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HORIZONS Beyond the Jellyfish Joyride and Global Oscillations

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HORIZONS Beyond the Jellyfish Joyride and Global Oscillations Journal of Plankton Research plankt.oxfordjournals.org J. Plankton Res. (2013) 35(5): 929–938. First published online June 28, 2013 doi:10.1093/plankt/fbt063 HORIZONS Downloaded from Beyond the jellyfish joyride and global http://plankt.oxfordjournals.org/ oscillations: advancing jellyfish research MARK J. GIBBONS1* AND ANTHONY J. RICHARDSON2,3 1 2 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE, PRIVATE BAG X17, BELLVILLE 7535, RSA, CLIMATE ADAPTATION 3 FLAGSHIP, CSIRO MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH, ECOSCIENCES PRECINCT, GPO BOX 2583, BRISBANE, QUEENSLAND 4102, AUSTRALIA AND CENTRE FOR APPLICATIONS IN NATURAL RESOURCE MATHEMATICS (CARM), SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS, THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND, ST LUCIA, QUEENSLAND 4072, AUSTRALIA by guest on February 12, 2014 *CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: [email protected] Received April 19, 2013; accepted May 31, 2013 Corresponding editor: Roger Harris There has been debate in the literature recently about increases in jellyfish popula- tions in response to anthropogenic change, and this has attracted widespread media interest. Despite an international collaborative initiative [National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) working group on jellyfish blooms] to investigate trends in global jellyfish numbers, interpretations from the data remain ambiguous. Although this is perhaps to be expected given the diversity of potential drivers, the debate has not been helped by a general lack of rigorous data and loose definitions. There is a need for the community to refocus its attention on under- standing the implications of jellyfish blooms and managing them, because regardless of global trends, jellyfish are a problem in some coastal marine ecosystems. Here, we provide recommendations for advancing jellyfish research. These include directing research toward better managing jellyfish impacts, expanding research into socio- economic consequences to grow the money available for research, building more op- erational and ecosystem models for tactical and strategic management, filling in the gaps in our biological knowledge for supporting models, improving surveillance using observing systems and making jellyfish research more rigorous. Some vehicles available online at www.plankt.oxfordjournals.org # The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: [email protected] JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH j VOLUME 35 j NUMBER 5 j PAGES 929–938 j 2013 to address these recommendations include international standardization of methods, a discipline-specific journal for jellyfish research and an international science program on the global ecology and oceanography of jellyfish. KEYWORDS: jellyfish; bloom; impacts; management; debate INTRODUCTION JELLYFISH AS HEADLINES Copepods play an undeniably important role in the When they are abundant, jellyfish can cause a multitude trophic functioning, biogeochemistry and (indirectly) of problems for fishing and aquaculture: they clog and socio-economics of most marine ecosystems, and conse- damage fishing nets; they can spoil catches and alter quently the number of publications on each has risen fishing efficiencies; they are an important occupational year-on-year (Fig. 1). Yet the increase in the number of safety issue in some fisheries; they can kill cultured fish; publications concerning copepods fails to match those they can interfere with the accurate hydro-acoustic assess- Downloaded from for studies on jellyfish, especially in recent times (Fig. 1). ment of stock sizes; and they can even capsize small And this is a group of animals that is common only in vessels during fishing operations. Jellyfish can also ob- some coastal systems, for some of the time, and which is struct the screens in cooling intakes of, and so temporar- eaten by few things of any “value” to us. ily cripple, both large vessels at sea as well as coastal If publications on jellyfish in the peer-reviewed press plants for (frequently nuclear) power generation and de- http://plankt.oxfordjournals.org/ are on the exponential increase, the rate of change in salination. We probably encounter jellyfish most when jellyfish headlines in the popular and news press has been they spoil our enjoyment of a day at the beach. And there meteoric (Figure 3 from Condon et al., 2012). Surprising is no doubt that as the human population continues to as it is, few people have ever heard of copepods (Fig. 2b), rise, and as our use of the maritime environment let alone understand the role they and other crustacean increases, so the potential for interaction with jellyfish zooplankton play in providing us with the fish on