prior written permission. For my father, Robert Rockwell, who taught me to reach for the satellites, and my mother-in-law, Arlene Jenkins, who brought me to the University of Alberta. Abstract This study examines narratives about space exploration officially produced by government agencies of the Soviet Union and the United States between 1957 and 1977. It compares how space activities from the first Soviet Sputnik on October 4, 1957, to the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) in July 1975 were covered in two monthly magazines: the American-made Russian-language Amerika Illiustrirovannoye (America Illustrated, hereafter Amerika) and the Soviet-produced English-language Soviet Life. -
XIII Congress
Association of Space Explorers 13th Planetary Congress San José, Costa Rica 1997 Commemorative Poster Signature Key Loren Acton Viktor Afanasyev Alexander Alexandrov (Bul.) STS 51F Soyuz TM-11 Soyuz TM-5 Joseph Allen Alexander Balandin Anatoli Berezovoi STS 5, STS 51A Soyuz TM-9 Soyuz T-5 Karol Bobko Scott Carpenter Samuel Durrance STS 6, STS 51D, STS 51J Mercury 7 STS 35, STS 67 Reinhold Ewald John Fabian Mohammed Faris Soyuz TM-25 STS 7, STS 51G Soyuz TM-3 Bertalan Farkas Dirk Frimout Owen Garriott Soyuz 36 STS 45 Skylab III, STS 9 Viktor Gorbatko Miroslaw Hermaszewski Alexander Ivanchenkov Soyuz 7, Soyuz 24, Soyuz 37 Soyuz 30 Soyuz 29, Soyuz T-6 Byron Lichtenberg Alexei Leonov Vladimir Lyakhov STS 9, STS 45 Voskhod 2, Apollo-Soyuz Soyuz 32, Soyuz T-9 Soyuz TM-6 Oleg Makarov Gennadi Manakov Jon McBride Soyuz 12, Soyuz 27, Soyuz T-3 Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-16 STS 41G Ulf Merbold Andrian Nikolaev Ronald Parise STS 9, STS 42 Vostok 3, Soyuz 9 STS 35, STS 67 Donald Peterson Alexander Poleshchuk Dumitru Prunariu STS 6 Soyuz TM-16 Soyuz 40 Kenneth Reightler, Jr. Viktor Savinykh Vladimir Shatalov STS 48, STS 60 Soyuz T-4, Soyuz TM-5 Soyuz 4, Soyuz 8, Soyuz 10 Soyuz T-13 Vladimir Solovyev Robert Springer Gennadi Strekalov Soyuz T-10, Soyuz T-15 STS 29, STS 38 Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-8 STS 71 Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz T-11, Soyuz TM-21 Vladimir Vasyutin Franz Viehböck Charles Walker Soyuz TM-14 Soyuz TM-13 STS 41D, STS 51D, STS 61B This poster commemorates the 13th Planetary Congress of the Association of Space Explorers (ASE). -
Association of Space Explorers 12Th Planetary Congress Montreal/Quebec, Canada 1996
Association of Space Explorers 12th Planetary Congress Montreal/Quebec, Canada 1996 Commemorative Poster Signature Key Viktor Afanasyev Toyohiro Akiyama Alexander Alexandrov (Bul.) Soyuz TM-11 Soyuz TM-11 Soyuz TM-5 Sergei Avdeev Alexander Balandin Karol Bobko Soyuz TM-15 Soyuz TM-9 STS 6, STS 51D, STS 51J Roberta Bondar Samuel Durrance Mohammed Faris STS 42 STS 35, STS 67 Soyuz TM-3 Konstantin Feoktistov Owen Garriott Miroslaw Hermaszewski Voskhod 1 Skylab III, STS 9 Soyuz 30 Richard Hieb Alexander Ivanchenkov Vladimir Kovolyonok STS 39, STS 49, STS 65 Soyuz 29, Soyuz T-6 Soyuz 25, Soyuz 29, Soyuz T-4 Valeri Kubasov Alexei Leonov Vladimir Lyakhov Soyuz 6, Apollo-Soyuz Voskhod 2, ASTP Soyuz 32, Soyuz T-9 Soyuz 36 Soyuz TM-6 Jon McBride Ulf Merbold Ronald Parise STS 41G STS 9, STS 42 STS 35, STS 67 Donald Peterson Pavel Popovich Dumitru Prunariu STS 6 Vostok 4, Soyuz 14 Soyuz 40 Alexander Serebrov Vladimir Shatalov Robert Springer Soyuz T-7, Soyuz T-8 Soyuz 4, Soyuz 8, Soyuz 10 STS 29, STS 38 Soyuz TM-8, Soyuz TM-17 Gennadi Strekalov Vladimir Vasyutin Franz Viehböck Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-8 Soyuz TM-14 Soyuz TM-13 Soyuz TM-10. Soyuz T-11 Alexander Volkov Boris Volnyov Charles Walker Soyuz T-14, Soyuz TM-7 Soyuz 5, Soyuz 21 STS 41D, STS 51D, STS 61B Soyuz TM-13 Ulrich Walter Don Williams STS 55 STS 51D, STS 34 The poster on the cover commemorates the 12th Planetary Congress of the Associa- tion of Space Explorers (ASE). -
Cosmonaut: Russia Needs Space Innovation Now 11 April 2011, by VLADIMIR ISACHENKOV , Associated Press
Cosmonaut: Russia needs space innovation now 11 April 2011, By VLADIMIR ISACHENKOV , Associated Press the 43-year old Soyuz spacecraft, Savitskaya said. "If we won't be catching up on what we have missed in the last 20 years ... we will be left with nothing," Savitskaya told a news conference. Space officials and astronauts from around the world arrived in Moscow to pay tributes to Gagarin, whose 108-minute flight on April 12, 1961 spurred America to race for the moon. "We are all the sons of Yuri Gagarin," Jean- An undated portrait of the first man in space, Yuri Jacques Dordain, the director of the European Gagarin, and his award of the Hero of the Soviet Union, Space Agency, said at a Gagarin commemorative at right, part of an exhibition dedicated to the 50th event. anniversary of the first man in space, in Moscow, Russia, Monday, April 11, 2011. (AP Photo/Alexander "Without Gagarin going first, I probably wouldn't Zemlianichenko) have gone to the moon," said Thomas Stafford, commander of the Apollo 10 mission that approached within eight miles (13 kilometers) of the moon in May 1969, the last U.S. mission before the (AP) -- Russia risks losing its edge in space by U.S. moon landing three months later. relying exclusively on Soviet-era achievements and doing little to design new spacecraft, a Russian Before Gagarin's flight, many scientists were cosmonaut warned Monday as the nation marked worried that humans wouldn't be able to survive in the 50th anniversary of the first human spaceflight outer space.