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A Resistência Política Pró-Egito Em Canaã No Período De Amarna

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A Resistência Política Pró-Egito Em Canaã No Período De Amarna PERSPECTIVA TEOLÓGIA ADERE A UMA LICENÇA NÃO COMERCIAL 4.0 CREATIVE COMMONS DZȱŗŖǯŘŖşŗŗȦŘŗŝŜŞŝśŝśŖŗşřȦŘŖŗŞ A RESISTÊNCIA POLÍTICA PRÓ -EGITO EM CANAà NO PERÍODO DE AMARNA The Political Resistance Pro-Egypt in Canaan in the Amarna Period José Ademar Kaefer * RESUMO: ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ·ȱ ȱ ȱ ¹ȱ Çȱ £ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ àȬȱ ȱ ȱ ³ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¨ȱ ȱȱÇȱȱȱȱǯȱȱÇǰȱȱȱȱȱȂ¢ǰȱ ȱȱ·ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱ¨ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¨ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ³ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Jezreel, celeiro de Canaã, o Egito se obrigou a entrar em ação e a organizar seus ȱȱȱȱȱę·ǯȱȱȱ¤ȱȱ·ȱȱ¤ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ £ȱǻȱŘŘŝȱȱŘŘŞǼǰȱȱ Ȭȱȱ ȱǻȱŘŚşȱȱŘśŖǼȱȱȱ ·ȱǻȱŘŞśȬŘşŖǼȱȱȱȱȬǯ PALAVRAS-CHAVE: ȱȱǯȱȂ¢ǯȱ £ǯȱ Ȭǯȱ ·ǯ ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to present the political resistance organized by the pro-Egypt city-states in face of the advance of the Shechemite rebellion ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ Ĵȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȃ¢ǰȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭǰȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ £ȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ £ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢£ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ǻȱ ŘŘŝȱ ȱ ŘŘŞǼǰȱ Ȭȱ ȱȱǻȱŘŚşȱȱŘśŖǼȱȱ ȱǻȱŘŞśȬŘşŖǼȱȱȱȱȬȱǯ KEYWORDS: ȱȱĴǯȱȂ¢ǯȱ £ǯȱ Ȭǯȱ ǯ Șȱȱȱȱ¨ȱȱǻǼǰȱ¨ȱǰȱǯ Perspect. Teol., Belo Horizonte, v. 50, n. 1, p. 93-109, Jan./Abr. 2018 93 Introdução ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ·ȱ ȱ ȱ AÇȱ ȱ ·ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Çȱ ȱ ȱ Çȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗřşŖȬŗřśŘǼȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱ ǻŗřśŘȬŗřřŜǼǰȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ¨ȱ ȱ ȱ ¨ȱ Ȭǰȱ ȱȱȂ¢ǰȱȱȱ·ǯȱàȱȱȱȱȱȱ Çȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŘŚŜǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¹ȱ ¥ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ e estenderam a revolta por grande parte do território centro e sul de Ca- ¨ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ³¨ǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ contra ou a favor da rebelião, algumas se aliaram aos rebeldes e outras ȱȱę·ȱȱǯ ȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŘŚŘȬŘŚŜȱ ȱ řŜśǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Çȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ·ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ ȱ³ȱȬȂ¢ȱȱȱȱȱę·ȱȱȱȱȱ ³ȱȱ³¨ǯȱ·ȱȱȱȱȱȱ - Ȭǰȱȱȱȱ¨ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¨ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¨ȱȱDZȱ ȱ ŘŘŝȱ ȱ ŘŘŞǰȱ ȱȱ ȁȬǰȱȱ ȱ £Dzȱ ȱ ŘŚşȱ ȱ ŘśŖǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȁ - Ȭǯ ǰȱȱ ȱ ȬȱǻǵǼDzȱ ȱ ȱȱ ŘŞśȬŘşŖǰȱ ȱȱ ȁȬ ǰȱȱȱ ·ǯ 1 Hazor Hazor ou Hasôra (Tell el-Qedah) foi uma das maiores cidades, senão a ǰȱ ȱ ¨ȱ ȱ Çȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŗŘǰȱǯȱŗşȬŘŗǼǯȱ £ȱȱ ȱȱȱŘŖȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ£ȱ·ȱȱǰȱ - ȱ³äȱȱȱȱȱȱ¦ǰȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¨ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ǰȱ ǰȱ Ȃǰȱ ŘŖŖŚǰȱ ǯȱ ŘŘŝǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¦ǰȱ somente duas cartas enviadas de Hazor foram encontradas em Tell el- ȬDZȱȱŘŘŝȱȱȱŘŘŞǯȱǷ 1.1 EA 227: Júbilo pela visita do faraó 1 ǻŗȬŚǼDZ diga ao rei, meu senhor, a mensagem do rei da cidade de Hasuru. Aos pés do meu senhor eu tenho me prostrado. ŗȱȱȱ³äȱȱ¹ȱȱȱǯȱǯȱ ȱȱĴǯ Baltimore/London: ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱŗşşŘDzȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ǯȱ The El-Amarna Correspondence 94 Perspect. Teol., Belo Horizonte, v. 50, n. 1, p. 