DOCSLIB.ORG

Nucella Lapillus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nucella Lapillus REPORT to Defra 2007 UK‐wide survey of TBT‐induced imposex in dogwhelks (Nucella lapillus). Contributors: John Thain, Centre Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Burnham Laboratory, Remembrance Avenue, Burnham‐on‐Crouch, Essex, UK. CM0 7AH. Mathew Gubbins, Fisheries Research Services (FRS), Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, UK. AB11 9DB. Lynn McIlroy, Environment and Heritage Service (EHS), 17, Antrim Road, Lisburn, Northern Ireland, UK. BT28 3BT Brian Miller, Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), Marine Science, 5 Redwood Crescent, Peel Park, East Kilbride, UK. G74 5PP. 1. Introduction Imposex in gastropods is the imposition of male sexual organs in female whelks and periwinkles and has been found to be a very sensitive indicator of TBT exposure, the effect is dose related and severe imposex can lead to sterility in females and detrimental reproductive effects on individuals and populations. TBT‐specific biological effects monitoring was first established in the mid 1980s when thickening of shells of the Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and the development of imposex in dogwhelks (Nucella lapillus) and periwinkles (Littorina littorea) was attributed to this compound (Waldock and Thain, 1983, Gibbs and Bryan, 1986, Thain and Waldock,1986, and Gibbs et al 1987). The data collected by 1987 using these two species provided the evidence for environmental damage and subsequently, led to a UK ban on the use of TBT on small boats and in aquaculture. In 1989, the European Union imposed a similar ban (EU, Council Directive (76/769/EEC). Over the past fifteen years extensive surveys have been conducted to measure the prevalence of imposex in the UK. In 1992, in preparation for the 1993 North Sea Quality Status Report the Fisheries Research Services (FRS), Aberdeen, conducted a survey around the North Sea. To compliment this study a further survey was conducted using a similar sampling strategy, by laboratories in the countries around the Celtic Sea with the added emphasis on including some ʹhot spotʹ monitoring. In 1998, Defra funded FRS to conduct a further North Sea study that included some TBT chemical analysis of the flesh of animals. Under the OSPAR JAMP (Oslo Paris Commission Joint Assessment Monitoring Programme), the UK has an obligation to report data on the incidence of imposex in UK waters. It is included in the OSPAR CEMP (Coordinated Environmental Monitoring Programme) and is category 1 rated i.e. is mandatory since it is fully supported by Analytical Quality Control (AQC) procedures and assessment criteria. AQC procedures have been developed through QUASIMEME and BEQUALM for the measurement of imposex with regular intercalibration studies being conducted Europe wide. OSPAR guidelines for TBT‐specific biological effects monitoring are now firmly in place, including assessment criteria. An International Maritime Organisation (IMO) International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti‐fouling Systems agreed at a Diplomatic Conference, in October 2001, to prohibit the application or re‐application to ships of organostanic compounds as biocides in antifouling systems from 1st January 2003. This has now been implemented in the EU by Council Directive 2002/62/EC and, in the UK, approval for use of organostanic compounds acting as biocides in antifouling systems, granted under the Food and Environment Protection Act (FEPA) or the Control of Pesticides Regulations (COPR), have now been revoked. More recently the IMO ban has included the prohibition of use (or presence) on any ship’s hull and this will take effect from 1st September 2008. In the light of the EU ban and the revocation of approvals in the UK for the application of TBT, a benchmark survey of the effects and residual concentrations of TBT in UK waters was conducted UK‐wide in 2004. This survey was conducted by the Contracting Monitoring Authorities (CMAs) within the UK CSEMP (Clean and Safe Seas Environmental Monitoring Programme) funded by Defra. This data was to provide a baseline for further monitoring(trends), and provide the basis for a UK‐wide strategy to be developed following the total prohibition of use on the hull of any ship. The OPSAR strategy for the monitoring of imposex states that the measurements should be conducted at least three yearly, and in this respect a repeat survey is reported here for 2007. The aims of the 2007 survey were to provide; • an indication of the effectiveness of the IMO ban following the implementation of EU Council Directive 2002/62/EC. • comply with the requirements of OSPAR • provide important data for WFD purposes • and allow the data to be ready and assessed for reporting at the next OSPAR QSR(Quality Status Report) and CP2 (Charting Progress 2). 