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Technika V Rozhodování Fotbalu Bakalářská Práce

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Technika V Rozhodování Fotbalu Bakalářská Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Fakulta sportovních studií Technika v rozhodování fotbalu Bakalářská práce Vedoucí bakalářské práce: Vypracoval: prof. RNDr. Evžen Amler, CSc. Lukáš Hoza Rozhodčí fotbalu Brno, 2014 Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracoval samostatně a na základě literatury a pramenů uvedených v použitých zdrojích. V Brně dne 15. dubna 2014 Lukáš Hoza Obsah Obsah................................................................................................ 3 Úvod.................................................................................................. 4 1 Cíl bakalářské práce ................................................................. 5 2 Vývoj rozhodcovství fotbalu..................................................... 6 3 Technika a výbava rozhodčího................................................. 8 3.1 Píšťalka............................................................................................... 8 3.2 Karty................................................................................................... 9 3.3 Praporky........................................................................................... 10 3.3.1 Signály asistenta rozhodčího....................................................... 11 3.4 Komunikátory .................................................................................. 14 3.5 Střídací tabule .................................................................................. 15 3.6 Brankoví rozhodčí............................................................................ 15 3.7 Brankové technologie (GLT systém) ............................................... 17 3.7.1 Cairos......................................................................................... 18 3.7.2 GoalMinder ................................................................................ 19 3.7.3 GoalControl................................................................................ 20 3.7.4 GoalRef...................................................................................... 21 3.7.5 Jestřábí oko ................................................................................ 22 3.7.6 Stadiony s nainstalovanými brankovými technologiemi.............. 23 3.8 Mizící sprej ....................................................................................... 24 4 Sporné branky ve fotbalových utkáních .................................25 4.1 Anglie- Německo 1966...................................................................... 25 4.2 Anglie- Německo 2006...................................................................... 26 4.3 Bulharsko- Rumunsko 1996............................................................. 27 4.4 Bayer 04 Leverkusen- Hoffenheim 2013 ......................................... 28 4.5 Juventus- AC Milán 2012................................................................. 29 4.6 Baník Ostrava- Viktoria Plzeň 2014................................................ 30 4.7 Liverpool- Chelsea 2005................................................................... 31 4.8 Chelsea- Liverpool 2012................................................................... 32 4.9 Anglie- Ukrajina 2012...................................................................... 33 Závěr................................................................................................34 Literatura ........................................................................................35 Summary .........................................................................................40 Úvod Fotbal je jednou z nejznámějších a nejpopulárnějších her na celém světě. Hraje se na obrovských stadionech, ale také na ulicích. Fotbal přináší radost a emoce a tolik důležité odreagování od problémů všedního života. Během průběhu let a vývoje fotbalu si ke kopané našlo cestu mnoho diváků. Především ti se zasloužili o rozšíření fotbalu. Při každém zápase proti sobě stojí 22 hráčů. Mezi nimi se však pohybují tři postavy v černém, kteří jsou neodmyslitelnou součástí hry. Tyto tři postavy jsou rozhodčí. Svými rozhodnutími určují směr zápasu a dohlížejí na dodržování pravidel. Často se proti nim zvedne vlna nevole kvůli některým rozhodnutím ať již chybným, či nikoliv. Rozhodčí je jen člověk, a ten není neomylný. I když by si to mnoho lidí z řad diváků, hráčů, ale i samotných rozhodčích přálo. Aby byly jejich rozhodnutí co nejpřesnější, jsou do fotbalu zaváděny nové prvky. Jedná se o přidání dalších rozhodčích, zavedení komunikačních zařízení a v posledních letech také zavedení videa. 