DOCSLIB.ORG

Walt-Her Eichrodt

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Walt-Her Eichrodt THE OLD TESTAMENT LIBRARY WALT-HER EICHRODT General Editors G. ERNEST WRIGHT, The Divinity School, Harvard University JOHN BRIGHT, Union Theological Seminary, Richmond, Virginia JAMES BARR, Princeton Theological Seminary PETER ACKROYD, University of London VOLUME ONE Translated by J. A. BAKER The Westminster Press Philadelphia Copyright 0 1961 S.C.M. Press, Ltd. Translated by J. A. Baker from the German This edition in the English language Theologie des Alten Testaments, Teil I is dedicated to the (sixth edition, 1959, published by Ehrenfried Klotz Verlag, Stuttgart, Society for Old Testament Study in association with and to the Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Gattingen, SocietJy of Biblical Literature and Exegesis with the author’s revisions to November I 960) with the gratitude of the author for honoray membership of these British and American learned bodies Library of Congress Catalog Card No. X 6 I-I I 867 Eighth Printing, 1975 TYPESET IN GREAT BRITAIN PRINTED IN TIIE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS From the Preface to the First Edition II Preface to the Fifth Revised Edition 13 Preface to the English Edition 17 Translator’s Preface 23 Abbreviations 24 I. Old Testament Theology: The Problem and the Method 25 II. The Covenant Relationship 36 I, The meaning of the covenant concept 36 2. The history of the covenant concept 45 I The jeopardizing of the Yahweh covenant 45 II The re-fashioning of the covenant concept 49 III. The Covenant Statutes 70 A. THE SECULAR LAW 74 I. Its distinctive character 74 2. Some crucial phases in the development of the law 83 IV. The Covenant Statutes (continued) 98 B. THE CULTUS 98 I. The significance of the cultus for religion in general 98 2. The significance of the cultus in the religion of Israel 101 I Sacred sites 102 II Sacred objects *o7 III Sacred seasons “9 IV Sacred actions I33 (a) Consecration and purity rites ‘33 (b) Sacrificial worship 14’ (c) Prayer 172 V Synthesis 176 7 8 CONTENTS CONTENTS 9 V. The Name of the Covenant God 178 III The religious structure of classical prophecy 345 The new exnerience of the divine reality 345 I. General semitic designations of God 178 (4 The working out of the experience of God in the 2. Specifically Israelite designations of God w 187 prophetic system of thought 353 3. Epithets of Yahweh ‘94 (4 The new sense of the unity of I@ 353 (B> The divine-human relationship transferred to the indi- vidual level 356 VI. The Nature of the Covenant God 206 (Y> The prophetic critique of daily life 360 A. AFFIRMATIONS ABOUT THE DIVINE BEING 206 (8) The prophetic attitude to the cultus 364 The prophetic attitude to the national religion 369 I. God as personal 206 (4 ( I) Common presuppositions 369 2. God as spiritual 210 (2) The prophetic re-shaping of the national religion 371 3. God as one 220 (0 Sin and judgment 374 (4 The prophetic conception of history 381 P> Eschatolog_y 385 Synthesis VII. The Nature of the Covenant God (continued) 228 (4 387 B. AFFIRMATIONS ABOUT THE DIVINE ACTIVITY 228 I. The power of God 228 2. The lovingkindness of God (hesed Yahweh) 232 IX. The Instruments of the Covenant (continued) 392 B. THE OFFICIAL LEADERS 392 3. The righteousness of God 239 I. The priests 392 4. The love of God 250 I The formation of the priesthood in the history of 5. The wrath of God 258 Israel 392 6. The holiness of God 270 II The religious structure of the priesthood 402 7. The relation of the Old Testament picture of God to the (a) General 402 moral norm 282 (b) The distinctive character of the priestly concep- 8. Synthesis 286 tion of God 406 (c) The relations between God and the world 410 (d) The place of man in the world 415 (a) Human right conduct 4’5 VIII. The Instruments of the Covenant 289 (18) Cultic activity 4’9 A. THE CHARISMATIC LEADERS 289 (y) Human existence in time (history and eschatology) 424 I. The founder of the religion 289 (e) Synthesis 433 2. The seers 293 2. The king 436 3. The Nazirites 306 I The origin of the monarchy 438 II The ambivalent assessment of the monarchy in the 4. The judges 306 sources 44’ 5. Nabism 309 III The monarchy as a religious office in the history of the I The basic characteristics of the