DOCSLIB.ORG

Nondestructive Testing of Food Quality

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nondestructive Testing of Food Quality Nondestructive Testing of Food Quality EDITORS Joseph Irudayaraj rChristoph Reh Nondestructive Testing of Food Quality Nondestructive Testing of Food Quality The IFT Press series reflects the mission of the Institute of Food Technologists – advancing the science and technology of food through the exchange of knowledge. Developed in partnership with Wiley-Blackwell, IFT Press books serve as leading edge handbooks for industrial application and reference and as essential texts for academic programs. Crafted through rigorous peer review and meticulous research, IFT Press publications represent the latest, most significant resources available to food scientists and related agriculture professionals worldwide. IFT Book Communications Committee Dennis R. Heldman Joseph H. Hotchkiss Ruth M. Patrick Terri D. Boylston Marianne H. Gillette William C. Haines Mark Barrett Jasmine Kuan Karen Nachay IFT Press Editorial Advisory Board Malcolm C. Bourne Fergus M. Clydesdale Dietrich Knorr Theodore P. Labuza Thomas J. Montville S. Suzanne Nielsen Martin R. Okos Michael W. Pariza Barbara J. Petersen David S. Reid Sam Saguy Herbert Stone Kenneth R. Swartzel Nondestructive Testing of Food Quality EDITORS Joseph Irudayaraj rChristoph Reh Joseph Irudayaraj, PhD, is an associate professor of Agricultural and Biological Engineering at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. With over 15 years of research and teaching experience in biological and food engineering, Dr. Irudayaraj has been a faculty member at the University of Saskatchewan, Utah State University, and Penn State. His current role at Purdue is to develop micro and nanosensors for food, health, and environmental applications. Christoph Reh, PhD, is a research scientist at Nestl´e Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland working on scientific projects for innovative beverage concepts. Prior to his appointment he was involved for more than 10 years in process analytics including non-destructive testing for factory application and physico-chemical characterization of foods. C 2008 Blackwell Publishing and the Institute of Food Technologists All rights reserved Chapter 7 copyright is held by Malvern Instruments, Ltd. Blackwell Publishing Professional 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014, USA Orders: 1-800-862-6657 Office: 1-515-292-0140 Fax: 1-515-292-3348 Web site: www.blackwellprofessional.com Blackwell Publishing Ltd 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Tel.: +44 (0)1865 776868 Blackwell Publishing Asia 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia Tel.: +61 (0)3 8359 1011 Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-2885-5/2008. First edition, 2008 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nondestructive testing of food quality / edited by Joseph Irudayaraj and Christoph Reh. – 1st ed. p. cm. – (IFT Press series) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-2885-5 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8138-2885-6 (alk. paper) 1. Food–Quality. 2. Food industry and trade–Quality control. 3. Food adulteration and inspection. I. Irudayaraj, Joseph, 1961– II. Reh, Christoph. III. Series. TP372.5.N66 2008 664.117–dc22 2007023792 The last digit is the print number: 987654321 Titles in the IFT Press series r Accelerating New Food Product Design and Development (Jacqueline H.P.Beckley, Elizabeth J. Topp, M. Michele Foley, J.C. Huang and Witoon Prinyawiwatkul) r Biofilms in the Food Environment (Hans P. Blaschek, Hua Wang, and Meredith E. Agle) r Calorimetry and Food Process Design (G¨on¨ul Kaletun¸c) r Food Ingredients for the Global Market (Yao-Wen Huang and Claire L. Kruger) r Food Irradiation Research and Technology (Christopher H. Sommers and Xuetong Fan) r Food Risk and Crisis Communication (Anthony O. Flood and Christine M. Bruhn) r Foodborne Pathogens in the Food Processing Environment: Sources, Detection and Control (Sadhana Ravishankar and Vijay K. Juneja) r High Pressure Processing of Foods (Christopher J. Doona, C. Patrick Dunne, and Florence E. Feeherry) r Hydrocolloids in Food Processing (Thomas R. Laaman) r Microbiology and Technology of Fermented Foods (Robert W. Hutkins) r Multivariate and Probabilistic Analyses of Sensory Science Problems (Jean-Francois Meullenet, Rui Xiong, and Chris Findlay r Nonthermal Processing Technologies for Food (Howard Q. Zhang, Gustavo V. Barbosa-Canovas, V.M. Balasubramaniam, Editors; C. Patrick Dunne, Daniel F. Farkas, James T.C. Yuan, Associate Editors) r Nutraceuticals, Glycemic Health and Diabetes (Vijai K. Pasupuleti and James W. Anderson) r Packaging for Nonthermal Processing of Food (J. H. Han) r Preharvest and Postharvest FoodSafety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions (Ross C. Beier, Suresh D. Pillai, and Timothy D. Phillips, Editors; Richard L. Ziprin, Associate Editor) r Processing and Nutrition of Fats and Oils (Ernesto M. Hernandez, Monjur Hossen, and Afaf Kamal-Eldin) r Regulation of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: A Global Perspective (Clare M. Hasler) r Sensory and Consumer Research in FoodProduct Design and Development (Howard