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Non-Destructive Testing for Plant Life Assessment

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Non-Destructive Testing for Plant Life Assessment Non-destructive testing for plant life assessment TRAINING COURSE SERIES VIENNA, 2005 26 TRAINING COURSE SERIES No. 26 Non-destructive testing for plant life assessment INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 2005 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Industrial Applications and Chemistry Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING FOR PLANT LIFE ASSESSMENT IAEA, VIENNA, 2005 IAEA-TCS-26 ISSN 1018–5518 © IAEA, 2005 Printed by the IAEA in Austria August 2005 FOREWORD The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is promoting industrial applications of non- destructive testing (NDT) technology, which includes radiography testing (RT) and related methods, to assure safety and reliability of operation of industrial facilities and processes. NDT technology is essentially needed for improvement of the quality of industrial products, safe performance of equipment and plants, including safety of metallic and concrete structures and constructions. The IAEA is playing an important role in promoting the NDT use and technology support to Member States, in harmonisation for training and certification of NDT personnel, and in establishing national accreditation and certifying bodies. All these efforts have led to a stage of maturity and self sufficiency in numerous countries especially in the field of training and certification of personnel, and in provision of services to industries. This has had a positive impact on the improvement of the quality of industrial goods and services. NDT methods are primarily used for detection, location and sizing of surface and internal defects (in welds, castings, forging, composite materials, concrete and many more). Various NDT methods are applied for preventive maintenance (aircraft, bridge), for the inspection of raw materials, half-finished and finished products, for in-service-inspection and for plant life assessment studies. NDT is essential for quality control of the facilities and products, and for fitness — for purpose assessment (so-called plant life assessment). NDT evaluates remaining operation life of plant components (processing lines, pipes, vessels) providing an accurate diagnosis that allows predicting extended life operation beyond design life. Status and trends on the NDT for plant life assessment have been discussed in many IAEA meetings related with NDT development, training and education. Experts have largely demonstrated that, using NDT methods, a comprehensive assessment of the life expectation of components, facilities and products is feasible. NDT technology for remaining life assessment of industrial equipment and engineering structures is already established in routine service mostly in developed countries. The NDT inspection of concrete structures and civil engineering constructions is another subject in development with much interest for developing Member States. There is a need for training material, which will assist developing Member States in formation and continuous training and education of their NDT specialists. The training course document on NDT applications provides basic information on NDT technology as applied for plant life assessment and concrete structures. It describes principles and practical aspects of major NDT methods. It contains useful information about the quality control and accreditation in NDT work according to ISO standards. This training textbook can be used as additional technical document for further qualification of NDT specialists and as basic material for information of managers and decision makers of industry on NDT prospects. It helps in transferring NDT technology to developing Member States. The IAEA wishes to thank all experts for their valuable contributions. The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was I. Einav of the Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences. EDITORIAL NOTE The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. CONTENTS 1. SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Useful concepts in non-destructive testing .................................................................................. 2 1.2.1. Non-destrictive testing (NDT) ........................................................................................... 2 1.2.2. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) .................................................................................... 3 1.2.3. NDT/NDE methods............................................................................................................ 3 1.3. Drivers for NDT inspection ......................................................................................................... 3 1.4. Scope for NDT inspection............................................................................................................ 4 1.5. Role of NDT specialist................................................................................................................. 6 1.6. Trends in NDT ............................................................................................................................. 6 2. REVIEW OF NDT METHODS.......................................................................................................... 8 2.1. Visual inspection.......................................................................................................................... 8 2.2. Liquid penetrant testing ............................................................................................................... 9 2.3. Magnetic particle testing............................................................................................................ 11 2.4. Electromagnetic or Eddy current testing....................................................................................13 2.5. Radiographic testing .................................................................................................................. 15 2.6. Ultrasonic testing ....................................................................................................................... 17 2.7. Other NDT techniques ............................................................................................................... 19 3. DIGITAL RADIOSCOPY ................................................................................................................ 20 3.1. Digital radioscopy method......................................................................................................... 21 3.2. Comparison of classical and digital industrial radiology........................................................... 23 3.2.1. New standards on digital industrial radiology .................................................................. 23 3.2.2. Comparison of digital radioscopy with film radiography................................................. 23 4. APPLICATIONS OF NDT METHODS........................................................................................... 24 4.1. NDT for plant life assessment.................................................................................................... 24 4.2. NDT inspection of metalic structures ........................................................................................ 26 4.2.1. Pipework NDT inspection................................................................................................ 26 4.2.2. Radiography testing for measuring of corrosion and deposit in pipes............................. 26 4.2.3. NDT inspection of boilers & pressure vessels ................................................................ 28 4.2.4. NDT inspection of heat exchanges & condensers ........................................................... 28 4.2.5. NDT inspection of turbines & other rotating plant .......................................................... 29 4.2.6. NDT inspection of bolts, studs......................................................................................... 29 4.2.7. NDT inspection of storage tanks...................................................................................... 29 4.2.8. NDT inspection of pipelines for transporting oil and gas ................................................ 29 4.3. NDT inspection of concrete structures....................................................................................... 31 4.3.1. Overall review of available NDT methods for concrete structures.................................. 33 4.3.2. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 40 5. PERSONNEL CERTIFICATION IN NDT ...................................................................................... 41 6. QUALITY CONTROL AND ACCREDITATION IN NDT............................................................ 42 6.1. Background
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