phenomenon 309 covenant people 442 (a) The phenomenon of group ecstasy 309 IV The religious effects of the monarchy 452 (b) The general religious character of the phenomenon 3 I 3 (c) The effects of spirit-possession 319 II The theological significance of nabism 3’8 III The degeneration of nabism 332 X. Covenant-Breaking and Judgment 457 6. Classical prophecy 338 I. Judgment as a guarantee and restoration of the covenant 457 I Links with nabism 339 I The possibility of annulment 457 II The distinctive character of classical prophecy 34’ II A new evaluation of God’s covenant 458 IO CONTENTS III The hope of the overthrow and punishment of Israel’s enemies 459 IV Foreign influences 461 v An execution of Yahweh’s righteous judgment 461 2. Judgment as abrogation of the covenant 462 I The transformation of the limited vision of the future 462 II The change in the character of the expectation of doom 464 III Individual retribution 467 From the PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 3. Individualist and universalist elements in the expectation of judgment 467 HE spiritual situationin general and that of theology in particular is impressing ever more peremptorily on everyone concerned with XI. Fulfilling the Covenant: The Consummation of God’s T Old Testament studies the need for a new essay in OT theology. There are quite enough historical descriptions of Israelite and Dominion 472 Judaistic religion: but by contrast only the most rudimentary attempts I. The principal forms of the Old Testament hope of salva- tion 473 have been made to present the religion of which the records are to be 2. The importance of the hope of salvation for the doctrine found in the Old Testament as a self-contained entity exhibiting, of God 490 despite ever-changing historical conditions, a constant basic tendency I The entry of God into history 490 and character. It is precisely such a presentation, however, which has II The supramundane character of the messianic king- today become quite indispensable in the face both of the deep issues dom 491 raised by the comparative study of religions and of the current III The solution of the pressing problems of religion 492 impassioned analyses of the Christian religion and its relation to its 3. The origins of the Old Testament hope of salvation 494 I Mythical elements 494 Israelite past. Indeed, to anyone who is in any way acquainted with II Its cultic derivation 497 the problems involved the whole difficulty of the project is so strongly III Its nationalist origin 498 contemporary, that a doubt whether the question can be solved with Iv Its religous core 499 the means at present at our disposal must seem only too well justified. 4. Prediction and fulfilment 50’ The author of the present work has, therefore, entered on his task not I The various attempts at a solution 502 light-heartedly but only under the strongest pressure from very II The double relationship of prediction and fulfilment 508 diverse quarters. The experience which he has been able to gain in working over the material during repeated courses of lectures has indeed been encouraging: but in addition what has helped him to Excursus : The Problem of Old Testament Theology 512 persevere in his work is the conviction that it is better at least to hazard an attempt to master a problem which has become too Index of subjects 521 insistent to ignore-and thereby, perhaps, to provide a stimulus for better solutions-than to leave the whole matter undisturbed. He is Index of modern authors 530 fully aware that in doing so he has departed from the usual procedure, Index of biblical passages 535 not only in the arrangement of the material, but even more in the effort to determine which questions are fundamental to the faith of the OT. This will be especially noticeable with regard to the signifi- cance of the Covenant, its institutions in Law and Cult, and its instruments of expression in Prophecy and Priesthood. But this pproach wi.ll seem a disadvantage only to those who cannot see how II 12 FROM THE PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION miserably inadequate at just these points is the usual theology-one which thinks that the essence of OT religion can be displayed in the bloodless abstraction of ‘ethical monotheism’, simply because it can- not free