AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS ISSN - 0970-7115 Regn. No. 31362/75 A Monthly Survey of Automotive and related Technical Literature & Events

May 2019 Vol. 45, No 5

An ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 27001, OHSAS 18001 and NABL Accredited R&D Institute ARAI KNOWLEDGE CENTRES - KOTHRUD & CHAKAN LIST OF JOURNAL / PERIODICALS ARAI Knowledge Centre, established in 1975, is a Technical Journals fully automated special library and one of India's finest ATZ Worldwide (English) libraries with a specific collection of automotive and Commercial Vehicles related subjects. The primary goal is to cater to all types of DieselNet Subscription in-house researchers' information needs. The Dhatukam - Yantra aani Tantra (Marathi) Knowledge Centre also serves automotive engineering professionals, faculty, students, and various government Engineering Failure Analysis organizations with respect to automotive and related International Journal of Crashworthiness subjects. International Journal of Electric & Hybrid Vehicles The Knowledge Centre has a collection of around International Journal of Vehicle Noise & Vibration 24,000 books and standards. The collection includes International Journal of Vehicle Design books on various topics such as powertrain, electric & Journal of Automobile Engg Procd of IME Part D hybrid vehicle, emissions, NVH, brakes, fatigue, vehicle dynamics, safety, automotive electronics, automotive Journal of Engg. Materials & Technology materials, management, soft-skills, etc. and technical Journal of Heat Transfer reports, seminar/conference proceedings such as SAE, Journal of Mechanical Design SIAT, IMechE, etc. It has a rich collection of national and Journal of Vibration and Acoustics international standards such as ADR, AIS, ASTM, BS, MTZ Worldwide (English) DIN, EEC / ECE, IS, ISO, JASO, JIS, SANS, SAE and so Noise Control Engineering Journal on. The reading hall has repository of national and international journals. The value added by the Knowledge Standards India Centre is the collection of student project reports on TERI Information Digest on Energy and various areas of automotive research. The collection of Non-Technical Periodicals SAE Technical Papers is an additional value. Free access is provided to all SAE members in India. Business India Labour Law Journal The Knowledge Centre offers memberships on an Business Manager Library Progress annual, monthly, weekly and daily basis to educational & Current Labour (International) research institutes, automotive companies and Reports National Geographic automotive professionals. It also provides its customers Digit Outlook with document delivery service for technical articles Down to Earth Reader's Digest towards research work purposes only. It publishes a Harvard Business Right to Information monthly magazine, 'Automotive Abstracts (ISSN No. Review Reporter (RTIR) 0970 - 7115)', which offers India's most comprehensive Human Capital Rishimukh service to the automotive industry. It helps to conduct India Today Swamy News literature and patent search and compiles lists of references. It has also developed an institutional repository for capturing, organizing, preserving and Exchange Periodicals disseminating automotive knowledge. Auto Car India Finder Autocar Professional Industrial Safety COLLECTION AT A GLANCE Automotive Engineer Chronicle & Trader Manufacturing Books, Conference Proceedings, CDs : EVO India Technology Today +9000 Indian Journal Motor India Transport Overdrive Standards : Management SIAM Monthly Flash +15000 Industrial Product Reports e-Books : e-DATABASES +500

DIGITAL LIBRARY ARAI Digital Library is developed to capture, organize, preserve and disseminate knowledge. This institutional repository includes Conference Proceedings, SIAT Keynote & Technical Papers, Seminar Papers, Staff Publications, ARAI Updates, Automotive Abstracts, News Clippings, eBooks, etc. The contents of this repository are organized in different collections. It only provides access to all Editorial AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS Dear Reader, The world is moving in the direction of electric mobility, and India is working through FAME II on a clear cut policy. The technology for Electric Vehicles (EV) is still evolving and requires infrastructure charging. However, hybrid vehicles are advocated by Japanese companies, which will not require extensive charging infrastructure. There is a space for coexistence for all technologies in a planned ecosystem, leading to diversity. Thirty percent of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) would be sold by 2026. ARAI inaugurated this year Center of Excellence for Electric Mobility and signed a MoU with VelTech University to initiate M. Tech. in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles (E&HV) programme from June 2019. To address all issues relating to electric mobility, ARAI conducted a 2 Day Proficiency Improvement Programme on "Electric & Hybrid Vehicles" from 1 to 2 April 2019 at VelTech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Tamilnadu, to give an in-depth perspective on E&HVs.

Participants at PIP on “Electric & Hybrid Vehicles” at VelTech University, Chennai

At Technology Front, the Proficiency Improvement Programmes (PIPs) scheduled at ARAI are as follows:

3 Day PIP on "Vehicle & Engine Testing" from 13-15 May 2019 at ARAI-FID, Chakan 3 Day PIP on "Metallurgy for Non-Metallurgists" from 29 –31 May 2019 at ARAI-FID, Chakan in association with ASM, Pune 1 Day PIP on "Shared Mobility" on 3rd June 2019 at ARAI-FID, Chakan 1 Day PIP on "The Emergence of Lithium-ion Batteries in Automotive Sector" on 10th June 2019 at ARAI-FID, Chakan 3 Day PIP on "Foundry Technology" from 10–12 June 2019 at ARAI-FID, Chakan in association with ASM, Pune 3 Day PIP on "Automotive NVH" from 12–14 June 2019 at ARAI-FID, Chakan 4 Day PIP on "Automotive Engineering" from 18–21 June 2019 at ARAI-FID, Chakan

We have developed high-quality e-learning modules called e-PIPs on various topics related to automotive engineering. These interactive eModules are hosted on the ARAI eLearning Portal https:/elearning.araiindia.com/ to help users access them anytime and anywhere.

For more details of above programmes, visit ARAI website https://araiindia.com & ARAI Academy website http://academy.araiindia.com. Please feel free to contact me with your valuable suggestions at [email protected]

With Best Regards

Dr. K.C. Vora Sr. Deputy Director & Head, ARAI Academy & Knowledge Centre Treasurer & Member, SAEINDIA Managing Committee. Chairman, BAJA SAEINDIA 2020 National Organising Committee.

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 01 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 ISSN 0970-7115 Regn. No. 31362/75 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 CONTENTS 1. Editorial ...... 01 General Information: Abstracts have been taken directly from 2. Proficiency Improvement Programme...... 03 source documents like conference proceedings, national and international 3. Online Learning Courses (EPIP)...... 06 periodicals covering worldwide literature on automotive and related allied subjects. 4. Illustration...... 07 Abstracts are broadly classified and arranged under various subject heads. 5. Technical Abstracts...... 07 Every effort is made to present the abstracts accurately but the Automotive Active & Passive Safety...... 07 Research Association of India, Pune assumes no liability for any error and Autonomous & Connected Vehicles...... 12 Publication Details: Electric & Hybrid Vehicles...... 13 Automotive Abstracts is a monthly publication published by Knowledge Centre Manufacturing & Materials...... 16 (Library) of the Automotive Research Association of India. January to November Noise & Vibration...... 22 (11 Issues) are in Print + PDF version and December Issue an Index issue published in Powertrain & Engineering...... 26 CD-ROM. Enquiries may be addressed to ARAI, Vehicle Dynamics...... 29 Post Box No. 832, Pune 411004 6. Techno Scan...... 35 Email: [email protected] Tel: 020-30231192 7. IPR Scan (Fuel Consumption)...... 40 [email protected] Tel: (02135) 396685 8. Autonews...... 42 Subscription Details: 9. Books Added in Knowledge Centre (2019-20).... 46 The annual subscription rate for Automotive Abstracts for the subscription period April to 10. Academy Training Programmes...... 47 March is Rs. 3000/- for print + PDF version in India and US $ 100 + GST applicable for only 11. Forthcoming Events...... 49 PDF version for foreign. Demand Draft / Cheques are to be drawn in 12. Subscription Form for Automotive Abstracts...... 55 favour of “The Automotive Research 13. Feedback Form for Automotive Abstracts...... 55 Association of India” payable at Pune or you can visit the following link for subscriptio 14. Application Form for Deposit Account Scheme.. 56 https://academy.araiindia.com/index. 15. Knowledge Centre Membership Details...... 56 php/publications/automotive-abstracts/ new-subscription . 16. Knowledge Centre Annual Membership Form.... 57 Disclaimer: This publication has been published for providing updates on the latest events and happenings in the automotive industry and Editor : Dr. K.C. Vora, Sr. Deputy Director & Head, ARAI Academy the patent applications being filed in this Published by : Mrs. Rashmi Urdhwareshe, Director, ARAI regard. However, it is clarified that details w.r.t. the patent applications are derived from Regd. Office : Survey No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off. Paud Road, the public domain. ARAI does not have any Kothrud, Pune – 411038, India right, title or interest in the said patent, unless Tel.: +91-20-30231111, Fax: +91-20-30231104 specified. This publication is for academic and Email: [email protected] educational purpose only. ARAI does not Declaration No. : PHM/SR/95/2000 dt. 13-04-2000 intent to derive any commercial benefit from it. Visit us at https://www.araiindia.com Printed at : Creatick Solution, 220/1 Ganesh Nagar Earandavane Pune - 4 / Office : 1/2 Near SBI Bank, Karve Road, Earandavane , Pune - 4 Tel.: 9850243264 / 9766667446 Email : [email protected] AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 02 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 PROFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME

ARAI ACADEMY ARAI ACADEMY Announces Announces 3Day Proficiency Improvement Programme (PIP) 3 Day Proficiency Improvement Programme (PIP) Vehicle & Engine Testing Metallurgy for Non-Metallurgist

Why wait? Learn from Why wait? SAVE THE DATE Learn from Register SAVE THE DATE Industry Register Industry Soon ! th st Expert! Soon ! 13th & 15th May 2019 Expert! 29 –31 May 2019 at ARAI-FID,Chakan, Pune At ARAI-FID, Chakan, Pune

PIP Overview: In today’s times of Globalization it is essential to widen the knowledge base of Individuals. Metallurgy is a vital basis of every major engineering field, it contributes to all engineering applications where a materials are used and is a full gamut of engineering product/process design. It focus is on translating complex principles & procedures into easy to understand terms that will enable participants to gain understanding of fundamental of metallurgy; bridging the gap between theory and practice. PIP Overview: This training provides concise knowledge of metallurgy with a focus on industry applications for working professionals/ engineers (design, maintenance, Engineers & Designers working on Vehicle & Engine Development manufacturing, service, sales, and purchase dept). As such it is essential to have need to validate their designs & improvements through testing. an understanding of what metals are, how they behave, and why they behave Thus,Engine Testing on Engine Dynamometer & Vehicle Testing on differently than ceramics, glass, and plastics. This will help to obtain optimum Chassis Dynamometer as well as on road / track be come essential part properties for a given condition, to save money and enhance customer of validation. satisfaction. It is also important to understand how they can be made stronger or Under Vehicle Testing: Performance, Emission, Noise, Safety & more corrosion resistant, how they can be shaped by casting, EMI/EM Care important aspects which will be covered. Component test forging, forming, machining, or welding, and how these processes can alter properties. This ASM course provides an important knowledge who are not will also be high lighted. Under Engine Testing: Test Cell Integration, metallurgists, and it covers up metallurgy from history of metals to its fabrication Engine Performance & Emission will be covered.Visit is planned to into usable products. VRDE,Ahmednagar & FEV,Talegaon. The Faculty for program comprises of Senior Materials Engineering Based on this training, an awareness will be created which can be Professionals from Industry & Senior Educationists. followed by future training programme on EngineTesting & Certification What's in it for you? as well as Automotive Testing & Certification. History of metals Steel and Cast Iron Making of Steels and ARAIA cademy invites you to understand about Vehicle & Deformation of Metals Strengthening Mechanisms Corrosion & its EngineTesting along with Industry Experts. Prevention Testing of Mechanical Properties Solidification of Metals  What's in it for you? Non Ferrous Metals & their Applications Heat - Treatment of Steels  Test Cell Equipment Layout Test bed Commissioning Activities Metallogphy & Practicals Joining of Metals Characterization of Metal  Engine and Chassis Dynamometer Engine Calibration Design Metallography Quality Control & Failure Analysis Validation Plan Performance Testing Static & Dynamic Testing of Who is it for ? Vehicle Vehicle Component Testing Test Tracks This training is useful for all industry professionals, who needs to have Who Should Attend ? comprehensive understanding of Metallurgy and working in area of:  Design Dept., Product Design & Development, R&D, Service Engineers, Inspection, This training is useful for all industry professionals, who needs to Testing, Quality Control, Assurance & Improvement, CAE and Metallurgy & techno have comprehensive understanding in the domain of : commercial activity will benefit by attending this program. Vehicle/Engine manufacturers,Component manufacturers  Manufacturing Shop Floor, Shift engineer / manager  Sales, Business Development & Marketing Organisation involved in Automotive research,Vehicle testing,Engine  Purchase, Vendor development & Supply chain testing & Crtification, Calibration, Design & Development, etc.  Also working engineers / managers working as Supervisors, Engineers, Technicians, Personnel working in Vehicle or Engine Testing Students / Graduate / Diploma Engineers and Executives, who need to work & analyse materials data & quality issues. Professors / PhD Scholars Registration fees per person Pricing Category Registration fees per person (incl. 18% Goods Service Tax) Pricing Category (incl. 18% Goods Service Tax) Industry Professionals Rs.15,000 + Rs. 2700 = Rs. 17,700 IndustryProfessionals Rs. 10,000 + Rs. 1,800 = Rs. 11,800 Teaching Faculty Rs.9,000 + Rs. 1620 = Rs. 10,620 Teaching Faculty Rs. 8,000 + Rs. 1,440 = Rs. 9,440 Student Rs.6,000 + Rs. 1080 = Rs. 7,080 Student Rs. 5,000 + Rs. 900 = Rs. 5,900 Note: ARAI reserves the rights to change the dates, schedule, contents, speakers,venue etc. for the programme without any notice. Note: ARAI reserves the rights to change the dates, schedule, contents, speakers,venue etc. for the programme without any notice. Contact for More Details & Registration Contact for More Details & Registration Mr. N.A. Deshmukh/Mr. Sameer Bendhari Mr. N. A. Deshmukh/ Mr. Sameer Bendhari Phone: 02135‐396690/91/95 Phone: 02135-396690/91/93/95 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; Email: [email protected] , [email protected] [email protected]; Website: www.araiindia.com; academy.araiindia.com

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 03 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 ARAI ACADEMY ARAI ACADEMY Announces Announces 3 Day Proficiency Improvement Programme (PIP) 1 Day Proficiency Improvement Programme on Foundry Technology Shared Mobility Why wait? SAVE THE DATE Learn from Register Industry th th Expert! Why wait? SAVE THE DATE Learn from Soon ! 10 -12 June 2019 Register Industry rd At ARAI-FID, Chakan, Pune Soon ! 03 June 2019 Expert! at ARAI-FID, Chakan, Pune

PIP Overview: Casting is the oldest manufacturing process and has inherent advantages of Design flexibility, high production rate and ability to produce large & complex shapes. Challenges to Indian Metal Casting Industries are high Cost of technology (Modern equipment’s), Cost of energy and Environment pollutions. The focus is more on Quality (not on the Quantity), Right at first & every time, Waste reduction (improving the productivity), Defect prevention (not on defect rectification) and Reduction in lead time (design & produce). Due to globalisation, Indian foundry must understand changing global scenario, should witness new challenges to face new opportunities to grab. Workshop Overview: This course introduces the process of metal casting and provides a broad picture Today, due to advancement in automotive technology, transit agencies of casting production from designer’s perspective. It illustrates the technology, are focusing on new mobility options to ensure a better, reliable, secure complexity involved, types of castings, casting design, process selection, and cost effective service in public transportation sector. With this methoding, casting tools & equipment’s & quality assurance and key safety and indigenization of the technology, customer want to look, book and environmental regulations & competitiveness. A detailed coverage of iron transact through the cell phones. The network that operates at the melting, solidifications & related processes, metallurgy of casting process & product and identifying casting defects & remedies will be discussed. backend is the tested technology. The systems includes a strong Characterisation & properties of iron & aluminium alloys and their general Control unit, Internet of Things (IoT) and the Telematics. Additionally, applications along with decision making process will be discussed. Shared Mobility will help in scale of economics, support cleaner & The speakers selected for each topic are experts in their field and bring along a greener environment and mitigate traffic congestion typically in metro rich experience of theory and its application, and has through understanding of cities. Automotive industry requirements. To get peek at the various aspects of Shared Mobility, ARAI invites you The course is designed for participants having no prior metallurgical to participate in the one day event on Shared Mobility. training & has basic understanding of simple chemistry and physics. What's in it for you? What's in it for you? Introduction to Sand and Die Casting OE’s Expectation from Casting Shared Mobility- Concepts and Understanding Manufacturing and Gearing up for Future Automotive Regulations (Euro 5 / Euro 6) through Casting Types of Castings and Future Automotive Engine Telematics requirements Identify Design related failure Internet of Things (IoT) Methoding of Ferrous Casting NDT for Casting Defect Detection Technology governing the Shared Mobility Network Casting Tools & Equipments, Quality Assurance and Factory Automation Charging Infrastructure for Shared EVs Melting and Processing of Al, Zn and Mn Alloys (Die Casting) Who is it for ? Who is it for This training is useful for all industry professionals, who needs to have This training is useful for those, who need to have comprehensive comprehensive understanding of Failure Analysis and working in area of: understanding of Shared Mobility and are:  Design Dept., Product Design & Development, R&D, Service Engineers, Inspection, Testing, Quality Control, Assurance & Improvement,  Working on Telematics, Internet of Things (IoT), CAE and Metallurgy & techno commercial activity will benefit Cloud storage, etc. by attending this program.  Technicians / Engineers / Managers / Start-ups.  Manufacturing Shop Floor, Shift engineer / manager  Experts specialized in Connected Mobility.  Sales, Business Development & Marketing  Teaching Professionals & Engineering Students  Purchase, Vendor development & Supply chain  Also working engineers / managers working as Supervisors, Engineers, Registration fees per person Technicians, Graduate / Diploma Engineers and Executives, who need to Pricing Category (incl. 18% Goods Service Tax) work & analyse materials data & quality issues Registration fees per person Industry Professionals Rs.5,000 + Rs.900 = Rs. 5,900 Pricing Category (incl. 18% Goods Service Tax) Teaching Faculty Rs.3,000 + Rs. 540 = Rs. 3,540 IndustryProfessionals Rs. 10,000 + Rs. 1,800 = Rs. 11,800 Student Rs.2,000 + Rs. 360 = Rs. 2,360 Teaching Faculty Rs. 8,000 + Rs. 1,440 = Rs. 9,440 Note: ARAI reserves the rights to change the dates, schedule, contents, speakers,venue etc. for the programme without any notice. Student Rs. 5,000 + Rs. 900 = Rs. 5,900 Note: ARAI reserves the rights to change the dates, schedule, contents, speakers,venue etc. Contact for More Details & Registration for the programme without any notice. Mr. N. A. Deshmukh/ Mr. N. R. Shimpi/ Mr. Sameer Bendhari Contact for More Details & Registration Phone: 02135-396690/91/95 Mr. N. A. Deshmukh/ Mr. Sameer Bendhari Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; Phone: 02135‐396690/91/95 [email protected] Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; Website: www.araiindia.com; academy.araiindia.com [email protected]; Website: www.araiindia.com; academy.araiindia.com

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 04 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 PROFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME

ARAI ACADEMY ARAI ACADEMY Announces Announces 3 Day Proficiency Improvement Programme on 4 Day Proficiency Improvement Programme (PIP Automotive NVH Automotive Engineering

Why wait? SAVE THE DATE Learn from Why wait? SAVE THE DATE Learn from Register Industry Register Industry Soon ! 12th - 14th June 2019 Expert! Soon ! 18th to 21st June 2019 Expert! at ARAI-FID, Chakan, Pune at ARAI-FID, Chakan, Pune

PIP Overview: By 2026, the vision of the Indian Automotive Industry is to make India among PIP Overview: the top three countries of the world in terms of Engineering, Manufacturer & Today’s need of automotive industry is to develop a vehicle with low noise and Export of Vehicle & Auto components. Due to the shrinking life‐cycle of new high comfort. Using engineering principles, it is possible to design such vehicle in the cost effective manner and engineer to analyze the noise for quieter product vehicles and models, the vehicle manufacturers have to keep an eye on the design, the conceptual knowledge of sound & vibration fields and their interaction future to sustain in the competitive global markets. The amazing with each other is essential. NVH is the most important area to be addressed by advancements in automotive technology have been driven by market the designer in order to satisfy the customer as well as to meet the noise norms. preferences of the ever demanding customer and the opportunity presented Noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) plays a huge role in the decisions all by the new technology. At the same time, the new regulations regarding engineers make in the automotive industry. Let’s join to understand Basics of Acoustics, Fundamental of Vibration & its vehicle performance, safety, emission, clean air and fuel consumption have control in Automobile, Transducers & Signal Processing, Overview of Automotive changed the way vehicles are designed and manufactured today. NVH, Automotive NVH Strategy, NVH Issues of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles, This programme encompasses fundamentals of Automotive Engineering and Exterior Noise & Pass-by, Powertrain NVH, Fundamentals of Vehicle Sound some of the latest technologies & regulatory aspects in India. Quality, Intake & Exhaust Noise, Automotive Sound Packaging & much more. ARAI Academy invites you to understand about Engine Automotive Excellent opportunity to discuss Automotive NVH challenges with expert from ARAI NVH laboratory. Engineering along with Industry Experts. What's in it for you? What's in it for you? Understand Basics of Acoustics Fundamental of Vibration & its control in  Fundamentals of Automotive Engineering Engine Design Development Automobile Transducers & Signal Processing Overview of Automotive & CombustionAlternate Fuel TechnologyElectric & Hybrid   NVH Automotive NVH Strategy NVH Issues of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles Vehicles Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology Engine Combustion,  Exterior Noise & Pass-by Powertrain NV Fundamentals of Vehicle Sound Emission Automotive Safety Quality Intake & Exhaust Noise Automotive Sound Packaging Who should Attend ?  Organizations involved in Engine R&D and Testing Who should Attend ?  Vehicle & Component Manufacturers. This training is useful for all industry professionals, who needs to have comprehensive understanding in the domain of:  Engine Manufacturers  Working on Telematics, Internet of Things (IoT),  Engine related Component Manufacturers Cloud storage, etc.  Engine Manufacturing, Assembly & Service Engineers  Technicians / Engineers / Managers / Start-ups.  Engineering /Consulting Companies  Experts specialized in Connected Mobility.   Teaching Professionals & Engineering Students Engineering Students/ Professors / PhD Scholars Registration fees per person Pricing Category (incl. 18% Goods Service Tax) Registration fees per person Pricing Category (incl. 18% Goods Service Tax) Industry Professionals Rs.18,000 + Rs.3,240 = Rs.21,240.00 Industry Professionals Rs.20,000 + Rs.3,600 = Rs.23,600 Teaching Faculty Rs.12,000 + Rs. 2160 = Rs. 14,160 Teaching Faculty Student Rs.6,000 + Rs. 1080.= Rs.7,080.00 Rs.12,000 + Rs. 2160 = Rs. 14,160 Student Rs.8,000 + Rs. 1440.= Rs.9,440 Note: ARAI reserves the rights to change the dates, schedule, contents, speakers,venue etc. for the programme without any notice. Note: ARAI reserves the rights to change the dates, schedule, contents, speakers,venue etc. for the programme without any notice. Contact for More Details & Registration Mr. N. A. Deshmukh/ Mr. Sameer Bendhari Contact for More Details & Registration Phone: 02135 – 396690/91/95 Mr. S Bendhari / Mr. P.A. Diwanji/ Mr. N.A. Deshmukh Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; Phone: 02135 – 396695/93/91/90 [email protected]; [email protected] E‐mail ID: [email protected]

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 05 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 ONLINE LEARNING COURSES (ePIP)

Get Trained on the latest Automotive Topics Anywhere, Anytime… Become a Certified Expert

Course Content: ePIP Benefits: RELIABILITY • Introduction to Reliability • All online courses are flexible in ENGINEERING Engineering (Including Bathtub nature. i.e. 24 x 7 operational Curve, Failure Rate Behavior) • Easy to monitor learner’s activity to • Reliability Statistics and Distributions know their course current status • Life Data Analysis • Hands-on practice in virtual (Using Minitab software) environment • Warranty Data Analysis • Very engaging due to interactive • Reliability Block Diagrams slides which improves learners • Reliability Testing Methods knowledge absorption and retention (ALT, HALT, HASS, ESS, etc.) • Certificate which help learners for • Sample Size in Reliability Testing their career advancement.

Course Content: ePIP Highlights: ENGINE ELECTRONICS & MANAGEMENT • Fundamentals of Automotive • Latest and up-to-date content SYSTEMS (EEMS) Electronics • Highly interactive, engaging and • ECU, Microcontrollers and Memories effective • Sensors and Actuators • Real-life industry examples • Automotive Control Systems • Hands-on practice in virtual • Engine Management System environment • Calibration and Diagnostics • Pre and Post assessments to assess • Standards learner’s knowledge. • Certificate on passing the Final Assessment

EEMS ePIP is jointly prepared by ARAI and Robert Bosch

Course Content: FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY • Basic Introduction of Fuel Cells • Structure and Working of Fuel Cells Contact Information: • Classification, Advantages and Mr. Rajesh Patil Applications of Fuel Cells Dy. GM, ARAI Academy • Benefits, Performance and Losses in Fuel Cells • Thermodynamic Analysis The Automotive Research • PEMFC Design Challenges of Fuel Association of India Cells (ARAI) • Hydrogen Production, Storage & Handling B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Taluka Khed, Category Reliability Fuel Cell Dist. Pune - 410 501 (INDIA) (Prices excluding tax) Engineering EEMS Technology Contact : Student 2500 7500 1000 02135-396690 / 92 / 95 Faculty 4000 12500 1600 Email : [email protected] [email protected], Corporate Individual 7000 20000 3000 [email protected] Corporate Perpetual 50000 150000 20000 (15 Licenses - 1 year)

For more details, proposals & partnership please contact: Dr. K. C. Vora, Sr. Dy. Director & Head, ARAI Academy at [email protected] ARAI: The Automotive Research Association of India, S.No.102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune - 411 038. Ph: 020 3023 1190/93 ARAI FID: ARAI Forging Industry Division, Plot No. B-16/1, MIDC, Chakan, Taluka Khed, Pune - 410 501. Ph: 02135 396660 / 61 Websites: www.araiindia.com & http://academy.araiindia.com

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 06 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS

ACTIVE & PASSIVE SAFETY ILLUSTRATION 2019 E 02 FOLLOWING IS AN EXAMPLE OF ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL OF V2X HOW TO READ THE ABSTRACT PEDESTRIAN COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS IN INDIA AND GERMANY Sakpal, Amogh et al FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October Subject Title ACTIVE & PASSIVE SAFETY 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-046 Abstract No. 2019 E 01 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-046 Title A NEW ALGORITHM FOR NON-LINEAR BENDING ANALYSIS AND ITS State-of-the-art collision avoidance and collision mitigation APPLICATION IN TRACTOR ROPS systems predict the behavior of pedestrians based on trivial CONCEPTUAL DESIGN models that assume a constant acceleration or velocity and Author Singh, Prashant Kumar et al heading. Additional information received from external sources, for e.g. consumer electronic devices, can enhance pedestrian Source FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, behavior models, which can in turn improve the accuracy of the 2 – 5 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 8 , C h e n n a i , predicted pedestrian trajectory. The crossing behavior of Paper No.: F2018-APS-063 pedestrians is dependent on personal and external factors, which likely differ between cultures and countries of residence. For the design of enhanced pedestrian safety systems it is important to Abstract To limit the risk of fatal injury to the driver in the case of an agricultural tractor roll-over, the OECD (Organization for know the willingness of pedestrians to share personal data with Economic Co-operation and Development) Code-4 other traffic participants and if it differs between cultures and standard mandates the use of a Roll over Protective countries. Based on an identification of prediction-relevant data, Structure (ROPS). The primary function of a ROPS is to absorb the energy of tractor roll-over without deforming an online survey was conducted in India and Germany to evaluate into the safety zone. Designing a ROPS structure to meet the acceptance and cultural differences for data sharing based on the above mentioned requirement is highly challenging different levels of aggregation shared for V2P based collision due to its non-linear behavior during deformation. avoidance systems. In view of future development of V2P based Basically there are two types of nonlinearity involved in collision avoidance systems, conditions for data sharing and their ROPS design- (i) Material non-linearity: as major portion of the energy absorption should happen in the plastic influence on data sharing willingness were also investigated in this range. (ii) Geometric non-linearity: as large survey. The results show that German participants in general show displacements lead to change in the location of applied a lower acceptance towards higher detailed data sharing, i.e. load. Literature is abundant with closed formed solution when low anonymity is provided, as compared to Indian of nonlinear deflection in beams, taking account of either participants. Willingness to share data is further influenced by geometric nonlinearity or material nonlinearity, but not both. Currently, commercially available nonlinear finite general conditions for data sharing such as data storage duration, element (FE) solvers are used for detailed design and location and activation of data sharing (AUTH) analysis of ROPS. However, these solvers are very KEYWORDS: Pedestrian safety, V2X, smartphones, costly, and require detailed inputs which is difficult to survey, questionnaire provide in initial stage of design, being a limitation for quicker & multiple design iterations. In this paper, authors are proposing a new algorithm for performing nonlinear 2019 E 03 structural analysis on a cantilever beam having rectangular cross-section. Using extension of Euler- AUTOMOBILE FIRE ACCIDENTS AND OCCUPANT Bernoulli beam theory, this algorithm incorporates SAFETY material nonlinearities (bi-linear stress strain curve) and geometric nonlinearities simultaneously. This approach Sivanandan, K and Eeshan, Geel can be used for simple as well as complex load-cases & beam-geometry. This algorithm is further extended to FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October perform the nonlinear structural analysis on a two post 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-064 ROPS. The results are verified with ABAQUS [1], https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/ achieving good correlation. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) based application in MATLAB [2] has been created sessions/F2018-APS-064 and deployed for the utility of designers. In the GUI, the Automobile fire, an uncontrolled burning of the vehicle has designer has to provide the parametric geometry of ROPS with material properties and clearance space long been a topic of interest and concern. Car fires can be caused geometry, which are used to determine the energy due to Fuel system leaks, Engine overheating, Electrical system absorption capacity of the ROPS. Here, designer can failures and accidents. It is a surprising fact that in many car fire perform multiple design iterations within few minutes for cases, except for some major accidents, the occupants are preliminary fixing of ROPS geometry during conceptual conscious enough to get out of the car but still they fail to extricate phase. Currently, this algorithm is applicable for analysing deformation of ROPS in longitudinal load case themselves. When we analysed the fatality instances, only, and it has been planned to extend it for analysing investigations / eyewitness reports revealed that vehicle lateral & crushing load cases in the next phase (AUTH) occupants were entrapped in car due to jammed Doors. In some Keywords by Keywords : Nonlinear Bending, ROPS, cases, even onlookers were unable to open the door from outside MATLAB, GUI to help the occupants escape. Also, the Society of Indian Manufacturers (SIAM) Research Study reveals that majority of car Claims for “Non-Receipt” of issues should be sent within three month of the issue date to [email protected] & [email protected] fire accident fatalities are due to doors getting jammed. In