our will increase irrespective of any changes in their dinner plates. In contrast, everyone has heard of jellyfish (Supplementary data, Fig. S1): we can see them with the naked eye, they are in our folklore and our interactions by guest on February 12, 2014 with them have, for the most part, been direct and nega- tive, particularly in western nations. Fig. 1. Numbers of papers published on copepods and jellyfish over the period 1970–2010. The ratio between the two is also shown (spline smoothing: dotted) and it indicates that in the 1970s there were 15 times as many papers on copepods than jellyfish, now there is only approximately four times more. Data extracted on 21 May 2013 from Fig. 2. Changes in the usage of the words jellyfish ( jellyfish þ Web of Science using the Topic search (searching Title, Abstract and Jellyfish þ jellyfishes þ Jellyfishes) and copepod (copepod þ Keywords) and the words “copepod* or calanoid* or harpacticoid* or Copepod þ copepods þ Copepods) in more than 20 million English cyclopoid* or poecilostomatoid*” (N ¼ 17 507) and “scyphomedusa* or language books from 1800–2010 (see http://books.google.com/ hydromedusa* or ctenophor* or siphonophor* or cubomedusa*” (N ¼ ngrams; Michel et al., 2010).(a) All fiction and non-fiction, (b) fiction 4 569). books only. Data extracted on 27 February 2013. 930 M.J. GIBBONS AND A.J. RICHARDSON j JELLYFISH DEBATE abundance. All of these are worthy headlines, of course, By jellyfish here we refer to those zooplankton in the but much of the media hype of late has arisen out of phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora, and we deliberately “science” and not spectacle, and is linked to a perception exclude the Thaliacea that are frequently lumped with that numbers of some species of jellyfish have increased them as gelatinous zooplankton. The superficial resem- (Schrope, 2012). This potential increase has been vari- blance of thaliaceans is limited to their transparency, ously attributed to human-mediated environmental high water content and attendant metabolic implications change in the Anthropocene: fishing, ocean warming, as well as their tendency to form blooms (Table I). We hypoxia, habitat modification and coastal development, thus propose that only pelagic Medusozoa and eutrophication and accompanied in some instances by Ctenophora be considered “jellyfish” as they are more alien introductions (Purcell et al., 2007; Richardson et al., similar in their nervous and digestive systems, have a gen- 2009; Purcell, 2012). And it reflects the fact that jellyfish erally common habitat (coastal and shelf), their impacts (medusae and polyps) certainly have the potential to on humans are generally shared and their likely responses respond to these anthropogenic drivers individually (and to anthropogenic drivers are convergent. they could act synergistically) in a way that would lead to Several authors have written extensively about the increases in population size. attributes of jellyfish that could allow them to increase Downloaded from Table I: Although Medusozoa, Ctenophora and Thaliacea all have a high water content and are certainly gelatinous zooplankton, they should not all be considered together as jellyfish Taxon Medusozoa Ctenophoraa Thaliacea http://plankt.oxfordjournals.org/ e.g. Pelagia, Nemopilema, Chironex, Aequorea e.g. Mnemiopsis e.g. Salpa, Pyrosoma Environment Meroplankticb Holoplanktic Holoplanktic Habitat where they Coastal and shelf Coastal and shelf Shelf and oceanic form blooms Reproduction Benthic polyp, asexual; pelagic medusa Sexual; hermaphroditic Alternating sexual and asexual zooids sexual Nervous system Simple Simple Complex Closed digestive No No Simple system Diet Protists—vertebrates Protists—vertebrates Bacteria—protists by guest on February 12, 2014 Impacts Coastal plant Yes Yes No Vessels at sea Yes ? Yes Fishing operations Yes ? No Fish populations Yes: directly and indirectly Yes: directly and indirectly ?: indirectly Fish kills Yes No No Tourism Yes ? No Health Yes No No Anthropogenic drivers Sprawl Yes: polyps No No Invasives Yes: e.g. Phyllorhiza punctata Yes: e.g. Mnemiopsis leidyi No Fishing Yes: reduction in predation and Yes: reduction in predation and Unknown but unlikely: reduction in competition release niche space competition release niche space predation; not known competitors with fish Eutrophication Yes: change in size structure of food Yes: change in size structure of food No: increased prey base irreversibly web, increase in prey base; increase in web, increase in prey base; increase in clogs gills, leading to “starvation” turbidity turbidity Ocean warming Yes: stratification reduces size structure Yes: stratification reduces size structure Yes: stratification reduces size of food base; warming encourages of food base; warming leads to faster structure of food base; warming polyp proliferation and faster medusa individual, and likely population,
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