itself from the values of a rationalistic individualism and the structure-patterns of developmental theories. It is, therefore, the author’s hope that this first part of the Theology of the Old Testa- ment, which aims at clarifying the most important fundamental PREFACE TO THE FIFTH REVISED EDITION questions, may be of some service to many who in the controversy about the OT are looking for new lines along which to direct their INCE the appearance of the First Edition of the present work there thoughts. has been a very happy revival oftheological work on the OldTesta- W. EI~HRODT ment, and such work has now won back its rightful place in acade- Base1 S mic studies in a field where the religio-historical approach for a long 34) ‘933 time held wellnigh undisputed sway.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Resistência Política Pró-Egito Em Canaã No Período De Amarna
    PERSPECTIVA TEOLÓGIA ADERE A UMA LICENÇA NÃO COMERCIAL 4.0 CREATIVE COMMONS DZȱŗŖǯŘŖşŗŗȦŘŗŝŜŞŝśŝśŖŗşřȦŘŖŗŞ A RESISTÊNCIA POLÍTICA PRÓ -EGITO EM CANAà NO PERÍODO DE AMARNA The Political Resistance Pro-Egypt in Canaan in the Amarna Period José Ademar Kaefer * RESUMO: ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ·ȱ ȱ ȱ ¹ȱ Çȱ £ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ àȬȱ ȱ ȱ ³ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¨ȱ ȱȱÇȱȱȱȱǯȱȱÇǰȱȱȱȱȱȂ¢ǰȱ ȱȱ·ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱ¨ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¨ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ³ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Jezreel, celeiro de Canaã, o Egito se obrigou a entrar em ação e a organizar seus ȱȱȱȱȱę·ǯȱȱȱ¤ȱȱ·ȱȱ¤ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ £ȱǻȱŘŘŝȱȱŘŘŞǼǰȱȱ Ȭȱȱ ȱǻȱŘŚşȱȱŘśŖǼȱȱȱ ·ȱǻȱŘŞśȬŘşŖǼȱȱȱȱȬǯ PALAVRAS-CHAVE: ȱȱǯȱȂ¢ǯȱ £ǯȱ Ȭǯȱ ·ǯ ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to present the political resistance organized by the pro-Egypt city-states in face of the advance of the Shechemite rebellion ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ Ĵȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȃ¢ǰȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭǰȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ £ȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ £ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢£ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ǻȱ ŘŘŝȱ ȱ ŘŘŞǼǰȱ Ȭȱ ȱȱǻȱŘŚşȱȱŘśŖǼȱȱ ȱǻȱŘŞśȬŘşŖǼȱȱȱȱȬȱǯ KEYWORDS: ȱȱĴǯȱȂ¢ǯȱ £ǯȱ Ȭǯȱ ǯ Șȱȱȱȱ¨ȱȱǻǼǰȱ¨ȱǰȱǯ Perspect. Teol., Belo Horizonte, v. 50, n. 1, p. 93-109, Jan./Abr. 2018 93 Introdução ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ·ȱ ȱ ȱ AÇȱ ȱ ·ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Çȱ ȱ ȱ Çȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗřşŖȬŗřśŘǼȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱ ǻŗřśŘȬŗřřŜǼǰȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ¨ȱ ȱ ȱ ¨ȱ Ȭǰȱ ȱȱȂ¢ǰȱȱȱ·ǯȱàȱȱȱȱȱȱ Çȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŘŚŜǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¹ȱ ¥ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ e estenderam a revolta por grande parte do território centro e sul de Ca- ¨ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ³¨ǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ contra ou a favor da rebelião, algumas se aliaram aos rebeldes e outras ȱȱę·ȱȱǯ ȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŘŚŘȬŘŚŜȱ ȱ řŜśǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Çȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ·ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ ȱ³ȱȬȂ¢ȱȱȱȱȱę·ȱȱȱȱȱ
    [Show full text]
  • Selections from the Tell El-Amarna Letters