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 07 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS countries like India, where installing Glass breaking Hammer in a automobiles. Calibrating the pressure tube sensors for vehicle is not mandatory, the threat posed by car fire to Occupant discriminating between pedestrian impactors and immunity safety is very serious. Analysing the customer's / eyewitness impactors can be a big challenge. In this study, different voice, we are bound to believe that even the mechanical door approaches were captured using Computer Aided Engineering unlock system fails in case of fire. There are certain drawbacks in (CAE) to influence the pressure sensors' signal. Design variables the current door opening mechanism. While opening the door, the considered in the study involve bumper foam geometry, density, pull of inside handle actuates the Latch pawl mechanism through proximity to surrounding parts, and other parameters which other sub components. In general, the components involved in influence foam's compression and subsequent pressure signal to this mechanism are made up of Plastic. Any Deformation or the sensors. In this paper, the pressure signal across the width of melting of Plastic parts can make the entire system inoperative the vehicle for different Pedestrian impactors and immunity and result in failure of door opening. The same phenomenon impactors is shown. This study demonstrates how pedestrian holds true for door outside handle operation. The main purpose of detection pressure tube predictions will help the designer early in a this thesis is to understand the failure of operation of current program's timing to balance the foam profile for the pedestrian system in fire accidents and develop a mechanism to operate the detection sensing signal, passive pedestrian protection, and door latch even if it catches fire or electrical system fails to operate aesthetics. CAE model is correlated to physical test data. it. The idea is to manually actuate the pawl directly with the help of Limitations including plastic material models and fascia/grille clip a key or selectively improving the material to withstand the fire model assumptions are outlined. Comparison of the pressure temperature. Part level simulation of fire accident was conducted signal between the Pedestrian detection Impactor (PDI2) and the on the existing Mechanism in the lab and it resulted in the failure of Human Body Model is limited. The paper outlines a technique of door opening. However, the actual vehicles which were damaged using CAE predictions to calibrate pedestrian protection pressure in the fire accident were not examined. And also, there are less tube sensors before physical hardware is available. Since the CAE than 10% of vehicle fires which are caused by collisions. There based evaluations are completed early in a program's timing, CAE may be cases where the door unlock mechanism gets physically driven designs can result in successful pedestrian detection deformed due to severe impact of collision. In such unavoidable impacts and immunity impact calibrations with less physical tests cases, the proposed mechanism may physically deform and fail to (AUTH) serve the purpose. This paper elaborates the approach to the KEYWORDS: Energy Absorber (Pedestrian Foam), main cause and provides an innovative solution to overcome. Pressure Tube, Calibration, Pressure Signal Related ideas to unlock the door during emergency fire exit involve either complicated sensors & feedback system or 2019 E 05 Pyrotechnic telescopic actuators which are quite bulky, complex and not feasible for mass production. The proposed mechanism COMBINED FORWARD-BACKWARD APPROACH FOR eliminates the use of complex feedback system and integrates the RECONSTRUCTION OF POWERED TWO WHEELER operations inside a single component. Also, it is necessary to ACCIDENTS WITH INJURY CRITERIA ASSESSMENT adopt the safety system in Lower segment cars – where the Bońkowski, Tomasz and Hynčík, Luděk manufacturer is less likely to use a complex feedback system due to its cost factor. So, this mechanism paves way to manufacturers FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October to consider the necessary safety system at affordable cost 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-088 (AUTH) https://www.fisita- KEYWORDS: Occupant safety, Emergency Fire Exit, congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-088 Automobile Fire Accidents, Direct Latch Actuation The powered two-wheeler (PTW) accidents have usually critical consequences. The goal of the presented work is to make the use of PTWs safer by contribution to minimizing consequences 2019 E 04 of the rider injuries, when an accident occurs. The work focuses on CALIBRATION OF PEDESTRIAN DETECTION SENSING the exploitation of two main accident reconstruction approaches SYSTEMS USING CAE GENERATED DEPLOYABLE & (forward and backward) by combining them together (forward- IMMUNITY LOAD CASES. backward approach). The work also exploits the simulation of the combined multibody system (MBS) with the finite element method Krishnappa, Rajendra Prasad et al (FEM) to obtain a detailed analysis in a reasonable computational FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October time. The applied combined forward-backward approach enables 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-081 to find the cause and affects the relationship between the outcome https://www.fisita-congress.com/ injuries of the rider and the states of the system, which occurred programme/sessions/F2018- APS-081 between the pre- and post-crash phases by assessing the injury criteria implementing scalable hybrid human body model. The Meeting global pedestrian protection requirements for work shall further serve as a study for a personal protective regulatory compliance and consumer metrics with passive hood equipment optimization (AUTH) designs can be challenging for some vehicle designs due to KEYWORDS: Virtual human body model, accident factors such as vehicle hood strength, regulatory requirements reconstruction, impact, injury criteria assessment and engine packaging constraints. Use of a deployable hood to provide the necessary deformation space enables meeting pedestrian protection requirements. The objective of this study is to show how math modelling methods can be used to lead the design of parts that surround the active hood sensor for effective pedestrian detection sensor calibrations. The use of a pressure tube sensor in the front bumper energy absorber to sense a pedestrian impact is an effective method found on production

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 08 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS

2019 E 06 2019 E 08 COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF INDIAN ROAD MODEL-BASED CALIBRATION OF THE LATERAL ACCIDENT DATA TO ENRICH ROAD SAFETY CONTROLLERS “STEER-BY-ANGLE” AND “STEER-BY Chinmoy, Pal et al TORQUE” OF A LANE KEEPING ASSISTANCE SYSTEM FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Pfeffer, Peter E. et al Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-084 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October https://www.fisita-congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018- 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-105 APS-084 https://www.fisita congress.com/programme/sessions/ MoRTH 2016 annual report clearly indicated that the number F2018-VDY-105 (150,785) of road accident fatalities are increasing every year in India. Also, number of accident severity cases were increased by Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) such as Lane 7.9% compared to CY2015.Hence, it is an important task to find out Keeping Assistance (LKA) systems are in the focus of current the accident characteristics on Indian roads in order to implement vehicle developments. Of special interest is the calibration task, appropriate cost effective safety measures to reduce the fatalities. which plays an increasingly decisive role in early development The objective of this study is to properly identify the main road safety stages. At this point it is essential to analyse the precalibrated issues in India using MoRTH and ADAC, NATRiP accident controller concepts by appropriate simulation methods. A software databases based on a triple-layer approach (i) “Society”: factors tool chain is introduced, using Model-in-the-Loop (MiL) for the related to infra-structure (ii) “Individual”: factors related to Human evaluation and calibration of the LKA system. Within, a Design-of- factors and (iii) “Vehicle”: factors related to Vehicle. At first, macro Experiment (DoE) tool is integrated together with the simulation accident analysis was performed on MoRTH 2016 data and then environment. This enables the examination of the two different followed by micro accident analysis carried out with ADAC, NATRiP lateral controller concepts “Steer-by-Angle” (SbA) and “Steer-by- accident data (National Highway-08). In order to identify the Torque” (SbT). Their lateral guidance performance is characteristics for those NH-08 accidents, a data mining approach characterized by “Objective Parameters” (OP), which are derived Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) method was applied. Micro-accident from simulation quantities of straight line- and cornering analysis results indicate that more signal availability (30%) in urban manoeuvres. Further, statistical behavior models are generated areas compared to that in rural areas leads to less intersection based on those OP and controller design variables. The accidents. Improper driving-manner (30%), improper lane-change subsequent optimization process leads to high performances of (16%), failing to use restraint system (29%) are some of the both controllers. In particular, the SbA controller shows higher important elements related to individual. Rear crashes (54%), efficiency under the impact of disturbances as well as the angled/side crashes at junctions (14%), accidents caused by trucks reference reaction with lower settling times. Overall, the (48%), and hitting stranded parked-vehicles (24%) are the influential established software tool chain for LKA system evaluation and factors related to vehicles. Five basic traffic injury patterns are calibration allows detailed assessments of both control algorithms revealed by SOM analysis within ADAC-NATRiP data and a few and provides a platform for the calibration tasks in the countermeasures were proposed for each group separately (AUTH) development of LKA systems (AUTH) KEYWORDS: Road Safety, Accidents, Self-Organizing Maps, NATRiP, MoRTH KEYWORDS: Lateral vehicle dynamics, model-based calibration, advanced driver assistance systems, steering systems, autonomous driving

2019 E 07 2019 E 09 DEVELOPMENT OF OCCUPANT RESTRAINT SYSTEMS FOR FUTURESEATING POSITIONS IN FULLY OR SEMI MODULAR TEST FIXTURE FOR OCCUPANT RESTRAINT AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT TESTS SengottuVelavan, Surya and Huf, Andreas B.V. Sudarshan et al FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-056 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-070 https://www.fisita- https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-056 /F2018-APS-070 The advent of fully autonomous vehicles has inspired Sled testing is widely used methodology in the development, automotive interior designers to rethink the vehicle interior space. verification and validation of Occupant Restraint System (ORS) A pre-defined driving position might no longer be a necessity. design specifications, packaging and feasibility assessment study Flexible seating positions which enable more space and comfort for robust occupant safety performance requirements during the for the occupants during travel have been shown in various early vehicle design phase. The sled tests involve fabrication of a studies and concept vehicles. The question is however, how program specific buck (ruggedized BIW) for mounting the realistic are these positions when considering occupant safety? components such as seats, dashboard, steering system, seatbelts The objective of this study is to show the challenges that exist for a etc. Multiple tests can be conducted to study the sensitivity of selection of these positions and discuss possible solutions. The restraints systems on occupant injury with no damage to vehicle main focus of the study are seats rotated 90° and 180° to the body structure [1]. The objective of this study was to develop a direction of travel and seats which enable possible sleeping single test fixture which can replicate the interior environment of positions (AUTH) multiple vehicle programs. This test fixture should be modular to incorporate different mounting locations of test components with KEYWORDS: Occupant restraint systems; autonomous minimal structural modifications and position adjustments. The vehicle (AV), future seating positions, alternate seating modular test fixture was conceptualized considering multiple configuration, crash/sled testing, simulation, ATD vehicle programs and finalized based on CAE analysis of the AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 09 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS fixture structure. This modular test fixture can be used for testing 2019 E 11 different vehicle configurations ranging from a small car to a large utility vehicle with only relative position adjustments between the OBJECT DETECTION FOR ADAS SYSTEM different restraint components, providing considerable savings in DEVELOPMENT – AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE time and cost (AUTH) B.V. Sudarshan et al KEYWORDS: Occupant Restraints System (ORS), Sled FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October test, Body-In-White (BIW), Crash pulse, Cross car beam (CCB) 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-101 2019 E 10 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-101 NUDGING DRIVERS TO ENGAGE SAFE BEHAVIOUR IN TRAFFIC Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS) have begun to attract focus in the automotive market to assist and complement the Op den Camp, Olaf et al drivers to develop safe driving practices. Features such as FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Lane Departure Warning 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-032 (LDW) are being developed to avoid or mitigate accidents. These technologies require a very good object detection capability of all https://www.fisita- the road users and lane edges/markings both during the day and congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-032 night driving conditions. The presence of undisciplined multiple To increase traffic safety, systems are being implemented in road users and absence of proper road infrastructure poses some vehicles that support drivers to avoid or mitigate collisions. additional challenges that are unique to the Indian scenario. A Generally, these systems only provide a response to the driver in single sensor system, which can fulfil all the detection case of an imminent critical situation. Responses in the form of requirements, and overcome the challenges posed by the Indian warning signals and brake or steering actuations are harsh, as traffic conditions, will be highly beneficial due to system they act in the last one to two seconds before a possible impact. commonality and cost. The objective of present study was to Solutions need to be developed that lead to both higher investigate the applicability of the single vision sensor system and effectiveness and higher comfort, that engage safe behavior by the effectiveness of Near-Infrared (NIR) illumination in object being more proactive, and that are accepted by road users. The detection for Forward Collision Warning (FCW) System and lane Horizon 2020 MeBeSafe project focuses on so-called real time edge and lane markings detection for Lane Departure Warning “nudging feedback” measures that aim to guide drivers towards (LDW) systems (AUTH) desired behavior before situations get critical. Such feedback - KEYWORDS: Forward Collision Warning (FCW), Object keeping the driver in the loop- is given earlier and more often. The Detection; Road Edge Detection, Lane Departure Warning research described in this paper focuses on online (in the vehicle) compilation and enrichment of required information for early (LDW), Near Infrared (NIR) nudging feedback. As a use case, the interaction between cyclists and passenger cars is taken. In urban areas, critical situations 2019 E 12 occur when cyclists approaching an intersection are not detected PELVIS ACCELERATION AMPLIFICATION: A POTENTIAL due to the presence of view blocking obstructions, or when cyclists BIOMECHANICAL FACTOR FOR DESIGN AND exhibit unexpected trajectories or sudden trajectory changes. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A BOOSTER When the critical situation develops, either the driver needs to act SEAT IN FAR-SIDE SIDE COLLISION quickly and forcefully, or an emergency braking system is engaged Thorbole, Chandrashekhar to prevent a collision. If the driver is informed well in advance of bad FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October visibility regarding approaching traffic and/or of a specific possible 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-051 collision trajectory, then he or she can swiftly adapt the speed seconds earlier, and a smooth interaction with low risk evolves. To https://www.fisita- make the driver aware, information is collected regarding the congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-051 presence of view blocking obstructions, the possibility of traffic This study stems from a real-world far-side side impact collision entering the intersection, locally applicable traffic rules, critical that produced severe cervical spinal cord injury to a 46-month-old situations that occurred at the location in the past, the intention girl appropriately positioned in a High Back Booster (HBB). The (likely trajectories) of traffic participants approaching the objective of this study was to introduce and examine Pelvis intersection, etc. The MeBeSafe project elements focused on here Acceleration Amplification (PAA) as a potential biomechanical use hazard perception and prediction and cyclist trajectory factor to assist the design and evaluation of booster seats in a far- predictions. The project foresees an elaborate field test of the final side side impact scenario. MADYMO model is employed to nudging solution that will be implemented in a prototype vehicle, demonstrate the relationship between the Pelvis Acceleration with results of extensive field tests arriving in 2019 or 2020. In this Amplification and the neck distractive load and head excursion paper, results of earlier observation studies dedicated to the values. The validated HBB MADYMO model assembled with a Q3 validation of hazard prediction and cyclist intent prediction are Side impact ATD and the vehicle rear compartment is utilized for the presented. It is shown how predictive models enrich the study. The assembled model is used to run the parametric study, to information towards the driver to allow early and smooth analyse the influence of seatbelt pretension and rigid ISOFIX on the anticipation to a possibly hazardous situation. Finally, we note that neck response in far-side side impact scenario. MADYMO model predictive early warning systems of this type can be useful for shows a good kinematics correlation with the side impact sled test. (semi- or fully) autonomous driving systems as well, to allow them The velocity-time diagram facilitated a better understanding of to anticipate better and take better, proactive risk-avoiding actions relative motion between the vehicle seat, booster seat and the Q3 (AUTH) Child ATD. Pelvis velocity exceeded the lateral vehicle velocity with KEYWORDS: Nudging driver behavior, ADAS, hazard seatbelt slack and no rigid ISOFIX increasing the pelvis prediction, cyclist intent prediction acceleration amplification. The study shows the proportional

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 10 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS relationship between the pelvis acceleration amplification, neck 2019 E 14 distractive load, and, head excursion values. Pelvis acceleration amplification is a useful biomechanical indicator to assess booster THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CRASH PAD PAB DOOR seat performance in a far-side side-impact collision. This indicator DESIGN DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINE offers a potential method to improve the booster design, especially Yonggon Moon et al for far-side side impact scenario. The vehicle seatbelt pretension and the booster seat rigid ISOFIX work together to increase the FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October level of child protection in far-side impact configurations. However, 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-112 there is no benefit of rigid ISOFIX alone in the absence of seatbelt https://www.fisita- pretension; the pelvis velocity overshoots the lateral vehicle congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-112 velocity increasing the pelvis acceleration amplification factor. The neck tensile loads and lateral head excursions show a proportional Passenger Airbag is a device to protect the passenger in the relationship with the pelvis acceleration amplification factor (AUTH) event of a collision. To ensure deployment stability of Airbag, the cushion should not be disturbed during deployment and support the KEYWORDS: Side Impacts, Far-Side, Booster, high force produced during deployment. The door is a structure that Pretensioner, ISOFIX binds the cushion at the time of deployment and opens it at the right time to guide the cushion deployment. The task was performed with 2019 E 13 the goal of establishing a design guide for the door hinge structure to ensure deployment stability (AUTH) SENSITIVITY STUDY OF PLASTIC MATERIAL FAILURE AND COUNTER MEASURE TO IMPROVE THE ECE R17 KEYWORDS: PAB (Passenger Air Bag), PAB-Door, deployment factor, optimization, design guide SEAT BACK ENERGY ABSORPTION Hunagund Gajanan and Li-Ban Chiu 2019 E 15 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October VEHICLE “SUB-STRUCTURING” STRATEGIES FOR 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-076 FASTER CRASH SIMULATIONS https://www.fisita- Dwivedi, Rajesh et al congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-076 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October ECE R17 seat back energy absorption test is critical for 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-038 limiting head injury of the passenger in the rear seat during https://www.fisita- frontal impact. The challenge is to meet opposing congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-038 requirements for the head restraint; it needs to be provide soft Crash load cases usually take longer simulation times due to the impact to head while meeting the other strength requirements. highly nonlinear nature of the analysis and complexity of the In the physical test, the plastic handle used for dumping the simulation models. In this paper, a sub structuring approach is seat cracked and the 3ms clip was met by a margin of 3%. proposed for faster simulation turnaround time, by partitioning Sharp edges observed on the plastic handle was not complex vehicle system into simple sub structure model. The acceptable even though the acceleration requirement was boundary conditions of the substructure models are identified based met. The objective of this study is to correlate the plastic on the deformation of the critical load path members, vehicle kinematics, resistance force and energy absorption etc. Low speed, handle failure in the test with CAE and to develop counter pedestrian & Door intrusion load cases are demonstrated in this paper measures to mitigate the risk due to direct contact of the head using substructure approach. In case of Low speed impact, the vehicle form on the plastic handle thus avoiding failure of the plastic front end deformation energy is considered as a critical parameter to handle. LS Dyna is used to simulate the seat back (Head define the boundary conditions of the sub structure model. Similar Restraint System) energy absorption test. The impact load approach is followed to define other load cases and the developed sub from the free moving head form was transferred to the head structure models show good correlation with corresponding full restraint foam and then to the top mounted plastic handle on vehicle CAE models. This approach enables the engineers to make seat back, which resulted in failure of the plastic handle. The quick decisions and faster design convergence during virtual validation phase. From the results, it has been concluded that more baseline CAE model did not show failure for the plastic handle. than 60% of simulation time is reduced which in turn leads to huge The material model used for the plastic handle is updated with simulation cost & time saving during product design cycle (AUTH) a MAT_024 material model with plastic failure strain defined as KEYWORDS: LsDyna, Substructure, Low Speed, Side Door 1%. This is found to give better correlation of the plastic failure Intrusion, Crash Safety happening in the test. Then countermeasure was developed using the correlated model to absorb energy thus transferring 2019 E 16 less load to the plastic handle. The performance has been validated using physical test. The analysis results helped to VIRTUAL ASSESSMENT OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET CONTRIBUTION TO DECREASING INJURY RISK IN understand influence of material failure definition of plastic IMPACT components. In addition, how effectively MAT_024 card with failure can be used to improve correlation. Variation in the Hynčík, Luděk et al material properties of the plastic handle due to manufacturing FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October process is not considered in this study (AUTH) 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-077 https://www.fisita congress.com/programme/sessions/ KEYWORDS: Head Impact; ECE R17; Seat (Head F2018-APS-077 Restraint System) Energy absorption Road traffic accidents cause one of the highest numbers of severe injuries. Virtual biomechanical human body models play an AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 11 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS

AUTONOMOUS & CONNECTED VEHICLES universal in design, allowing persons with disabilities to use the vehicle easily? Or are there any systems additionally required, that 2019 E 17 the OEMs should consider incorporating in autonomous vehicles AFFORDABLE AND EFFICIENT AUTONOMOUS DRIVING that will help persons with disabilities? This paper will discuss the IN ALLWEATHER CONDITIONS activities that are involved in the usage of an autonomous vehicle and considerations for OEMs while designing the vehicle to meet Shadrin, Sergey the needs of persons with disabilities (AUTH) FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October KEYWORDS: autonomous, vehicle, car, disabled, 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-ACV- differently abled, adapted 059 2019 E 19 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-ACV-059 DATA MINING APPLICATIONS FOR VEHICLE TESTING AND DEVELOPMENT One of the challenges in autonomous road vehicles is Vertin, Keith and Schuchmann, Brent designing a system that is applicable in all-weather conditions. An original hybrid navigation system with RTK DGPS is used for this FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October purpose. The challenges of affordability and driving efficiency are 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE- 081 solved with a novel approach of precisely compiling track data for https://www.fisita- autonomous driving (geodata, inclines, speed limits, coefficients congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-081 of fuel consumption and ecological efficiency, weather limitations, etc.). The notion of a “base track” is introduced, which is a high- Vehicle telematics systems are transmitting massive accuracy spatial driving route that contains additional datasets for volumes of data that are underutilized during the test, the vehicle's optimal control with respect to the requested development and production lifecycle. Analysing all of this data is transport task, road, and traffic conditions. The base track concept challenging, not only due to size but also because of the conditionally transforms an autonomous car into rail transport with variability that is encountered during on-road driving. Vehicle a virtual railway and simplifies all the challenges of the tactical performance is affected by drive route, road grade, traffic, level of vehicle control. The advantages of the base track data weather, and vocation and driver tendencies. This study explores structure include the predetermined variability of control actions the efficacy of using data mining techniques to predict vehicle on the route, depending on the tasks of time saving, energy fuel consumption and exhaust emissions from On Board efficiency, or safety; increased reliability; reduced requirements Diagnostics (OBD) data that may be harvested from telematics for on-board computing power; and improved performance. The data stores. These data mining concepts have potential proposed approach provides autonomous highway driving and applications for eco-drive vehicle control system development, supports lane-keeping assistance systems in cases of failure to real-world emissions factor development for source visually recognize road markings. Fuel consumption was apportionment models, and the analysis of Intelligent optimized for autonomous driving mode on a hilly test road over a Transportation System (ITS) technology impacts on vehicle distance of 200 km and showed up to 4% of fuel savings for a energy efficiency and emissions (AUTH) passenger car in comparison with constant-speed driving and the KEYWORDS: Emissions, PEMS, data mining, machine same trip time (AUTH) learning, predictive modelling KEYWORDS: Autonomous Driving, Undetermined Weather Conditions, Eco-Driving, Efficient Driving, 2019 E 20 Intelligent Speed Control THE DEVELOPMENT OF FULLY REDUNDANT EPS SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATED DRIVE 2019 E 18 Kim, Cheon Kyu et al AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE AS AN INDEPENDENT TRANSPORT SOLUTION FOR PERSONS FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October WITH DISABILITIES 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-111 Mohammed, Aamir VT et al https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-111 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 208, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-ACV- 062 There is no obligation to observe the driver from the third or more autonomous driving stages, and the steering force must be https://www.fisita- maintained even if the EPS fails during the autonomous driving congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-ACV-062 mode. For this purpose, all electronic components of EPS must be Travelling is one of the common activities in a person's daily designed to be robust and redundant, and therefore HW and SW routine. However, this can be a challenging proposition for technologies are required for operating systems. HW technologies persons with disabilities and can be a limiting factor for their adopt the duplication technology of EPS electric elements and SW aspirations in life, as there is certain level of dependence on technologies adopt control method and fail operation technology others. Emerging technologies in autonomous vehicle domain for operating the redundant elements. In this paper, the can be a viable solution. This is due to the fact that the level of performance of the system was verified by comparing the newly skills and physical abilities required to use an autonomous vehicle developed EPS with the conventional EPS (eg, system output are considerably less than that of a conventional vehicle, which evaluation and actual vehicle steering evaluation) (AUTH) needs a human at the steering wheel. However, are the systems KEYWORDS: Fully redundant system, electric power that are being designed by OEMs in Autonomous vehicles steering, autonomous vehicle, torque sensor, angle sensor AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 12 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS

ELECTRIC & HYBRID VEHICLES platform. The electric drive system model is a detailed one with HV DC bus mechanization, cable impedances, traction inverter and 2019 E 21 motor with controller software represented as an S-function block. This electric drive model is then connected with other HV AN AFFORDABLE APPROACH TOWARDS LOCAL ZERO components following the HV mechanization and architecture. EMISSION This enables to carry out the following items: 1. Estimate HV bus Weissbaeck, Michael et al resonance by sweeping frequency and ripple by inputting operating points 2. Optimize bulk capacitor size based on worst FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October case operating points 3. Optimize size of inverter components at 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-145 high switching frequency operation 4. Analyse the impact of fault https://www.fisita- conditions on the HV bus and other components 5. Analyse HV congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-145 bus stability and negative impedance phenomenon, if any. The HV The global automobile industry is rapidly changing towards DC bus ripple data obtained using the simulation was compared zero impact mobility with regards to CO2 and Emission. The against the vehicle data which showed good correlation. An Indian regulatory provides a clear direction with regards to optimization study was carried out on sizing the bulk capacitor and emission requirements and the key technologies that need to be other filter components. The validation and optimization results considered. One key topic for development of conventional are presented in this paper. In the process of making the powertrains is linked to the Real Drive Emission regulatory that simulation model more accurate, additional computational limits NOX and particulates even in cold conditions, hence the capability and memory are required. Hence, it was essential to efforts for the exhaust after treatment will rise significantly. This make a trade-off between added complexities versus accuracy paper will provide a possible synergetic pathway of today's improvement while building the model. Moreover, it was not conventional technology and electrified powertrains for the Indian necessary to model all the HV DC bus components as the ripple market. Starting with an overview on state of the Art solutions for contribution from them is very minimal compared to traction CO2 reduction and NOX improvement for diesel engines. The inverter(s) (AUTH) results of a 48V PHEV with a gasoline engine and an electric axle KEYWORDS: Electric Vehicle; Chevy Bolt; Chevy Volt; with 20kW will be illustrated, the limitations highlighted and the Electrical Resonance; HV DC Bus Architecture and Filter system synthesis for a novel scalable 48V solution, enabling Design; Software-In-Loop higher transient power will be discussed. The new 48V high power topology enables affordable zero emission in inner cities for small to medium size vehicles. The outlook on modularity and 2019 E 23 boundaries of such a system from 48V MHEV, PHEV up to BEV DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE CYCLES FOR will be given (AUTH) BATTERY OPERATED E-RICKSHAWS ON CHASSIS KEYWORDS: 48V, Hybrid, RDE, Emissions, High Power, DYNAMOMETER – A CASE STUDY IN INDIAN OIL Plug-In CORPORATION LIMITED, R&D CENTRE Saroj, Shyamsher et al 2019 E 22 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October DC BUS SYSTEM ANALYSIS FOR ELECTRIC AND 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-097 HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-097 Tiwari, Nidhi et al The paper describes the steps which are taken in FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October consideration for formulating the chassis dynamometer based 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-067 testing protocol adopted for e-rickshaw (12V 100AH / 1.5 KW). https://www.fisita- The steps involved the determination of road load coefficients congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-067 (RLCs) for the e-rickshaw to operate on 37 KW chassis In electric and hybrid electric vehicles, High Voltage DC (HV dynamometer. The study also focuses on the formulation of testing DC) bus is shared by multiple power inverters, converters, protocol by preparation of duty cycle suitable for the operation of e- charger and energy storage systems. Most of these components rickshaws and thereon the performance evaluation. The test comprise switching power devices and hence inject certain protocol is referred from the automotive industry standards (AIS) amount of ripple current on the HV DC bus during their normal which are available for the electric vehicles performance operation. Therefore, each of these components must comply evaluation. The tests were then conducted on the duty cycle with a standard HV DC bus ripple requirement without disturbing prepared for the e-rickshaw to evaluate their performance in terms the operation and stability of other components and impacting life of battery utilization (AUTH) expectancy of HV filter components and HV battery. The traction KEYWORDS: E-Rickshaw Performance, Battery Operated inverter being the highest power rated component in the system, Vehicles, Chassis Dynamometer Tests with E-Rickshaw is the major source of electrical ripple. The magnitude and frequency of the ripple on the HV DC bus due to traction inverter, not only depends on motor speed and torque, but also on the inverter control strategy and parameters. Hence, it is very essential to develop a comprehensive model of the electric drive system with all the HV components, motor with control system and a detailed HV DC bus architecture. The model is used to optimize the filter component size on the inverter side to meet HVDC bus ripple and stability requirements. An electric drive system model is developed in MATLAB for the Chevrolet Bolt Electric Vehicle (EV) AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 13 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS

2019 E 24 2019 E 26 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SIMULATION OF LITHIUM ION BATTERY PACK DESIGNS BY HYBRID TRACKED VEHICLE PROPULSION SYSTEM SIMULATING INDIAN DRIVING CONDITIONS Karunakaran, A et al Padmanabh, Mahesh and Desai, Manoj FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-078 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October https://www.fisita- 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-095 congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-078 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-095 Hybridization offers various benefits for tactical and combat military vehicles. The development of optimal hybrid propulsion Battery testing at the subsystem level or the component architecture plays a very important role in harnessing the benefits level is critical for the performance evaluation of an Electric of the Hybridization. To achieve that, it is imperative to have a Vehicle. Certain standards/ test protocols have been formed to dynamic model of the vehicle with hybrid drive train that can predict the vehicle response to a satisfactory level, with flexibility to test the battery packs. However, the fidelity of the results configure different architecture. In this paper, a mathematical obtained from those procedures is questionable. This model of a 14 ton tracked, skid steered military vehicle with series research paper focuses on testing battery packs based on the hybrid drive train is developed using Matlab-simulink toolbox to real-time experimental data obtained from different vehicles to estimate vehicle performance in terms of mobility and steer ability emulate exact Indian driving conditions. With multiple over different driving conditions. At first, the sizing of propulsion iterations, a standard battery pack testing protocol will be motor, steering motor and the selection of transmission derived to validate the performance of different battery packs configuration is carried out based on vehicle performance for Indian EVs. The validation process will also include an requirements. Subsequently, a mathematical model with three array of safety and functional checks which will be performed degrees of freedom, considering terrain parameters, is developed. prior to the load cycle. In this research paper, the primarily The model is simulated over soft and hard terrain to predict focus on performance and life cycle of battery packs with mobility and steer ability. The obtained results are studied and cylindrical and prismatic cells. The design considerations and important observations are discussed (AUTH) test results are also discussed (AUTH) KEYWORDS: Military Tracked Vehicle, Series Hybrid KEYWORDS: Lithium-Ion, Traction Battery, Electric Powertrain, Steering Dynamics Vehicle, Battery Cycling, Battery Pack testing 2019 E 27 2019 E 25 MILD HYBRID FOR TWO WHEELERS FAST CHARGING BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM FOR Kamalakannan, D. et al LEADACID BATTERIES FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October Jaiswal, Shubham et al 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-082 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October https://www.fisita- 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-110 congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-082 https://www.fisita- The objective of this paper is to put forth a method of congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-110 developing a mild hybrid system in a two wheeler. The Mild hybrid system also known as Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) is a Currently India is world's second largest two-wheeler single controlled machine that seeks to replace the starter and market, Asia's third largest passenger vehicle market, world's magneto in modern day two wheelers. The ISG, mounted directly fifth largest bus and truck market. Due to this, India is currently on the crankshaft is capable of offering four modes of operation, 4th on the scale of CO2 emissions. ARAI (Automotive namely, starting, generation, torque assist and regeneration. A Research Association of India) have come up with a roadmap three phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous machine is fit to reduce CO2 emissions by half by the year 2025. E-Mobility directly on the engine shaft in place of the existing flywheel proposes promising future for environment friendly and highly magneto. A three phase MOSFET inverter circuit provides a efficient vehicles. Solution is to promote hybrid and electric trapezoidal excitation to operate the machine as a motor. As soon mobility. The life of an electric vehicle will be majorly as the engine cranks and reaches its idling speed the machine is determined by its battery life and performance. Batteries also made to function as a generator with the inverter circuit also performing the function of a rectifier. A series switch is used to plays a significant role in the mileage of the vehicle. Therefore, regulate the voltage to the desired set point. Torque assist is some amount of intelligence has to be employed for careful achieved by providing a boosted voltage input to the machine charging and discharging of these batteries. This paper is when the engine is running. Regeneration is achieved in a similar focused on fast charging of lead acid batteries with battery fashion as generation. The controlled BLDC machine also monitoring system (AUTH) facilitates the employment of Idling stop start functionality that helps bring down idling losses (AUTH) KEYWORDS: Battery Management Systems; Fast Charging; Electric Vehicles; Lead Acid Battery; Battery KEYWORDS: Mild Hybrid; Two Wheeler ISG; Torque Health & Life. Assist; Regeneration; Stop-Start for Two Wheeler

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2019 E 28 feasible alternative for fossil fuelled vehicle is to overcome the range anxiety. To meet out the churning demand of high power MODIFIED CLASS E INVERTER BASED IPT SYSTEM and range, the energy capacity of battery is increasing whilst FOR WIRELESS EV CHARGING maintaining the architecture. Due to high energy density and Sooraj, V. and Febin Daya, J. L. delicate modules, batteries are prone to functional and FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October structural failure. The major source for the battery failure 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-048 modes are the excitations from the random road load vibrations. Since, the battery has a direct relationship to the https://www.fisita- safety and performance of the entire vehicle, it is vital to study congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-048 the structural integrity of the battery. The intent of the paper is to Wireless charging of electric vehicle (EV) is achieved by an develop a CAE methodology to predict the life of the battery for inductive power transfer (IPT) technique in a midrange power the actual road load condition. The transient load signal from transfer application. In this paper, a modified class E converter the test measurements is converted to power spectral density topology is proposed for an efficient power transfer application at data (PSD). Frequency response analysis is performed lower switching frequency compared to the class E wireless power accounting modal damping to find the stresses. These stress transfer (WPT) system. The converter uses minimum semiconductor switches to perform the inverter action, thereby reducing the cost and values are mapped with PSD data to determine the RMS making the IPT system more compact. The converter shows high stresses acting on the component. Subsequently, fatigue efficiency at lower coupling coefficient for heavy load application. The analysis is performed using these RMS stresses along with simulation and experimental results substantiate the notion about the appropriate material S-N curve, to accurately predict the life of theoretical aspect (AUTH) the battery. The conventional approach to calculate the life of KEYWORDS: Inductive Power Transfer, Resonance, Class E the component, is to perform normal modal analysis to find the Inverter, Wireless Power Transfer, Mutual Inductance modal stress. Then, a modal transient analysis is done using the time series load, obtained from the test measurements to 2019 E 29 compute the actual displacement. A modal superposition PREDICTIVE OPERATING STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMUM method is used to superimpose these stresses and modal UTILIZATION OF BATTERY POWER AND ENHANCED displacement along with the material S-N curve to perform LIFETIME fatigue analysis. This paper put forth an alternative approach, by using the PSD data to calculate the life, which simplify the Braun, Andreas et al process and yield an accurate result (since damping is FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October considered). A comparison of the result with Transient and 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-109 PSD method to the actual test results are discussed. The https://www.fisita- results are categorized into two sections, one dealing with the congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-109 transient fatigue analysis and other with the fatigue analysis Traction batteries are operated with up to the maximum C-rate for using PSD data. The critical failure region of the battery is charging or discharging. Such BMS (Battery Management System) identified from the results. A ninety percent correlation is operation limits are determined during the development of a battery observed between the simulation result and the actual test system. Cell manufacturers define hard safety limits to prevent values, validating the methodology (AUTH) Liplating, deep discharge, or thermal events which are usually KEYWORDS: Random Vibration, Time series loads, PSD, implemented as slope functions to allow for a gradual transition from Transient Analysis, Fatigue life normal operation to zero. These so-called de-rating functions are parameterized in the BMS in the same way for every battery, additionally with a safety buffer to ensure safe operation for every 2019 E 31 potential user and driving situation including worst-case scenarios. The authors argue that an adaptive approach can optimize the STUDY ON THE INFLUENCING FACTORS OF ENERGY operation strategy of battery systems using ADAS features. In CONSUMPTION PERFORMANCE FOR PLUG-IN HYBRID addition to parameters that are being observed inside the battery, ELECTRIC VEHICLES information about the vehicle, upcoming route and driver behavior WANG, Peng et al can be used to adapt the operation strategy to the situation at hand. Consequently, the driver can be offered “more” performance with the FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October same battery pack (AUTH) 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-100 KEYWORDS: Battery Management, Operating Strategy, https://www.fisita- Predictive Modeling, Optimization, ADAS congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-100 Based on the three energy consumption regulation systems in 2019 E 30 Europe, the United States and Japan, we studied the influencing RANDOM VIBRATIONAL FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF factors of the energy consumption performance of the PHEVs ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY FOR THE ROAD LOADS (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, PHEVs) considering the energy consumption characteristics by designing various ambient Sureshkumar, Sanjai temperature and driving cycle test matrix. This paper illustrates FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October collaboration of AER and Blended strategies from the perspective 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-036 of revealing, dividing and weighting at CD/CS stage. The https://www.fisita- consumption ration of fuel and electric is influenced by energy congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-036 management strategy and fuel saving technology, leading to changes in energy consumption. Testing method, energy The major challenge for the electric cars to become a management strategy, fuel saving technology and others reveal AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 15 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS closed connection between energy consumption performance, to meet the power requirements under driving condition, and driving performance, control strategies, and driving conditions obtain -0.05g to -0.2g deceleration by releasing accelerator adaption. Results of testing and analysis provide guide for energy pedal. Therefore, a linear pedal feeling is obtained, while fully consumption performance, control strategy designing and fulfilling the typical urban cycle and the driving and braking regulation refinement for PHEVs (AUTH) intention of the main driving cycle. The driving operation is simplified by reducing the using frequency of the brake pedal KEYWORDS: Energy Consumption Performance, realized by the single pedal control characteristics which cover Influencing Factors, Testing and Evaluation Methods, coasting and low intensity braking operation of conventional Energy Management Strategies, Energy Saving regenerative braking systems (AUTH) Technologies KEYWORDS: Single Pedal Control Strategy, Pedal MAP 2019 E 32 Characteristics, Energy Regeneration, Deceleration, Pedal Feeling SUPERVISORY CONTROLLER DEVELOPMENT FOR A FULL PARALLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE FOR MANUFACTURING & MATERIALS IMPROVING FUEL ECONOMY AND AN INTERMEDIATE EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION 2019 E 34 Ramdasi, Sushil et al A HIGH FIDELITY PREDICTIVE MODEL OF HYDRAULIC BRAKES FOR FRONTLOADING, DESIGN SELECTION, FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October AND PREDICTION OF BRAKE PEDAL FEEL 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-066 Srivastava, Praharsh et al https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-066 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-081 With improved engine technologies, vehicle styling and spending capacity, each year many number of vehicles hit https://www.fisita- Indian roads. This increase has implications like Greenhouse congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-081 gas emissions, resulting into ozone layer depletion, global Brakes system design is a complex process involving multiple warming and depletion of fossil fuel at very fast rate. Thus, it performance attribute targets to be achieved simultaneously. The has become essential to control CO2 emissions. The most task of designer in such cases is to target design which optimizes effective way is to improve vehicle fuel economy and reduce a few set of attributes which in turn are decided by subjective user CO2 emissions, with the help of some promising technologies rating to objective measurement correlation metrics. In such like Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), Full Electric Vehicles and cases, model based simulation serves the purpose of designer in Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV). In a price sensitive market as in making correct design decision at initial stages of design. This India; vehicle selection is driven by, fuel economy (FE) and paper presents a detailed 1d model for automotive brakes system cost of the vehicle, HEV will prove to be better solution, which will help the designer in brakes system design, brakes performance optimization and study the effect of interface compared to Electric Vehicles (EVs) considering unavailability systems on brakes performance. Validation of the model for an of charging infrastructure. The paper focuses on the design, existing vehicle is also presented. A detailed physics based model development and performance evaluation of supervisory of brakes is developed in LMS AMESim software. The built-in controller for full parallel HEV configuration (AUTH) libraries of AMESim are leveraged to develop a full vehicle model KEYWORDS: HEV, LCV, Supervisory Controller, FE which consist of the brakes, chassis, suspension, transmission, Improvement, Intermediate Experimental Validation engine and tires. The brakes model is detailed one which consist of all the components of brakes system viz. brakes pedal, vacuum booster, master cylinder, front calliper, rear calliper, parking 2019 E 33 brakes and captures all the major design parameters. The TESTING AND EVALUATION OF PURE ELECTRIC remaining systems are modelled in low to medium detail. In order VEHICLE PEDAL CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS to validate the model for vehicle level FIA (Functional Image BASED ON SINGLE PEDAL CONTROLSTRATEGY Attribute) test cases are considered. The FIA test cases consist of subjective user rating to objective measurement correlation WANG, Peng et al activity. The test cases consist of 11 tests spreading across test FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October conditions of low vehicle speed to high speed, low ramp rates to 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-059 high ramp rates. Data captured in these tests consist of speed, pedal force, pedal travel, deceleration, master cylinder pressure https://www.fisita- and few other parameters. The captured data is converted into congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-059 objective ratings which in turn is a measure of brake performance attributes viz. free travel, preload, deceleration dead band, bite Single pedal control strategy integrates energy regeneration etc. The time history for pedal force is fed into the model as input in accelerator pedal operation. This paper monitors the and required values as per FIA test cases are extracted from the "mechanical-electrical-hydraulic" state of the electric driving model as output. This work finds its usability in simulation based system, designs a test matrix based on the varying conditions prediction of brakes FI attributes, study effect of changes in such as vehicle speed, pedal operation, and driving mode, and interface systems on brakes performance, DOE study on brakes studies the pedal control characteristics of a pure electric vehicle. for selection of best design among available configurations The analysis shows that the single pedal control characteristics (AUTH) integrates the driving and braking operation of the vehicle well, while changing the traditional driving habits simultaneously. By KEYWORDS: Brake feel, high fidelity model, AMESim, operating the accelerator pedal skilfully, it is possible for the driver Pedal effort, homologation

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 16 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS

2019 E 35 2019 E 36 A METHODOLOGYOF DESIGN THINKING PROCESS ADAS, A NEW CHALLENGE FOR HOMOLOGATION AND APPLICATION TO VALUE INNOVATE THE REAR PERIODICAL TESTING INSPECTION UNDER-RUN PROTECTION DEVICE FOR A HEAVY COMMERCIAL VEHICLE Pauly, Cyrille and Teller, Stefan Hubballimath, Nandesh FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-069 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October https://www.fisita- 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-059 congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-069 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-059 Advanced driver assistant systems are safety relevant; so they will affect testing and certification process more and more. Automotive Field has become very volatile and main New requirements for homologation are under development in reasons for this are emerging safety regulation, green energy different regions. Because of the safety relevance, it is necessary strategies, and digitization, advancement in science and to find a way of inspection during the lifetime of a vehicle. The technologies. design field has always been challenged for current process for PTI doesn't cover testing of ADAS, so coping strategies for these new realities, it is very hard to innovative approach is necessary. With increasing introduction of sustain in market if any firm not responding to these new ADAS-systems and automation of driving functions, the focus of realities, hence; each firm benefits based on how early and requirements for homologation and/or certification is on proper efficiently it adopts to new realities. This Paper illustrates a function of sensors, activators and the hardware and software of practical and complete Value Innovation chain done for Rear the systems. The conformity might be demonstrated by testing and simulation, functional safety and cyber security of the Under-run Protection Devices (RUPD). According to new electronic systems have to be checked as well. On board systems regulation EC-R58-3 [1], re-innovation of RUPD was for checking of the functions will be obligatory in future and there necessary to optimize the weight and cost of current design. In are different ideas how to use such OBD systems during lifetime. any successful Mechanical project, selection of Design and Until now the check of electronic on board systems is only used in Manufacturing Process is a very important part and PTI (periodical inspection) for emissions, an innovative approach connecting these processes and technique plays a vital role in for ADAS is necessary either as a part of the 3rd-party PTI and/or project success. In this Paper a complete value chain is the frequent or continuous check of safety systems. The different explained, it is mainly on the basis of value innovation and options will be presented. Several proposals of the different adapting powerful techniques, like Blue Ocean Strategy to stakeholders are in the loop now. Because of the safety relevance, entering another new territory by excluding current a 3rd-party system seems to be appropriate. But the current PTI- competition and calls for a whole new design process by process needs improvement regarding instrumentation and analysing or benchmarking existing opportunities and threats. qualification of the inspectors. Access to vehicle related Design Thinking Process is used to generate the Ideas information about the electronic systems is mandatory and a through Brain Storming Process, and Ashby Chart Analysis to harmonization of interfaces is necessary as well. It is necessary to find the most suitable alternate material available in the current implement such “life-time-approach” as soon as possible as an market. To arrive at an optimized concept, Design Thinking integrated process, which starts with harmonized homologation Process comprising of Concept Generation (Brain storming), requirements and a proper follow up until the end-of-life of a Concept Validation through Computer Aided Analysis and for vehicle (AUTH) manufacturing feasibility study was done through supplier KEYWORDS: Periodical technical inspection, interaction. Finally, the optimized concept was selected homologation, advanced driver assistant systems, through Pugh Chart Analysis. This paper provides a automated driving systematic way to understand the Design Thinking Process in detail with practical application and also shows how to 2019 E 37 innovate existing components to reduce the total cost and lead time. The design process explained in this paper can be ANEW CARBURIZING STEEL FOR COLD FORGING extrapolated to other similar sheet metal parts. This paper WHICH CAN OMIT ANNEALING AND NORMALIZING evidences connecting more Design Tools in systematic way Imanami, Yuta et al will yield better results and also supports with alternate FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October concepts as backup for fail safe concept in project success. 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-049 Validation of these results strongly recommends use advanced material like Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) https://www.fisita- and Composites for structural members, which will reduce the congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-049 Chassis Component weight without compromising its In order to develop a new carburizing steel material that strength, hence; increases fuel efficiency and payload (AUTH) realizes an intermediate heat treatment free process in parts KEYWORDS: Value Innovation, Design Thinking manufacturing, the cold forge ability of the as-rolled steel and Process, RUPD, FUPD, Brain Storming, Digital Validation suppression of abnormal grain growth of austenite were studied. of RUPD, Pugh Matrix, Ashby Chart Analysis, EC-R58- It was shown that adjustment of addition amount of Si, Mn and 3[1]Regulation Cr, suppression of dynamic strain aging during cold forging, and an increase of ferrite fraction by controlled rolling contribute to the reduction of load of cold forging. However, Nb precipitation control by fully utilizing mill manufacturing processes was also AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 17 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS

necessary for suppression of abnormal grain growth of process knowledge and experience. Many a times trial-and-error austenite. The as-rolled developed steel showed lower load of methods are used to arrive at optimum forging process and initial cold forging than spheroidized SCM420. The reduction of load of billet dimensions. But with help of reliable computer simulation cold forging in the developed steel is due to the synergistic tools, now it is possible to optimize the complete forging process effects of the optimized balance of Si, Mn and Cr, suppression of and billet dimensions without a single trial. This will have direct dynamic strain aging by fixing N, and the increase in the ferrite and indirect saving of time and money with much more insight fraction by low-temperature controlled rolling. Rotating bending about the process and possible forging defects in the same. This fatigue strength is an indicator of resistance to breakage of paper deals with die design optimization of spring saddle used in gears. The rotating bending fatigue strength of the developed automotive industry. Existing forging process was simulated and steel was excellent in comparison with that of SCM420. From simulation results show under filling of component cavity with this, the developed steel can prevent breakage of gears. larger amount of material wasted in flash. This results in increase According to the Si mapping by EPMA in the same figure, at the in the rejection of components. Existing forging process also surface of samples after carburizing, grain boundary oxidation requires higher tonnage capacity which hampers life of existing was suppressed in the developed steel in comparison with dies and forging equipment. Elimination of defects without SCM420. A new steel for carburizing was developed by affecting the productivity was the main challenge. The changes integrating these technologies, making it possible to eliminate made in the forging process and its die design was simulated, annealing before cold forging and normalizing before which results in elimination of defects. Iterative simulation also carburizing simultaneously (AUTH) helped to arrive at optimized billet size, resulting in saving of 5% of input material which increased forging yield. Complete optimized KEYWORDS: Steel Materials, Cold Forging, Carburizing, forging process requires almost 6 times lesser tonnage capacity Annealing, Normalizing which has direct benefit on life of dies and forging equipment. These changes in forging process and die design were 2019 E 38 implemented in physical forging trials. They were found effective in eliminating the defects, saving of input material and reduction in ASSESSMENT OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES AT HIGH forging load which results into direct or indirect cost benefit to the STRAIN RATE OF ADVANCED HIGH STRENGTH industry in the form of reduced energy consumption. Thus STEEL'S WELDED JOINTS simulation approach helps to optimize the forging process, Mulla, Suhail et al improve productivity and reduce energy consumption (AUTH) FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October KEYWORDS: Forging process, reduce energy 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-041 consumption, Manufacturing & Materials https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-041 2019 E 40 In this era of light-weighting of vehicles, Advanced High Strength DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY STORAGE Materials (AHSS) proved themselves very promising, as they are well TECHNOLOGY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES known for their crashworthiness properties along with higher strength. Shankar, Shantha and Venugopal, Shankar The high strain rate properties of the AHSS materials have been already found out by researchers. The mostly employed AHSS FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October materials at crash sensitive areas are found to be under Dual Phase 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-058 (DP) group, DP 800 and DP 1000 steels. However, in application https://www.fisita- many materials are joined together with similar or dissimilar material, congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-058 mostly by spot welding and there is not much literature available on behavior of welded AHSS material at crash situation. This study focus Our objective is to identify the attributes of an idea energy on understanding of strain rate sensitivity of DP800- storage technology that will enable battery powered electrical DP1000material's resistance spot welded joints at high strain rates. vehicle (EV) to become the sustainable mobility solution of the For this, the materials are welded by spot welding at optimized future. The demanding performance parameters of the EV energy parameters. After high strain testing of the welded samples, it was storage device are analysed. The technology evolution of the found that the welded joints show less strength than homogeneous current batteries is studied by analysing the patents at three levels materials but they do show strain rate sensitivity (AUTH) –the subsystem – energy storage device, the system EV and the KEYWORDS: Material properties, high strain rate, high super system that includes energy source, the charging strength steel's welded joints, Manufacturing & Materials infrastructure, etc. The attributes of an ideal energy storage device are defined using TRIZ systematic innovation 2019 E 39 methodology. When the TRIZ tool - the Ideal Final Result (IFR) is applied, we are able to simplify the analysis to three key DESIGN OPTIMIZATION IN FORGING PROCESS TO dimensions – useful functional features (Primary and Secondary), REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION harmful features (either from functional or sustainability Kumbhar A.R. et al perspective) and cost. The simplicity of the IFR approach helps to steer away from the complexities of various competing battery FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, technologies and remain focused on truly sustainable energy Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-067 storage technologies. The focus of the work is on those energy https://www.fisita- storage technologies that will be desirable, feasible, scalable, and congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-067 viable and most importantly sustainable (AUTH) Forging is one of the manufacturing processes, which is KEYWORDS: Electric vehicle (EV), lithium ion battery, preferred to produce complex component due to its advantages. energy storage, TRIZ, design thinking, sustainability New process development of forging component requires through AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 18 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS

2019 E 41 2019 E 43 EFFECT OF DEFORMATION TEMPERATURE ON HOT DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF 42CrMo4 STEEL HARDNESS AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF AL 6061 AND GRAIN SIZE CORRELATION WITH FORGING ALLOYS PROCESS PARAMETER P.K. AjeetBabu et al P.K. Ajeet Babu et al FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-052 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-051 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-052 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-051 Aluminium forged products are used in industry for both structural and non-load bearing applications. In case of structural Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) is a parts, hardness is an important parameter and in non-load way to design products and its materials along with their bearing application the surface roughness is important with manufacturing process by linking material models at multiple respect to aesthetics. In this paper, the effect of deformation lengths and time scales. The phenomenological model gives temperature on hardness and surface roughness is studied for AA constitutive equations such that it defines the relationship 6061-T6 alloy. The samples are homogenized at 550°C for 8 between process variables and the resulting output i.e. hours and cylindrical billets are prepared which is forged at four microstructure and its properties. Forged components require different temperatures i.e. 0°C, 25°C, 100°C, and 150°C. The high strength and good ductility. So as to achieve best samples are cut in the centre and the hardness is measured along combination of these properties, an appropriate grain size must the horizontal and vertical direction away from the geometrical be produced which actually depends on thermo-mechanical centre and also on the surface. Hardness variation at the top process used. In this paper a thermo mechanical simulation surface of the sample is observed to be less. The hardness experiments were conducted for 42CrMo4 material at 1223K, measured on the inner surface plane is found to decrease, as we 1323K and 1423K with corresponding strain rates of 0.2, 2, 20 (s- move from the geometrical centre to the surface of the billet along 1). Based on the flow stress data, activation energy Q = 421.6 both horizontal and vertical direction. The surface roughness (Ra) kJ/mole was calculated and further a mathematical relation was values are found to decrease with the increase in the forging developed between grain size evolved and process parameters temperatures (AUTH) such as strain, strain rate and temperature during hot forging. The thermo mechanical physical simulation process was optimized by KEYWORDS: aluminium, cold forging, warm forging, applying ICME principle by studying the entire deformation hardness, surface roughness behaviour of material and the various metallurgical variables affecting the features of microstructure during deformation 2019 E 42 process (AUTH) FRAMEWORK FOR BUILDING A PORTFOLIO OF KEYWORDS: Forging Process, Thermo Mechanical DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE Simulation, Steel, Flow Stress, Zener Holloman Parameter MOBILITY Venugopal, Shankar and Shankar, Shantha 2019 E 44 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) TO IMPROVE THE 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-057 PRODUCT ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-057 Rahul Lalwani et al FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, We provide a framework that would help the CTO to (a) assess Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-042 the disruptive power of new technologies at an early stage (b) https://www.fisita- systematically track its evolution and (c) build a sustainable plan congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-042 for the company to respond to the disruption. We have applied our framework to illustrate how the CTO of an automotive OEM can From historic data analysis it was found that light duty build a portfolio of disruptive technologies in electric, autonomous vehicles alone contributes up to 10% of the global CO2 and connected vehicles to create sustainable mobility for the emission. Current Type approval emissions tests (BS III, BS IV) future. We describe qualitative and quantitative tools and metrics covers only the tailpipe emissions, however the Emissions that would help the CTO to make investment decisions on new produced in other upstream and downstream processes (Eg disruptive technologies and communicate to the stakeholders Raw material Sourcing, Manufacturing, Usage, Recycle (AUTH) Phases) are not considered in the evaluation. Eventually the overall emissions produced in different phases of product KEYWORDS: Disruptive technologies, electric vehicle (EV), sustainable mobility, CTO lifecycle of vehicle remains unexplored. To measure overall impact, a cradle to grave approach was used to assess entire life cycle impact throughout various stages. Life-cycle assessment (LCA), is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair & maintenance, disposal or recycling. LCAs can help avoid environmental concerns by having overall perspective on emissions in different phases. In AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 19 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS our exercise a detailed study using life cycle assessment tool was conducted to measure the environmental impacts during 2019 E 46 various stages. This technique evaluates impact of all the MITIGATE THE RISK OF FAILURES ON AUTOMOTIVE stages in manufacturing a vehicle till vehicle reached its end of ELECTRONIC DEVICES DUE TO HUMIDITY life. This analysis helps conduct environmental cost benefit Jauhri, Abhinav analysis and comparison between various choices for given FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October product and processes. A study was conducted on Bolero Maxi 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-039 Truck for life cycle assessment. In total analysis it was found that the material composition share are; Metal (84.92%) is the https://www.fisita- major constituent material for BMT, followed by Plastics (8.18 congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-039 %), Glass (1.06%), and the rest (5.83%).This study gave a Humidity represents the amount of water vapour in the comparative analysis of various material choices & processes atmosphere. Presence of Humidity allows moisture to settle down available to make same components and assemblies. which slowly can penetrate the Electronic component's housing and maximum impacts occur during the use phase followed by raw can enter into PCBA. This causes an internal condensation that may material and part manufacturing phase and Manufacturing lead to electrical sneak paths as well as functional and material phase. This study gave exact values of various environmental degradation. As a result, the functional behavior of electronic components is degraded further reducing the life of component. The impact like global warming potential, water consumption or objective of the paper is to optimize the ramp rate in Composite acidification potential etc. with only soft data without making Temperature/ Humidity Cyclic test procedure. Issues associated with actual parts or vehicles. During the use phase, tail pipe Humidity can be prevented during validation by adjusting the ramp emissions majorly contribute to acidification potential (50.9%), rate of test profile so as to mitigate the risk of water condensation on Eutrophication potential (80.68%), Global warming potential the Electronic PCBs. This can be varied based on the Component's (85.17%), and photochemical ozone creation potential mass/ size. This paper is intended to address the root cause of (57.79%). However during ELV disposal phase due to material common Humidity related issues on Electronic Component's PCBAs, recovery it shows credits of acidification potential (-0.98%), factors leading to that and recommendation for preventing Humidity Eutrophication potential (- 0.71%), Global warming potential (- related failures in Electronic PCBAs. The current study is limited to 0.71%), and photochemical ozone creation potential (- 0.75%) only Composite Temperature/ Humidity Cyclic test procedure. Major (AUTH) focus is to verify the different ramp rates for various types of components in Lab and provide an optimal ramp rate to avoid KEYWORDS: Life cycle assessment; Greenhouse formation of water droplets on PCB. Experiment results shows and gases; advanced high strength steel; Environmental proves that the optimized Ramp Rate = 2.5 Hrs. is the best for impact, Co2, Emissions, ELV disposal mitigating the risk of Humidity related issues during validation in Electronic components (AUTH)