2. Consortium Approach The 2004 UK‐wide survey of imposex in whelks was conducted by CMAs within the CSEMP (previously UK National Marine Monitoring Programme [NMMP]): Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas); Fisheries Research Services (FRS, Aberdeen); Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA, East Kilbride); and Environment and Heritage Service DOE NI (EHS, Lisburn). This was appropriate because the skill base existed within the NMMP CMAs, all were experienced and compliant with Analytical Quality Control (AQC) procedures via QUASIMEME, some CMAs were conducting regular localised surveys and could contribute to the sampling and design of the programme and all were a part of the CSEMP which facilitated the submission of data to the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) data base and assessment by the Oslo Paris Commission ( OSPAR). The 2004 survey was successfully completed using this consortium of CMAs and it was therefore felt appropriate to approach this survey in 2007 in the same manner. The programme was conducted by the consortium with each CMA responsible for conducting the survey in each of their regions. Regular meetings of the consortium partners were held, prior to, during and post sampling in order to ensure that the programme was meeting its objectives. 3. Objectives The objectives of the programme were; Objective 1. To conduct UK‐wide imposex/intersex surveys in accordance with the OSPAR guidelines at shoreline sites and major ports previously surveyed in the UK in 2004. Objective 2. Compare 2007 data with previous surveys in order to establish the extent of improvement in levels of imposex achieved by the controls on TBT and to establish a baseline for future monitoring following the implementation of IMO ban implemented by the EU by council Directive 2002/62/EC. Objective 3. To assess the data collected, and to report on the findings (and make these available for OSPAR, WFD purposes and QSR) and to advise on the development of the UK strategy for TBT monitoring in future. 4. Method 4.1 Survey design One of the major aims of the survey was to measure imposex in dogwhelks and to assess if there had been changes in imposex since the previous survey in 2004. Therefore it was imperative that stations sampled in 2004 were again sampled in 2007 and this to include the site of special interest at Sullom Voe in Scotland. In addition, sites were also identified which provided information on important hot spots not covered in the 2004 survey and for sites in England and Wales where there were Water Framework Directive (WFD) TBT issues. Each CMA took responsibility for sampling in its region, and the OSPAR sampling strategy and analysis was adhered to. 4.2 Sampling The protocol followed that described by OSPAR (2002). Dogwhelks were sampled during low tide, by hand, from the shoreline between spring low water and mid‐tide levels with sample sizes of 40 specimens per station. Specimens were collected that were sexually mature and yet not too old, in order to minimize former and possibly higher contamination levels. This involved collecting specimens of around 12 to 25 mm in shell height and that dogwhelks were toothed. At the time of collection supporting information was collected, this included, the time taken to collect the 40 individuals in order to give an indication of species abundance and the presence of juveniles or egg capsules was also noted as this can be a valuable indication of continued reproductive activity in populations. After collection the 40 individuals were transported live to the laboratory in cool damp conditions and assessed for imposex within seven days of collection. 4.3 Determination of imposex At the laboratory Nucella, were examined live, without narcotisation. Before breaking the shell with a vice, individual measurements for shell heights were measured to the nearest 0.1 mm with a vernier calliper and recorded. Specimens parasitised by trematodes or other endoparasites were excluded from further analyses. Under the microscope in imposex‐affected species the following observations and measurements (with an accuracy for organ extensions of 0.1 mm) were undertaken, according to the OSPAR guideline described below (see also Oehlmann et al., 1991): a. the imposex stage for each female, and b. the length of penis in Nucella males and females (if present). Measurement of penis length in Nucella should be done immediately after removing it from the shell, as the penis enlarges after its death. On the basis of these measurements the following calculations of imposex intensities and indices of possible interference with the reproductive capability in prosobranch populations was calculated: a. Vas Deferens Sequence Index (VDSI) in Nucella, as the mean value of the imposex stages in a population: b. the proportion of sterile female Nucella; After all the individuals were measured the Vas deferens sequence index (VDSI) was calculated to assess the OSPAR class for each site, (Table 4.3.1.), OSPAR (2004)). Vas Deferens Sequence Index (VDSI): = Sum of VDS values of all females sampled / Number of females sampled. VDSI values > 4,0 indicate that at least some of the females in the sample are sterilised due to imposex development; Table 4.3.1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PEMBROKESHIRE © Lonelyplanetpublications Biggest Megalithicmonumentinwales