R. Moskowitz, Jacqueline H. Beckley, and Anna V.A.Resurreccion) r Thermal Processing of Foods: Control and Automation (K.P. Sandeep) r Water Activity in Foods: Fundamentals and Applications (Gustavo V. Barbosa- Canovas, Anthony J. Fontana Jr., Shelly J. Schmidt, and Theodore P. Labuza) r Whey Processing, Functionality and Health Benefits (Charles I. Onwulata and Peter J. Huth) Contents Contributors ix Preface xiii Chapter 1. An Overview of Nondestructive Sensor Technology in Practice: The User’s View 1 Christoph Reh Chapter 2. The Influence of Reference Methods on the Calibration of Indirect Methods 33 Heinz-Dieter Isengard Chapter 3. Ultrasound: New Tools for Product Improvement 45 Ibrahim˙ G¨ulseren and John N. Coupland Chapter 4. Use of Near Infrared Spectroscopy in the Food Industry 67 Andreas Niem¨oller and Dagmar Behmer Chapter 5. Application of Mid-infrared Spectroscopy to Food Processing Systems 119 Colette C. Fagan and Colm P.O’Donnell Chapter 6. Applications of Raman Spectroscopy for Food Quality Measurement 143 Ramazan Kizil and Joseph Irudayaraj Chapter 7. Particle Sizing in the Food and Beverage Industry 165 Darrell Bancarz, Deborah Huck, Michael Kaszuba, David Pugh, and Stephen Ward-Smith vii viii Contents Chapter 8. Online Image Analysis of Particulate Materials 197 Peter Schirg Chapter 9. Recent Advances in Nondestructive Testing with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 211 Michael J. McCarthy and Young Jin Choi Chapter 10. Electronic Nose Applications in the Food Industry 237 Parameswarakumar Mallikarjunan Chapter 11. Biosensors: A Theoretical Approach to Understanding Practical Systems 283 Yegermal Atalay, Pieter Verboven, Steven Vermeir, and Jeroen Lammertyn Chapter 12. Techniques Based on the Measurement of Electrical Permittivity 321 Malcolm Byars Index 339 Contributors Yegermal Atalay (11) Division Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Darrell Bancarz (7) Malvern Instruments Ltd., Grovewood Road, Enigma Business Park, Malvern, Worcestershire, WR14 1XZ, United Kingdom Dagmar Behmer (4) Bruker Optik GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 27, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany Malcolm Byars (12) Process Tomography Ltd., 86, Water Lane, Wilmslow, Cheshire, SK9 5BB, United Kingdom Young Jin Choi (9) Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea John Coupland (3) Department of Food Science, 103 Borland Lab, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Colette Fagan (5) Biosystems Engineering, UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland ix x Contributors Ibrahim˙ G¨ulseren (3) Department of Food Science, 103 Borland Lab, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Deborah Huck (7) Malvern Instruments Ltd., Grovewood Road, Enigma Business Park, Malvern, Worcestershire, WR14 1XZ, United Kingdom Joseph Irudayaraj (6) 225 S. University Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Heinz–Dieter Isengard (2) University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Garbenstr. 25, D-Stuttgart, Germany Michael Kaszuba (7) Malvern Instruments Ltd., Grovewood Road, Enigma Business Park, Malvern, Worcestershire, WR14 1XZ, United Kingdom Ramazan Kizil (6) Istanbul Technical University, Chemical Engineering Department, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey Jeroen Lammertyn (11) Division Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Parameswarakumar Mallikarjunan (10) 312 Seitz Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA Michael J. McCarthy (9) Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California– Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8598, USA Andreas Niemoeller (4) Bruker Optik GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 27, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany Contributors xi Colm O’Donnel (5) Biosystems Engineering, UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland David Pugh (7) Malvern
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nondestructive Methods to Characterize Rock Mechanical Properties at Low-Temperature: Applications for Asteroid Capture Technologies
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2016 Nondestructive Methods to Characterize Rock Mechanical Properties at Low-Temperature: Applications for Asteroid Capture Technologies Kara A. Savage Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Savage, Kara A., "Nondestructive Methods to Characterize Rock Mechanical Properties at Low- Temperature: Applications for Asteroid Capture Technologies" (2016). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 6573. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/6573 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nondestructive Methods to Characterize Rock Mechanical Properties at Low-Temperature: Applications for Asteroid Capture Technologies Kara A. Savage Thesis Submitted to the Statler College of Engineering at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mining Engineering Aaron Noble, Ph.D., Chair Brijes Mishra, Ph.D. Thomas Evans, Ph.D. Department of Mining Engineering Morgantown, West Virginia 2016 Keywords: Nondestructive Tests, Low-Temperature Rock Mechanics, Schmidt Rebound Hammer, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, Asteroid Capture Copyright 2016 Kara A.