2019 E 45 KEYWORDS: Humidity; Ramp Rate; Moisture; Condensation; Dendritic Growth. MANAGING DISRUPTIVE INNOVATIONS – BEST- PRACTICES FOR A SUSTAINABLE AUTOMOTIVE 2019 E 47 COMPANY OF THE FUTURE NEW APPROACH IN PROTO BIW ASSEMBLY USING 3D Sayantan Mukherjee and Shankar Venugopal PRINTED HAND FIXTURES FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October Gounder, Kannan et al 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-093 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October https://www.fisita- 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-062 congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-093 https://www.fisita- The automotive industry is poised to experience the congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-062 biggest disruption in recent times as megatrends of Fixtures are production tools that are used to autonomous vehicles, electric vehicles, connected vehicles accurately locate and clamp automotive BIW (Body in White) and shared economy are shaping sustainable mobility for the components together, with respect to the vehicle origin for future. To manage the disruption well, the automotive OEMs assembly. In automotive product development, prototype bodies will have to respond to the disruption by radically changing are built on a compressed fixture line with the intent of validating their current approach to product planning, styling, product the product design. Reconfigurable modular fixtures are used for designing, product development, sourcing, manufacturing, limited quantity BIW production. The prototype weld fixtures are distribution, customer service etc. Automotive OEMs should typically manufactured with mild steel or cast iron. The use of strategize their response by figuring out what are those things metal fixtures results in a heavy apparatus with a long that are still relevant in the new scenario and needs to be development lead time, and an inherent shape limitation arising continued, what new things to learn and (most importantly) from conventional manufacturing processes. This paper explains what they should selectively forget or unlearn to adapt to the the construction and use of 3D printed portable hand fixtures change (Vijay Govindarajan's three box framework).The developed using FDM technology, to assist in Proto BIW paper recommends certain best practices ideal for an development. The shorter lead time, lower weight and ease in development of complex shapes are leveraged to overcome the automotive company to effectively manage disruptive limitations of conventional manufacturing processes. The use of innovations and become sustainable in the future (AUTH) functional features, rather than the datum features of the smaller KEYWORDS: Disruptive technologies, sustainability, sheet metal BIW components, reduces the effect of automotive, innovation management, electric vehicle, manufacturing variations on the final geometry of the BIW autonomous vehicle, connected vehicle, asset sharing assembly. The light weight of the weld fixtures reduces fatigue of

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 20 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS operation, and the portability results in an effective use of facility floor space (AUTH) time is accurately measured using the coded PLC program enabled LED sensors. The effect on tensile strength and variation KEYWORDS: 3D Printing, FDM, Rapid Prototyping, Hand of micro hardness due to the variation in Plunging down Time Fixtures, Proto Body Assembly. (PDT) were studied. The Plunge downtime found to be one of the important weld parameter need to consider as per the results of 2019 E 48 tensile strength and micro hardness (AUTH) PREDICTION OF HEADLAMP IMPACT BEHAVIOR WITH KEYWORDS: PLC program, LED, Plunge down Time, MAT_SAMP MATERIAL MODEL FSW Radhakrishnan, Jayaraj et al 2019 E 50 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-042 STUDY OF PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION METHODOLOGY FOR NEW RUBBER MATERIAL https://www.fisita- MODEL congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-042 Konishi, Yusuke et al Commercial headlamp outer lens is made of polycarbonate material which is inexpensive, provide necessary optical and FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October mechanical properties and is chemically stable. During head form 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-073 impacts, the headlamp lens is observed to fracture in a near-brittle https://www.fisita- manner unlike the parent polycarbonate (PC) which is known to congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-073 exhibit significant ductility. The headlamp housing on the other hand is injection molded using talc-filled polypropylene- Performance prediction using computer aided engineering polyethylene copolymer (PP) which has different failure (CAE) is essential for reducing weight and testing costs. For this properties. Capturing deformation and fracture behavior purpose, the simulation of transient phenomena such as accurately in CAE is a prime requirement to give accurate suspension and engine vibration, which requires the accurate engineering solutions to the designer. Although the traditional representation of the dynamic characteristics of rubber parts, is MAT024 model is a robust and computationally efficient, it important. Phan et al. [1] developed an improved rubber material assumes Von Mises yield criteria which is an incomplete way of model based on the model proposed by Simo, which is capable of representing pressure sensitive materials like polycarbonate and simulating dynamic behavior. This paper examines a parameter polypropylene. In the present work, LS DYNA advanced material identification methodology that provides high accuracy for MAT_SAMP is defined by characterizing the chosen materials in transient simulation (AUTH) tension, compression and shear using standard methods at KEYWORDS: rubber, material model, nonlinear different strain rates. A realistic yield surface for the polymers is viscoelasticity, finite element analysis, parameter generated and incorporated in the material model to represent the identification headlamp components facing complex stress states. Validation of the CAE model is done comparing the CAE results with those from 2019 E 51 test and good correlation is reported. A test rig is designed which has the flexibility to simulate different boundary conditions for SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY SOLUTIONS THROUGH headlamps belonging to different vehicle programs (AUTH) MULTIDICIPLINARY DESIGN OPTIMIZATION (MDO) USING DATA ANALYTICS KEYWORDS: Headlamp lens; Headlamp housing; Polycarbonate; Polypropylene copolymer; MAT_SAMP Gunti Srinivas et al FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2019 E 49 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-90 https://www.fisita- RESEARCH WORK ON STUDY OF PLUNGING DOWN congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-90 TIME ON FRICTION STIR WELDING OF AA6061 The challenge for large-scale implementation of D. Muruganandam et al Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) algorithms in solving FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October real-world automotive structural design problems is the time 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-054 associated in running huge Finite Element Models that involve https://www.fisita- solving highly non-linear phenomenon (such as crash) involving congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-054 large number of design variables and multiple performance constraints pertaining to various domains (NVH, Durability and The up going trend of research on joining of dissimilar alloys Crash). With the availability of powerful Computer Aided have grown the interest on the study and analysis of Friction Stir Engineering (CAE) tools, it has become possible to generate the welding. Joining of different steel groups and Aluminium has been data of performance responses for a huge number of design on the research interest on the previous decade. Recent points considering all the design variables that exist in a real-world innovative research and development areas is on with design problem. Traditional Response Surface Method based Magnesium alloy groups. The Aluminium alloys and Magnesium approaches fail to handle such huge data and therefore, it is alloys are investigated for the weld strength with respect to the important to explore the Machine Learning based approaches that change of welding parameters including tool geometry, the tool can easily handle huge and complex real-world data. The present transverse speed, and the tool angular velocity. In this paper, work focusses on developing a methodology for light weighting of plunging down time is considered as novelty parameter along with an automotive structure using machine learning based, MDO. In usual rotational speed and axial load parameters for the analysis this study, the objective is to minimize the mass of the front end of weld strength based on heat generation. The plunging down AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 21 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS structural components, of a passenger car that are likely to effect structural modification. There are four steps in the process, at the the vehicle crashworthiness and NVH performances. Size third steps, the process identifies the internal loss factors (ILFs) or optimization is performed by considering the gages of various the coupling loss factors (CLFs) which should be changed to components as the design variables and front-end intrusions reduce the noise radiated from the machinery using sensitivity during an IIHS offset impact test simulation and the modal analysis to the squared sound pressure at the evaluation point. frequency of a critical structural member as the constraint The sensitivity analysis is based on the perturbation method, the variables. Two different methods, namely, neural network based squared sound pressure or the vibration energy are evaluated and the random forest based machine learning algorithms were regarding the variation of respective loss factors and input power. used to develop predictive models for use in design optimization. For three SEA models are used with and without predicted the It is shown that the data mining based optimization methods are vibration input power by structural modification, parameter study substantially more efficient and applicable in solving the real- are implemented by analytical SEA.As a result, it can be seen that world vehicle design problems that contain many design sound energy results for a flat plate SEA model with using the variables. A considerable weight saving of nearly 25 % with predicted vibration input power for structural modification by a respect to baseline design is obtained in the present study damping material is shown to work quantitatively well by (AUTH) numerical analysis. The same phenomenon for L shaped plate by the experimental test and partial car model by numerical analysis KEYWORDS: Sustainable mobility, multidiciplinary with structural modification by thickness change was also design optimization (MDO), data analytics, Manufacturing & confirmed (AUTH) Materials KEYWORDS: Statistical Energy Analysis, Method of Vibration Analysis, Modeling, Identification, Finite Element 2019 E 52 Method WEATHERDATA MAPPING TO ENRICH NATURALISTIC DRIVING DATA AND ENHANCE ENERGETIC 2019 E 54 SIMULATION A STUDY OF SQUEAL NOISE IN TWO WHEELERS Jens-Olav Jerratsch et al Vadakkel George et al FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-053 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October https://www.fisita- 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-110 congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-053 https://www.fisita- For advanced simulation of electric vehicle total energy congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-110 consumption, various parameters need consideration. For simulation of real driving patterns, secondary data mapping by Squeal noise from brakes is very annoying and it is perceived time and location can help to reduce measurement efforts and by customers as sign of poor product quality. The research work enrich existing data or enable advanced prediction of energetic presented in this paper attempts to understand the squeal consumption. The methodology presented for ambient generation mechanism in light of the mode coupling temperature mapping yields a mean difference of only 1.5°C when phenomenon. Initially conditions required to recreate squeal compared to sensor acquired on board data. Using TUB-FVB's noise in drum and disk brakes were identified. The squeal noise total vehicle energy simulation for a small commercial electric was then recorded on road and in lab using data acquisition vehicle then leads to a mean deviation in consumption of only equipment and chassis dynamometer. Further, tests were done to 0.2kWh/h or 2.5%, respectively (AUTH) identify the natural frequencies and mode shape of individual KEYWORDS: Naturalistic driving observation, data components. Tests have been designed to understand the effect, logging economy, secondary weather data, energetic EV- structural stiffness of brake components have, in generation of simulation squeal noise. The study reveals some interesting insights, test carried out on drum brakes have helped us to understand the source of noise radiation and the required corrective action. The squeal noise from the drum brake were lower frequency squeal NOISE & VIBRATION below 3k Hz. Whereas squeal noise from disk brakes were at much higher frequency i.e. above 10k Hz usually categorized as 2019 E 53 high frequency squeal. Changing the pad stiffness has shown certain squeal noise frequencies to shift and some others A STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROCESS FOR REDUCING frequency to more or less vanish. One other important aspect in STRUCTUREBORNE SOUND USING VARIATION OF the squeal generation phenomenon namely the frictional VIBRATION INPUT POWER interaction between the sliding surfaces was not studied as a part Kuroda and Katsuhiko of these tests. Tests were done in lab conditions on new brakes and effects of amount of wear or the wear pattern were ignored for FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October the study. The study was done on full vehicle and hence is much 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-072 closer to the actual conditions that lead to the generation of squeal https://www.fisita- noise from brakes. The outcome from the tests agrees to some congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-072 extend with the mode coupling theory and provide a first level The authors developed the structural design process on the proof for the same at a vehicle level (AUTH) basis of experimental SEA for reducing structure-borne sound. KEYWORDS: Brake squeal, Mode coupling, Drum Brakes, However, it was difficult to predict the sound pressure accurately Disk Brakes, Experimental techniques in order not to predict the variation of vibration input power by

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 22 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS

2019 E 55 2019 E 57 A STUDY ON THE PREDICTION OF DOOR GLASS ACTIVE CONTROL OF AUTOMOTIVE STRUCTURAL RATTLING VIBRATION THROUGH SMART MATERIALS Nam, Yong Hyun et al Setia, Shivam et al FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-091 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-098 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-091 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-098 The sound induced by a closing door is determined by the This paper deals with technologies to control vibration. various components like door latch, door module, door glass Vibration control through feedback control and Vibration control installed within the door area. In particular, when the door is through shunt damping technology using Piezo-electric devices is closed with the door glass down, the vibration and noise of the discussed in this paper. The goal is to suppress the unwanted door glass are louder than those of any other component; this is vibrations of structures. In case of first technology, a smart called door glass rattle - attributed to the loss of the door glass structure would be able to sense the vibration and generate a support point. This study not only evaluates the rattle influence controlled actuation to it. A feedback controller sends the level of a door glass support but also introduces an approach to correction information to the smart actuator so as to minimize the predict rattle by using simple model test of glass run (AUTH) vibration. The second technology utilizes an external circuit (shunt KEYWORDS: Glass rattling, door glass, vibration damping technology) across the terminals of smart structure absorption, prediction rattling, rattling test based transducers to implement control mechanism. To develop an understanding, prove the concept and design a generic methodology, the control work is carried out on automotive 2019 E 56 analogous structures such as a cantilever beam and tuning fork. ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SOUND These structures are bonded with Lead ZirconateTitanate (PZT) PACKAGE IN A VEHICLE BY PBNR MEASUREMENTS patches as piezoelectric sensor and actuator for minimizing USING DODECAHEDRAL SOUND SOURCE vibrations (AUTH) Anerao, Nitesh et al KEYWORDS: Smart Structures, Modal Analysis, Active measures, System Modelling, Control Strategy. FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-113 2019 E 58 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-113 AN INVESTIGATION OF A SUPPRESSION METHOD OF THE BODY VIBRATION IN AN ENGINE START-STOP In recent years, customer has become very sensitive to noise SITUATION-A PREDICTION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH levels in vehicle. Hence maintaining good acoustic ambience in OF THE BODY VIBRATION RELEVANT TO A vehicle cabin has become essential. Power Based Noise Reduction POWERTRAIN VIBRATION (PBNR) is one such effective tool that evaluates the acoustic performance of sound package in a vehicle and helps in improving the Ogata, Kenichiro et al passenger comfort level. PBNR measurements using Dodecahedral Sound Source (DDS) requires very less time and efforts as compared FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October to the traditional measurements done using Volume Velocity Source 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-275 (VVS). The source strength evaluation with DDS using a particle https://www.fisita- velocity sensor seems to be more precise because energy levels congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-275 measured using VVS altered with respective direction (±X, ±Y, ±Z) thus arising a question on computed source strength. The main In recent years, fuel economy regulations for automobiles objective of this study is to assess acoustic performance of a vehicle have been strengthened. Engine stop technology (idling stop / in mid-high frequency range (200 – 6300 Hz) for ensuring passenger electric power run) is an effective method for improving vehicle comfort in cabin using dodecahedral sound source. This document fuel economy. Engine stop technology reduces the fuel shows a methodology to predict PBNR with respect to frequency consumption of the internal combustion engine, but restarting using the dodecahedral sound source. PBNR measurements at the internal combustion engine causes body vibration. This identified cabin seating ear locations with respect to different source body behaviour contributes to a feeling of discomfort for paths (engine, tire etc.) are carried out. A good correlation with 3-5% variation on an average is observed on comparison with the traditional passengers. Therefore, the formulation of a prediction VVS based PBNR calculation. It is concluded that PBNR technology that includes both the powertrain and the body is measurements done using this methodology tend to closely match required in order to clarify a method of suppressing body with the results of VVS. PBNR method which a static evaluation tool vibration. In this study, authors focused on body vibration at produced consistent results with less than 3% deviation as compared engine restart generated by the transfer of engine vibration to to traditional vehicle level dynamic testing approach which has higher the body. The authors used an engine control simulator, a fluctuations. This methodology optimizes the traditional experimental combustion simulator, an engine vibration generation procedure by reducing time and efforts thus improving overall simulator and a body vibration simulator. These simulation efficiency (AUTH) tools were chosen through an investigation of prediction KEYWORDS: PBNR testing, transfer function, acoustic methods for in-cylinder pressure fluctuation in chamber, reciprocity, acoustic materials, particle velocity, and source transmission and motor vibrations. The engine controller was strength. made by MATLAB/Simulink. GT-SUITE was used as the chamber simulator. Thus, combustion simulator was original AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 23 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS model included several mount model. In addition, Carmaker 2019 E 60 was used as the body vibration simulator. Finally, the authors created a prediction technology that worked cooperatively in ENGINE SOUND POWER CALCULATIONS AND the above-mentioned simulators. The prediction technology CONTRIBUTION OF EACH SURFACE TO DRIVER EAR: produced the correct results for an experiment inspection SOUND PARTICLE VELOCITY APPROACH result (in-cylinder pressure, engine block acceleration, engine Kumar, Tulesh et al mount acceleration and seat vibration). Therefore, this FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October prediction technology realized the prediction of body vibration 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-087 during engine stop/restart, and enabled the optimal design for engine control, combustion and mounts. In this study, we https://www.fisita- focused on a vibration of relatively low frequency. The congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-087 prediction of high frequency body vibrations may require more Vehicle in-cabin ambience quality depends on many parameters detailed modelling. In addition, vehicle specifications are not such as aesthetics and ergonomics. Ergonomics related to cabin decided just by vibration requirements. Therefore, this acoustics is discussed here. Quieter the car's engine more pleasant prediction technology should be extended to a prediction the cabin ambience will be. Vibration is the cause and sound is the method for trade-off performance (i.e. fuel consumption, effect as per cause/effect analogy. Engine's surface vibration causes emissions, vehicle dynamics and thermal management). The the sound to radiate in the cabin. At an early stage of a program, formulation of a prediction technology including both the knowing engine's sound radiation behavior proves beneficial in powertrain and the body is a new approach as a prediction optimizing the source (engine) and saving sound package materials. method for body vibration. In addition, this prediction In this document, a method for calculating engine's airborne sound power has been elaborated. A new concept for computing engine technology has the possibility to extend to application as a sound power using radiation impedance and surface velocity is predictor of vehicle performance. The formulation of a devised. The computed sound power along with Power Based Noise prediction technology that included both the powertrain and Reduction (PBNR) transfer function is used to predict the cabin Sound the body was performed. This technology combined an engine Pressure Level (SPL). Accordingly, future target levels can be set for control model, a combustion model and a mount model to source (LW), transfer path (PBNR) and receiver (LP) respectively. suppress body vibration (AUTH) Engine's response in different driving conditions is also studied in detail and it is concluded that for airborne noise reduction at KEYWORDS: vibration, noise, ride comfort; frequencies>200 Hz, working at low idle is enough and it will be powertrain oscillation; Model-Based Design reflected in other driving conditions automatically (AUTH) KEYWORDS: Sound power; Sound particle velocity; Radiation impedance; PBNR testing; Transfer Function 2019 E 59 EFFECTIVE CORRELATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF NOISE CONTROL TREATMENT ON AN OUTER DASH 2019 E 61 PANEL USING EXPERIMENTAL AND VIRTUAL MODELING LOW IDLE TACTILE VIBRATION SIMULATION FOR TRACTORS Varghese, Alex and Palled, Satish Vijay Raghava et al FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-084 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-109 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-084 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-109

In today's world, the automobile companies are mainly The purpose of this paper is to establish a method for focusing on the three governing factors, a) performance b) predicting the idle vibration of tractor steering, fender and floor weight and c) cost. A lot of work has been done on predicting systems in the engine-idling condition by using forced response the noise path through effective noise testing and evaluations analysis. At first phase, an analytical FE model of tractor is and further optimization of material coverage to meet the constructed. An MBD model of complete engine with piston, desired expectation of overall performance requirement. This crankshaft, connecting rod and main journal bearing has been paper outlines a unique method to correlate and optimize the created using the commercially available multi body dynamics coverage of the NCT around the outer dash panel area using tool with the following inputs like inertia, no. of cylinders and experimental modal testing inside reverberation chamber and geometric data, etc. By using the combustion parameters – virtual modelling module (AUTH) pressure vs crank angle curve corresponding to the Idle Excitation measured on the test bed as an input for the MBD model and the KEYWORDS: Optimization, Sound intensity mapping, output forces are obtained at the main journal bearing locations, Correlation, STL measurement inside reverberation cylinder-head, piston TDC and BDC. These derived forces from chamber, SEA virtual simulation MBD used as an input for the full vehicle finite element model, forced response analysis has been executed using the commercially available NVH computational code to predict the vibratory amplitudes on the steering, fender and floor corresponding to the idle excitation. Furthermore, this model is employed as a tool for identifying top contributing paths to the vibration levels at human contact points through transfer path AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 24 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS analysis. Identified paths are optimized for attenuation of the 2019 E 63 vibration levels. Good agreements are found between the analytical and experimental data (AUTH) NVH OPTIMIZATION STUDY IN BELT TYPE R-EPS SYSTEM KEYWORDS: Tractor, Fender, Idle, Virtual validation, Vibration Jang, SeokHwan et al FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2019 E 62 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-078 METHODOLOGY FOR FRONTLOADING SIMULATION https://www.fisita- OF \CLUTCH PARAMETERS FOR NVH CHAACTERISTIC congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-078 OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE DRIVELINE Soundatte, Nitin et al Belt type R-EPS system uses an electric motor to assist the driver of a vehicle and it typically uses belt and pulley assembly for FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October assist-torque amplification. Operating noise and vibration of this 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-093 system, transferred through surrounding structures and air, can https://www.fisita- be noticed by driver. The objective of this study is to improve congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-093 structure NVH level of Belt R-EPS system for making driver to feel more comfort and quiet while driving. Operation noise and The world is moving towards refined vehicle systems, vibration of Belt type R-EPS system is classified into internal and and it has become an important aspect of a customer's external factors. Internal noise and vibration is generated by choice. A refined driveline plays a major role in reducing mechanical components of R-EPS system. External noise and noise and vibration and improving the overall vehicle vibration is mainly enhanced by resonance between R-EPS system and sub-frame of vehicle. In order to reduce resonance refinement. For commercial vehicles, tackling driveline causing noise and vibration, total NVH mechanism was created induced noise and vibration is complex and requires a about Internal and external noise. NVH analysis procedure proper strategy as cost and durability play an important (especially related R-EPS system and sub-frame of vehicle) also role. In a heavy-duty vehicle engine, high torque at lower was established based on NVH-mechanism. The study suggests RPM is required to give correct traction at the wheel end. To total optimal design-parameters for reducing NVH of R-EPS meet engine power and torque characteristics in system. NVH optimization of the system is proceeded to achieve commercial vehicle, most of the manufacturers opt for a natural frequency separation of sub-frame, motor and housing to diesel engine which by its very nature, carries a drawback avoid resonance. The procedure of Optimization analysis test is of high fluctuation. Diesel engine coupled with a manual following: proto-design → stress and FRF analysis of structural transmission and multiple-joint propeller shaft results in a components→ restudy and complementation → verification. As a resonance and lead to high in-cab noise and tactile result, total system NVH level is improved by more than 3dB vibration in the low-frequency region. Flywheel inertia, (AUTH) clutch stiffness and hysteresis, side-shaft stiffness and KEYWORDS: Belt R-EPS, NVH-mechanism, Structure- inertia, propeller shaft inertia and U-joint angle are the basic noise, Resonance, Transfer path parameters that are needed to be tuned to reduce in-cab noise and tactile vibration. Clutch stiffness and hysteresis are commercially controlled factors. They can be iterated 2019 E 64 without affecting the overall cost of the vehicle. Simulation OBJECTIVE EARLY FAILURE DETECTION SYSTEM FOR plays a key role in reducing the overall cost associated with ENGINE TEST BENCH tuning of these parameters. With proper simulation Roche, Marina et al techniques like 1D or MBD, we can find an optimized solution for the product and can bring the in-cab noise and FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-080 tactile vibration within target limits. In this paper, methodology for frontloading the simulation of clutch https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-080 parameters viz. inertia, stiffness and hysteresis using multibody dynamic simulation has been discussed and New technologies and calibration to lower engine emissions optimization for the given driveline is suggested. Effect of affect the vibration profile and may lead to premature damage. simulation is also validated by test-based measurement Therefore, this effect is a key factor to be evaluated during (AUTH) calibration and durability testing to ensure system reliability. Vibration profile monitoring during durability testing allows KEYWORDS: Clutch, Driveline, Multi body anomalous behavior to be detected before critical breakage is simulation, Torsional fluctuation, Commercial Vehicle caused to the test sample, permitting thus an analysis of the root Driveline causes of the failures in order to implement countermeasures. The challenge is to develop a method that is able to objectively determine the acceptance criteria with no need for subjective human determination. In this study, a six cylinder diesel engine was used as a test device for the definition of metrics and objective damage acceptance thresholds during calibration and durability. First the engine was tested under normal conditions and then

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 25 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS abnormal conditions were induced. Test results allowed the Powertrain & Engineering development of different learning algorithms, damage metrics and damage acceptance thresholds based on artificial 2019 E 66 intelligence, statistical analysis and signal energy analysis. The suitability of each proposed method is analysed in terms of ADVANCED LIGHT FRACTION FUEL FORMULATION AS detection capability, avoidance of false detections and A DROPIN REPLACEMENT FOR DIESEL IN PRE-DPF objectiveness of the criteria (AUTH) EURO II TYPE ENGINES KEYWORDS: Engine; neural network; durability; Manente, Vittorio et al failure; vibration FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-120 2019 E 65 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-120 SHEET RADIATION NOISE ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION BASED ON MODAL SHAPE The use of light fraction or gasoline-range fuels in SUPERPOSITION compression ignition engines has shown the potential to Fang, Liao et al simultaneously decrease criteria pollutants and global carbon emissions. The current study examines the possibility of blending FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October such fuels into commercial diesel as a drop-in replacement in 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-079 compression ignition engines as a means of improving particulate https://www.fisita- emissions on pre-DPF equipped vehicles. Three fuel formulations congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-079 were created with the first aimed at minimizing the content of polyaromatic hydrocarbons while maximizing the H/C ratio and Lower Heating Value (LHV) in an effort to lower particulate and Traditional vibration and noise assessment criterion of CO2emissions. The second variant targeted a minimum viscosity vehicle body concerns mainly about modal, dynamic stiffness of 1 CST as a means to address possible fuel viscosity related and transfer functions. The modal only indicates vehicle body's inherent frequency characteristics. The dynamic stiffness durability concerns for the fuel injection system. Finally, the third indicates the vibration isolation ability of the attached points. The variant was a 50-50 vol% blend of the first and second fuels. A vibration and noise transfer functions only refers to the vibration similar cetane number as that found in market available European and noise transfer path when the vehicle body is excited. diesel fuel was targeted for all three fuels. Once the fuels had been Therefore, all these indices do not reflect the radiation noise prepared, they were tested in a Euro V Volvo MD11 engine performance of vehicle body. But the radiation noise in vehicle is a recalibrated to reproduce the same NOx-PM trade-off of its Euro II long-standing problem, and it interferes with vehicle quality variant. The engine was recalibrated in order to understand the seriously. In order to solve this problem, a method of sheet impact of the new fuel formulations on particulate emissions from radiation stiffness based on modal shape superposition was legacy engines. Euro II homologated engines are present proposed. In this method, firstly, the normal directions of primarily in emerging economies and a drop-in fuel capable of elements were obtained by a program based on GWAK lowering particulate emissions has the potential to improve air language. The normal directions of the nodes were obtained by quality in these countries without changing the engine calibration. averaging of all the elements normal directions connecting to the For this reason, the reference diesel fuel was chosen to be node. Secondly, modal shapes of the nodes were superposed by representative of the Indian market. The study showed that DMAP language codes. Then, the superposed modal shape was running these fuels without changing the engine calibration projected to the node normal direction. Finally, the reciprocal of resulted in a decrease in NOx and an increase in PM with no the superposed modal displacement in the node normal direction significant variation in engine efficiency. This was due to a change was obtained, which indicates the radiation stiffness of millions of in fuel injection timing that appeared to be caused by the different nodes in vehicle body. Test of the sheet radiation stiffness was physical properties of the fuels and their related impact on the established simultaneously to measure the sheet radiation hydraulic behavior of the unit injector fuel injection system. When stiffness. The sheet radiation stiffness results of the test were in the calibration was adjusted to advance injection timing to accordance with that of the sheet radiation stiffness based on compensate for the hydraulic behavior, the three fuels showed modal shape superposition, which verified the accuracy of the much lower PM emissions and CO2with similar NOx emissions method of the sheet radiation stiffness analysis based on modal (AUTH) shape superposition. This method was used to solve a booming noise problem of a car, and the test results indicates that the KEYWORDS: Light-end fuels, gasoline-like fuels, drop-in booming noise decreased by 5 dBA at most after the optimization fuel formulation, compression ignition engines, criteria by this method. It will be advantageous to design the structure of pollutant reduction, CO2 reduction vehicle body by the sheet radiation stiffness analysis based on modal shape superposition. The radiation stiffness performance of all the points on vehicle body can be obtained quickly and conveniently without high configuration hardware and time cost. The sheet radiation noise performance can be quantified through this new method. The sheet radiation stiffness can solve the problem that the stiffness performance of all nodes in the vehicle body cannot be obtained in the test and virtual analysis methods before and improves the vehicle's comfort and promotes the performance of noise and vibration significantly (AUTH) KEYWORDS: radiation noise, panel radiation stiffness, modal shape superposition, radiation noise optimization

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 26 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS

2019 E 67 component protection and knock. In this study, water injection system is proposed to improve fuel efficiency. Water injection is ADVANCED THREE WAY CATALYST BASED ON already a well-known technology that has been used in motor IMPROVED PRECIOUS METALS LOADING METHOD sports and aviation industry. Water is more effective compared AND THERMALLY DURABLE ZEOLITE-TYPE to gasoline when it comes to absorbing heat energy with a latent HYDROCARBON TRAP heat of vaporization. By absorbing more heat energy, the in Kodiyath, Rajesh et al cylinder temperature is reduced and ignition timing can be advanced to get increased power. This study experimentally FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October investigated how a water injection system can be a solution to 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-113 reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emission (AUTH) https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-113 KEYWORDS: Water injection rate, BSFC (Brake specific Fuel consumption), Spray angle Low temperature activity is prerequisite for catalytic converters as most of the emissions occur just after starting the engine (cold emissions).One of the efficient ways to improve 2019 E 69 cold emission, especially hydrocarbons (HC) is to apply close BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF NEW 10-SPEED AUTOMATIC coupled layout. The thermal stability of the catalyst is a concern TRANSMISSION for close coupled layout, in particular, thermal stability of PGM Masafumi Yasuda and functional materials such as Ce-Zr oxide, Al2O3 and HC adsorbent zeolite materials. This is one of the reasons why FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October zeolites are not considered for closed coupled application. In 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-104 order to realize application of close coupled layout for catalyst https://www.fisita- with high performance towards cold HC, the thermal stability of congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-104 PGM and functional materials especially zeolite materials need to be improved significantly. We have developed a new loading A calculation model which enables us to evaluate both method for Pd that is found to be effective in suppressing performance as a system and behavior of each component sintering of Pd during high temperature aging. With new (contact and stress condition, misalignment etc.) is required, loading method, the Pd dispersion after aging is higher than especially, in case of mechanical system with a large number of that obtained with conventional method. The three way catalyst components like Honda's new 10-speed automatic transmission (TWC) made by applying new loading method shows higher (AT). So, we developed a full-assembly behavior analysis model performance than conventional TWC. We have also utilized of 10-speed AT based on dynamic explicit finite element method chemically modified β-zeolite (BEA) with Zrand P (Zr/P-BEA) with applying simulation technology of component which was built as HC adsorbent which shows higher hydrothermal stability before. In order to verify accuracy of the simulation model, static against hydrothermal aging at 1000 ºC. The Zr/P-BEA retains and dynamic torsion tests were carried out, and we compared the 80% of its initial SSA after aging while the unmodified BEA simulation results to the test results. In comparison, the simulation loses its SSA drastically during the aging. Vehicle evaluation results were correlated highly with the static and dynamic test results. As the result, we confirmed that this analysis model has with close coupled layout confirmed that, TWC prepared by sufficient calculation accuracy. We also obtained a prospect of new Pd loading method and including Zr/P-BEA (TWC + Zr/P- applying this technology to design considerations and problem BEA), shows 15% lower value for cold HC emission than that of solving in development (AUTH) TWC. The strategies presented in this study can be utilized effectively for developing highly stable catalysts for close KEYWORDS: Behavior analysis; Dynamic explicit finite coupled layout for upcoming emission regulations such as BS6 element method; Multiple-speed AT; Full-assembly behavior (AUTH) analysis model; Transfer efficiency K E Y W O R D S : A u t o m o t i v e a f t e r t r e a t m e n t , Hydrocarbon emission, loading method of precious 2019 E 70 metals, Hydrocarbon trap, Zeolite DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CYLINDER HEAD INLET PORTS FOR A FAMILY OF ENGINES WITH COMMON WATER JACKET CORE 2019 E 68 Jain, Ashish et al AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WATERINJECTION IN EFFECT IN TURBO GDI ENGINE FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-117 Kim, Youngjae et al https://www.fisita- FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-117 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-112 Diesel engines provide a good trade-off between customer https://www.fisita- requirements of high power, torque, quick response, fuel congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-112 consumption and pollutant emissions; since they are optimized for Currently, downsizing concept in combination with turbo- this, hence further improvements becomes a hard task. Indian GDI engines is used to reduce CO2 and improve fuel efficiency. automotive market is govern by cost and when we are talking They have made significant contribution in maximizing the about off road application diesel engine, then this cost also govern potential of gasoline engine. However, there is still limitation of by fuel economy and oil consumption. To makeup this cost all engine efficiency when operating in the full-load range due to OEM's want solutions in quick time and with minimum AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 27 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS expenditure. Design and manufacturing of diesel engines cylinder built and experimental results were used for the analysis in this head is very complex work and if it is for off road application then study. An offline in-house code for the calculation of heat release we need to consider the development cost and time from first day. rate from the measured in-cylinder pressure profiles was applied In-cylinder fluid motion is one of the key factors for controlling the over different engine speeds at full load conditions. By means of diesel combustion process. Main objective of this work is to the additionally developed code the estimation of turbulence design and optimize 5 different inlet port options for a family of intensity was made. The estimated values of turbulence intensity engines keeping cylinder head water jackets core common for all have been used for the calibration of 0-D turbulence model. The variants. Three dimensional CFD simulation approach involving estimated levels of in-cylinder turbulence over analysed operating Swirl and flow parameter is used for optimization of cylinder head conditions were compared with levels of in cylinder turbulence swirl and flow values. Design and optimization work is carried out intensity at top dead centre calculated by means of the mean on 4 Cylinder 4V engines with swirl options ranging from 0.75 to piston speed. The constants of cycle simulation with the quasi- 1.8 for combustion optimization strategy and are validated on dimensional combustion sub-model were calibrated and the actual cylinder head (AUTH) simulation results of turbulence and combustion are compared KEYWORDS: Inlet port, port design, CFD simulation, with the reference and measured data. The average difference Swirl, helical and directed port between the estimated and simulated turbulence intensity was below 15%. The prediction of in-cylinder turbulence was performed on the cycle-resolved basis for one operating point, 2019 E 71 resulting with the information about cycle-to-cycle variations of in- cylinder turbulence during the combustion. The prediction of in- DESIGN MODIFICATION ON EXHAUST SYSTEM cylinder turbulence based on the measured data represents CATALYTIC CONVERTER BRACKET efficient inverse method whose results can be used for the faster Pradeep Sharma and Sreekanth Thota calibration of 0-D turbulence models without performing time- consuming 3-DCFD simulations (AUTH) FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-121 KEYWORDS: Engine, Spark Ignition, Turbulence Estimation, Flame Propagation https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-121 2019 E 73 Exhaust system components in engine are subjected to thermal cycling. For one of engine which was in development FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF LASER WELDING IN THE stage, welded bracket on inlet cone of catalytic converter was AUTOMOTIVE DIFFERENTIAL AND RING GEAR showing a high thermal stress and when dynamic loads were ASSEMBLY combined, safety factor was less than design target. The objective Yesudass Maria Ambroseraj et al of current study is to reduce thermal stress on welded bracket by understanding thermal behavior and to come up with proposed FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, design which lowers thermal stress. It has been shown that Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-103 proposed design has Maximum Principal Stress reduction on https://www.fisita- bracket by 40% when compared to baseline design case. This congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-103 was helpful in improving Goodman safety Factor for combined loading of thermal and dynamic cases in proposed design. This Laser welding is a modern welding process used to join similar helped in fixing stress hotspot (AUTH) and dissimilar metals. The laser beam has the highest energy KEYWORDS: Exhaust System; Catalytic Converter concentration that melts the parts to be welded. Residual stress Brackets; Transient Heat transfer analysis; Finite element and cracks are produced due to the high temperature during the analysis; Thermal stress process which affects the fatigue life of the differential and ring gear assembly. The objective of this study is to predict the temperature, heat affected zone, residual stress and thermal 2019 E 72 distortion in the laser welding process using finite element Analysis. This analysis is a sequentially coupled thermo ESTIMATION OF TURBULENCE LEVEL IN SPARK mechanical analysis in which temperature result of thermal IGNITION ENGINE USING EXPERIMENTAL DATA OF IN- analysis is given as an input to structural analysis. A three CYLINDER PRESSURE dimensional finite element model is developed using Sjerić, Momir et al commercially available code ABAQUS. Additionally numerical subroutine is created using FORTRAN language to implement the FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, movable non-uniform heat source as the laser beam moves in Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-122 circular path. Various aspects like radiation loss, convection loss, https://www.fisita- latent heat in the phase transformation and annealing effect are congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-122 considered to capture the thermo-mechanical behaviour of the assembly and validated with test data. This analysis is done for the The objective of this study was to analyse the applicability of different influence of process parameters like laser power, laser the proposed procedure for the estimation of in-cylinder beam diameter and welding speed. The current study is limited to turbulence level in SI engine from measured pressure data and to thermal and structural effect during the laser welding process. use it for the calibration of cycle simulation model constants. In the Fusing and Solidification of metals are not considered and will be Laboratory of IC Engines and Vehicles at the Faculty of added in the future scope. The user subroutine is new and Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture in Zagreb, complex technique to achieve heat flux movement in circular path. Croatia, the experimental setup of single cylinder IC engine was The very high temperature, complicated geometry profile,

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 28 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS element deletion and element activation make the FE analysis engine. In order to cope with the increased durability demands highly nonlinear (AUTH) of turbocharging, we used the transient thermal strain KEYWORDS: Laser welding, Thermo-Mechanical simulation of our previous SAE report (2016-01-0651), the analysis, Moving heat flux, Thermal Distortion, Nonlinear FE experimental transient thermal strain of another SAE report Analysis (2018-01-0449), and the steady-state thermal strain analysis of this report to compare the thermal strain levels and found our new plate structure technology is superior to our old tube 2019 E 74 structure technology. Utilizing a new visualization technique to GASOLINE ENGINE PART LOAD PERFORMANCE: see and measure the actual thermal deformation mechanics, CYLINDER PRESSURECURVES PREDICTION USING we developed a high-reliability plate structure design. Another NEURAL NETWORKS TO REDUCE THE DEPENDENCY advantage of the plate structure is that we can easily set the ON TESTING flow path ratio so that the optimum performance can be Sreekanth Rayavalasa et al achieved by creating the concept of flowing two separate, different-temperature fluids (one high water-temperature FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October section and one low water-temperature section) in one heat 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-107 exchanger. For this development, we evaluated the transient https://www.fisita-congress.com/programme/ and steady-state regions for accurate thermal strain analysis sessions/F2018-PTE-107 which is crucial for strong durability (AUTH) Part load cylinder pressure curves – pressure 'P' as a function KEYWORDS: CAC module development, thermal strain of crankshaft angle 'θ' over 720 degrees – are essential to analysis, Powertrain evaluate thermal boundary conditions of engines at part load, especially for Engine Thermal Management (ETM) studies to VEHICLE DYNAMICS evaluate transient Thermo- Hydraulic behaviour of coolant, oil and liner temperatures. However, part load cylinder pressure curves 2019 E 76 are barely available at early stages of engine development, as first A NEW METHOD FOR DAMPER CHARACTERIZATION prototypes are usually dedicated to full load performance AND REALTIME CAPABLE MODELING FOR RIDE evaluations. Thus, the aim of this study is to predict part load COMFORT cylinder pressure curves using only full load Test measurements, which will reduce the need for prototyping and physical testing. Benz, David and Pfeffer, Peter E. The study is carried out on a 3-Cylinder Naturally Aspirated FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October gasoline engine with port injection using GT-SUITE 1D simulation 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-104 software [2]. To begin with, engine full load performance model is calibrated within ±5%. Then part load engine performance https://www.fisita- prediction is carried out using Neural Networks and congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-104 Controllersyielding±15% of correlation with test. Validation of coolant and oil temperature on ETM Models are within ±10ºC Ride comfort requirements are going to increase in the compared to test data and ±4ºC in the most relevant comparison future due to autonomous driving. Therefore improved damper zones (AUTH) (shock absorber) modelling is needed to get high quality simulation results even at small and random excitation. A further KEYWORDS: Part Load Prediction, Cylinder Pressure challenge in hardware in the loop applications is the real-time Curves, Part Load Controllers, Neural Network, Engine capability. Mostly simple damper models are acceptable for ride Thermal Management. comfort simulations; however they are not able to adequately describe vertical effects, such as stiction. Complex models are 2019 E 75 usable for ride comfort simulation but they reach the limits of WATER-COOLED CAC MODULE DEVELOPMENT – real-time capability. For an adequate trade-off between real- THERMAL STRAIN ANALYSIS time application, complexity and validity a new method for characterizing and modelling of a real-time capable damper Jonathan, Radzicki model for hardware in the loop applications was developed. As FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October a first step toward real-time model improvement, a straight 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-114 forward modelling method was used. The basic concept of real- time damper model modelling is to break down the damper in https://www.fisita three essential force models. These models are a nonlinear gas congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-114 force model, a nonlinear damper characteristic model and a In recent years, development of turbocharged engines has nonlinear Dahl friction model. The mentioned force models continuously been aimed at improving the efficiency of the result in the modelled overall damper force. In addition to the so internal combustion engine (ICE).Today, more and more called VDA characterization methods, the damper is vehicles are moving from an air-cooled charge air cooler characterized with respect to small excitations and velocities. (ACAC) to a water-cooled charge air cooler(WCAC) that also With a rear axle damper in hardware in the loop application, has the merit of simplifying the air intake path. Either an ACAC researches on ride comfort with a quarter-vehicle model were or WCAC is required for a turbocharged engine to perform made. The outcomes show a significant improvement of properly. For this report, we introduce a thermal strain predictive power at small and random excitations compared to a improvement method, its results, and a newly-developed, common damper model, predict ride comfort and the compact WCAC module which is directly installed onto a V6 improvement was 12.4 %.With this straight forward modelling

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 29 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS method and a slightly increased characterization and 2019 E 79 parameterization effort it is possible to predict ride comfort even at small and random excitations (AUTH) COLLABORATIVE SUSPENSION DESIGN PROCESS BY ASSOCIATIVE CAD AND SYSTEMS SIMULATION KEYWORDS: Damper Modeling, Shock Absorber EXPERIENCE Modeling, Real-Time Capability, Ride Comfort, HiL Kanade, Pratik et al FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2019 E 77 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-095 AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HEAVY COMMERCIAL https://www.fisita- VEHICLE congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-095 Somvanshi, Jayant et al The automotive suspension design process deals with FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October different types of suspension data at different stages of the 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-120 development process. This demands a deep collaboration https://www.fisita- between the systems engineers, CAD designers, and CAE congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-120 analysts. The objective of this study is to build a seamless and collaborative vehicle suspension design process in CAD and CAE based on the systems engineering concept. The suspension In commercial vehicles, the greatest challenge is to improve design process involving CAD, CAE, and systems engineering, the fuel economy and reduce emissions. The Aerodynamic drag starts with defining the requirements of the system. This study will control is one of the best ways to do the same. In Tractor-trailer focus on a double wishbone type of suspension. Initially, the assembly, the gap between the cabin and trailer and also rear end design parameters for the vehicle suspension are defined based of the trailer are the critical areas which will affect the coefficient of on the hard point location coordinates. A sophisticated systems drag drastically. The main objective of this work is to incorporate model is developed based on these design parameters for the the drag reduction devices like roof fairing, boat tails and side vehicle suspension skeleton model and sequentially, a vehicle skirts to the truck model and analyse their effect in reducing the suspension K&C (Kinematics and Compliance) analysis test rig is drag. The generic model of commercial vehicle with various drag modelled as well. The design variables from the systems model reduction devices and their different shape configurations are are then mapped one-to-one to the CAD model. Then, parametric designed using hyper mesh and Solid thinking inspire software. A optimization of the design parameters is run to achieve the best steady state analysis is carried out by using AcuSolve on truck vehicle handling performance through K&C analysis, and the model with various drag reduction devices. The simulation results optimized model is confirmed by performing a full vehicle dynamic are validated with wind tunnel test on the scaled down model of analysis. Also, the initial design space of the upper control arm is commercial vehicle with and without drag reduction devices. The built on the skeleton suspension CAD model and topology result shows up to 12.7% reduction of drag coefficient with the optimization is performed to obtain the shape of the upper control usage of all drag reduction devices (AUTH) arm (AUTH) KEYWORDS: Commercial vehicle, coefficient of drag, KEYWORDS: 3DEXPERIENCE, Suspension Design, SST, roof fairing, boat tail, side skirts, wind tunnel Optimization, Systems Engineering, CAD, CAE, FEA

2019 E 78 2019 E 80 APPLICATION OF THE MOST ADVANCED METHOD FOR CONTROLLING LATERAL VEHICLE PULL DURING AERODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION IN THE EARLY DESIGN BRAKING IN A LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE WITH PHASE LEAF SPRING SUSPENSION THROUGH OPTIMIZATION OF STEERING LINKAGE HARDPOINTS Zheng, Xin et al Khanna Nitin et al FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-081 FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-110 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-081 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-110 Early design of automotive products, stylists who designed the new car styling were not based on the Aerodynamic theory. The primary objective of this paper is to highlight the iterative Therefore, the new styling often has larger drag coefficient, approach carried out in half car and full vehicle dynamics without considering the Aerodynamic performance. To deal simulation to identify key hard points adversely affecting lateral with this issue, an advanced Aerodynamic optimization vehicle pull under normal and panic braking situation and method was used to solve the problem. The CFD engineer subsequently demonstrate the same on actual test vehicle. Leaf scan run this optimization quickly to find out the right spring is subjected to linear movement, angular oscillations and spring wind-up during braking. The spring wind-up plays a pre- optimization direction which will deliver a first design proposal dominant role in brake steer behavior of vehicle resulting in to the styling designer in early design phases (AUTH) lateral vehicle pull on applying brakes. A full vehicle ADAM Scar model is used for this optimization study. The steering system of KEYWORDS: Aerodynamic, Automated optimization, the LCV consists of steering wheel, steering column, variable Optimization direction, new workflow ratio steering gearbox with recirculating ball mechanism, pitman arm, draglink, steering arm and master tie rod. The aim AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 30 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS of this optimization study is to identify key steering linkage hard points adversely affecting lateral vehicle pull and to quantify 2019 E 82 their contribution to iteratively arrive at an optimum steering EFFECT OF AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON linkage hard points combination which will minimize the brake MOTORCYCLE STABILITY AND HANDLING pull sensitivity of the vehicle. The last step is to verify these improvements through vehicle testing in a braking manoeuvre. Singhania, Sharad and Venkata Mangaraju Vehicle level test results display a strong correlation with FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October ADAMS Car analysis. This study helps us in understanding the 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-145 subtle details of steering linkage design requirements and https://www.fisita- provides us a design guideline to deliver a better product. There congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-145 are no specific limitations for implementing this methodology. However, before finalizing hard points care should be taken to The demand for premium motorcycles with engine capacity maintain other critical parameters such as bump steer, roll steer above 250 cc and top speeds above 120 km/h has increased in and steering effort within acceptable limit. Through this paper India. At such high speeds stability of a motorcycle is crucial for we have attempted to bring forth new design considerations for safety and aerodynamics plays a major role. The objective of this a steering linkage geometry which we feel will be useful for research is to study the influence of location of aerodynamic future reference of similar steering system architecture. Key centre of pressure (COP) and sensitivity of aerodynamic forces on contributing steering linkage hard points which affect brake stability and handling of a motorcycle. A comprehensive rigid body steer and leaf spring wind up have been verified thoroughly with model of a motorcycle is built using a multi-body dynamics the help of objective testing after evaluating analytically. Design software (MBDS), VI Motorcycle. Simulations are performed recommendations have also been included in this paper for using the verified multi-body dynamics (MBD) model simulated on future use (AUTH) a straight path at different speeds. Two methods of analysis are KEYWORDS: Steering linkage hard points, spring used to evaluate the effect of aerodynamic parameters on weave windup, brake steer and wobble stability. In the first method, a linear Eigen value analysis is performed and real part of root locus is studied. In the 2019 E 81 second method, a non-linear analysis is performed by applying an impact about the steering pivot. Damping ratio corresponding to DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF EPAS USING AN weave and wobble frequency from steer oscillation are studied. INTEGRATED APPROACH Further, front wheel reaction plots are compared to evaluate the Kale, Jyoti G. et al handling behavior of the motorcycle. An optimal location for COP is identified for stability and handling performance, and also the FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October sensitivity of aerodynamic forces is evaluated (AUTH) 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-121 https://www.fisita- KEYWORDS: MBD analysis, aerodynamic forces, centre congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-121 of pressure, stability, and handling. 2019 E 83 Technologies in steering systems have been advancing since the adoption of hydraulic power steering in automobiles FUEL ECONOMY ENHANCEMENT OF AN SUV BY in the 1950s. Steering systems are turning to electronic control AERODYNAMIC DRAG REDUCTION USING ADD-ON in order to meet market needs such as improved fuel DEVICE SPOILER WITH VALIDATION ON 1:5 REDUCED efficiency, safety and comfort. An Electric Power Steering SCALE MODEL (EPS) system is equipped with an electric motor to provide Pandey Aditya et al assist steering torque and utilizes a torsion bar associated with a sensor to measure the driver torque and apply it as a FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October command to the steering torque control loop. Traditional 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-082 hydraulic power steering systems have provided remarkable https://www.fisita- performance for many years in terms of handling, cost, and congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-082 comfort. However, these systems have the drawback of adding load on the engine. The hydraulic pump runs Flow structure in the wake region is most critical parameter regardless of whether steering assistance is required or not, in for vehicle aerodynamics. For an SUV it's dominated by fact the power needed to run the pump is highest at high downwash and secondary three-dimensional vortices speed, when the required steering assistance required is associated with it, which creates lower pressure at the rear that least. Automotive manufacturers are moving to EPSto provide increases the aerodynamic drag. This paper presents a study the convenience of steering assist with a smaller engine and on drag reduction by controlling the flow in the wake region reduced fuel consumption. This paper defines the using add-on device 'Spoiler'. In this work firstly baseline full methodology to implement an India specific EPAS system in scale model of an SUV is investigated numerically in virtual small car. This paper includes concept study, design of wind tunnel and then a 'Spoiler' has been investigated for drag mechanical column, control strategy, torque sensor reduction. As a proof of concept 1:5,3D printed reduced scale integration, motor integration, and prototype development model with and without spoiler has been tested in wind tunnel. along with performance trials on vehicle. The performance of In this work drag reduction has been observed in full scale developed system was evaluated (AUTH) simulation and reduced scale wind tunnel testing also. An approach has been presented in this study for validating KEYWORDS: Electric Power Steering, EPAS, Torque various concept for aerodynamic improvement using reduced Sensor, Steering Effort, Steering Assist Motor.

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 31 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS scale model wind tunnel testing. In this paper scaled model hysteresis width generated according to the change of the wind tunnel testing and simulation has been compared to have gain in the reverse steering by the method of compensating better understanding of flow structure and validation of CFD the column torque is proposed. However, there is a problem methodology, around 97% correlation has been observed in that the steering feeling such as inertia feeling and hanging force measurements. Further this paper discusses about feeling of the steering wheel cannot be effectively improved. relation between Fuel economy and aerodynamic forces The purpose of this study is to compensate the necessary acting on vehicle. In present work using engine power high frequency signal momentarily during the reverse consumption equation fuel economy improvement of 2.04 % steering to improve responsiveness and to improve steering has been obtained theoretically with add-on device 'spoiler' feeling effectively. Generally, when a driver performs a (AUTH) reverse steering, a steering sense such as a sense of hitching KEYWORDS: Fuel economy, aerodynamic drag or stickiness occurs due to inertia, a clearance, and a frictional reduction, device spoiler, reduced scale model, Vehicle force of a mechanism or a motor. In order to solve the Dynamics problem, unlike a relatively general steering condition, In order to control this effectively, it is very important when and 2019 E 84 how to compensate for some form of auxiliary output. In this study, it would be demonstrated that it is possible to improve INFLUENCE OF VEHICLE SPEED AND SUSPENSION the responsiveness and steering disturbances while DAMPING ON HUMAN BODY IN PASSENGER CAR maintaining the existing steering feeling by rapidly detecting Anandan, Arivazhagan et al the reverse steering situation by amplifying the high frequency signal of the instantly optimized column torque FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October without delay of signals through actual vehicle test and 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-150 computer simulation (AUTH) https://www.fisita- KEYWORDS: Reverse steering, Responsiveness, congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-150 Steering disturbance, Instantaneous control, Inertia The objective of the study was to achieve better ride comfort for the passengers in the conventional vehicle, by 2019 E 86 limiting the speed while crossing the sinusoidal bump. For this PARAMETRIC MODELS FOR VEHICLE CENTRE OF study, quarter car model with 2-DoF and multi-body dynamics GRAVITY FOR SENSITIVITY ANALYSES TO ACHIEVE with 4-DoF is considered. Multibody dynamics was generated OPTIMIZED CONCEPT VEHICLE ARCHITECTURE using the lumped mass parameter. The governing equation of the system was developed by using Newton's second law of M. Lakshmanprasad et al motion. A sinusoidal single bump road profile based on the FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October parameters was also developed. MATLAB/SIMULINK 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-078 software was used to incorporate the system. Simulation test https://www.fisita- was carried out by varying the vehicle speed and suspension congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-078 damping coefficient. In this paper, head acceleration of the passenger and tire deflection is considered to quantify the ride In the conceptualization phase of vehicle development, for comfort and road holding property of the vehicle. The results achieving reasonable dynamic performance, it is necessary were carried out for men and women by varying the vehicle that the architecture optimization includes reduction of vehicle speed and suspension damping coefficient. Finally, suitable centre-of-gravity (CG) height and achievement of intended speed and damping coefficient to achieve better ride comfort weight distribution as one of the optimization criteria. However, for male and female and good road holding characteristic while there is no ready reckoner available to define the enablers that crossing a sinusoidal bump were arrived at (AUTH) would aid the process. This paper aims to address this deficiency with the help of a new approach for optimizing the KEYWORDS: Quarter car; Biodynamic; Ride comfort; vehicle architecture. The new approach for optimizing the Damping factor; Vehicle speed vehicle architecture is “Top-Down”, starting from vehicle dynamics performance targets, cascading to vehicle CG height 2019 E 85 and weight distribution requirements and defining architecture INSTANTANEOUS HIGH FREQUENCY CONTROL hard points to meet the requirements. Vehicle CG targets are FOR IMPROVING RESPONSIVENESS IN REVERSE confirmed based on trend analysis of global benchmarks. STEERING Parametric models have been developed based on regression analyses of benchmark CG-positions with their architecture Kim, Tae Hong parameters. With the help of these models, it is possible to FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October identify enablers for vehicle CG height reduction and achieving 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-099 intended weight distribution in concept vehicle architecture. This approach helps in effective frontloading of vehicle https://www.fisita- dynamics performance requirements in the vehicle architecture congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-099 in the concept phase of vehicle development (AUTH) In the conventional electric power steering apparatus, a KEYWORDS: Center-of-Gravity, Parametric modelling, method of improving the steering feeling by controlling the Sensitivity analysis, Architecture Optimization

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2019 E 87 2019 E 88 STUDY OF THE INDIAN BRAKE DURABILITY STUDY ON HOMING LOGIC OF REAR WHEEL PATTERNS IN COMPARISON WITH THE MAIN STEERING USING DFSS METHODOLOGY WORLDWIDE PROGRAMMEMES Yoo, Sung Bem et al Ferrer, Bernat and Mateu, Roger FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-097 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-116 https://www.fisita- https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-097 congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-116 The rear wheel steering system basically operates by external Understanding special market features is one of the most signal, receiving the steering angle and the vehicle speed input. If important activities when developing a product in the there is a problem with the external signal of the rear wheel automotive industry. In the brake system field, brake durability steering, that will be able to change its state. One is immediate programmes on public roads are one of the main requirements stop and the other is stop after move to neutral. In the case of for development and final validation on almost all the OEM's stopping immediately, since it is fixed at a specific rear wheel vehicles. The local driving pattern is one of the key points angle, the front wheel angle must be rotated by the rear wheel angle in order to make a straight advance. However, if the vehicle included in the analysis of brake durability tests, and can be moves to the neutral position, the driver will feel discomfort highly beneficial when identifying a market. Hence, the because yaw velocity is changed. It is necessary to decide how to comparison between different locations might also be set the time to reduce driver discomfort during traveling home. We essential for further exercises. The objective of this study is to used the Taguchi methodology of DFSS to derive the appropriate characterize two of the main brake durability patterns in India time without the driver's discomfort (AUTH) and compare them with other main programmes worldwide. The paper is focused on the Indian region characterization, KEYWORDS: Rear Wheel Steering, RWS, 4 Wheel including a comparison with the other main worldwide Steering, DFSS, Taguchi method locations and using the brake durability programme as the method for defining and comparing each site. With the aim of 2019 E 89 assessing these markets, two main routes were performed in THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRICTION LEARNING India, covering both city traffic (Delhi) and country side (Pune, COMPENSATION EPS LOGIC CONTROL Maharashtra) profiles. Regarding the rest of the worldwide programmes, Shanghai (China), Los Angeles (USA), Lee, Kyung-bok et al Barcelona and Mojácar (Spain) were selected for their FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October comparison, involving the Chinese, American and European 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-096 markets for a complete loop. For each location, a standard https://www.fisita- route profile was defined (some of them already representing congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-096 global standards of the brake industry) and local drivers were selected for the mileage accumulation (experienced in brake durability performance). In this way, the local driving pattern The steering torque and steering feel can be related with was fully characterized in each site and taken into account for the friction level of steering system. Also, differences in the the comparison. The main parameters used for this objective friction level of steering system can cause different steering evaluation are as follows: number of brake applications, torque and steering feel. There are two main reasons why vehicle speed distribution, and deceleration ranges and brake each steering system has the level of different friction in each temperature. The criterion of route severity, coming from a vehicle: Manufacturing Distribution of steering system and combination of the braking energy and power outputs of the durability deterioration by wear-out. Because of those brake applications performed are also introduced. This reasons, the steering torque or steering feel can be lighter or exercise increases previous studies made in the brake heavier than the tuned one by test drivers. This paper focuses durability field, as the Indian market was never considered on overcoming different steering feel by distributed before. Therefore, the increase of the number of locations, as manufacturing and durability deterioration. This paper studied well as the high variation of markets, helps to enrich the the feedback control logic in EPS. i.e., after monitoring and comparison of the results. All in all, the results of this project comparing the present steering friction level with the toned show a controlled and robust comparison in all the mentioned one, the EPS controls the amount of motor current... The aspects of the brake durability programmes. The peculiarities technique used is the real-time feedback friction of each pattern are clearly demonstrated, showing both compensation by comparing between the level of the current divergences and similarities and helping to understand each steering effort and the target level of the tuned steering effort. market. The outputs finally reflect very surprising results The objective of this study was to keep the same steering feel coming from the global comparison, giving a total new even though the car is old and differences in manufacturing approach of the studies presented till now in this field, as it puts are generated by using EPS' friction compensation logic. The the focus on a market (India) which is in constant growth and is drivers' steering patterns and changes of steering torque (it expected to make great progress in this sector (AUTH) can be the steering feel) in durability deterioration tests were analysed by carrying out a large number of tests in different KEYWORDS: Brake durability, Indian market, driving test conditions. The EPS new logic module has been added in pattern AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 33 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS the EPS basic logic. Those tests were carried out by using the ultimately the vehicle cost. The objective of this study is to simulator and the actual vehicle tests. The results of optimize the variation of ride and handling parameters from simulations and actual vehicle tests showed that this logic vehicle to vehicle by controlling selective parameters in ride works well to reduce distribution of steering torque (AUTH) and handling and those parameters sensitiveness over parts tolerance, to optimize both cost and development time. The KEYWORDS: Steering system, EPS, Friction variation of parts dimensions is taken from a different lot with Compensation, Learning, Feedback Control sample size of 100 and processed for tolerance stack analysis using 3DCS tolerance variation simulation software. The 2019 E 90 required hard points are measured for maximum and THE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS OF ACTUATORS OF AN minimum six-sigma deviation. These variations are MECHATRONIC WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM considered as input to ADAMS using MODE FRONTIER algorithm for K&C analysis. Using the results from ADAMS for Belousov, Boris et al a set tolerance band, sensitivity analysis is done for selected FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October ride and handling parameters against the parts and then the 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-135 tolerance band is increased to confirm the sensitivity direction. https://www.fisita- For optimized tolerance band, iterations are increased which congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-135 satisfies the six-sigma target. The parameters which were effecting the Ride and Handling were identified and detailed The steering and wheel suspension system design should study is done for cost and process optimization. This study will be customized for automated control action. In this case, the identify the hard point's directions which are to be controlled. ability to create a carrying and propelling module as part of the Sensitiveness of hard point direction and values towards wheel, wheel suspension and wheel turning system for selected parameters lead to optimization of hard points in nonlinear motion is of paramount importance. Among all the initial product development stage, this approach will save the existing technical solutions, electro-hydraulic drives can best cost and development time. Parts which require stringent meet this requirement. The selection of the electro-hydraulic control of tolerance is found and those will be changed to drive executive elements (actuators) is a challenging task for reduce the ride and handling variation between the vehicles the designer. This topic has not been covered in scientific and (AUTH) technical papers as applied to the vehicle wheel module. The KEYWORDS: Ride and Handling, Robust analysis, paper presents analysis results for several actuator options. It 3DCS, MODE FRONTIER contains recommendations and basic calculations for an efficient scheme of hydraulic actuators of the vehicle steering system with vertical wheel loads from 50.9 kN to 70.0 kN. The system of hydraulic actuators should turn the wheel according to the control signal set by the driver or automatic driving system. The steering rate at 1.35 to 4.5 kNm torque in the wheel contact area shall be within 0.35 to 0.40 rad/s. This requirement is inherent in the road safety requirements. The paper considers four options of the vehicle wheel steering architecture (AUTH)

