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Finnish and Spanish Families in Converging Europe

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Finnish and Spanish Families in Converging Europe FINNISH AND SPANISH FAMILIES IN CONVERGING EUROPE Eriikka Oinonen FINNISH AND SPANISH FAMILIES IN CONVERGING EUROPE Academic Dissertation University of Tampere Department of Sociology and Social Psychology STUDIES IN EUROPEAN SOCIETIES AND POLITICS Copyright © Eriikka Oinonen Editorial Board Matti Alestalo Marjatta Hietala Jouni Häkli Briitta Koskiaho Jyrki Käkönen Leena Wilkman Cover picture Anu Valkama Cover layout Mainoscraft Oy Page layout Marita Alanko Sales Bookshop TAJU Yliopistonkatu 38, 33014 Tampereen yliopisto Tel. (03) 215 6055 Fax (03) 215 7685 email [email protected] http://granum.uta.fi Printed dissertation ISBN 951-44-6092-8 Electronic dissertation Acta Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis 381 ISBN 951-44-6093-6 ISSN 1456-954X http://acta.uta.fi Cityoffset Oy Tampere 2004 CONTENTS I AN INTRODUCTION TO A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FINNISH AND SPANISH FAMILIES 13 1. To Compare Family Institutions 17 1.1. Premises of the Study 17 1.2. Family in Sociology: From Unity to Diversity 27 1.3. Comparative Research: Considering Methods and Data 40 2. Family and Modernisation in Finland and Spain 51 2.1. Th e Making of Modern Finland and Spain 51 2.2. Understanding Family Ideology 62 2.3. Family Values and Attitudes 87 2.4. On Family Formation 93 3. Family in Converging Europe 113 3.1. Family in Finland and Spain: Th e Focal Findings 113 3.2. Family in Converging Europe: Discussion 121 References 128 II NATIONS’ DIFFERENT FAMILIES? CONTRASTING COMPARISON OF FINNISH AND SPANISH ‘IDEOLOGICAL FAMILIES’ 145 1. Introduction 145 2. Family and Modernisation: Myth and Ideology 147 3. Finnish and Spanish Paths to Modern Societies 149 3.1. Socio-Economic Modernisation 150 3.2. Demographic Modernisation 153 3.3. Welfare State as an Element of Modernisation 155 4. Marriage and Family in the Light of Legislation 159 4.1. Th e Finnish Case 160 4.2. Th e Spanish Case 164 4.3. Family Law and Family Ideologies 170 5. Family in the Light of Family Policy 172 5.1. Th e Finnish Case 172 5.2. Th e Spanish Case 179 5.3. Family Policies and Family Ideologies 184 6. An Interpretation of Nations’ Families: Questioning Dichotomies 187 6.1. From Traditional/Modern 188 6.2. …To Collective/Individual 193 6.3. …To Religious/Secular 198 6.4. …To Private/Public 202 7. Concluding Remarks 207 References 212 III FINNISH AND SPANISH FAMILY INSTITUTIONS: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES 219 1. Introduction 219 2. Marriage and Family in the Light of Legislation 221 2.1. Th e Finnish Case 222 2.2. Th e Spanish Case 226 2.3. Finnish and Spanish Family Ideologies in the Light of Legislation 231 3. Th e Family: An Arena for the Struggle between Tradition and Modernity 234 3.1. Statistical View of Finnish and Spanish Families 236 3.2. Family Attitudes and Values 240 4. Conclusions 244 References 246 IV STARTING THE FIRST FAMILY. CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF FAMILY FORMATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN FINLAND AND SPAIN 251 1. Introduction 251 2. Demographic Trends 253 3. Th e Contraceptive Revolution and Fertility Decline 257 4. Th e Role of Cohabitation in the Decline and Delay of Marriage and Parenthood 259 5. Women’s Employment: A Cause of Changes in the Patterns of Family Formation? 260 6. Frameworks of Family Formation: Th e Labour Market and Family Policy 263 6.1. Th e Labour Market, Family Policy and Family Formation in Spain 264 6.2. Th e Labour Market, Family Policy and Family Formation in Finland 268 6.3. Deductions about the Spanish and Finnish Cases 273 7. Summary 276 References 279 V EXTENDED PRESENT, FALTERING FUTURE. FAMILY FORMATION IN THE PROCESS OF ATTAINING ADULT STATUS IN FINLAND AND SPAIN 285 1. Introduction 285 2. Youth and Adulthood: Conceptual Defi nitions 286 3. Southern and Northern Paths to Adulthood 292 4. Extended Present, Faltering Future: Reasons for Later Family Formation 297 4.1. Ever More Time Spent in Education 297 4.2. Th e Precarious Labour Market 298 4.3. Housing Situation and Policy 299 4.4. Th e Welfare State and Social Policy 301 4.5. Living in an Extended Present: Means of Risk Control 304 5. Interpretations and Conclusions 306 References 313 ORIGINAL ARTICLES Article 1 Oinonen, Eriikka (2000) Nations’ Diff erent Families? Contrasting Comparison of Finnish and Spanish ‘Ideological Families’. Working Papers 15. Mannheim: Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforchung (MZES). Article 2 Oinonen, Eriikka (2000) ‘Finnish and Spanish Family Institutions: Similarities and Diff erences’, in Astrid Pfenning and Th omas Bahle (eds.) Families and Family Policies in Europe. Comparative Perspectives. Frankfurt a.M. and New York: Peter Lang, pp. 141-161. Article 3 Oinonen, Eriikka (2004) ‘Starting the First Family. Changes in Patterns of Family Formation and Demographic Trends in Finland and Spain’. European Societies 6 (3): 319–346. Article 4 Oinonen, Eriikka (2003) ‘Extended Present, Faltering Future. Family Formation in the Process of Attaining Adult Status in Finland and Spain’. YOUNG Scandinavian Journal of Youth Research 11 (2): 121–140. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Th is work is the outcome of a long and eventful process that has been signposted by various research projects, each of them having shaped the research. Th e Scandinavian project Dissoluting and Merging Societies – From Nordic Model to European Formula? Finland, Sweden and Norway on the Th reshold of the 21st Century coordinated by Professor Raimo Blom fi rst introduced me to family issues and to the fi ne art of doing qualitative interviews. Th e project Social Exclusion and Social Inclusion in Childhood coordinated by docent Irmeli Järventie initiated me into multidisciplinary teamwork and into the European discussion on childhood and family matters. To all of you who were involved in these projects – many thanks for pleasurable collaboration. Th e turning point of my research was the Training and Mobility Programme for Young Researchers (TMR) of the international comparative research project Family and Welfare State in Europe coordinated by Professor Peter Flora at the Mannheim Centre for European Social Research and funded by the European Commission. Th e TMR programme brought together researchers from EU member countries and associate states. Th e programme off ered an excellent opportunity for us researchers to make ourselves conversant with comparative methods and data. Furthermore, it gave us a chance to develop our own comparative studies with long-term research visits in the countries included in our studies, with regular discussions in workshops all over Europe and with the tutelage of senior researchers in workshops and in the host institutions. My host institution during the academic year 1998–99 was the Department of Sociology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. During that year, and with the support of Professor Lluís Flaquer, I was able to familiarize myself with Spanish social scientifi c research and to develop my research into its fi nal form. Besides the scientifi c gain, the year in the TMR project and in Barcelona brought me new friends and unforgettable memories. My thanks to Lluís and to all of you who were involved in the TMR. My biggest debt of gratitude goes to Professors Raimo Blom and Matti Alestalo, who have encouraged and supported me and my work from the beginning. I am deeply grateful to Raimo for our discussions, his scholarly comments, for all the good times during our scientifi c travels around Europe and, most of all, for his friendship. I want to thank Matti for his careful comments, his pragmatic advice and for the use of his inexhaustible personal library. I owe him also for off ering me the opportunity to join the TMR project. Irmeli Järventie has played multiple roles during these years but I want to thank her especially for the invaluable lessons in ‘application science’ and in masterminding big multidisciplinary, comparative research projects. My sincere thanks to the readers of the dissertation, Emerita Professor Marjatta Marin and Emeritus Professor David H. J. Morgan, for their extremely favourable comments and encouragement. Th e Department of Sociology and Social Psychology has off ered me a good setting in which to carry out my project. My fi rst thanks go to Professor Anja-Riitta Lahikainen. I extend my gratitude also to other fantastic colleagues and staff , naming specifi cally Helena Laaksonen, Marja Alastalo and Anna Rastas for their camaraderie and friendship. I am also grateful to the participants of the post-graduate seminar Societal Change and Comparative Research who have read and commented on my work in its diff erent stages. My warmest thanks to Joan Lofgren, Virginia Mattila and Gretchen Wiesehan for revising my English, to Marita Alanko and Leena Wilkman for their professional and kind contributions in helping this work to materialize, and to Anu Valkama for her artistic contribution. At diff erent stages, my research has been supported by the Ebeneser, Niilo Helander, Ella and George Ehrnrooth, Emil Aaltonen and H. Weijola Foundations as well as the University of Tampere, the Finnish Post-graduate School of Social Sciences (SOVAKO), the Tampere Graduate Centre for Social Sciences (TAMCESS) and the Tampere City Science Foundation. I thank them for their fi nancial contributions. Finally, I wish to thank my nearest and dearest. To my parents – Marjatta and Ilppo – my warmest thanks for your unfailing faith in me. Olli, thanks for brotherly spurring, for taking a more practical approach to the family and for enriching my life with three brilliant individuals: Elsa, Th eo and the Little Princess. Kimmo, my deepest thanks for sharing the most important – the everyday life with me. I dedicate this work to all of you – to my family. In Tampere, 27th August 2004, on the morning my niece came into world. Eriikka Oinonen I AN INTRODUCTION TO A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FINNISH AND SPANISH FAMILIES Th is thesis explores the family and its changes during the 20th century and, particularly, between the 1960s and 1990s by comparing Finland and Spain within the West European context.
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