    [Show full text]
  • Nondestructive Testing (NDT) and Sensor Technology for Service Life Modeling of New and Existing Concrete Structures
    NISTIR 7974 Nondestructive Testing (NDT) and Sensor Technology for Service Life Modeling of New and Existing Concrete Structures Kenneth A. Snyder Li-Piin Sung Geraldine S. Cheok This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.7974 NISTIR 7974 Nondestructive Testing (NDT) and Sensor Technology for Service Life Modeling of New and Existing Concrete Structures Kenneth A. Snyder Li-Piin Sung Materials and Structural Systems Division Engineering Laboratory Geraldine S. Cheok Intelligent Systems Division Engineering Laboratory December 2013 U.S. Department of Commerce Penny Pritzker, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Patrick D. Gallagher, Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Director ii ABSTRACT Nondestructive test (NDT) methods and sensor technologies are evaluated in the context of providing input parameters to service life prediction models for reinforced concrete structures. Relevant NDT methods and sensors are identified that are based on diverse technologies including mechanical impact, ultrasonic waves, electromagnetic waves, nuclear, and chemical and electrical methods. The degradation scenarios of reinforcement corrosion, alkali-silica reaction, and cracking are used to identify gaps in available NDT methods for supporting condition assessment and service life prediction. Common gaps are identified, along with strategies for resolving those gaps. iii Disclaimer: Certain commercial products are identified in this paper to specify the materials used and
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Components Analysis to Identify Internal Heat in Breast Dynamic Thermal Images
    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING, VOL. xx, NO. X, NOVEMBER 2020 1 Use of components analysis to identify internal heat in breast dynamic thermal images Meir Gershenson Abstract — I suggest a method for biomedical imaging new ones. This process is called angiogenesis. The increase of with heat using principal and independent components blood flow at the cancerous site is associated with an increase analysis. This method produces novel results suggesting in the tissue’s ability to absorb heat. The bio heat transfer physiologic mechanisms. When using thermal imaging to equation describing thermal propagation is given by1 detect breast cancer, the dominant heat signature is of indirect heat transported by the blood away from the tumor i ͟ʚÈʛ ͎ʚr, ͨʛ Ǝ ̽ ∙ ͎ʚÈ, ͨʛ Ǝ͖͋ƍ͋͡ Ɣ 0 location into the skin. Interpretation is usually based on i/ vascular patterns and not by observing the direct ͖͋ Ɣ !͖̽ ʞ͎ʚr, ͨʛ Ǝ ͎ͤʚr, ͨʛʟ (1) cancerous heat. In this new method one uses a sequence of thermal images of the patient’s breast following external Typical values are taken from Azarnoosh J et al. 2 and are temperature change. Data are recorded and analyzed using independent component analysis (ICA) and principal given in Table 1. From the above table the increase in blood component analysis (PCA). ICA separates the image TABLE I sequence into new independent images having a common THRMOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF TYPICAL BREAST characteristic time behavior. Using the Brazilian visual lab Density Specific Thermal ωb Qm mastology data set, I observed three types of component heat C conductivity (s-1) *10 -3 (W/m3) images: Images corresponding to a minimum change as a (kg/m3) (J/kg K) ͟ (W/m) function of applied temperature or time, which suggests an Gland 1020 3060 0.322 0.34 – 1.7 700 association with the cancer generated heat, images in which a moderate temperature dependence is associated Tumor 1020 3060 0.564 6 - 16 7792 with veins affected by vasomodulation, and images of Blood 1060 3840 complex time behavior indicating heat absorption due to .