    © Lonely Planet Publications 162 lonelyplanet.com PEMBROKESHIRE COAST NATIONAL PARK •• Information 163 porpoises and whales are frequently spotted PEMBROKESHIRE COAST in coastal waters. Pembrokeshire The park is also a focus for activities, from NATIONAL PARK hiking and bird-watching to high-adrenaline sports such as surfing, coasteering, sea kayak- The Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (Parc ing and rock climbing. Cenedlaethol Arfordir Sir Benfro), established in 1952, takes in almost the entire coast of INFORMATION Like a little corner of California transplanted to Wales, Pembrokeshire is where the west Pembrokeshire and its offshore islands, as There are three national park visitor centres – meets the sea in a welter of surf and golden sand, a scenic extravaganza of spectacular sea well as the moorland hills of Mynydd Preseli in Tenby, St David’s and Newport – and a cliffs, seal-haunted islands and beautiful beaches. in the north. Its many attractions include a dozen tourist offices scattered across Pembro- scenic coastline of rugged cliffs with fantas- keshire. Pick up a copy of Coast to Coast (on- Among the top-three sunniest places in the UK, this wave-lashed western promontory is tically folded rock formations interspersed line at www.visitpembrokeshirecoast.com), one of the most popular holiday destinations in the country. Traditional bucket-and-spade with some of the best beaches in Wales, and the park’s free annual newspaper, which has seaside resorts like Tenby and Broad Haven alternate with picturesque harbour villages a profusion of wildlife – Pembrokeshire’s lots of information on park attractions, a cal- sea cliffs and islands support huge breeding endar of events and details of park-organised such as Solva and Porthgain, interspersed with long stretches of remote, roadless coastline populations of sea birds, while seals, dolphins, activities, including guided walks, themed frequented only by walkers and wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • Wales: River Wye to the Great Orme, Including Anglesey
    A MACRO REVIEW OF THE COASTLINE OF ENGLAND AND WALES Volume 7. Wales. River Wye to the Great Orme, including Anglesey J Welsby and J M Motyka Report SR 206 April 1989 Registered Office: Hydraulics Research Limited, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX1 0 8BA. Telephone: 0491 35381. Telex: 848552 ABSTRACT This report reviews the coastline of south, west and northwest Wales. In it is a description of natural and man made processes which affect the behaviour of this part of the United Kingdom. It includes a summary of the coastal defences, areas of significant change and a number of aspects of beach development. There is also a brief chapter on winds, waves and tidal action, with extensive references being given in the Bibliography. This is the seventh report of a series being carried out for the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. For further information please contact Mr J M Motyka of the Coastal Processes Section, Maritime Engineering Department, Hydraulics Research Limited. Welsby J and Motyka J M. A Macro review of the coastline of England and Wales. Volume 7. River Wye to the Great Orme, including Anglesey. Hydraulics Research Ltd, Report SR 206, April 1989. CONTENTS Page 1 INTRODUCTION 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 COASTAL GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY 3.1 Geological background 3.2 Coastal processes 4 WINDS, WAVES AND TIDAL CURRENTS 4.1 Wind and wave climate 4.2 Tides and tidal currents 5 REVIEW OF THE COASTAL DEFENCES 5.1 The South coast 5.1.1 The Wye to Lavernock Point 5.1.2 Lavernock Point to Porthcawl 5.1.3 Swansea Bay 5.1.4 Mumbles Head to Worms Head 5.1.5 Carmarthen Bay 5.1.6 St Govan's Head to Milford Haven 5.2 The West coast 5.2.1 Milford Haven to Skomer Island 5.2.2 St Bride's Bay 5.2.3 St David's Head to Aberdyfi 5.2.4 Aberdyfi to Aberdaron 5.2.5 Aberdaron to Menai Bridge 5.3 The Isle of Anglesey and Conwy Bay 5.3.1 The Menai Bridge to Carmel Head 5.3.2 Carmel Head to Puffin Island 5.3.3 Conwy Bay 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY FIGURES 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Stitch in Time Pwyth Mewn Pryd
    A Stitch in Time Pwyth mewn Pryd An ecosystem services assessment of a conservation project June 2017 Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 2 2 A Stitch in Time – Pwyth mewn Pryd .................................................................................................. 3 3 A profile of the Gwaun catchment ...................................................................................................... 5 4 Ecosystem services deriving from the principal habitats ................................................................... 8 6 Impacts of the target species on ecosystem services ......................................................................... 9 7 Infestation, treatment extent and effects ........................................................................................ 11 8 Impacts of the project on ecosystem services .................................................................................. 15 9 Limitations......................................................................................................................................... 17 10 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 18 11 References ...................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rock Cottage, Cemaes Head, St Dogmaels SA43