    LaAsy _L-^_ jns from the -1-Amarna Lei TEXTS FOR STUDENTS. No. 16. SELECTIONS FROM THii TELL EL-AMARNA LETTERS BY PERCY HANDGOGK. M.A Vice 4d. net, HELPS FOR STUDENTS OF HISTORY. No. 1. EPISCOPAL REGISTERS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. By R. C 6d. net. No. 2. MUNICIPAL RECORDS. By F. ]. C. HEARNSHAW, M.A. 6d. net. No. 3. MEDIEVAL RECKONINGS OF TIME. By REGINALD L. POOLE, LL.D., L No. 4. THE PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE. CHARLES JOHNSON. 6d. net. No. 5. THE CARE OF DOCUMENTS. CHARLES JOHNSON. 6d. net. No. 6. THE LOGIC OF HISTORY. By C. G. CRUMP. 8d. net. No. 7. DOCUMENTS IN THE PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, DUBLIN. By R. H. MURRAY, LittD. Sd. net. No. 8. THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION. By ARTHUR A. TILLEV, M.A. 6d. net. BY SIR A. W. WARD, Litt.D., F.B.A.: No. 9. THE PERIOD OF CONGRESSES, I. Introductory. 8d. net. No. 10. THE PERIOD OF CONGRESSES, II. Vienna and the Second Peace of Paris, is. net. No. 11. THE PERIOD OF CONGRESSES, III. Aix-la-Chapelle to Verona, is. net. (No 10, and ii in one volume, cloth 35. 6d. net.) No. 12. SECURITIES OF PEACE. A Retrospect 2s. (1848 1914). Paper ; cloth3s.net. TEXTS FOR STUDENTS. No. 16 GENERAL EDITORS: CAROLINE A. J. SKEEL, D.LlT. ; H. J. WHITE, D.D. ; J. P. WHITNEY, D.D., D.C.L. SELECTIONS FROM THE TELL EL-AMARNA LETTERS BY PERCY HANDCOCK, MA. BARRISTER- AT-I.AW FORMERLY ASSISTANT TO THJE KKBPBK OF BGVPTIAN AND ASSYKIAN ANTIQUITIES, BRITISH MUS'.UM LONDON SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE NEW YORKi THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1920 SELECTIONS FROM THE TELL EL-AMARNA LETTERS INTRODUCTION IN 1887, some fellahin, digging at a spot called Tell El- Amarna, about 170 miles south of Cairo, the site of Ajjetaton (Horizon of Aton), the new capital built by Amenhetep IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Foundations for Internationalism in the Ancient Near
    Regional Foundations for Internationalism in the Ancient Near East: The Case of Canaan Aaron Irvin University of California, Los Angeles Abstract In the early 15 th through 13 th centuries BCE, the world of the Near East, from the Mediterranean to modern day Iran, was linked together in what historians today call the First International Age. Correspondence from that period found at El Amarna in Egypt and other sites in Mesopotamia and Anatolia details the diplomatic and economic exchanges between the “Great Powers” of the time (Babylon, Assyria, Mittani, Hatti, and Egypt), and contains letters from the Egyptian vassal kingdoms in the Levant, known as Canaan. The complex diplomatic interchanges and active economic trade during this period were possible because of the status of Canaan as a series of semi-autonomous vassal states under the Egyptian empire. Canaan acted as the economic center for the entire region, linking the goods and kingdoms of southwest Asia, Africa, and southeastern Europe into a single trading system. Though under the nominal control of Egypt, Canaan served as neutral territory for all the powers, enabling complex political and diplomatic interchange throughout the region. This paper explores the conditions within Canaan that allowed this system of exchange to flourish, and will show that a number of military, political, and cultural factors in Canaan, which were cultivated by the Egyptians, allowed the region to act as an international territory facilitating trade and political interaction between the Great Powers. 1 In the early 15 th through 13 th centuries BCE, the world of the Near East, from the Mediterranean to modern day Iran, was linked together in what historians today call the First International Age.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley Working Papers
    UC Berkeley Working Papers Title Regional Foundations for Internationalism in the Ancient Near East: The Case of Canaan Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5gh13054 Author Irvin, Aaron Publication Date 2007-10-08 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Regional Foundations for Internationalism in the Ancient Near East: The Case of Canaan Aaron Irvin University of California, Los Angeles Abstract In the early 15 th through 13 th centuries BCE, the world of the Near East, from the Mediterranean to modern day Iran, was linked together in what historians today call the First International Age. Correspondence from that period found at El Amarna in Egypt and other sites in Mesopotamia and Anatolia details the diplomatic and economic exchanges between the “Great Powers” of the time (Babylon, Assyria, Mittani, Hatti, and Egypt), and contains letters from the Egyptian vassal kingdoms in the Levant, known as Canaan. The complex diplomatic interchanges and active economic trade during this period were possible because of the status of Canaan as a series of semi-autonomous vassal states under the