4 1 Cíl bakalářské práce Cílem této bakalářské práce je přiblížit vývoj techniky v rozhodování fotbalu, nabídnout ucelený soubor prostředků používaných rozhodčími i s jejich zavedením do fotbalu, zaměřit se na zavedení videa ve fotbale a uvést konkrétní případy, kdy mohlo video změnit historii fotbalu. Práce by měla sloužit jak rozhodčím, tak široké veřejnosti, pro rozšíření obzorů ve vývoji jednoho z nejpopulárnějších sportů světa. 5 2 Vývoj techniky v rozhodcovství fotbalu Vývoj rozhodcovství a týmu rozhodčích prošlo v průběhu let dlouhodobým vývojem a mnohými změnami. V prvopočátcích fotbalu se rozhodovaly sporné momenty v zápasech na základě gentlemanské domluvy účastníků utkání. Zásadní slovo měli kapitáni obou mužstev. První rozhodčí začali v utkáních participovat až v roce 1873 (Mitáš, 2013). Do utkání však neměl pravomoc zasahovat. Jeho úkolem bylo na hru dohlížet a při dotazu hráčů jim poskytl svůj názor na danou situaci. Od roku 1881 je v pravidlech doporučováno, aby rozhodčí řídil hru (Mitáš, 2013). K tomu mu od roku 1887 dopomáhá píšťalka (Bedřich, 2006). Od roku 1892 dostává rozhodčí právo vlastního rozhodnutí i bez vyzvání družstev (Mitáš, 2013). Tato jeho rozhodnutí jsou konečná a mužstva jsou povinna je akceptovat, i kdyby nebyla objektivně správná. V roce 1899 byli rozhodčímu přiděleni dva čároví rozhodčí, zprvu zvaní „umpire“, rozhodoval však výlučně rozhodčí (Mitáš, 2013). Pravomoci pomocníků na čarách se postupně zvyšovaly- začali spolurozhodovat o ofsajdu, o straně, která provede vhazování a bylo jim také povoleno signalizovat zakázanou hru. Trvalo však téměř sto let, až do roku 1996, než se z pomezního rozhodčího („linesman“) stal asistent a jeho pravomoci byly rozšířeny do dnešní podoby. Poslední zásadní změna, která souvisí s přerozdělením kompetencí, přinesla asistentům možnost zasahovat přímo do dění na hrací ploše, a to pomocí signalizace, včetně pokutových území (Mitáš, 2013). V roce 2002 bylo schváleno zavedení čtvrtého rozhodčího (Mitáš, 2013). Tento rozhodčí neměl v kompetenci rozhodnutí mající vliv na vývoj utkání. Jeho úlohou byly organizační záležitosti. Jeho místo je za pomezní čárou mezi oběma lavičkami mužstev. Dohlíží na dodržování pravidel a zajišťuje správně prováděná střídání hráčů. K jeho výbavě patří střídací tabule a v posledních letech také komunikátory. Díky nim se rozšířily jeho kompetence, kdy má povinnost hlavnímu rozhodčímu sdělit svůj názor na situace, které nemohl hlavní rozhodčí vidět nebo o nichž měl čtvrtý rozhodčí lepší přehled. V posledních letech prochází složení rozhodcovského týmu zásadním vývojem, s cílem minimalizovat chyby. Testován byl systém dvou hlavních 6 rozhodčích, stejně jako je tomu například v hokeji. Tento experiment ale FIFA zastavila a začala testovat systém tzv. Additional Assistants Referee (brankový rozhodčí). Tito brankový rozhodčí byli testování nejprve v Evropské lize (UEFA Europa League) v sezoně 2009/2010 (FIFA, 2009) a v roce 2012 byli také součástí Mistrovství Evropy ve fotbale v roce 2012 v Polsku a na Ukrajině (Mitáš, 2013). V posledních letech začínají i do fotbalu pronikat moderní technologie. Konkrétně se jedná o technologie sledující brankovou čáru (Goal-line Technologies, GLT), které se poprvé představí na Mistrovství světa v Brazílii v roce 2014. 7 3 Technika a výbava rozhodčího Rozhodčí na hřišti využívá mnoha pomůcek, které mu pomáhají ve vykonávání dobrých výkonů na hřišti. Ať už se jedná o symbol každého rozhodčího, píšťalku, nebo o nově zaváděné brankové technologie. 3.1 Píšťalka Historie prvního použití píšťalky ve fotbalovém utkání se datuje do 19. století, konkrétně do roku 1878, do anglického města Nottingham. (Bedřich, 2006) Zdejší rozhodčí Joseph Hudson z Birminghamu (Acme, n.d.) během utkání nedokázal, do té doby tradičním voláním na hráče, docílit svého. Rozhodl se tedy použít svou píšťalku na psa. Toto rozhodnutí mělo úspěch a od roku 1887 byli rozhodčí píšťalkou vybaveni. V dnešní době patří píšťalka k hlavnímu symbolu rozhodčího. V dnešní době je na výběr mnoho typů píšťalek pro rozhodčí, ale hlavními distributory jsou anglická firma Acme a kanadská firma Fox. Firma Acme úzce souvisí s výše zmíněným Josephem Hudsonem, který v roce 1884 vynalezl píšťalku Acme Thunderer (Obr. 1), která se stala jednou z nejprodávanějších píšťalek na světě (Sportskeeda, 2013). Mezi nejužívanější píšťalky fotbalových rozhodčích patří Acme Tornado (Obr. 2), zahnutá píšťalka s pronikavým zvukem, u které je potřeba najít správný úhel a sílu dechu, dvou-frekvenční Acme T2000 vhodná na velké stadiony, jelikož je dobře slyšet jak v blízkosti rozhodčího, tak na dálku a Fox 40 (Obr. 3) s vyšším tónem. Všechny tyto zmíněné píšťalky jsou bezkuličkové. Na některé z píšťalek je potřeba naučit se pískat a každému může vyhovovat píšťalka jiná. Která je pro jednoho ideální volbou, může být pro jiného „noční můrou“. Píšťalka musí být slyšet a její výběr je tedy pro každého rozhodčího důležitý. Při výběru je nutné si uvědomit jak je složité s
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