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Pressure Vessel Safety Assessment
    11^^^^ United States Department of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Tectinology NIST Special Publication 780 Guidelines for Pressure Vessel Safety Assessment Sumio Yukawa NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY Research Information Center Gaithersburg, MD 20899 DATE DUE Demco. Inc. 38-293 NIST Special Publication 780 Guidelines for Pressure Vessel Safety Assessment Sumio Yukawa Materials Reliability Division Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, CO 80303 Sponsored by Occupational Safety and Health Administration U.S. Department of Labor Washington, DC 20210 Issued April 1990 U.S. Department of Commerce Robert A. Mosbacher, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology John W. Lyons, Director National Institute of Standards U.S. Government Printing Office For sale by the Superintendent and Technology Washington: 1990 of Documents Special Publication 780 U.S. Government Printing Office Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Washington, DC 20402 Spec. Publ. 780 75 pages (Apr. 1990) CODEN: NSPUE2 CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. SCOPE AND GENERAL INFORMATION 1 2 . 1 Scope 1 2.2 General Considerations 3 3. PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN 4 3.1 ASME Code 4 3.1.1 Section VIII of ASME Code 5 3.1.2 Scope of Section VIII 5 3.1.3 Summary of Design Rules and Margins 6 3.1.4 Implementation of ASME Code 9 3.2 API Standard 620 10 3.2.1 Scope of API 620 12 3.2.2 Design Rules 12 3.2.3 Implementation of API 620 12 3.3. Remarks on Design Codes 14 4. DETERIORATION AND FAILURE MODES 14 4.1 Preexisting Causes 14 4.1.1 Design and Construction Related Deficiencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Factors in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Risks and Challenges of Mechanised NDT
    Dipl.-Psych. Marija Bertović Human Factors in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Risks and Challenges of Mechanised NDT BAM-Dissertationsreihe • Band 145 Berlin 2016 Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM). Impressum Human Factors in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Risks and Challenges of Mechanised NDT 2016 Herausgeber: Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Telefon: +49 30 8104-0 Telefax: +49 30 8104-72222 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bam.de Copyright© 2016 by Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Layout: BAM-Referat Z.8 ISSN 1613-4249 ISBN 978-3-9817502-7-0 Human Factors in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Risks and Challenges of Mechanised NDT Vorgelegt von Dipl. -Psych. Marija Bertovic geb. in Ogulin, Kroatien von der Fakultät V – Verkehrs- und Maschinensysteme der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Philosophie -Dr. phil.- genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. phil. Manfred Thüring Gutachter: Prof. Dr. phil. Dietrich Manzey Gutachter: Dr. rer. nat. et Ing. habil. Gerd-Rüdiger Jaenisch Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 1 September 2015 Berlin 2015 D83 Abstract Non-destructive testing (NDT) is regarded as one of the key elements in ensuring quality of engineering systems and their safe use. A failure of NDT to detect critical defects in safety- relevant components, such as those in the nuclear industry, may lead to catastrophic consequences for the environment and the people. Therefore, ensuring that NDT methods are capable of detecting all critical defects, i.e. that they are reliable, is of utmost importance. Reliability of NDT is affected by human factors, which have thus far received the least amount of attention in the reliability assessments.