93-109, Jan./Abr. 2018 ǻśȬŝǼDZ Eis que eu tenho guardado as cidades do rei, meu senhor, até a vinda do meu senhor a mi[m]. ǻŞȬŗŚǼDZ E quando eu escutei estas suas palavras então a vida do deus sol, meu deus e [meu deus sol], veio diante de mim e quando ela era ouvida, eu tomei [conselho]; e meu júbilo foi completo e os deuses olharam (favoráveis) para mim. E agora estou preparando tudo até a chegada do rei, [meu] senhor. ȱȱ·ȱŘŞȱǰȱȱȱàȱȱȱȱ·ȱÇǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ àȱ ¥ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ øȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¨ȱ ·ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱŘŘŞǰȱȱȬȱȱȁȬǯȱ Quatro aspectos chamam a atenção: o governante de Hazor se apresenta como rei ( LUGAL Ǽǰȱȱøȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ¨ȱ ·ȱ ȱ ȱ àȱ ȱ ³¨ǰȱ ȱ ¥ȱ ȱ ǯȱ Hazor controla/guarda outras cidades menores ( URU.DIDLI.HI.A-ni-si ), ȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŗŜǰȱǯȱŚşǼǯȱ1ȱȱøȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ£ȱ¹ȱ¥ȱȱȱȱàǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ¦ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ £ǯȱ Çȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻŗřşŖȬŗřśŘǼǵȱ1ȱÇȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Çȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¨ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¨ȱ ¤ȱ ³¨ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ £ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ǻȱȬǼǰȱ¨ȱ¤ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ£ǰȱȱȱȱ £ȱȱ£ȱȱ¨ȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¨ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¨ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¨ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¨ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Çȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ tomar o Vale de Jezreel, não tendo o menor interesse em se meter com a ȱ £ǰȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¤ȱȱ³¨ǯ ŗǯŘȱȱŘŘŞDZȱȱȱę ȱȱȱȱȱ¹ȱȱȱàȱȱ³¨ǰȱ ¨ȱȱ³¨ǰȱȱ·ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ - ǰȱ ŘŖŖśǰȱ ǯȱ řşŝȬŚŖŜǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¨ȱ ·ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¦ǯ ǻŗŖȬŗŝǼDZȱEis que sou o servo leal do rei, meu senhor, e agora estou guardando a cidade de Hasuru, com suas aldeias ǽpar Ǿa o rei, meu senhor. ǻŗŞȬŘśǼDZȱQue o rei, meu senhor, dê atenção para o que está sendo feito contra a cidade de Hasuru, tua cidade, e contra o teu servo. ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Extant Tablets. ȬDZȱǰȱŘŖŗśǯ Perspect. Teol., Belo Horizonte, v. 50, n. 1, p. 93-109, Jan./Abr. 2018 95 ȱȱŘŘŞȱ·ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¹ȱ³äDZȱ¥ȱę - lidade de ‘Abdi-Shullim, ao cuidado da cidade de Hazor e suas aldeias, e ¥ȱȱȱǰȱȁȬǰȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ £ȱȱȱøȱȱȱȦǯȱȱȱřŜŚǰŗŝȬ Řřǰȱ¢¢ǰȱȱȱǰȱ¡Ȭȱȱàȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ¹ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ǯȱȱęȱȱ¨ȱȱȱ¦ǰȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱ ȱÇȱȱ £ǰȱ·ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ·ȱàȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¨ȱ ǻ ǰȱ ǰȱ Ȃǰȱ ŘŖŖŚǰȱ ǯȱ ŘŘŝǼǯȱ£ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȁȬȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¤ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻŗŞȬŘśǼǯ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ £ȱ¨ȱ¤ȱȱ ȱ³¨ȱȱȂ¢ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱǻǰȱ ŘŖŗřǰȱ ǯȱ ŝşȬŞŞǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¨ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭǰȱ ȱȱȱǯ 2 Gath-Padalla ȱ£³¨ȱ¡ȱȱ Ȭȱȱ·ȱȱàǯȱ ǰȱ¨ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ·ȱȱȱȱȁȬǯ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ·ȱ ȱ ȱ ¤ǯȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ Ȭȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Çȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ Ȭ ǰȱ ŘŖŗśǰȱ ǯȱ ŗśŜśǼǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȂȱǻŘŖŖŚǰȱǯȱŘŚŞȬŘśŖǼǰȱȱȱȱȂȬǯ ȱȱ ȱǻȱǼȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ Ř Assim, Rehov seria um dos grandes centros de Canaã DZȱǰȱȱ¨ǰȱȱȱȱȱ £ȱDzȱ·ȱȱ ȱȱDzȱȱȱǻǼȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȁȬǯ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱǻȱŘŚşǼȱȱȱȱȱǻȱŘśŖǼǯ 2.1 EA 249: Acusação contra Ba‘lu-UR.SAG ǻŗȬŚǼDZȱ ǽdig Ǿa ǽao Ǿ rei, ȱ ǽ meu Ǿȱ senho ǽrǾ, a mensagem de Ba‘lu-UR.SAG, seu servo. Eu caio aos pés do rei, meu senhor, seve vezes e sete vezes. ǻŚȬŗŝǼDZ Ao rei, meu senhor: e que ele seja informado de que meus h ǽomens Ǿ esteja a ³ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ę£ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ř Para estes, Ba‘lu-UR ǯ ȱ ȱ Ba’lu-meher ȱ ǻȱ ŘśŝȬŘŜŖȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ àȱ ȱ mesmo governante, Ba’lu-meher ǯ 96 Perspect. Teol., Belo Horizonte, v. 50, n. 1, p. 93-109, Jan./Abr. 2018 como se (fossem ) seus servos? Para Tagi, seu sogro, ele deu seus (próprios) homens. O que eu posso fazer, por acaso eu não sou um servo leal do rei? Meus homens [não] são capazes de me ǽser Ǿvir? Que a palavra do rei ǽvenha Ǿ até mim para que Milkilu ǽescu Ǿte e Lab’yu. ȱȱȱȱȱȱřŖȱȱ¤ȱȱȱȱ³äȱ ȱȱȱ¨ȱ¨ȱȱǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ·ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱàȱȱȁȬǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ³ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱ ȱ Ȃ¢ȱȱȱȱ Ȭ ȱǻȱŘŜŚȬŘŜŜǼǯȱǰȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȂ¢ǰȱȱȱȱàǯ ř ȱ¢ȱǻŘŖŗśǰȱǯȱŗśŝŝǼǰȱ Ȭ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ³ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¤ȱ ¤ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱàȱȱÇǰȱ ȱǻ et al ǰȱŘŖŖŚǰȱǯȱŘśŜȬŘśŞǼȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ àȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ - ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¨ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ·ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȬǯ ȱ ·ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ - ³¨ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ¨ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱǰȱȱȱ ³¨ȱȱȱȱȱǯ 2.2 EA 250 – Um vassalo encurralado ǻŚȬŞǼDZ Seja o rei, meu senhor informado ǽqǾȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ǽsǾ ǰȱȱȱęȱȱȂ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱàȱ do rei, meu senhor, depois do pai de ǽles Ǿ causar sua perda. ǻşȬŗŚǼDZȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȂ¢ȱ têm me atormentado: “Por que você deu a cidade de Gath-Padalla ǽnas Ǿ mãos do rei, teu senhor, a cidade que Lab’yu, nosso pai tomou?” ǻŗśȬŘŘǼDZȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ Ȃ¢ȱ £ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȃ³ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¹ȱ ¨ȱ ę£ȱ guerra, nós seremos teus inimigos”. E eu lhes respondi: “Que o Deus do rei, ǽmǾeu senhor, livre-me de fazer guerra com os homens de Gina, servos do rei, meu senhor”. ǻŘŘȬŘŝǼDZȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ¢ - £ȱȱȱȱDZȱȃ¹ȱ¤ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȂ¢ȱȱ¹ȱ¤ȱ um traidor para o rei”. ǻŘŞȬřŖǼDZ Depois disso, que o rei, meu senhor, de novo escreva pa ǽra m Ǿim ǽa respeito Ǿ da atitude ȱǽ que ǾȱȱǽȱȱǾȱȱȱȱę ǽos de L Ǿab‘yu. řȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǻŘŖŖśǰȱ ǯȱ ŗśřǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȬǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¨ȱȱȱȱ ȱȦȱȱ³ȱȱȬȱȱǰȱȱȱ £ǯ Perspect. Teol., Belo Horizonte, v. 50, n. 1, p. 93-109, Jan./Abr. 2018 97 ǻřŗȬřşǼDZ A ǽlém dis Ǿso, ǽ... Ǿ Milkilu fez contato ǽcǾom eles, um ǽacor Ǿdo foi celebrado entre eles ǽeǾ a ǽssi Ǿȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ Ȃ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ¢ȱ causar a perda do territó[rio do] r[ei, m]eu senhor, com eles, depois que Milkilu e Lab’ayu causaram a perda. ǻŚŖȬŚŝǼ: E assim, os dois ǽęǾlh ǽos de L Ǿab ǽ‘a Ǿ¢ȱęȱ£DZȱȃ³ȱȱȱ£ȱ nosso pai contra o rei, teu senhor, quando ele atacou a cidade de Shunama e contra a cidade de Burquna e contra a cidade de ‘Arabu e ele as arrancou.
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