    Rock Cottage, Cemaes Head, St Dogmaels SA43 3LP Offers in the region of £645,000 • Stunning Uninterrupted Views • No Close Neighbours • Set In 11 Acres • Private Coastal Location • Character Cottage Style John Francis is a trading name of John Francis (Wales) Ltd which is Authorised and Regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. We endeavour to make our sales details accurate and reliable but they should not be relied on as statements or representations of fact and they do not constitute any part of an offer or contract. The seller does not make any representation to give any warranty in relation to the property and we have no authority to do so on behalf of the seller. Any information given by us in these details or otherwise is given without responsibility on our part. Services, fittings and equipment referred to in the sales details have not been tested (unless otherwise stated) and no warranty can be given as to their condition. We strongly recommend that all the information which we provide about the property is verified by yourself or your advisers. Please contact us before viewing the property. If there is any point of particular importance to you we will be pleased to provide additional information or to make further enquiries. We will also confirm that the property remains available. This is particularly important if you are contemplating travelling some distance to view the property. RE/KH/32637/040714 DINING/RECEPTION WC, wash basin, shower, heated towel rail, DESCRIPTION AREA 13' x 12'2 (3.96m x extractor fan, shaving The property is situated light and point, window.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardigan Island to Cemaes Head Area Name
    Seascape Character Area Description Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Seascape Character Assessment No: 2 Seascape Character Cardigan Island to Cemaes Head Area Name: Looking across the bay to Cardigan Island Looking west from Cemaes Head Summary Description The seaward edge of the Teifi Estuary and outer bay, marked by Cemaes Head to the west and Cardigan Island to the east. Cemaes Head is marked by steep but not vertical cliffs and large areas of heathland mosaic, with the land rising behind. Cardigan Island has low cliffs and steep 2-1 Supplementary Planning Guidance: Seascape Character Assessment December 2013 Seascape Character Area Description Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Seascape Character Assessment edges with a bare grass dome. There are panoramic views from the headlands. Key Characteristics The high sandstone and mudstone cliffs reaching 175mAOD cliffs on the headlands to the south. The landform is lower to the north and on Cardigan Island at around 50mAOD. The shallow sea is closely associated with the Teifi estuary, but more exposed to winds and swell from the west or north and with severe wave climate around Cemaes Head. Rural mainly pastoral landcover with no settlement with semi-natural coastal vegetation and heathland in places. The coastal path on Cemaes Head is slightly set back from the cliff edge but rejoins the cliff top to the west. Wildlife trips are taken to view dolphins around Cardigan Island and there is potting and some set nets. Panoramic views are possible from Cemaes Head and the area is remote and exposed. General lack of light pollution. Physical Influences These two prominent rocky headlands at the mouth of the Teifi valley are joined by steep but not vertical cliffs of north east- south west striking Ordovician sandstones and mudstones.
    [Show full text]
  • The Occurrence and Foraging Activity of Bottlenose Dolphins and Harbour Porpoises in Cardigan Bay SAC, Wales
    The occurrence and foraging activity of bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises in Cardigan Bay SAC, Wales. by Lucy Alford BA (Hons) Natural Sciences, Cambridge University, 2005 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of M.Sc Marine Biology Supervised by Dr A. Yule and Dr P.G.H Evans THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES, BANGOR December 2006 In association with: i Declaration This work has not been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being currently submitted for any degree. This dissertation is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of M.Sc. Marine Biology. This dissertation is the result of my own independent work / investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be made available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ………………………………….. (candidate) Date ………………………………….. ii Acknowledgments Firstly a massive thank you to Dr Andy Yule of the School of Ocean Sciences for supervising me for the duration of the study and for providing continuous assistance and advice throughout. I would also like to thank him for the statistical knowledge that I have gained from him, which will, without doubt, be invaluable as I begin my PhD. I am truly grateful. Secondly I would like to thank Sea Watch Foundation for kindly allowing me to use their T-Pod data set for the study, without which I would not have an M.Sc project.