    [Show full text]
  • Methods for Nondestructive Testing of Urban Trees
    Review Methods for Nondestructive Testing of Urban Trees Richard Bruce Allison 1,2,*, Xiping Wang 3,* and Christopher A. Senalik 3 1 Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA 2 Allison Tree Care, LLC, Verona, WI 53593, USA 3 USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726-2398, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.B.A); [email protected] (X.W.); Tel.: +1-608-848-2345 (R.B.A); +1-608-231-9461 (X.W.) Received: 21 September 2020; Accepted: 30 October 2020; Published: 16 December 2020 Abstract: Researchers have developed various methods and tools for nondestructively testing urban trees for decay and stability. A general review of these methods includes simple visual inspection, acoustic measuring devices, microdrills, pull testing, ground penetrating radar, x-ray scanning, remote sensing, electrical resistivity tomography and infra-red thermography. Along with these testing methods have come support literature to interpret the data. Keywords: decay; defect; hazard assessment; inspection; nondestructive testing; urban trees 1. Introduction Trees within an urban community provide significant ecological, economic and social benefits, making a city more livable and comfortable for its inhabitants [1]. However, as large physical wooden structures in close proximity to dense populations of people and property, tree failure can cause harm. Urban forest managers use biological and engineering principles to determine a tree’s structural soundness and estimate the probability of failure. Nondestructive testing (NDT) methods by locating and quantifying wood decay and defect are used to measure the physical condition of trees within the urban forest to promote public safety and property protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Destructive Testing for Plant Life Assessment
    Non-destructive testing for plant life assessment TRAINING COURSE SERIES VIENNA, 2005 26 TRAINING COURSE SERIES No. 26 Non-destructive testing for plant life assessment INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 2005 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Industrial Applications and Chemistry Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING FOR PLANT LIFE ASSESSMENT IAEA, VIENNA, 2005 IAEA-TCS-26 ISSN 1018–5518 © IAEA, 2005 Printed by the IAEA in Austria August 2005 FOREWORD The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is promoting industrial applications of non- destructive testing (NDT) technology, which includes radiography testing (RT) and related methods, to assure safety and reliability of operation of industrial facilities and processes. NDT technology is essentially needed for improvement of the quality of industrial products, safe performance of equipment and plants, including safety of metallic and concrete structures and constructions. The IAEA is playing an important role in promoting the NDT use and technology support to Member States, in harmonisation for training and certification of NDT personnel, and in establishing national accreditation and certifying bodies. All these efforts have led to a stage of maturity and self sufficiency in numerous countries especially in the field of training and certification of personnel, and in provision of services to industries. This has had a positive impact on the improvement of the quality of industrial goods and services. NDT methods are primarily used for detection, location and sizing of surface and internal defects (in welds, castings, forging, composite materials, concrete and many more).
    [Show full text]
  • Nondestructive Testing with 3MA—An Overview of Principles and Applications
    applied sciences Article Nondestructive Testing with 3MA—An Overview of Principles and Applications Bernd Wolter *, Yasmine Gabi and Christian Conrad Fraunhofer Institute for Nondestructive Testing IZFP, Campus E3 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; [email protected] (Y.G.); [email protected] (C.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-681-9302-3883 Received: 1 February 2019; Accepted: 8 March 2019; Published: 14 March 2019 Abstract: More than three decades ago, at Fraunhofer IZFP, research activities that were related to the application of micromagnetic methods for nondestructive testing (NDT) of the microstructure and the properties of ferrous materials commenced. Soon, it was observed that it is beneficial to combine the measuring information from several micromagnetic methods and measuring parameters. This was the birth of 3MA—the micromagnetic multi-parametric microstructure and stress analysis. Since then, 3MA has undergone a remarkable development. It has proven to be one of the most valuable testing techniques for the nondestructive characterization of metallic materials. Nowadays, 3MA is well accepted in industrial production and material research. Over the years, several equipment variants and a wide range of probe heads have been developed, ranging from magnetic microscopes with µm resolution up to large inspection systems for in-line strip steel inspection. 3MA is extremely versatile, as proved by a huge amount of reported applications, such as the quantitative determination of hardness, hardening depth, residual stress, and other material parameters. Today, specialized 3MA systems are available for manual or automated testing of various materials, semi-finished goods, and final products that are made of steel, cast iron, or other ferromagnetic materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Observations on the Application of Smart Pigging on Transmission Pipelines
    Observations on the Application of Smart Pigging on Transmission Pipelines A Focus on OPS’s Inline Inspection Public Meeting of 8/11/05 Prepared for the http://www.pstrust.org/ by Richard B. Kuprewicz President, Accufacts Inc. [email protected] September 5, 2005 Accufacts Inc. “Clear Knowledge in the Over Information Age” This report is developed from information clearly in the public domain. The views expressed in this document represent the observations and opinions of the author. Executive Summary Smart pigs, also known as inline inspection (“ILI”) tools or intelligent pigs, are electronic devices designed to flow on the inside of a transmission pipeline, usually while the line is in service, to inspect a pipeline for various types of anomalies that can increase the risks of pipeline failure.1 This paper comments on observations pertaining to the Office of Pipeline Safety’s (“OPS”) public meeting of August 11, 2005 in Houston, Texas.2 Approximately 400 industry, pigging vendors, and regulatory representatives attended this meeting, dramatically underscoring the gravity of this important subject. This author concurs with the public meeting announcement and fully supports and is committed to assisting OPS’s effort, and many in the industry, to advance the prudent application of ILI in gas and liquid transmission pipeline systems. OPS has a long history of encouraging technical development to improve pipeline safety. Smart pigging has taken on an even more critical role with the promulgation of integrity management rulemaking in the last several years.3 In some situations pigging is not the best or preferred inspection method for various reasons, especially if the technology is misapplied, oversold, or the pigging process and information mishandled.