KEYWORDS: Mechatronics, steering system, actuator, schematic diagram

2019 E 91 TO REDUCE RIDE AND HANDLING VARIATIONS BETWEEN VEHICLE TO VEHICLE BY OPTIMIZING THE VARIATIONS IN PART LEVEL DIMENSIONAL DEVIATIONS, STIFFNESS COMPLIANCE USING ROBUST ANALYSIS APPROACH Balaga, Srinivasrao et al FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-123 https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-123

Ride and Handling parameters will vary from vehicle to vehicle due to allowed deviation in the manufactured parts and it is a known fact. Tightening the tolerance will result in minimizing the variation in the build quality, but stringent control of tolerance also leads to increase in the part cost and

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autonomous driving, the energy equation inside and 1. SIMULATION IS THE KINGPIN outside the vehicle has vigorously changed from the Author: Dr Arun Jaura conventional mobility era. The only way to reach this (AutoTech Review, April 2019, Volume 8, Issue 4) elusive balance will be to simulate the needs and demands, instead of being surprised with non-functionality or high URL: https://autotechreview.com/opinion/decoding‐ costs that make e-mobility non-viable. technology/simulation‐is‐the‐kingpin DELIVERING RESULTS: Simulation, of course, requires and ensures creation of design specifications, and highlights FMEA and Pugh analysis. It lays out interactions between intra and inter-sub-systems to leverage relevant methods for delivering results in multiple scenarios. In terms of the skill-sets required to define these frameworks and then run simulations, it is an imperative to have systems integrators that have polyvalent occupational experiences with transverse knowledge to collate and define implementation plans based on data analytics. For a simulation process that adds value to the product or process, analysis of data to be able to get to the right touch points and interpreting corresponding actions is mandatory. Data analysts' capability to review big data, construct algorithms and use the tools rightfully is a no Simulation through virtual tools and methods is imbibed compromise. The value of simulation could be undermined in every developmental step of product life cycle. These by globally predicting percentages of time and cost saved. tools and methods have become mandatory to efficiently In real world, the savings and speed to market are manage time and resources, and meet consumer application dependent, with the complexity, reliability and expectations of using newer products in quicker cycles. The the refined accuracy necessary for the system being rapidity of launching new features, product attributes and analysed. the changing ecosystem of networks, protocols and Blockchain, the next digital revolution, has the potential digitalisation has challenged and changed the paradigm of in not only saving significant cost and time but also integrating and simulating real-world usage conditions. transforming simulation practices. Its potential applicability Simulating the real-world for a product before it actually cuts across various segments to make it a very important goes to consumers is a big leap. Simulation is a – 'must- integrator. The flexibility is provided through its ability to have' rather than 'nice to have'. converge modularity, scalability and traceability. Penetration of simulation and virtual tools is incredible. CONCLUSION: The importance of simulation and It is done for the simplest process, product or ecosystem to virtual tools cannot be emphasised enough. However, the large footprints that encompass complexities that were success of simulation depends on lesser 'do-learn-do' formerly unknown to mankind. Managing demanding loops, where it is important to update knowledge databases energy requirements against the available limited energy is through information & IP security. The success and value not an easy proposition in the ever-changing world of add are dependent on rigour, skills, prioritisation, upstream adding features to vehicles and the evolving mobility integration, downstream verification and reliable data infrastructure. Simulating the environment with the management. For a sustainable deployment and continual operating variables and the vehicle, as it would integrate in energy efficiency, simulation is the kingpin. the environs along with the consumer, requires an in-depth understanding of the ecosystem. Anticipating these requires an integrated working environment to define each design specification and its effect on end-to-end usage – time to launch, target markets, norms and regulations for a long term product lifecycle, after sales, design capability, manufacturing complexity, distribution and dealership infrastructure, and the carbon credits that can be attained. It is about the circular economy of the mobility ecosystem. Simulation could be a possible synonym of energy efficiency. The e-mobility growth has created a newer operating environment, where the conversion of challenges into opportunities is still being defined. In this scenario and in

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2 .CABIN CONDITIONING FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES Author: Peter Drage (AutoTech Review, April 2019, Volume 8, Issue 4) https://autotechreview.com/technology/cabin‐ conditioning‐for‐electric‐vehicles

(1) Range reduction as a result of heating/cooling at +40 and -10 °C (© AVL)

Driving in the city at low average speeds, the electric power needed for cabin heating/ cooling is often in the same range as power needed for vehicle propulsion. As opposed to internal combustion engine driven vehicle, where the engine waste heat is used for cabin heating, in EVs the cabin is heated by an electrical heater or a heat pump powered by the battery. Furthermore, the heating In electric mobility, there is often a conflict of and cooling strategy of the high-voltage battery for objectives between thermal comfort and range. With an electric vehicles in combination with the interior air- innovative thermal management concept, AVL qpunkt conditioning must be presented in all operating points aims to counteract this. This can be achieved by a and driving conditions. combination of using surface heating elements, Strategies to reduce this range penalty through alternative refrigerants for heat pump systems and smart Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) utilisation of advanced control systems to achieve a concepts are discussed here. Development trends such reasonable driving range extension, while assuring a as the introduction of heat pumps, change from purely comfortable cabin climate. convective heating to close-fitting conditioning based on SUCCESS OF ELECTRIC MOBILITY: According to combined radiation and convection of the interior will be statistics and market surveys, a significant increase in addressed. market penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) has been By installing a reversible refrigeration system used identified. In Austria, 353,320 new vehicles were as a heat pump for heating in the winter and for cooling in registered in 2017, out of which 7,154 were electric, summer, a significant reduction in energy consumption marking a 74 % increase of new registered EVs in and thus an increase in driving range can be achieved. A comparison to 2016 [1]. Similar trends within the heat pump is an efficient way to increase heat from the automotive market can be observed not only in Europe, environment or heat from a lower temperature level to a but also worldwide. usable cabin-heating temperature level. The success of electric mobility is determined, In a concept shown in (2), a Micro AC cycle is shown. among other things, by one decisive factor: the driving The operating modes of the Micro AC cycle are range. The range of EVs can be enhanced by increasing externally changed by switching the cooling circuits the battery capacity and the energy efficiency of the between heating, cooling and dehumidifying. The entire vehicle. Air-conditioning and heating of the interior reason for the Micro AC cycle in contrast to an internally are considerable power consumers and significantly switchable refrigeration cycle is the reduction of number influence the EVs range, especially at extremely low or of refrigerant components and the amount of refrigerant. high ambient temperatures. In (1), a range reduction The various heat sources and heat sinks are integrated caused by the air-conditioning system at extreme into the concept via coolant-driven secondary circuits. ambient condition is shown. In this test, the power As heat sources, the ambient air as well as component consumption of a full electric car was measured while waste heat can be used. The battery of the tested driving the adapted Worldwide Harmonised Light vehicle is air-cooled. Therefore, both the vehicle cabin Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) driving cycle. and the powertrain can efficiently be conditioned.

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COMFORT EVALUATION: Especially with radiation heating surfaces, the comfort rating is of even greater importance. Either cabin simulations or special measurements are carried out and these are evaluated by means of special scales. Comfort ratings are very often found using global comfort rating indices, such as the Ashrae 55 scale [3] or the derived Predictive Mean Vote (PMV) scale [4]. The evaluation criteria were derived from the correlation of comfort, temperature, humidity, gender and duration of exposure in a subject study. The global comfort indices have a systematic disadvantage when local complaints occur. For example, if the passenger has a warm head and cold (2) Schematic representation of the heat pump feet, the global thermal comfort value could be neutral concept (blue curcuit) (© AVL) because both effects cancel each other out. For this reason, a local comfort rating is required, especially in In addition to most energy-efficient operation, an the extremely inhomogeneous environment of a vehicle emphasis is placed on thermal passenger comfort. Here, compartment. both in the simulation and in the vehicle test, the user- The ISO standard DIN EN ISO 14505-2 [5] defines specific comfort requirements as a function of driver/ equivalent temperatures and comfort indices of 16 body passenger age and health are addressed in the air- parts for summer and winter. Suppose passengers sit in conditioning operation. Infrared heating surfaces, (3), an air-conditioned environment and wear light summer provide improvement in transient heating behaviour while clothing, which equates to a clothing factor of 0.6 for the reducing the air temperature at the same perceived summer fall. Based on the comfort tables for the summer temperature, (4). and winter cases shown in (5), evaluations are carried out using suitable models in the 3D CFD simulation.

(3) Principle of an infrared cabin heating system (© AVL)

(5) Comfort zones for 16 sections of the body, derived for the summer and winter cases (© AVL)

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: In order to develop thermal management efficiently, a detailed analysis of the existing vehicle is required. For this purpose, extensive overall vehicle and component surveys are carried out, for example of the cabin, heat exchangers, the blower in the air-conditioning unit, the air- conditioning compressor and the existing cooling circuits. The aim of the concept development is to design a refrigerant circuit based on propane (R290) as refrigerant for the efficient conditioning of the passenger (4) Radiation heating maintains comfort at lower air compartment and drive train. Furthermore, by temperatures according to Bedford and developing a suitable safety concept to meet the special Liese's comfort diagram [2] (© AVL)

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 37 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICALTECHNOSCAN ABSTRACTS requirements of using a refrigerant classified as necessary heating and cooling capacity and the various flammable, it is ensured that no increased risk of heat flows in the powertrain and the entire vehicle under personal injury can occur. In cabin conditioning at the different environmental conditions and driving cycles. same time, the sense of comfort of the occupants Another part of the benchmarking involves the analysis compared to the base vehicle must be maintained. In of the space with the aim of developing an ideal packaging this context, an efficient regulatory strategy is being solution that will enable the construction of a demonstrator developed to achieve the two competing goals of vehicle at the end of the project. The heat pump concept reducing energy consumption and maintaining comfort. covers the entire development of the refrigeration circuit In the development of the heat pump concept, a new and the cooling circuits and thus includes the entire thermal refrigerant circuit using the environmentally friendly management. In order to achieve efficient operation with a refrigerant R290 is designed. The refrigerant circuit is high Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) in cooling mode or a high Coefficient of Performance (CoP) in heating mode, very compact in order to achieve a refrigerant charge individual components have to be redesigned. <150 g. R290 is a non-toxic Hydrocarbon (HC) and has an ozone depletion potential of zero. Its direct Based on extensive measurements of the vehicle and contribution to the greenhouse effect is very low with a certain components, a virtual development concept was GWP100a value of 3. For comparison, R134a has a created and COPs and EERs were determined. By means value of 1430. In (6), selected characteristics of the of modelling, appropriate operating strategies and control refrigerants R134a, R1234yf and R290 are listed. strategies of the system can be derived and the concept can be virtually optimised before it is integrated into the vehicle. Through virtual development, development times and hence development costs are reduced.

ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL: Due to the low heat loss of the powertrain of an electric vehicle at a low temperature level, the heat cannot be recycled directly, but it is indirectly used as an additional heat source for the heat pump. As a refrigerant for such a heat pump, various fluids with different fluid properties are available. Propane delivers a high heating power even at low temperatures (6) General properties of selected down to -20 °C, good environmental compatibility refrigerants (© AVL) compared to conventional refrigerants and operates at comparable operating pressures. By additionally improving Furthermore, systems operated with R290 are thermal insulation of the heat carrying lines, the high characterised by the improved low-pressure level, pressure level in the refrigerant circuit can be reduced at the especially at low ambient temperatures of -10 to -20 °C. same target temperature. Therefore, the refrigerant cycle The thus enlarged operating range of the heat pump has a must be placed as close to the air-conditioner as possible. favourable effect on the achievable range. However, HC Long pipe lengths from the front of the vehicle to the refrigerants are flammable and therefore subject to refrigerant cycle are not a disadvantage, since they international safety regulations and laws (for example, indirectly increase the heat exchanger area of the front heat explosion protection guidelines, safety regulations). EN exchanger (Front HX), (2). From the measurements of the 378 [6], for example, limits the allowable refrigerant charge base vehicle with high voltage auxiliary heater, the required for comfort air-conditioners or heat pumps, depending on electrical energy for cabin heating was determined, as well the security group, installation area and type of installation as the respective reduction of the range per driving cycle. (direct or indirect system). For refrigerant charges of less When integrating a heat pump with propane refrigeration than 150 g, systems with flammable refrigerants can be cycle, due to the COPs detected, the electrical power installed in a single occupancy area without any particular required for the heater (for example at -20 °C) is drastically restrictions. Special standards dealing with the use of HC reduced. This effect naturally has a positive effect on the refrigerants in car air-conditioning systems are currently range of the car, (7). not known. The distribution of the heat energy is performed via coolant-carrying secondary circuits. As a result, the refrigerant-carrying components run decoupled from the cabin, so that the risk can be excluded by the influx of the flammable refrigerant into the vehicle cabin in this way, or a complete encapsulation of the refrigeration system, (2) (blue coloured), is possible. In the first development step, the base vehicle was benchmarked to determine the

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SUMMARY: The development process of a thermal management concept using a heat pump for a specific vehicle application was presented. The concept combines different technologies such as infrared heating, a heat pump with a natural refrigerant (R290) and the application of thermal storage systems with the aim of maintaining the range with the same comfort despite extreme weather conditions. The Quiet project was funded under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. The content of this publication was developed mainly through development cooperation with the consortium partners and does not necessarily reflect the views of the (7) Increase of range depending on the European Commission or its institutions. outside temperature (© AVL)

REFERENCES

[1] AustriaTech: [2] Bäuml, T.; Dvorak, D.; Frohner, Elektromobilität in Österreich 2 A.; Simic, D.: 017/18 – Highlights. Simulation and Measurement of Online: https://www.klimafonds.gv.at/wp- an Energy Efficient Infrared Radiation Heating content/uploads/sites/6/E_ of a Full Electric Vehicle. Heidelberg: Springer- Mobilitaet_Folder_2017- Verlag, 2015 18_final_BF.pdf, access: October 10, 2018

[3] Nilsson, H. O.: [4] Brandemuehl, M. J.: Comfort Climate Evaluation Environmental Systems with Thermal Manikin Methods and Computer for Buildings I. Online: Simulation Models. Universität von Gävle, http://ceae.colorado.edu/~brandem/aren3050/do Schweden, 2004 cs/ThermalComfort.pdf, access: April 18, 2018

[5] DIN ENEN ISO 14505-2: [6] ENEN 378-1:2008-02: Ergonomics of the Kälteanlagen und Wärmepumpen – Sich thermal environment – Evaluation of the thermal erheitstechnische und environments in vehicles. Part 2: Determination umweltrelevanteAnforderungen. Teil 1: of equivalent temperature. Berlin: Beuth-Verlag, GrundlegendeAnforderungen, Begriffe, 2006 Klassifikationen und Auswahlkriterien. Berlin: Beuth-Verlag, 2008.

AUTHORS

DIPL.-ING. (FH) PETER DRAGE DIPL.-ING. GERALD ZOTTER is Engineering Center Manager at heads the Department Thermal Management/ AVL qpunkt GmbH in Graz Simulation at AVL qpunkt GmbH in Graz (Austria). (Austria).

DIPL.-ING. MARKUS HINTEREGGER ING. MARIJAN ŠIMEK, M. A. is Project Leader Advanced Development is Key Account Manager at AVL qpunkt GmbH in Graz at AVL qpunkt Deutschland GmbH in Munich (Austria). (Germany).

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 39 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 TECHNICALIPR SCAN ( FUELABSTRACTS CONSUMPTION )

AUTOMOTIVE GAS PEDAL MANAGEMENT TO METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR POWER CONTROL IN AN INCREASE DRIVING SAFETY AND REDUCE FUEL AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE CONSUMPTION AND EXHAUST GAS EMISSION IN United States Patent : 8,486,574 MOTOR VEHICLES Date : July 16, 2013 United States Patent : 9,440,534 Appl. No. : 12/502,250 Date : September 13, 2016 Filed : July 14, 2009 Family ID : 1000002100301 Current U.S. Class : 429/430 ; 429/428 Appl. No. : 14/411,469 Current International Filed : July 5, 2013 Class : H01M 8/04 (20060101) PCT Filed : July 05, 2013 Field of Search : 429/400-535 PCT No. : PCT/IB2013/055524 371(c)(1),(2),(4) Date : December 26, 2014 Inventors : Jennings; Mark John PCT Pub. No. : WO2014/006602 (Saline, MI) PCT Pub. Date : January 09, 2014 Document Identifier : US 20150322868 A1 Applicant : Jennings; Mark John; Publication Date : Nov 12, 2015 Saline MI, US

Inventors : Marenco; Silvano (Orbassano, Assignee : Ford Global Technologies, LLC IT),Miglietta; Maurizio (Dearborn, MI) (Orbassano, IT), Gaido; Massimo (Orbassano, IT), ABSTRACT: A method for controlling a vehicle including a Murdocco; Vincenzo fuel cell system and an energy storage unit includes, if the fuel cell system is charging the energy storage unit, (Orbassano, IT) determining an average ratio of (i) a change in energy stored in the energy storage unit and (ii) a mass of Applicant : C.R.F. SOCIETA' hydrogen consumed by the fuel cell system to generate the CONSORTILE PER AZIONI, change in energy stored in the energy storage unit. The method also includes, if the fuel cell system is not charging Orbassano, IT the energy storage unit, selecting a target operating power for the fuel cell system based on vehicle power demand and Assignee : C.R.F. Societa' the determined ratio that sufficiently minimizes drive cycle hydrogen consumption by the fuel cell system. ConsortilePerAzioni http://patents.com/us-8486574.html (Orbassano, IT)

MULTI-BATTERY FUEL SAVING AND EMISSIONS ABSTRACT: An automotive accelerator device includes an REDUCTION SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES accelerator member movable in response to driver operation, a position sensor associated with the accelerator United States Patent : RE40,820 member to output a position signal indicating an operation Date : July 7, 2009 degree of the accelerator member, and signal processing means configured to receive the position signal generated Appl. No. : 11/810,155 by the position sensor and to generate a command for a Filed : June 4, 2007 motor vehicle engine based on the position signal and a characteristic curve of the accelerator device that defines the command for the motor vehicle engine as a function of Inventors : Rogers; Wesley A. the position signal; the signal processing means are further (Saint Clair Shores, MI) configured to: receive signals indicating a current motor vehicle speed and a target motor vehicle speed, and to dynamically adapt the accelerator device characteristic Assignee : Bradley; Charles W. curve based on the current motor vehicle speed with (Fort Lee, NJ) respect to the target motor vehicle speed. ABSTRACT: A multi-battery charging system for reduced Source: http://patents.com/us-9440534.html fuel consumption and emissions for an automotive vehicle. The system starts the vehicle with a start battery in a fuel

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 40 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 IPR SCAN ( FUEL CONSUMPTION ) savings manner, removing electrical torque from the SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING alternator shaft, and allows a second (run) battery to FLUID INJECTIONS provide all or some of the current required by the vehicle loads as a fuel savings measure. The system also utilizes United States Patent : 10,273,923 an electrically heated catalytic converter (EHC) and a third Date : April 30, 2019 (EHC or storage) battery to provide a 3 to 15 second Family ID 1000003979783 preheat and/or a 20 second current, during vehicle start, to Appl. No. : 15/381,608 the EHC heater coil, e.g., of a small EHC located in series Filed : December 16, 2016 with a standard catalytic converter for emissions reduction Document Identifier : US 20180171928 A1 to reduce emissions during start. The start battery is Publication Date : Jun 21, 2018 recharged after start and switched out of the system fully charged for future vehicle starts. The run battery is Inventors : Hu; Yiran (Shelby Township, recharged when its charge level drops below a MI), Parrish; Scott E. predetermined level with an on board battery charging (Farmington Hills, MI) device powered from a 115 volt or 220 volt ac power line source external to the vehicle. Assignee : GM Global Technology Operations LLC (Detroit, MI) http://patents.com/us-re40820.html ABSTRACT: A vehicle includes an engine having a SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING combustion cylinder, and at least one fuel injector CAMSHAFT TIMING, AIR/FUEL RATIO, AND configured to supply a number of fuel pulse to the THROTTLE POSITION IN AN AUTOMOTIVE INTERNAL cylinder. A controller is programmed to issue a first fuel COMBUSTION ENGINE pulse command to actuate the fuel injector allowing fuel to pass through the fuel injector as a first fuel United States Patent : 6,006,725 mass. The controller is also programmed to monitor a Date : December 28, 1999 voltage across the fuel injector, and determine a Appl. No. : 09/005,571 preliminary fuel injector opening magnitude based on Filed : January 12, 1998 a rate of change of voltage. The controller is further Inventors : Stefanopoulou; Anna programmed to assign the preliminary fuel injector (Ann Arbor, MI), opening magnitude as a maximum fuel injector Jankovic; Mrdjan J opening magnitude in response to the first fuel mass (Birmingham, MI) being greater than a quantity threshold. The controller is further programmed to apply a scaling factor to Assignee : Ford Global Technologies, adjust a second fuel pulse command to normalize the Inc. (Dearborn, MI) maximum fuel injector opening magnitude value to a predetermined full open value. ABSTRACT: A system for controlling camshaft timing, air/fuel ratio and electronic throttle position in an automotive internal combustion engine uses a controller for operating a camshaft phaser, electronic throttle positioner and fuel injectors. The controller determines camshaft timing, steady-state electronic throttle position, steady-state fuel supply, and compensatory transient electronic throttle position, and transient fuel supply such that an engine operating with the present system has the torque output characteristics matching a conventional engine having fixed camshaft timing, but with lower fuel consumption and lower exhaust emissions than a conventional engine. Source: http://patents.com/us-6006725.html

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 41 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 AUTO NEWS

not only have a joint venture for setting up Lithium 1.INDIA SEEKS LITHIUM FROM SOUTH AMERICAN Battery/Cell production in India but also to have a beneficial NATIONS TO MEET SOLAR ENERGY AND ELECTRIC partnership to facilitate Bolivian supplies of lithium VEHICLES TARGET Carbonate to India. By: Huma Siddiqui | Updated: April 1, 2019 5:43 PM Financial Express Online was the first to report that (Source: The Financial Express.com) state-owned (KABIL) consortium of three PSU companies including: National Aluminum Company (NALCO), As India moves closer to implementing policies for Hindustan Copper (HCL) and Mineral Exploration Corp achieving its massive targets for electric vehicles and solar Ltd., (MECL) and Bolivian state-owned Yacimientos del energy having a sustainable supply of Lithium-ion is more LitioBolivianos (Bolivian Lithium Deposits) (YLB) important than ever. In this report we explain the steps Corporation will have a joint venture of setting up a Lithium being taken by India to localise Lithium-ion cell/ battery Battery plant in India. production in order to support future growth The country holds more than 40% of known reserves of With big plans to converting all its vehicles to an electric Lithium, most of it in Salar de Uyuni. Salar de Uyuni is the platform by 2030, India is reaching out to the `Lithium world's largest salt flat rich in Lithium -- a large ground Triangle' in South America- Argentina, Bolivia and Chile covered with salt and minerals. During the visit, it was also seeking the rare metal Lithium to realise its goal. Lithium is announced that a delegation from National Mission on needed making batteries not only for the vehicles but is Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage of India will be also required for laptops, and mobile phones. There have undertaking a follow-up visit to Bolivia later this year been hectic diplomatic engagements with inward and seeking battery storage solutions. outgoing visits to these countries. The common thread has Argentina has the largest lithium resources in the world, been India seeking to either have joint ventures, acquisition due to the high exploration activity that has been explored in and exploration of Lithium mines in these countries. recent years. Bolivia is still not considered part of the lithium Last week, in the first-ever high-level visit by any Indian reserve, but has only the resource and Chile has 48% of the leader to Bolivia, President Ram NathKovind and his total lithium reserves in the world, located mainly in the Bolivian counterpart Evo Morales had wide-ranging talks Salar de Atacama. on strengthening relations in various sectors including Discussions between Prime Minister Narendra Modi space exploration, mining, mining, information technology, and Argentinean President Mauricio Macri earlier this year pharmaceutical and traditional medicines. focussed on Lithium mining. Soon there will be a huge This was also the first time ever that President Evo demand for solar panels which use Lithium-ION based Morales personally signed the Framework agreement batteries to meet India's target of 100 GW of solar power establishing the commitment of Bolivia joining the generation by 2022 too. International Solar Alliance (ISA). Diplomatic sources confirmed to Financial Express Online that, “President Morales has never inked an agreement with any other leader of any country before. The fact that he personally inked the agreement is indicative of the importance of Indian President Kovind's visit to Bolivia.” The International Solar Alliance (ISA), is an initiative by India and France, whose major aim is to fight climate change and global warming. In his bilateral discussions, Kovind offered cutting edge technologies that could help Bolivia in developing Lithium products. According to Morales the South American country Bolivia presently has confirmed investment of $4.5 billion for industrialising Figure shows the World's Lithium update lithium. reserves and resources. Reports have indicated that companies from China and Where is Lithium in Chile? An interactive Map of Chile Germany have committed investments in the Lithium Shows the SALAR's in Chile from where the lithium processing projects: Chinese company Xinjiang TBEA minerals come. Salar de Atacama and Salar de Group has decided to invest $2.3 billion and the state- Maricunga are the major projects and Lots of Companies owned Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos has a joint venture are active in this Salars like SQM, SCM, Rockwood, SLM, with and Germany's ACI Systems in Uyuni for extraction of Mineria Li, Cominor, Corfo, Codelco, Simbalik, Albemarle, Lithium and has promised an investment of $900 million. and others, there are other Salars in Chile where the According to the joint statement issued at the end of presence of Lithium mineral is found and exploration of Kovind's visit to Bolivia, the two countries have agreed to Lithium is still going on.

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 42 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 AUTO NEWS

Suzuki Motor Corporation (SMC) has tied up with Toshiba and Denso to set up the country's first lithium-ion battery manufacturing facility in Gujarat and Mahindra & Mahindra has firmed up plans to set up an R&D centre and a new battery manufacturing unit in Chakan, Maharashtra. Mahindra has forged an alliance with South Korea's LG Chem to make lithium-ion batteries in India.

2.INDIA COULD ACHIEVE HIGH PENETRATION OF EV BY 2030: NITI REPORT PTI Apr 05, 2019, 09.16 PM IST (Source: The Economic Times)

The report quantifies direct oil and carbon savings that vehicles incentivised under the FAME II would deliver.