    [Show full text]
  • Guest Directory
    Guest Directory The Cliff Hotel & Spa, Gwbert, Cardigan, Ceredigion, SA43 1PP Telephone: 01239 613241 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cliffhotel.com Guest Directory Contents A Word of Welcome 3 Emergency & Security 4 Tassimo User Guide 5 Cliff Spa 7 Dining 8 Room Service 9 Hotel Services 10 Telephone & Wi-Fi 14 Out & About 15 Local Coastal Walks 19 A Word of Welcome Dear Guest, May we take this opportunity to welcome you to The Cliff Hotel & Spa. We trust that you will have an enjoyable and comfortable stay with us. The Cliff Hotel & Spa boasts one of the most breath-taking marine views in Wales. The hotel is set in its own 30 acres of headland overlooking Cardigan Bay, the broad sweep of Poppit Sands and the Teifi Estuary. It is a complete holiday venue with comfortable accommodation, our own 9 hole golf course (with Cardigan’s 18 hole course next door) and a range of leisure facilities in our spa which is currently operating by appointment only. The area offers both sea and river fishing beyond comparison and easy access to the gems of the Cardigan Heritage Coast and the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park. The Carreg Restaurant offers a top-class menu from our Head Chef and his team, serving Breakfast, Lunch, Afternoon Tea and Dinner. Our popular Sunday Lunch Carvery is also available every week. All of this, in sight of the dramatic, ever changing seascapes, glorious sunsets and occasional visiting dolphins and seals, makes The Cliff Hotel & Spa the perfect stress-free setting for a relaxing break.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Team Report 2014-2015
    Conservation Team Report 2014Wildlife Trust - of2015 South and West Wales 1 www.welshwildlife.org Conservation Team report 2014-2015 Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Members of the conservation team ......................................................................... 4 1.2 Our assets .............................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Our funders ............................................................................................................. 9 2. Nature Reserves .......................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction to our work on our nature reserves .................................................... 10 2.2 Habitat management ............................................................................................. 14 2.3 Research .............................................................................................................. 19 2.4 Recording and monitoring ..................................................................................... 23 2.5 Volunteers ............................................................................................................ 26 2.6 Access management ............................................................................................ 30 2.7 Events on nature reserves ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Welsh Sea Kayaking Welsh
    Front Cover - View from Porth Dinllaen Back Cover - Skerries Lighthouse Welsh Sea Kayaking Welsh Jim Krawiecki & Andy Biggs Welsh Sea Kayaking fifty great sea kayak voyages Welshfifty great Sea sea kayak Kayaking voyages From the Dee Estuary to the Bristol Channel, the Welsh coastline in all its varied guises provides a fantastic Jim playground for the sea kayaker. These select fifty journeys cover all of the interesting parts of the coast and provide & Krawiecki easy sheltered paddles, testing offshore trips for the adventurous and everything in between. Illustrated with superb colour photographs and useful maps throughout, this book is a practical guide to help you select Biggs Andy and plan trips. It will provide inspiration for future voyages and a souvenir of journeys undertaken. As well as providing essential information on where to start and finish, distances, times and tidal information, the book does much to stimulate and inform our interest in the environment we are passing through. It is full of facts and anecdotes about local history, geology, scenery, seabirds and sea mammals. 15 12 13 14 11 10 4 2 1 9 8 7 3 5 6 16 17 22 23 18 21 20 19 24 25 26 27 28 30 29 31 32 34 36 33 35 37 38 40 43 39 44 42 41 45 46 47 49 48 50 Welsh Sea Kayaking fifty great sea kayak voyages Jim Krawiecki & Andy Biggs Pesda Press www.pesdapress.com First published in Great Britain 2006 by Pesda Press Reprinted with minor updates 2009 Reprinted 2013 Tan y Coed Canol Ceunant Caernarfon Gwynedd LL55 4RN Wales Copyright © 2005 Jim Krawiecki and Andy Biggs ISBN 0-9547061-8-8 ISBN 13 9780954706180 The Authors assert the moral right to be identified as the authors of this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 102.Docx