    [Show full text]
  • Ac 25-29 9/20/13
    U.S. Department Advisory of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Circular Subject: Development of a Nondestructive Date: 9/20/13 AC No: 25-29 Inspection Program/Organization Initiated by: AFS-300 Change: 1. PURPOSE. This advisory circular (AC) provides guidance for the development of organizations and facilities performing nondestructive inspections (NDI). This material is neither mandatory nor regulatory in nature and does not constitute a regulation. It describes an acceptable means, but not the only means, for developing NDI facilities, as well as organizational and quality manuals. We, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), will consider other methods of demonstrating compliance that you may elect to present. We use the terms “must” and “will” in this AC only to ensure you correctly apply the recommendations of this particular method of compliance, if you choose to do so. 2. RELATED CFR REGULATIONS AND REFERENCES. See Appendix 1. 3. DEFINITIONS. a. Certification. Written testimony of qualification. The employer issues a certification as a written statement (which may be in an electronic format) that an individual has met the requirements of an accepted standard. b. Documentation. Written or printed record furnishing information or evidence; a legal or official record in paper or electronic form. c. Experience. Actual performance or observation conducted in the work environment that results in acquiring knowledge and skills. Although experience is not obtained during classroom or laboratory training, it does include on-the-job training (OJT). d. Method. One of the disciplines of NDIs or testing (e.g., radiography, ultrasonic, etc.). Each method consists of its own different techniques. e. On-the-Job Training (OJT).
    [Show full text]
  • Eddy Current Nondestructive Testing NATIONAL BUREAU of STANDARDS
    A 11 10 3 073222 TECH HAG. NATL INST OF STANDARDS! » fe* 1 All 103073222 to NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 589 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards Eddy Current Nondestructive Testing NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act ot Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; develops, produces,
    [Show full text]
  • The Division of Extended Learning 2017 Catalog Nu.Edu/El
    THE DIVISION OF EXTENDED LEARNING 2017 CATALOG NU.EDU/EL A Private Nonprofi t University Serving the Public Good™ 2 WWW.NU.EDU/EL | 800.628.8648 EXT 8600 Welcome September 14, 2016 Dear Students, In the pursuit of life-long learning, the Division of Extended Learning at National University offers professional development and personal enrichment courses in a variety of subjects including business, leadership, marketing, education, human resources and many more. Most can be taken completely online so you don’t have to leave the comforts of home as you manage work and family. If you’re working full-time, check with your employer on your company’s tuition reimbursement plan. This is a great way to fund your education while learning a valuable skill that can strengthen your value to your employer and broaden your career options. Do something for yourself by expanding your professional development, pursuing a special interest, or acquiring a new skill. Most courses provide continuing education units (CEUs) of credit that you may need to stay relevant in your industry. To speak with a student advisor, please call (800) 628-8648 x8600 or email us at [email protected]. Sincerely, Roxanne J. Kymaani, PhD Executive Director The Division of Extended Learning National University Table of Contents SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES PROGRAMS OFFERED IN DIVISION OF EXTENDED LEARNING ............................................... 2 DIVISION OF EXTENDED LEARNING 3678 Aero Court, Suite 236 San Diego, CA 92123 ACADEMIC TUITION RATES ............................................................. 4 [email protected] www.nu.edu/el GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................. 3 Phone: 800.628.8648 ext. 8600 Mission Statement .................................................................... 3 Fax: 619.563.7309 About Division of Extended Learning ......................................
    [Show full text]