Egyptian empire. Canaan acted as the economic center for the entire region, linking the goods and kingdoms of southwest Asia, Africa, and southeastern Europe into a single trading system. Though under the nominal control of Egypt, Canaan served as neutral territory for all the powers, enabling complex political and diplomatic interchange throughout the region. This paper explores the conditions within Canaan that allowed this system of exchange to flourish, and will show that a number of military, political, and cultural factors in Canaan, which were cultivated by the Egyptians, allowed the region to act as an international territory facilitating trade and political interaction between the Great Powers.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Empire: Complex Interaction Fields in the Late Bronze Age Levant by Samuel R Burns
    Beyond Empire: Complex Interaction Fields in the Late Bronze Age Levant by Samuel R Burns A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors Department of Near Eastern Studies in The University of Michigan 2010 Advisors: Professor Gary M. Beckman Professor Henry T. Wright (Department of Anthropology) © Samuel R Burns 2010 To Nami ii Table of Contents Table of Figures ...................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................v Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................vii 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................1 2. Modeling Empires ........................................................................................3 2.1. What is an Empire? ..............................................................................................3 2.2. The Inadequacy of Empire ................................................................................13 2.3. Towards a New Model ........................................................................................17 3. Egypt and Amurru: Historical Background ............................................22 3.1. The Sources .........................................................................................................22
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient History Primary Sources Ancient Egypt.Indd
    Ancient Literature Significant Excerpts from the Books of Classical Authors Which You Can Use to Supplement Your History Curriculum Volume Four Ancient Egypt Compiled by Laurie Bluedorn May be used with Ancient History from Primary Sources: A Literary Timeline by Harvey and Laurie Bluedorn September, 2008 Trivium Pursuit Ancient Literature: Significant Excerpts from the Books of Classical Authors Which You Can Use to Supplement Your History Curriculum -- Volume Four: Ancient Egypt Compiled by Laurie Bluedorn May be used with Ancient History from Primary Sources: A Literary Timeline by Harvey and Laurie Bluedorn Trivium Pursuit 525 120th Avenue New Boston, Illinois 61272 515-249-3611 www.triviumpursuit.com Copyright 2008 by Harvey and Laurie Bluedorn. All rights reserved. This book was published in September of the year two thousand eight by Harvey and Laurie Bluedorn. Ancient Literature: Significant Excerpts from the Books of Classical Authors Which You Can Use to Supplement Your History Curriculum -- Volume Four: Ancient Egypt is the private property of Harvey and Laurie Bluedorn. You may not share this file with anyone, either by send- ing it directly or by posting it on the web. You are welcome to print as many copies as you like for students whom you yourself teach in your classroom, home, or co-op. You may also copy this file to any electronic device which you own for viewing by your students. Reselling this file is prohibited. Contents Moses – NAME OF AUTHOR Bible: Genesis – NAME OF BOOK The Tower of Babel – DESCRIPTION OF SIGNIFICANT EXCERPT Josephus Antiquities of the Jews Where the children of Ham settled after the Tower of Babel David Bible: Psalm Egypt was called the land of Ham or the land of Mizraim Herodotus The History Min, first king of Egypt Diodorus Siculus Historical Library Early history of Egypt Diodorus Siculus Historical Library Cheops builds the pyramid Herodotus The History The pyramids The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep Considered the oldest book in the world; a compilation of wise sayings; writ- ten c.