India could achieve high penetration of electric vehicles (EV) by 2030 on the back of success of FAME II and other measures, according to a NitiAayog report. The penetration of EV vehicles could reach around 80 per cent in case of two-wheelers and 30 per cent for private cars, the report -- India's Electric Mobility Transformation: Progress to Date and Future Opportunities -- by the NitiAayog and the Rocky Mountain Institute. The report quantifies direct oil and carbon savings that vehicles incentivised under the FAME II would deliver. The production of Lithium in Chile in 2011 was 12900 "According to the analysis, if FAME II and other measures - Metric Tons, 2012 was 13200 Metric tons, till 2015 in public and private space - are successful, India could production fell down which was recorded 10500 Metric realise EV sales penetration of 30 per cent of private cars, Tons and then started increasing after 2015. It has been 70 per cent of commercial cars, 40 per cent of buses and estimated that some 16.0 thousand metric tons of Lithium 80 per cent of two and three-wheelers by 2030," the report were produced in Chile in 2018. said. Extrapolating from the same, it added that the lifetime cumulative oil and carbon savings of all electric vehicles deployed through 2030 could be many-fold larger than the direct savings from FAME II. "For example, achieving these levels of market share by 2030 could generate cumulative savings of 846 million tonnes of CO2 over the total deployed vehicle's lifetime," the report pointed out. According to the report, electric buses covered under FAME II will account for 3.8 billion vehicle kilometers travelled (e-vkt) over their lifetime "Vehicles eligible under FAME II scheme can cumulatively save 5.4 million tonnes of oil equivalent over their lifetime worth Rs 17.2 thousand crores," it said. The report suggested that the government should focus on a phased manufacturing plan to promote EVs, provide fiscal and non fiscal incentives for phased During talks between President Kovind and his Chilean manufacturing of EVs and batteries. counterpart President SebastiánPiñera, among other issues, mining and exploration of Lithium is the focus. The report also suggested different government departments consider a bouquet of potential policies, such According to a Survey Report on Lithium Market in a s c o n g e s t i o n p r i c i n g , Z E V c r e d i t s , l o w Chile, posted on the Indian Embassy's website in Santiago, emission/exclusion zones, parking policies, etc. to drive Chile -- a Chennai Based company Munoth Industries adoption of EVs. The FAME II scheme, which was notified Limited (MIL) promoter of Munoth Group is setting-up by the union cabinet in February 2019, aims to further India's first Lithium Batteries cell for Mobile phone. accelerate India's commitment to a clean mobility future, Automobile sector Maruti Suzuki's parent company sees the electrification of transportation as a primary focus

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 43 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 AUTO NEWS area, an official statement said. FAME II intends to catalyze owned two-wheelers."EV makers have been caught off- the market for faster adoption of EVs to ensure durable guard by the stringent eligibility criteria leaving them no time economic growth and global competitiveness for India's to conform. They are expected to increase the battery size of automotive industry, it added. their offerings for higher range and speed, improve battery RMI is an Indian and global nonprofit organisation focused on technology for more charging cycles,among others, in their driving the efficient and restorative use of resources. 2-wheelers in order to be eligible for the incentives," it said. Moreover, the requirement of 50 per cent localisation in 3.ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER SEGMENT TO BE manufacturing is also expected to be a hurdle for many AFFECTED THE MOST BY FAME-II: CRISIL original equipment makers. And going ahead, upgradation of By: PTI | Published: April 8, 2019 11:57 AM products and localisation would increase the costs for e- (Source: The Financial Express) scooters, which could hurt demand, according to Crisil. EV makers are expected to take time to come up with Electric two-wheeler segment is expected to face a rough new models eligible for FAME-II demand incentive along with road in the initial phase of the FAME II Scheme with the the necessary level of localisation.It would happen only after exclusion of lead battery-powered such vehicles, as per a they make changes in production and exhaust inventory of Crisil impact note. The central government late last month laid vehicles that are not eligible for subsidy, it added. out the eligibility criteria for electric buses, passenger vehicles, three-wheelers and two-wheelers to avail the 4.PRODUCTION CURBS HELP AUTO FIRMS incentives under the 'Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of REDUCE INVENTORY Hybrid and Electric Vehicles in India' (FAME-II) scheme. The criteria is based on minimum top speed, range per charge By Sharmistha Mukherjee, NehalChaliawala and acceleration as well as energy consumption efficiency of ET Bureau| Updated: Apr 11, 2019, 07.30 AM IST EVs. (Source: The Economic Times) "Our assessment of the product portfolio of various EV NEW DELHI | MUMBAI: Production rationalisation by manufacturers indicates that the electric two-wheeler manufacturers has helped retail sales of automobiles to segment would be impacted the most by FAME-II rules. We grow much faster than wholesale, helping dealers reduce believe more than 95 per cent of the electric two-wheeler their mounting inventory. models being produced now will not be eligible for incentive under FAME-II," Crisil said in the note issued Sunday.With the Retail sales of passenger vehicles (PV) rose by 3.68% aim to promote eco-friendly vehicles, the government had to 3,204,769 units last fiscal, while those of commercial launched the FAME India in 2015. vehicles and two-wheelers grew even faster by 22.34% to The second phase of the scheme, which is effective from 978,811units and 9.56% to 16,509,893 units respectively, April 1, will be for a period of three years with an outlay of Rs in FY19 as per data available with VAHAN dashboard. 10,000 crore and will be applicable to vehicles with 'advanced Though these numbers reflect the growth in retail sales, the batteries' (excluding lead acid ones). According to the note, actual sales numbers could be even higher given that about 90 per cent of the vehicles that availed incentives under vehicles registration data for four states is not available. the FAME I scheme, which was operational between April 1, Wholesale volumes of PVs rose 2.7% to 3,377,436 2015, and March 31 this year, were electric scooters."FAME- units, of commercial vehicles by 17.55% to 1,007,319 units II continues to exclude lead acid battery-powered two- and two-wheelers by 4.86% to 21,181,390 units pan-India wheelers. Additionally, as per the latest eligibility criteria, e- in the period under review. Indian automakers report scooters ought to have a minimum range of 80 km per charge wholesale dispatches to dealers, and the VAHAN and minimum top speed of 40 kmph, alongwith riders on dashboard records vehicle registrations in the local market energy consumption efficiency, minimum acceleration and but does not currently capture sales statistics of four states higher number of charging cycles. This precludes more than – Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and 90 per cent of the remaining lithium ion battery-driven models Kerala. from the subsidy," it said. Earlier, the incentive for lithium ion battery-based two- LOW WHOLESALE GROWTH wheelers stood at Rs 17,000 or Rs 22,000, based on the fuel “Wholesale growth has been low on account of inventory savings potential and irrespective of the size of the battery. correction undertaken by manufacturers over the past FAME-II has linked the demand incentive to the size two months, but retail sales have been better than of the battery, with the government providing Rs 10,000 per wholesale numbers,” said Sugato Sen, deputy director kWh of battery used for a two-wheeler, it said."As the average general at industry body Society of Indian Automobile size of a lithium ion battery in electric scooters sold during Manufacturers (SIAM). FAME-I was ~1.5kWh (average subsidy of about Rs 15,000 VG Ramakrishnan, managing partner at Avanteum per vehicle), it reduced the average subsidy per vehicle by Rs Advisors LLP, said, “In any year, wholesale absolute 2,000 to Rs 7,000," it added. numbers are always higher than retail numbers ... As per the Crisil note, about 85 per cent of the outlay considering that there will be a 30-45 days stock in the would be as a demand incentive applicable to buses, system. This year retail outpacing the growth of wholesale passenger vehicles and three-wheelers registered for is purely on account of lower factory output to balance commercial usage and public transport, along with privately dealer inventory.” AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 44 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 AUTO NEWS

5.NITI AAYOG SEEKS MINISTRY HELP FOR EV CHARGING INFRA AT FUEL PUMPS By Sanjeev Choudhar, ET Bureau| Updated: Apr 23, 2019, 11.31 PM IST (Source: Economic Times)

Government think tank NitiAayog has asked the oil ministry to help set up electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure at 1,000 fuel stations across the country, but industry executives said any such move will require redesigning of stations and a viable business model. Easy access to charging facility is key to making EVs popular in India where cities are choking with vehicle emissions, prompting the government to think of new ways to create an ecosystem favourable to green vehicles. Since the talk of EVs got louder globally a few years ago, Indian oil marketing companies have been exploring possibilities of being relevant in a future probably dominated by EVs. Now the government order can accelerate their transition. For EV charging to take off at traditional pumps, companies will need to come up with a viable business model as well a design tweak of filling stations, company executives and petrol pump dealers said. Current design allows vehicles to enter from one end of the pump, receive fuel from dispensers and exit within minutes from the other end. Replacing one dispenser or a set of dispensers with electric chargers would stop the free flow of traffic at pumps since charging takes much longer than filling liquid fuel, said Nitin Goyal, treasurer at All India During March, major OEMs (original equipment Petroleum Dealers Association. This would inconvenience manufacturers) observed production cuts to help reduce customers and slow down business. the inventory with auto dealers, especially in the scooters segment, where the production was cut by half. Among others, market leaders Maruti Suzuki and Hero MotoCorp slashed production volumes by 20.6% (to 135,236 units) and by 19.45% to 578,229 units, respectively, last month. Toyota Kirloskar Motor cut production by 8% to 11,805 units, Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India by 67% to 177,186 units, Royal Enfield by 20% to 62,293 units in the month under review. Source: Vahan dashboard and SIAM Analysis INVENTORY STATUS According to data available with Federation of Automobile Dealers Association (FADA), passenger and The turnaround time for a petrol or diesel car refuelling commercial vehicle inventory now stands at 40-45 days is 2-5 minutes, but for electric cars even fast charging would and those of two-wheelers at 45-50 days, with 30 days require at least 20 minutes. Slow charging could take much being the norm. longer. This means fewer customers could be serviced in a In March, retail demand for automobiles also improved day. “Today we don't know the kind of margin EV charging on a month-on-month basis showing an uptick in consumer can offer. But before setting up a charging point, a dealer sentiment. “All segments recorded positive growth in March will evaluate if the business is as profitable as the liquid fuel compared with February sales, with two-wheelers leading business,” Goyal said. the charge which indicates slight improvement in consumer Setting up charging stations at fuel pumps could be sentiment and liquidity availability,” said FADA president effective preliminary steps toward popularising EVs, though Ashish Harsharaj Kale, adding, “The worst is behind us. We after a while charging points will proliferate to almost all expect plateauing of declining demand and sales to places that can park a car or bike, Balwinder Singh Canth, a stabilise in current normal range till the conclusion of the former marketing chief at IndianOil, said general elections.”

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 45 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 BOOKS ADDED IN KNOWLEDGE CENTRE ( 2019-20)

understand the specifics of automotive software to be able AUTOMOTIVE SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURES: AN to construct cars or their components. Accordingly, the INTRODUCTION book also contains a wealth of real-world examples By : CHENG, HONG. illustrating the concepts discussed and requires no prior Publisher : Springer 7 Jul 2017 background in the automotive domain. http://library.araiindia.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac- Edition : 1st ed. 2017 edition. detail.pl?biblionumber=18857 Description : 237 pages, 15.6 x 1.6 x 23.4 cm. ISBN : 9783319586090. PLUG IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN SMART GRIDS- Subject(s): Software architecture,automotive computers INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES Software architecture By : FARHADSHAHNIA, SUMEDHARAJAKARUNA. Summary: This book Contributor(s) : GHOSH, ARINDAM i n t r o d u c e s t h e Publisher : Heidelberg Springer concept of software 10 September 2016 architecture as one of the cornerstones of Edition : 1st ed. 2015 edition. software in modern Description : 349 pages, 15.5 x 2.2 x 23.5 cm. cars. Following a ISBN : 9789811013768. historical overview of t h e e v o l u t i o n o f software in modern Subject(s): Electric vehicles Electric vehicle industry cars and a discussion Engineering (General) of the main challenges driving that evolution, Summary: This book Chapter 2 describes focuses on the state of the main architectural the art in worldwide styles of automotive research on applying software and their use o p t i m i z a t i o n in cars' software. In a p p r o a c h e s t o Chapter 3, readers will intelligently control find a description of c h a r g i n g a n d the software development processes used to develop d i s c h a r g i n g o f software on the car manufacturers' side. Chapter 4 then batteries of Plug-in introduces AUTOSAR – an important standard in E l e c t r i c Ve h i c l e s automotive software. Chapter 5 goes beyond simple (PEVs) in smart grids. architecture and describes the detailed design process for Network constraints, automotive software using Simulink, helping readers to cost considerations, understand how detailed design links to high-level design. t h e n u m b e r a n d Next, Chapter 6 presents a method for assessing the penetration level of quality of the architecture – ATAM (Architecture Trade-off PEVs, utilization of Analysis Method) – and provides a sample assessment, PEVs by their owners, while Chapter 7 presents an alternative way of assessing ancillary services, the architecture, namely by using quantitative measures load forecasting, risk and indicators. Subsequently Chapter 8 dives deeper into analysis, etc. are all different criteria considered by the one of the specific properties discussed in Chapter 6 – researchers in developing mathematical based equations safety – and details an important standard in that area, the which represent the presence of PEVs in electric networks. ISO/IEC 26262 norm. Lastly, Chapter 9 presents a set of Different objective functions can be defined and different future trends that are currently emerging and have the optimization methods can be utilized to coordinate the potential to shape automotive software engineering in the performance of PEVs in smart grids. This book will be an coming years. This book explores the concept of software excellent resource for anyone interested in grasping the architecture for modern cars and is intended for both current state of applying different optimization techniques beginning and advanced software designers. It mainly aims and approaches that can manage the presence of PEVs in at two different groups of audience – professionals working smart grids. with automotive software who need to understand concepts http://library.araiindia.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac- related to automotive architectures, and students of detail.pl?biblionumber=18851 software engineering or related fields who need to

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 46 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

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Web. : https://10times.com/motor-world- Email : [email protected] 2019 MAY classics-germany Website : http://www.cdmc.org.cn/2019/ ivc/indexen.html Title : Automotive Tech.AD China Title : Young Auto Care Network Group Date : 06-05-2019 to 07-05-2019 Leadership Conference (YANG T itle : Smart Urban Mobility Solutions Venue : Shanghai, China Leadership Conference) (SUMS) Email : [email protected] Date : 10-05-2019 to 11-05-2019 Date : 15-05-2019 to 16-05-2019 Web. : https://www.autonomous-driving- V enue : Bonita Springs, USA Venue : Glasgow, UK china.com/ Web. : https://10times.com/yang-leadership- W ebsite : https://10times.com/sums conference Title : Tech.AD China Title : The 10th China (Guangrao) Date : 06-05-2019 to 07-05-2019 Title : Connected & Autonomous International Rubber Tire & Auto Venue : Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao, China Vehicles 2019 Accessory Exhibition Email : [email protected] Date : 13-05-2019 to 16-05-2019 Date : 15-05-2019 to 17-05-2019 Web. : http://Https://www.autonomous- V enue : Santa Clara Convention Center, USA Venue : Guangrao International Expo Center, driving-china.com/ Email : [email protected] China Web. : https://goo.gl/iuAr67 Email : [email protected] Title : Conference on Diagnostics in Web. : http://www.grtirexpo.com/ Mechatronic Vehicle Systems Title : Rockstar Auto Conference (Conference on Diagnostics in (RACV4) 6th edition Title : Global Automotive Lightweight Mechatronic Vehicle S) Date : 13-05-2019 to 14-05-2019 Summit 2019 Date : 07-05-2019 to 08-05-2019 Venue : Las Vegas, USA Date : 16-05-2019 to 17-05-2019 Venue : Vienna, Austria Web. : https://10times.com/rac-r Venue : Shanghai, China Web. : https://10times.com/conference-on- Email : [email protected] diagnostics-in-mechatronic-vehicle-s Title : AutoSens in Detroit Web. : http://www.borscon.com/ Date : 14-05-2019 to 16-05-2019 2019iivs/en/ Title : Americas Mobility Conference Date : 08-05-2019 to 10-05-2019 Venue : Michigan, United States Venue : Atlanta, USA Email : [email protected] Title : International Vienna Motor Web. : https://10times.com/ Web. : https://autosens.com/ Symposium americas-mobility-conference-atlanta welcome/?promo=FISITA15 Date : 16-05-2019 to 17-05-2019 Venue : Vienna, Austria Title : Automotive Trend Forum (ATF) Title : FT Future of the Car Summit 2019 Web. : https://10times.com/motor Date : 08-05-2019 to 09-05-2019 Date : 14-05-2019 to 15-05-2019 Venue : Wolfsburg, Germany Venue : London, United Kingdom Web. : https://10times.com/atf-wolfsburg Email : [email protected] Web. : http://go.evvnt.com/367476- Title : London Motor & Tech Show Title : International Conference on 0?pid=3615 Date : 16-05-2019 to 19-05-2019 Turbochargers and Turbocharging Venue : London ExCel, United Kingdom Asia Pacific Title : Railtex 2019 Email : [email protected] Date : 08-05-2019 to 09-05-2019 Date : 14-05-2019 to 16-05-2019 Web. : http://www.thelondonmotorshow. Venue : Singapore Venue : Birmingham, United Kingdom co.uk Email : [email protected] Web. : http://www.railtex.co.uk/2019/english/ Web. : http://www.imeche.org/turboasia Title : 10th International Conference on Title : The Automation Conference Multiphase Flow - ICMF2019 Title : 2019 KSAE Annual Spring Date : 14-05-2019 to 15-05-2019 Date : 19-05-2019 to 24-05-2019 Conference Venue : Chicago, USA Venue : Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Date : 09-05-2019 to 11-05-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/automation- Email : [email protected] Venue : Jeju Island, Korea annual-conference Web. : http://www.icmf2019.com. Email : [email protected] br/index.html Web. : http://www.ksae.org/conference/ Title : 9th Annual NPD And Innovation In ?event=21 The Chemical Industry Summit Title : International Electric Vehicle Date : 15-05-2019 to 16-05-2019 Symposium (EVS) 32nd edition Title : 5th China Advanced Automotive V enue : InterContinental Hotel Berlin, Date : 19-05-2019 to 22-05-2019 Manufacturing Congress & Germany Venue : Lyon, France Exhibition 2019 (AMC) Email : [email protected] Web. : https://10times.com/international- Date : 09-05-2019 to 11-05-2019 Web. : http://www.engevents.com/ electric-vehicle-symposium Venue : Wuhan International Expo Center, npdchem2019 China Title : Future Armoured Vehicles Eastern Email : [email protected] Title : Agile For Automotive Europe Web. : http://www.automcexpo.com/en/ Date : 15-05-2019 to 17-05-2019 Date : 20-05-2019 to 21-05-2019 Venue : Detroit, United States Venue : Prague, Czech Republic Title : Advanced Automotive Email : [email protected] Web. : https://10times.com/future-armoured- Manufacturing Congress and Web. : https://agileforautomotive.iqpc.com/ vehicles-eastern-europe-forum Exhibition (Advanced Automotive Manufacturing Congress and Exh) Title : Agile for Automotive Conference Title : Automotive Interiors Expo 2019 Date : 09-05-2019 to 11-05-2019 Date : 15-05-2019 to 17-05-2019 Date : 21-05-2019 to 23-05-2019 Venue : Wuhan, China Venue : Detroit, MI, United States Venue : Messe Stuttgart, Germany Web. : https://10times.com/advanced- W eb. : https://www.asdevents.com/ Email : [email protected] automotive-manufacturing-congress- event.asp?id=20278 Web. : http://Https://www.automotive- and-exh interiors-expo.com/en/ Title : AuToPros 2019 3rd Intelligent Vehicle Title : Motor World Classics Conference Title : Autonomous Vehicle Technology Date : 10-05-2019 to 12-05-2019 Date : 15-05-2019 to 16-05-2019 Expo 2019 Venue : Friedrichshafen, Germany Venue : Shenzhen, China Date : 21-05-2019 to 23-05-2019 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 49 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 FORTHCOMING EVENTS

Venue : Messe Stuttgart, Germany Title : 2nd Asia-Pacific Diesel Engine V enue : Shanghai, China Email : chris.richardson And Emission Summit 2019 Email : NIL @ukimediaevents.com Date : 23-05-2019 to 24-05-2019 Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/aviation- Web. : https://www, Venue : Pullman Bangkok Grande technology-forum autonomousvehicletechnologyexpo. Sukhumvit, Thailand com/en/ Email : [email protected] Title : Connected Industries Conference Web. : http://www.borscon.com/ Date : 04-06-2019 to 05-06-2019 Title : EuroBrake 2019 2019apde/en/ Venue : Johannesburg, South Africa Date : 21-05-2019 to 23-05-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/connected- Venue : Dresden, Germany Title : China Autonomous Driving HD Live industries-conference Email : [email protected] Map Innovation Conference 2019 Web. : https://www.eurobrake.net/ Date : 23-05-2019 to 24-05-2019 Title : TaaS Technology Cavs & Future Venue : Beijing, China Mobility Title : Global Automotive Components Email : [email protected] Date : 04-06-2019 to 05-06-2019 And Suppliers Expo 2019 Web. : http://en.hdmapconference.com/ Venue : Solihull, UK Date : 21-05-2019 to 23-05-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/taas-technology- Venue : Stuttgart Trade Fair, Germany Title : International Conference on cavs-future-mobility Email : [email protected] Simulation, Modeling and Web. : https:// www.globalautomotivecomp Optimization (CSMO) Title : Taas Technology Conference onentsandsuppliersexpo.com/de/ Date : 24-05-2019 to 26-05-2019 Energising Future Mobility (Taas Venue : Beijing, China Technology Conference Energising Title : ICT SPRING EUROPE 2019 Web. : https://10times.com/csmo-beijing Future Mobil) Date : 21-05-2019 to 22-05-2019 Date : 04-06-2019 to 05-06-2019 Venue : European Convention Center, T itle : AUTO SHOW Venue : Solihull, UK Luxembourg Date : 25-05-2019 to 27-05-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/taas-technology- Email : [email protected] Venue : PragatiMaidan, India conference-energising-future-mobil Web. : https://www.ictspring.com/ Email : [email protected] Web. : http://www.autoshowexhibition.in Title : Digital Transformation and Title : New Energy & Intelligent Connected Enterprise Mobility (Conference Vehicle Technology Conference Title : Advanced Lighting for Enterprise Mobility Strategies) Date : 21-05-2019 to 22-05-2019 Automotive 2019 Summit Date : 05-06-2019 to 05-06-2019 Venue : Shanghai, China Date : 29-05-2019 to 31-05-2019 Venue : Zaandam, Netherlands Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/new- V enue : Detroit, MI, United States Web. : https://10times.com/conference- energy-vehicle-forum Web. : https://www.asdevents.com/ enterprise-mobility-strategies event.asp?id=20294 Title : 7th Annual Automotive Warranty Title : European EV Charging Summit Management Summit 2019 JUNE Date : 05-06-2019 to 06-06-2019 Date : 22-05-2019 to 23-05-2019 Venue : London, United Kingdom Venue : Crowne Plaza Le Palace Brussels, Web. : https://www.asdevents.com/ Title : International Conference on event.asp?id=20304 Belgium Robotics and Automation Sciences Email : [email protected] (ICRAS) Title : Vehicle Thermal Management Web. : http://www.engevents.com/ Date : 01-06-2019 to 03-06-2019 autowarranty2019 Systems Conference and Venue : Wuhan, China Exhibition - VTMS 14 Web. : https://10times.com/icras-ed Title : Automotive Functional Safety Date : 05-06-2019 to 06-06-2019 Venue : London, United Kingdom Forum (AFS) Title : International Conference on Date : 22-05-2019 to 23-05-2019 Email : [email protected] Autonomic and Autonomous Web. : http://www.imeche.org/vtms14 Venue : Berlin, Germany Systems (ICAS) 15th edition Web. : https://10times.com/afs-berlin Date : 02-06-2019 to 06-06-2019 Title : International Symposium on Venue : Athens, Greece Driving Science Title : Autopromotec 2019 Email : Nil Date : 07-06-2019 to 07-06-2019 Date : 22-05-2019 to 26-05-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/icas-athens- Venue : Eindhoven, Netherlands Venue : Bologna Exhibition Centre, Italy greece Email : [email protected] Web. : http://www.ijdssymposium.eu/ Web. : https://www.autopromotec.com/en/ Title : 11th Annual Automotive Finance Title : Automechanika Dubai Summit Date : 10-06-2019 to 12-06-2019 Title : Connected Cars Summit 2nd edition Date : 04-06-2019 to 05-06-2019 Venue : Dubai World Trade Centre, United Date : 22-05-2019 to 23-05-2019 Venue : Ramada Apollo Amsterdam, The Arab Emirates Venue : London, UK Netherlands Email : automechanika@uae. Web. : https://10times.com/cars-summit Email : [email protected] messefrankfurt.com Web. : http://www.engevents.com/ Web. : https://www.automechanikadubai. Title : Electric/Electronic in Hybrid and autofinance-2019 Electric Vehicles and Electrical com/frankfurt/51/for-exhibitors/ welcome.aspx Energy Management Conference T itle : Automotive Engineering Expo 2019 (EEHE Conference) Date : 04-06-2019 to 05-06-2019 Title : Noise and Vibration Conference & Date : 22-05-2019 to 23-05-2019 Venue : NurnbergMesse GmbH, Nuremberg, Exhibition Venue : Bad Nauheim, Germany Germany Date : 10-06-2019 to 13-06-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/eehe-conference Email : [email protected] Venue : Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA Web. : https://www.automotive-engineering- Email : [email protected] Title : JSAE Annual Congress 2019 expo.com/en Date : 22-05-2019 to 22-05-2019 Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/nvh/ Venue : Yokohama, Japan Title : Aviation Technology Forum Title : SAE 2019 Noise and Vibration Web. : http://www.jsae.or.jp/2019haru/ english/ Date : 04-06-2019 to 05-06-2019 Conference & Exhibition

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 50 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 FORTHCOMING EVENTS

Title : SIA Power Train & Electronics Title : European Electric Vehicle W eb. : https://10times.com/driving- Date : 12-06-2019 to 12-06-2019 Batteries Summit assessment-conference Venue : Paris, France Date : 18-06-2019 to 19-06-2019 Email : [email protected] Venue : Berlin, Germany Title : Advanced Automotive Battery Web. : http://www.sia.fr/evenements/136- W eb. : https://www.asdevents.com/ Conference sia-power-train-electronics- event.asp?id=20325 Date : 25-06-2019 to 27-06-2019 2019#registration-registration Venue : Coronado, USA Title : Automotive Manufacturing 2019 Web. : https://10times.com/advanced- Title : Vietnam Industrial And Date : 19-06-2019 to 22-06-2019 automotive-battery-coronado Manufacturing Fair 2019 Venue : BITEC (Bangkok International Trade Date : 12-06-2019 to 14-06-2019 Exhibition Center), Thailand Title : International Congress on Venue : BinhDuong Convention And Email : [email protected] Advances (AutobomileElectronik) Exhibition Center, Vietnam Web. : https://www.automanexpo.com/ Date : 25-06-2019 to 26-06-2019 Email : [email protected] Venue : Ludwigsburg, Germany Web. : http://vietnamindustrialfiesta.com/ Title : 12th China Leasing Summit 2019 Web. : https://10times.com/autobomile- Date : 20-06-2019 to 21-06-2019 electronik Title : 6th China Connected Cars Summit V enue : Crowne Plaza Beijing Chaoyang U- 2019 Town, China Title : DISPLAY CHINA 2019 Date : 13-06-2019 to 14-06-2019 Email : [email protected] Date : 26-06-2019 to 28-06-2019 Venue : Crowne Plaza Beijing Chaoyang U- W eb. : http://www.duxes-leasing.com/lease- V enue : Shanghai New International Expo Town, China cn12/index.html Centre(SNIEC), China Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Web. : http://www.duxesvehicle.com/tcvcn6/ Title : 4th China Automobile Aftermarket W eb. : https://www.displaychina. index.html Summit 2019 com.cn/en/Home/ Date : 20-06-2019 to 21-06-2019 Title : Asian Tyre & Rubber Conference V enue : Shanghai Marriott Hotel Hongqiao, T itle : Latin Tyre Expo (ATRC) China Date : 26-06-2019 to 28-06-2019 Date : 13-06-2019 to 14-06-2019 Email : [email protected] Venue : ATLAPA Convention Center, Panama Venue : Chennai, India Web. : http://www.duxes-vehicle.com/ Email : [email protected] Web. : https://10times.com/atrc am4/index.html Web. : http://www.latintyreexpo.com

Title : Electrified Vehicle Thermal T itle : 7th China International Automotive T itle : Symposium for Combustion Management Conference Powertrain Summit 2019 Control Date : 13-06-2019 to 13-06-2019 Date : 20-06-2019 to 21-06-2019 Date : 26-06-2019 to 27-06-2019 Venue : Novi, USA Venue : Beijing, China Venue : Aachen, Germany Web. : https://10times.com/electrified- Email : [email protected] Web. : https://10times.com/symposium-for- vehicle-thermal-management- Web. : http://www.autopt.org/en/ combustion-control conference Title : Malaysia Commercial Vehicle Expo Title : Women Automotive Summit 2019 2019 JULLY Date : 13-06-2019 to 13-06-2019 Date : 20-06-2019 to 22-09-2019 Venue : Stuttgart, Germany Venue : Malaysia International Exhibition & Title : Autonomous Machines World Email : [email protected] Convention Centre (MIECC) Date : 01-07-2019 to 03-07-2019 Web. : https://womenautomotivesummit. Email : [email protected] Venue : Berlin, Germany com/register/ Web. : http://www.mcve.com.my/ Web. : https://10times.com/autonomous- systems-world Title : Automotive Engine Air and T itle : EVE Expo 2019 Cooling Systems Date : 21-06-2019 to 23-06-2019 Title : Car HMI Europe Date : 14-06-2019 to 14-06-2019 Venue : Guangzhou International Sourcing Date : 01-07-2019 to 02-07-2019 Venue : Novi, USA Center, China Venue : TITANIC Chaussee Berlin, Germany Web. : https://10times.com/automotive- Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] engine-air-and-cooling-systems Web. : http://Http://www.evexpovip.com/en Web. : http://Https://www.car-hmi.com/ Title : International Wheelset Congress Title : IMPACT>MOBILITY Title : E-Mobility & Circular Economy Date : 16-06-2019 to 20-06-2019 Date : 24-06-2019 to 25-06-2019 Date : 01-07-2019 to 03-07-2019 Venue : Venice, Italy Venue : Amsterdam, Netherlands Venue : Tokyo, Japan Web. : https://10times.com/international- Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] wheelset-congress-venice Web. : https://events.impactconf.com/ Web. : https://www.icm.ch/emce-2019 mobility-eu/ Title : Automotive Materials Summit 2019 Title : E-Mobility & Circular Economy EMCE Date : 17-06-2019 to 18-06-2019 Title : International Conference on Flexible Date : 01-07-2019 to 03-07-2019 Venue : Infinity Hotel, Germany Automation and Intelligent Venue : Tokyo, Japan Email : [email protected] Manufacturing (FAIM) 29th edition Web. : https://10times.com/emce Web. : https://www.automotivematerial Date : 24-06-2019 to 28-06-2019 ssummit.com/ Venue : Castletroy, Ireland Title : 6th Automobile & Mechanical automotivematerialssummit2019/ Web. : https://10times.com/faim-castletroy Engineering en/page/home Title : International Driving Symposium on Date : 08-07-2019 to 09-07-2019 Venue : Zurich, Switzerland Title : International Conference on Icing Human Factors in Driver Email : automobileeurope@engineer of Aircraft, Engines, and Structures Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design (Driving Assessment ingspeakerexperts.org Date : 17-06-2019 to 21-06-2019 Conference) 10th edition Web. : https://automobile.expertc Venue : Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Date : 24-06-2019 to 27-06-2019 onferences.org/ Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/icing Venue : Santa Fe, USA

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 51 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 FORTHCOMING EVENTS

Title : International Conference and T itle : SAE CyberAuto Challenge™ Web. : http://jajak.ksae.org/eng/intro.php Exhibition on Automobile & Date : 21-07-2019 to 26-07-2019 Mechanical Engineering (Automobile Venue : Warren, Michigan, USA Title : China International Tire Expo 2019 Conferences) 6th edition Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/cyberauto Date : 19-08-2019 to 21-08-2019 Date : 08-07-2019 to 09-07-2019 Venue : Shanghai World Expo Exhibition & Venue : Zürich, Switzerland Title : PHILAUTO 2019 Convention Center, China Web. : https://10times.com/automobile- Date : 24-07-2019 to 26-07-2019 Email : [email protected] conferences Venue : SMX Convention Center, Philippines Website : http://www.citexpo.com.cn/ Email : [email protected] en/about_citexpo.php Title : International Conference on W eb. : http://www.philauto.org/ Mechatronics, Electronics and Title : JSAE/SAE International Powertrains, Automotive Engineering (ICMEAE) Title : ADS International Convention & Fuels & Lubricants Meeting Date : 09-07-2019 to 10-07-2019 Tradeshow Date : 25-08-2019 to 29-08-2019 Venue : Prague, Czech Republic Date : 30-07-2019 to 02-08-2019 Venue : Kyoto, Japan Web. : https://10times.com/icmeae-prague Venue : Orlando, USA Web. : http://pfl2019.jp/ Web. : https://10times.com/ads-international- Title : International VDI Conference IT convention-tradeshow Title : MIMS Automechanika Moscow Security for Vehicles 5th edition Date : 26-08-2019 to 29-08-2019 Date : 09-07-2019 to 10-07-2019 Title : MTA Annual Conference 86th edition Venue : Expocentre, Russia Venue : Düsseldorf, Germany Date : 30-07-2019 to 01-08-2019 Email : [email protected] Web. : https://10times.com/it-security-for- V enue : Alexandria, USA Web. : http://www.mims.ru/en-GB/ vehicles Web. : https://10times.com/mta-annual- conference Title : Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Title : International Congress Drivetrain International Meeting for Vehicles Title : Suspension Systems USA Date : 26-08-2019 to 29-08-2019 Date : 10-07-2019 to 11-07-2019 Conference Venue : Kyoto, Japan Venue : Bonn, Germany Date : 30-07-2019 to 01-08-2019 Email : [email protected] Web. : https://10times.com/drivetrain-for- V enue : Ann Arbor, MI, United States Web. : https://www.pfl2019.jp/ vehicles Web. : https://www.asdevents.com/ event.asp?id=20368 Title : Lightweight Asia 2019 2019 SEPTEMBER Date : 10-07-2019 to 12-07-2019 Venue : Shanghai New International Expo 2019 AUGUST Centre (SNIEC), China Title : COMTTRANS - International Email : [email protected] Commercial Vehicle Auto Show Title : IAVSD Internatinamiconal Web. : http://www.lightweightasia.com/en/ Date : 02-09-2019 to 07-09-2019 Symposium On Dynamics Of Venue : IEC Crocus Expo, Pavilion 3, Halls Vehicles On Roads & Truck Title : Fisita Plus 13, 14, 15., Russia Date : 12-08-2019 to 16-08-2019 Date : 11-07-2019 to 11-07-2019 Email : [email protected] Venue : Gothenburg, Sweden Venue : London, UK Web. : http://www.comtransexpo.ru/en- Web. : https://10times.com/iavsd- Web. : https://10times.com/fisita-plus GB/about.aspx internatinamiconal-symposium-on- dynamics Title : Automobile Engineering 2019 Title : International Commercial Vehicle Date : 12-07-2019 to 13-07-2019 Auto Show 2019 Title : 5th International Workshop on Venue : Yokohama, Japan Date : 02-09-2019 to 07-09-2019 Heat/Mass Transfer Advances for Email : [email protected] Venue : Moscow, Crocus Expo Energy Conversion and Pollution Web. : https://automobileengineering. Email : [email protected] Contro enggconferences.com/ Web. : http://www.comtransexpo.ru/en-GB/ Date : 13-08-2019 to 16-08-2019 Venue : Novosibirsk, Russian Fed. Title : Automotive Safety Summit Title : COMVEC Technology Connection Email : [email protected] Shanghai (ASSS) Date : 09-09-2019 to 11-09-2019 Web. : http://iwht2019.org Date : 15-07-2019 to 16-07-2019 Venue : Indianapolis, IN, United States Venue : Shanghai, China Email : [email protected] Title : Vietnam Manufacturing Expo 2019 Web. : https://10times.com/asss-china Web. : http://www.sae.org/comvec Date : 14-08-2019 to 16-08-2019 Venue : Cung Van Hoa Viet Xo (I.C.E.), Title : Autonomous Vehicles Symposium Title : COMVEC™ Vietnam Date : 15-07-2019 to 18-07-2019 Date : 09-09-2019 to 11-09-2019 Email : vietnammanufacturingexpo Venue : Orlando, USA Venue : Indianapolis, Indiana, USA @reedtradex.co.th Web. : https://10times.com/autonomous- Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/comvec Web. : http://www.vietnammanu vehicles-symposium facturingexpo.com/ Title : Air Vehicle Technology Title : Formula Student 2019 Symposium (AVTech) Title : GBF ASIA 2019 Date : 17-07-2019 to 21-07-2019 Date : 10-09-2019 to 12-09-2019 Date : 16-08-2019 to 18-08-2019 Venue : Silverstone, United Kingdom Venue : Dayton, USA Venue : China Import & Export Fair Complex, Web. : http://www.imeche.org/events/ Web. : https://10times.com/avtech-dayton China formula-student Email : [email protected] Title : COMVEC19 Web. : http://www.battery-expo.com/ Title : Latin Auto Parts Expo Date : 10-09-2019 to 12-09-2019 index.php?lang=en Date : 17-07-2019 to 19-07-2019 Venue : Rosemont, Illinois, USA Venue : ATLAPA Convention Center, Panama Email : [email protected] Title : KSAE Baja/Formula/EV Email : [email protected] Date : 16-08-2019 to 18-08-2019 Web. : http://www.latinpartsexpo.com Title : European Automotive Sensor Venue : Saemangeum, Korea Conference Email : [email protected] Date : 16-09-2019 to 19-09-2019

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 52 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 FORTHCOMING EVENTS

Venue : Brussels, Belgium Web. : https://10times.com/disruptive- T itle : SAE 2019 Thermal Management Website : https://10times.com/european- technology-for-defence Systems Symposium automotive-sensor-conference Date : 15-10-2019 to 17-10-2019 Title : Auto.AI Europe Venue : Plymouth, Michigan, USA Title : AutoSens in Brussels Date : 26-09-2019 to 27-09-2019 Email : [email protected] Date : 17-09-2019 to 19-09-2019 Venue : MaritimProArte Hotel Berlin, Venue : Brussels, Belgium Germany Title : Thermal Management Systems Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Symposium Web. : https://auto-sens.com/welcomeb/ Web. : http://Https://www.auto-ai.eu/ Date : 15-10-2019 to 17-10-2019 ?promo=FISITAB15 Venue : Plymouth, MI, United States Title : Operational Safe Systems For Email : [email protected] Title : Connect2Car: Executive Level 5 Automation Web. : http://www.sae.org/tmss Leadership Forum Date : 26-09-2019 to 27-09-2019 Date : 17-09-2019 to 18-09-2019 Venue : MaritimProArte Hotel Berlin, T itle : Korea Automotive Industry Exhibition Venue : Chicago, Illinois, USA Germany Date : 16-10-2019 to 18-10-2019 Email : [email protected] Venue : SongdoConvensia, Korea Title : Engine Leasing Seminar Web. : http://Https://www.oss-5.com/ Email : [email protected] Date : 17-09-2019 to 17-09-2019 Web. : http://www.koaashow.com/ Venue : London, UK Title : 8th International CTI Conference eng/index.asp Web. : https://10times.com/engine-leasing- ISO 26262 USA seminar Date : 30-09-2019 to 02-10-2019 Title : Automotive Interiors Expo Venue : Diamond Center, Germany Usa 2019 Title : On-Board Diagnostics Email : registration@car-training- Date : 22-10-2019 to 24-10-2019 Symposium–North America institute.com Venue : Suburban Collection Showplace, Date : 17-09-2019 to 19-09-2019 Web. : http://go.evvnt.com/360219- USA Venue : Garden Grove, CA, United States 2?pid=6322 Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Web. : http://Https://www.automotive- Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/obd-na Title : Coach & Bus UK interiors-expo.com/detroit/en/ Date : 02-10-2019 to 03-10-2019 Title : Automotive World Conference (AWC) Venue : Birmingham, UK Title : Autonomous Vehicle Interior Design Date : 18-09-2019 to 20-09-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/coach-bus-uk & Technology Symposium Venue : Nagoya, Japan (Autonomous Vehicle Interior Design Web. : https://10times.com/awcq & Technology Sy) 2019 OCTOBER Date : 22-10-2019 to 24-10-2019 Title : International Conference on Gears Venue : Novi, USA Date : 18-09-2019 to 20-09-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/autonomous- Venue : Garching, Germany vehicle-interior-design-technology-sy Web. : https://10times.com/gears-munich Title : Coach & Bus UK 2019 Date : 02-10-2019 to 03-10-2019 Title : SAECCE 2019 - China-SAE Title : North American International V enue : The NEC Birmingham, United Congress & Exhibition Powertrain Conference Kingdom Date : 22-10-2019 to 24-10-2019 Date : 18-09-2019 to 20-09-2019 Email : [email protected] Venue : Shanghi, China Venue : Chicago, Illinois, USA Web. : http://go.evvnt.com/397638- W eb. : http://www.saecce.org.cn/ Web : https://www.sae.org/attend/naipc 0?pid=6322 Title : Global Conference on Mechanical, Title : Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - T itle : Electric Vehicles International Automotive and Materials 37th Annual Conference & Show (EV) Engineering (Auto Mech) Date : 22-09-2019 to 25-09-2019 Date : 03-10-2019 to 04-10-2019 Date : 23-10-2019 to 24-10-2019 Venue : Orlando, Florida, USA Venue : Bucharest, Romania Venue : Tokyo, Japan Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/brake Web. : https://10times.com/electric-vehicles- W eb. : https://10times.com/auto-mech international-conference-show Title : SAE 2019 Brake Colloquium & Title : 28th Annual Congress EVU Exhibition - 37th Annual Title : EAEC 2019 - 16th European Date : 24-10-2019 to 26-10-2019 Date : 22-09-2019 to 25-09-2019 Automotive Congress Venue : Barcelona, Spain Venue : Orlando, Florida, USA Date : 07-10-2019 to 11-10-2019 Web. : http://evu2019.org/ Email : [email protected] Venue : Minsk, Belarus Email : [email protected] Title : Asia Workshop on Modeling and Title : TEKNO 2019 Web. : https://eaec-2019.eu/ Mechatronics (AWMM) Date : 23-09-2019 to 25-09-2019 Date : 24-10-2019 to 26-10-2019 Venue : Expo Centre Sharjah, UAE Title : Equip Auto 2019 Venue : Shanghai, China Email : [email protected] Date : 15-10-2019 to 19-10-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/awmm-shanghai Web. : https://www.tekno-me.com Venue : Paris Expo Porte De Versailles, France Title : Innovations in Mobility Title : AeroTech Europe Email : [email protected] Date : 29-10-2019 to 31-10-2019 Date : 24-09-2019 to 26-09-2019 Web : https://en.equipauto.com/ Venue : Novi, MI, United States Venue : Bordeaux, France Email : [email protected] Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/ Title : Global Car Body Benchmarking W eb. : https://www.sae.org/attend/ aerotecheurope/ Conference (EuroCarBody) innovationsinmobility Date : 15-10-2019 to 17-10-2019 Title : Disruptive Technology for Defence V enue : Bad Nauheim, Germany Title : Advanced Engineering 2019 Transformation Web. : https://10times.com/car-body- Date : 30-10-2019 to 31-10-2019 Date : 24-09-2019 to 25-09-2019 benchmarking Venue : Birmingham, United Kingdom Venue : London, UK Web. : https://www.easyfairs.com/ advanced-engineering- 2019/advanced-engineering-2019/ AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 53 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 FORTHCOMING EVENTS

2019 NOVEMBER 2020 APRIL 2021 JUNE

Title : 2019 ASEAN Automotive Parts T itle : WCX™ 20 : SAE World Congress Title : SAE 2021 Noise and Vibration Manufacturing Summit Experience Conference & Exhibition Date : 05-11-2019 to 06-11-2019 Date : 21-04-2020 to 23-04-2020 Date : 14-06-2021 to 17-06-2021 Venue : JS Luwansa Hotel And Convention V enue : Detroit, Michigan, USA Venue : Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA Center, Indonesia Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Web. : https://ringierevents.eventbank.com/ 2020 SEPTEMBER event/2019-asean-automotive-parts- 2021 SEPTEMBER manufacturing-summit-11981/ Title : COMVEC20 Title : COMVEC™ Title : AVFOP — 2019 Avionics and Date : 15-09-2020 to 17-09-2020 Date : 14-09-2021 to 16-09-2021 Vehicle Fiber- Optics and Venue : Rosemont, Illinois, USA Venue : Rosemont, Illinois, USA Photonics onference Email : [email protected] Website : https://www.sae.org/attend/comvec Date : 05-11-2019 to 07-11-2019 Venue : Dallas, TX, United States Title : COMVEC™ Title : North American International Email : [email protected] Date : 15-09-2020 to 17-09-2020 Powertrain Conference Web. : http://www.photonicssociety.org/ Venue : Rosemont, Illinois, USA Date : 15-09-2021 to 17-09-2021 conferences/avionics-and-vehicle- Venue : Chicago, Illinois, USA fiber-optics-and-photonics- Title : North American International conference Powertrain Conference Title : SAE On-Board Diagnostics Date : 16-09-2020 to 18-09-2020 Symposium Title : Small Engine Technology V enue : Chicago, Illinois, USA Date : 21-09-2021 to 23-09-2021 Conference 2019 Venue : Garden Grove, California, USA Date : 19-11-2019 to 21-11-2019 Title : SAE On-Board Diagnostics Venue : Hiroshima, Japan Symposium 2021 OCTOBER Email : [email protected] Date : 22-09-2020 to 24-09-2020 Web. : http://www.setc-jsae.com/ Venue : Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Title : Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - 39th Annual Title : Tech.AD Usa Title : SAE Powertrains, Fuels & Date : 17-10-2021 to 20-10-2021 Date : 21-11-2019 to 22-11-2019 Lubricants Meeting Venue : Orlando, Florida, USA Venue : The Henry, USA Date : 22-09-2020 to 24-09-2020 Email : [email protected] Venue : Krakow, Poland Website : http://Https://www.autonomous- 2022 APRIL driving-detroit.com/ 2020 OCTOBER 2019 DECEMBER Title : WCX SAE World Congress Experience Title : SAE 2020 Thermal Management Date : 05-04-2022 to 07-04-2022 Systems Symposium Title : Automechanika Shanghai 2019 Venue : Detroit, Michigan, USA Date : 03-12-2019 to 06-12-2019 Date : 06-10-2020 to 08-10-2020 Venue : National Exhibition And Convention V enue : Mesa, Arizona, USA Center (Shanghai), China Email : [email protected] 2022 SEPTEMBER Email : [email protected] Title : Thermal Management Systems Web. : http://automechanika- Title : North American International Symposium shanghai.hk.messefrankfurt.com/ Powertrain Conference Date : 06-10-2020 to 08-10-2020 shanghai/en/visitors/welcome.html Date : 14-09-2022 to 16-09-2022 Venue : Mesa, Arizona, USA Venue : Chicago, Illinois, USA Title : Defense Maintenance and Logistics Exhibition Title : Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - Date : 09-12-2019 to 12-12-2019 38th Annual 2023 APRIL Venue : Spokane, Washington, USA Date : 11-10-2020 to 14-10-2020 Venue : San Antonio, Texas, USA Title : WCX SAE World Congress Title : DOD Maintenance Symposium Experience Date : 09-12-2019 to 12-12-2019 Title : SAE 2020 Brake Colloquium & Date : 18-04-2023 to 20-04-2023 Venue : Spokane, Washington, USA Exhibition - 38th Annual Venue : Detroit, Michigan, USA Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/dod/ Date : 11-10-2020 to 14-10-2020 Venue : San Antonio, Texas, USA 2024 APRIL Title : Internal Combustion Engines and Email : [email protected] Powertrain Systems for Future Transport Title : Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions Title : WCX SAE World Congress Date : 11-12-2019 to 12-12-2019 Control Symposium Experience Venue : United Kingdom Date : 13-10-2020 to 14-10-2020 Date : 16-04-2024 to 18-04-2024 Email : [email protected] Venue : Gothenburg, Sweden Venue : Detroit, Michigan, USA Web. : http://www.imeche.org/icengines 2021 APRIL Title : Autotech 2019 2025 APRIL Date : 13-12-2019 to 15-12-2019 Venue : Egypt International Exhibition Center, T itle : WCX SAE World Congress Title : WCX SAE World Congress Egypt Experience Experience Email : [email protected] Date : 13-04-2021 to 15-04-2021 Date : 08-04-2025 to 10-04-2025 Web. : https://www.autotechegypt.com/ Venue : Detroit, Michigan, USA Venue : Detroit, Michigan, USA en/home.html AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 54 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 SUBSCRIPTION FORM / FEEDBACK FORM

KC Version 9 Date : 22-06-2018 KC /10 KC Version 8 Date : 11-07-2016 Appendix - G SUBSCRIPTION FORM FOR KC/12 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS Automotive Research Association of India Knowledge Centre Date: Feedback Form for Automotive Abstracts Subscriber No. Name : Designation : Dear Sir, Company Address : Please enroll/renew my/our subscription to Automotive

Abstracts for the period April ……… to March ………fo.r E-mail ID : print + e-version. I/We enclose payment oRf s. 3000/- for Contact Details : print + e-version (within India) (Rs. Three thousand Rupees only) and US $ 100 + 18% GST for e-version (for Foreign) Automotive Abstracts : (Please give your feedback/ remarks for following parameters on a scale of 1 to 10) (US Dollar Hundred only) drawn in favour of The Automotive 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Research Association of India, Demand Draft/Cheque No. Poor Excellent ……………… dated …………… / Cash (if hand delivered). Subscription period of Automotive Abstract is fixed April 1. Coverage of topics: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 to March. 2. Presentation: NAME & DESIGNATION : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3. Quality of Abstracts Selected:

ORGANIZATION NAME : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4. Quality of Auto Clippings: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ADDRESS & PIN CODE : 5. Quality of IPR Scans:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6. Coverage of Forthcoming Events:

PHONE / FAX : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

E-MAIL : 7. Delivery on Time:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Signature 8. Any additional Suggestion / Value addition: Receipt No. & Date :

(Company Seal) Place: Date:

Signature To Dr. K.C. Vora Sr. Deputy Director, Head, Academy & Knowledge Centre

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 55 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 DEPOSIT ACCOUNT SCHEME FORM / MEMBERSHIP DETAILS

KC Version 9 Date : 22-06-2018 KC/13 KC/APPLICATION FORM FOR DEPOSIT ACCOUNT SCHEME (Deposit for Document Delivery Service) THE AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA Regd. O翿 ce : Survey No.102, Vet al Hill, Off Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune-411 038 Deposit Account No. Postal Address : P.O. Box No. 832, Pune-411 004 (India) Phone : 91-20-30231192,30231193  Fax : 91-20-30231104 Date : E-mail : [email protected] Dear Sir, Web site : http://www.araiindia.com Please enroll us as a deposit holder. I/We enclose payment of Knowledge Centre - Membership Details Rs.1500/- + 18% GST (as applicable) drawn in favour of Automotive (Option 1 - For Reference Only) Research Association of India, Pune as our initial deposit. Demand Draft / Cheque No. ……..…………… dated ……….……… / Cash (if Type of Membership Fees hand delivered). Company Membership Rs.5,000/- [+18%GST]p.a.(3 membership cards)

The copy of all document copies supplied to me / us may be debited Educational/Research Institute Rs.3,000/-[+18% GST] p.a. to this account. Please remind me for renewal of the Account as and Membership (3 membership cards) when necessary. I assure to pay through Deposit Scheme for supply Individual Membership Rs.2,000/- [+18% GST]p.a.(1 membership card)

of document copies. Monthly Membership Rs. 500/- [+18% GST] per month

I undertake that, copy supplied to me in compliance with the request. I Weekly Membership Rs.300/- [+18% GST] per week will use it only for purpose of research or private study. Daily Membership Rs.100/- [+18% GST] per day

Name & Designation (Option 2 - Book Borrowing Facility)

Rates for Valid Annual Membership Fee is Organisation Name ARAI Member Companies Rs.15,000/- + 18% GST (as applicable) per annum + Refundable Deposit Rs.25,000/- Address Pin Code Annual Membership Fee is Rates for Other Companies Rs.30,000/- + 18% GST (as applicable) per annum Phone / Fax + Refundable Deposit Rs.50,000/- Annual Membership Fee is E-mail Rates for Educational / Rs.20,000/- + 18% GST Research Institutes (as applicable) per annum Signature + Refundable Deposit Rs.50,000/-

Receipt No. & Date : (Company Seal) We look forward to your valuable Library membership for Book Borrowing Facility BENEFITS: For any query regarding Membership form, Rules etc., please feel 1. 10% Discount on the document delivery service to the Deposit free to contact us on our Tel. No. 020- 30231192 / 1193 and at email Account Holders subject to minimum invoice of Rs.50/-. IDs [email protected] / [email protected]

2. Immediate supply of document copies. Dr. K. C. Vora Head, ARAI Academy & Knowledge Centre NOTE: 1. If minimum amount in Deposit Account goes below Rs.1000/- the P.S. : For SAEINDIA Membership, please contact privilege of receiving 10% discount on document delivery will be Mr. Sagar Murugkar at (Option 1 For withdrawn till deposit account is brought back to Rs.1500/- [email protected] Reference Only) Free for SAEINDIA (020-30231136, Mob. 09922277224) Members For more details contact Knowledge Centre at [email protected] at ARAI. For outstation members, please contact [email protected].

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 56 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 KNOWLEDGE CENTRE ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FORM

THE AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA Regd. O翿 ce : Survey No.102, Vet al Hill, Off Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune-411 038 Postal Address : P.O. Box No. 832, Pune-411 004 (India) Phone : 91-20-30231192,30231193  Fax : 91-20-30231104 E-mail : [email protected]  Web site : http://www.araiindia.com KC Version 9 Date : 22-06-2018 KC/13 KNOWLEDGE CENTRE ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FORM (Option 1: For Reference only / Option 2 : Book Borrowing Facility) Membership No. Dear Sir, Please enroll / renew my / our Knowledge Centre Annual Membership for (please tick mark )

Option I : Membership for Reference Only Option II : Membership with Book Borrowing

Option I : Membership for Reference Only Option II : Membership with Book Borrowing

Category Annual Membership Fee + Please tick Category Annual Membership Fee + Refundable Please tick GST (as applicable) mark GST (as applicable) Deposit mark Company Membership Rs.5,000/- + 18% GST ARAI Member Rs.15,000/- + 18% GST Rs.25,000/- (3 membership cards) Companies Educational / Research Rs.3,000/- + 18% GST Other Companies Rs.30,000/- + 18% GST Rs.50,000/- Institute Membership (3 membership cards) Individual Membership Rs.2,000/- + 18% GST Educational / Rs.20,000/- + 18% GST Rs.50,000/- (1 membership card) Research Institutes

I / we enclose Total payment of Rs. ______towards Annual Membership Fee drawn in favour of The Automotive Research______Association of India, Pune by Demand Draft / Cheque No. dated ______/ Cash (if hand delivered). Kindly arrange to issue necessary Membership Card. Note: Kindly pay amount of Refundable Deposit by separate DD / Cheque / Bank Transfer.

Receipt No. & Date: Name & Designation : Organization Name : Address : Pin Code : Phone / Fax : E-mail : We have read the rules and hereby assure you that we will abide by all Rules & Regulations of ARAI Knowledge Centre while availing the facility. Date : Authorised Signature Company Seal Provide the designated person’s details as follow (applicable for Option-II only) :

Particulars Representative 1 Representative 2 1 Name 2 Designation 3 Department 4 Office Tel.No 5 Mobile No. 6 Email ID. 7 Specimen Signature 8 2 Photographs (Stamp Size) (attach with the form) (attach with the form)

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 57 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 NOTES

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 58 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 NOTES

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 59 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 NOTES

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 60 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019 ARAI ACADEMY

ARAI, over five decades, has provided its design and development expertise to the Indian automotive industry, focusing on the testing and evaluation of components and systems to meet national and international standards. ARAI The ARAI Academy SUPRA Team " Sultanz of Speed" strives to achieve international recognition in these areas. In MoU with VELTECH University for M. Tech won 1st Prize in ENGINEERING DESIGN AWARD (IC Engines & Automotive Electronics) Team Sultanz of Speed in SAEINDIA SUPRA 2011 & keeping with the globalization of economy and business, 2nd Prize in CAE AWARD at SAEINDIA SUPRA 2011 ARAI continues to enlarge its scope of services to meet the requirements of automotive industries around the world.

In addition to utilizing state-of-the-art technology, laboratories and highly-trained personnel, ARAI recognizes the need to develop a new generation of engineers to meet th the demands of the automotive industry, not just in India but DRONACHARYA AWARD as a Best Faculty Advisor MoU with CHRIST (Deemed to be University), at SUPRA SAEINDIA EVENT 2014 on 20 th July 2014 across the globe. ARAI Academy which has completed 15 Bengaluru for B. Tech ( Automotive Engineering) at Madras Motor Race Track, Chennai. years on 10 May 2019, is a Skill Development initiative of ARAI. It is classified into three divisions, viz Learning Centre, Training Centre and Knowledge Centre.

Learning Centre has embarked upon a programme of building up human resources by commencing educational programme (Graduate, Post Graduate & Ph.D.) with

GURU AWARD by SAEINDIA FOUNDATION at specialization in Automotive Engineering. It has tied up with MoU with VIT University, Vellore SAEINDIA Foundation Annual Award Function on for M. Tech ( Automotive Engineering) 30 th July 2014 at New Delhi. VIT University (Vellore), VelTech University (Chennai), College of Engineering (Pune), and Christ University (Bengaluru).

Training Centre has devised various Proficiency Improvement Programmes (PIPs). It gives engineers, faculty and students knowledge and technical expertise in a wide range of automotive disciplines. It helps in understanding "Quality Excellence Award for Teaching & MoU with College of Engineering Pune (CoEP) Learning Practices" by 94.3 fm Network & systems view point for automotive design and manufacture, for M. Tech ( AutomotiveTechnology ) Stars of Industry Group at Mumbai with specific skills in formulating automotive engineering solution in terms of their function and performance, through optional modules. Domain Training Programmes (DTPs),

where training is impartedO at Custiomer's site are also becoming more popular. Academy is developing high quality e-learning modules called “ePIPs” on various Automobile Engineering subjects. These highly interactive eModules

Industry Academia Skill Development hosted on ARAI’s own Learning Management System (LMS) MoU with VelTech University for M.Tech in Excellence Award by Automobile Engineering with specialization in Odser Charitable Trust in 2018 http://elearning.araiindia.com help users access these Powertrain Engineering / Electric & Hybrid Vehicles. courses anytime & anywhere. With this, ARAI Academy has become global with 360 blended training approach.

Please visit https://araiindia.com & 2nd Prize in "WEAVING SYNERGIES https://academy.araiindia.com Placement SPOT THE INNOVATION "Engineering for more information Student Contestat Auto-Expo 2018 in New Delhi

Best Learing Centre Award to Library Quiz Winners PIP on "Engine Testing and Certification" PIP on "Advanced Automoitve Engineering" ARAI Academy & Knowledge Centre by ISTD at Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala at CHRIST (Deemed to be University), 2015 R & D Institute of Science and Technology, 2019) Email : [email protected] | Website : www.araiindia.com

The Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) ARAI - Kothrud, Pune established in 1966, is a co-operative industrial research association of the automotive industry with the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, Government of India. ARAI has CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE been playing a crucial role assuring safe, less polluting and more efficient vehicles. ARAI provides technical expertise in R&D, testing, certification, homologation and framing of vehicular regulations. It works in harmony and complete confidence with its ISO 9001 : 2015 ISO 14001 : 2015 ISO/IEC 27001 : 2013 OHSAS 18001 : 2007 members, customers and the Government, to offer its finest services. ARAI is well-equipped with state-of-the art infrastructural ISO 9001 : 2015 ISO 14001 : 2015 ISO/IEC 27001 : 2013 OHSAS 18001 : 2007 ARAI, Kothrud, Pune Automotive Electronics, Calibration, Computer Aided Engineering, Emission Certification, Environment Research, Homologation & Management, Inspection & Maintenance ISO/ IEC 17025 : 2005 ISO/ IEC 17025 : 2005 Project Cell, Noise Vibration & Harshness, Passive Safety,

Powertrain Engineering, Safety & Homologation, Structural CALIBRATION TESTING Service Division: Business Development & Corporate Planning Information & Technology Management ISO/ IEC 17025 : 2005 ISO/ IEC 17025 : 2005 Infrastructure Development ARAI - HTC, Chakan Central Maintenance Cell Prototype Manufacturing Quality Management CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE Knowledge Centre ARAI-HTC, Chakan, Pune

Centre of Excellence - PowerTrain, Passive Safety ISO 9001 : 2015 ISO 14001 : 2015 ISO/IEC 27001 : 2013 OHSAS 18001 : 2007 Centre of Excellence - Fatigue & Material Centre of Excellence - E-Mobility Transmission & Gear Test Centre ARAI-FID, Chakan, Pune ISO 9001 : 2015 ISO 14001 : 2015 ISO/IEC 27001 : 2013 OHSAS 18001 : 2007 Academy ARAI - FID, Chakan Learning Centre (LC) Training Centre (TC) CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE Knowledge Centre (KC) Forging and Heat Treatment Research Automotive Engineering Lab Electronics / EMC Lab Calibration Lab ISO 9001 : 2015 ISO 14001 : 2015 ISO/IEC 27001 : 2013 OHSAS 18001 : 2007 I.C. Engine Lab Simulation Lab NVH Lab CAE Lab ISO 9001 : 2015 ISO 14001 : 2015 ISO/IEC 27001 : 2013 OHSAS 18001 : 2007

( Research Institution of the Automotive Industry with the Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises, Govt. of India) Postal Address: P.B. No. 832, Pune ‐ 411004. India ARAI Registered Office ARAI Homologation & Technology Centre (HTC) ARAI Forging Industry Division (FID)

Survey No. 102, Vetal Hill,Off Paud Road, Plot No. E1/1,MIDC Chakan Phase - III, B-16/1, MIDC,Chakan, Kothrud,Pune - 411 038, India Pune - 410 501, India Pune - 410 501, India Tel. : +91- 20-3023 1111 Tel. No. - +91-2135-396 900 Tel. No. - +91-2135-259 042 Fax: +91- 20-3023 1104 Fax: +91- 20-3023 1104 Fax: +91- 20-3023 1104