    Welsh Bulletin No. 102 July 2018 Editors: Richard Pryce, Sally Whyman & Katherine Slade 2 3 4 2 BSBI Welsh Bulletin No. 102 July 2018 Contents Welsh Officer’s Update, Paul R. Green ........................................................................ 4 Fumaria reuteri Boiss., Martin’s Ramping-fumitory, new to Wales, Tim Rich & Faith Williams ........................................................................................................................ 5 Botanical comings and goings on a Pembrokeshire farm, 1999 – 2018, M.D.Sutton ... 5 Flintshire (v.c.51) report 2017, Gail Quartly-Bishop .................................................. 10 Looking for and updating pre 2000 hectad records of Stellaria pallida (Lesser Chickweed) in Pembrokeshire, Paul R. Green............................................................ 11 Correction to BSBI Welsh Bulletin no 101 ................................................................. 13 Welsh Plant Records 2017 .......................................................................................... 14 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Front Cover image: Sagina subulata (Heath Pearlwort), Mwnt, Cardiganshire, v.c.46. © Paul R. Green. See page 4. Page 2: Image 2: Prunus cerasus (Dwarf Cherry), a plant that still needs recording in Wales for Atlas 2020. © Paul R. Green. See page 4. Image 3: On a Pembrokeshire Farm, extraction of 20 year old willow trees for sale to river restoration projects has restored some open
    [Show full text]
  • Cemaes Head Half Day + Walk
    Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Cemaes Head Half Day + Walk SCALE: 0 300 600 m KEY DISTANCE/DURATION: 5.0 miles (8.0 km) 3 hours •••• Circular Route PUBLIC TRANSPORT: Service bus Poppit Sands 407/409, Pembrokeshire Coast Path *Poppit Rocket 405 (*seasonal, hail & ride) National Trail CHARACTER: Rugged coast, fields and livestock Public Right of Way LOOK OUT FOR: Reintroduction of coastal grazing • highest cliffs in National Park (550ft) Car Park spectacular rock folding Public Toilets Bus Stop SAFETY FIRST! • Take great care when on the Coast Path • Stay on the path and away from cliff edges • Wear boots and warm, waterproof clothing • Take extra care in windy and/or wet conditions • Always supervise children and dogs • Leave gates and property as you find them Poppit & YHA 900m © Crown copyright and database rights 2012 Ordnance Survey 100022534. Cemaes Head Half Day + Walk Leg Land of ends Duration: 3 hours Click on the icons below for a local Length: 5.0 miles (8.0 km) legend, or go to Public transport: Service bus Poppit Sands 407/409, *Poppit Rocket 405 www.pembrokeshirecoast.wales/legends (*seasonal, hail & ride). Grid ref: SN131501 A walk along dramatic cliffs with spectacular views Look out for: Reintroduction of coastal grazing, highest cliffs in National Park (550ft), spectacular rock folding. The highest sea cliffs in the Park are between Cemaes Head and Pen-yr-Afr, where you'll see dramatic folding and contorting of the rocks (the effects of powerful earth movements orogenies over millions of years), which reveal the structure and strata of the earths crust.
    [Show full text]
  • Cemaes Head to Trwyn Y Bwa Name
    Welsh seascapes and their sensitivity to offshore developments No: 29 Regional Seascape Unit Cemaes Head to Trwyn y Bwa Name: Above, below and bottom right: Looking N across the waters of Ceibwr Bay to Ynys Fach, with Pencastell Looking towards Newport Bay with Careg Yspar (the island) above. In the distance is the dramatic folding of Pen yr Afr. (All photos © Dave Maclachlan PCNPA) 1 Welsh seascapes and their sensitivity to offshore developments No: 29 Regional Seascape Unit Cemaes Head to Trwyn y Bwa Name: Seascape Types: THIR, THMR Key Characteristics A rocky, fine grain indented sandstone coast with spectacular high cliffs rising to 150m with islets and arches, jagged rocky shores and very few small shingle beaches. Rural coastal plateau predominantly pastoral with very sparse settlement set back from the coast or in deep valleys. The coast has little light pollution. An exposed outward facing coast. Views from coastal path, Ceibwr Bay, Mynydd Carningli and associated open access land. Key cultural associations: sparsely populated; dominant characteristic is of an evolved and unspoiled landscape Physical Geology Ordovician rocks with a sandstone lithology. Characteristics Coastal landform A rocky, fine grain indented west and north west facing eroding coast. Spectacular high cliffs abut the coast rising to 150m AOD around Pen yr Afr and near Foel Goch. These are formed from steeply angled sandstone beds which create jagged formations, including steeply sloping cliffs, islets at Careg Wylan and Careg Yspar and a natural arch nearby. Narrow incised valleys reach the coast at only two small inlets which is otherwise fairly raised rising to 189m AOD.
    [Show full text]