    [Show full text]
  • Judaism: History, Belief and Practice As the Text- Across a Wide Range of Hebrew Terms
    JUDAISM This all-encompassing textbook is an unrivalled guide to the history, beliefs and practice of Judaism. Beginning with the ancient Near Eastern background, it covers early Israelite history, the emergence of classical rabbinic literature and the rise of medieval Judaism in Islamic and Christian lands. It also includes the early modern period and the development of Jewry in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Extracts from primary sources are used throughout to enliven the narrative and provide concrete examples of the rich variety of Jewish civilization. Specially designed to assist learning, Judaism: • Introduces texts and commentaries, including the Hebrew Bible, rabbinic texts, mystical literature, Jewish philosophy and Jewish theology • Provides the skills necessary to understand these step-by-step with the help of a companion website • Explains how to interpret the major events in nearly four thousand years of Jewish history • Supports study with discussion questions on the central historical and religious issues, and includes key reading for each chapter, an extensive glossary and index • Illustrates the development of Judaism, its concepts and observances, with 75 maps and 94 photos, paintings and engravings • Links each chapter to a free companion website which provides things to think about, things to do and tips for teachers as well as other online resources Dan Cohn-Sherbok is an American-born rabbi and Professor of Judaism at the University of Wales, Lampeter. He is a prolific and respected writer and the author of Routledge’s Atlas of Jewish History, Fifty Key Jewish Thinkers, and Judaism in the Religion of the World series. As a teacher and rabbi he is in a unique position to provide guidance for college and university students on the history and practice of Judaism.
    [Show full text]
  • Abdi-Heba, Um Governante-Vassalo Em Apuros Ou Um Estrategista Audaz?*
    Abdi-Heba, um governante-vassalo em apuros ou um estrategista audaz?* Abdi-Heba, a vassal ruler in distress or a daring strategist? Abdi-Heba, un gobernante-vasallo en apuros o un estratega audaz? Omar João da Silva** RESUMO Este artigo propõe um estudo analítico, crítico-literário e histórico-social das cartas de El- -Amarna, com ênfase na coleção das correspondências do rei-vassalo de Jerusalém, Abdi-Heba dirigidas ao rei egípcio do século 14 AEC. Portanto, nosso objeto de estudo e análise é a coleção das cartas EA 285 a 291. Veremos que, nesse período (século 14 AEC.), as relações entre os governantes das cidades-estado, no território de Canaã eram marcadas por intensos conflitos e hostilidades. O conteúdo das correspondências dos reis-vassalos dirigidas ao Faraó (Amenhotep III 1389-1349 AEC., e/ou Amenhotep IV ou Akhenaton 1349-1333 AEC.) é de conflitos, acusações, defesas e denúncias, que dificulta, inclusive, uma leitura diretiva e assertiva dos relatos, pois sempre somos conduzidos à mantermos a dúvida, algo muito comum em escritos literários, e especialmente nos escritos antigos. Palavras-chave: Abdi-Heba; Jerusalém; El Amarna; apîru; rei. ABSTRACT This article proposes an analytical study critical-literary and historical-social of the letters of El-Amarna, with emphasis on the collection of correspondences of the vassal king of Jerusalem, Abdi-Heba addressed to the Egyptian king in the 14th century B.C.E. However, our object of the study and analysis is the collection of letters EA 285 to 291. We will see that in this period (fourteenth century B.C.E) the relations between the rulers of the city-states in the territory of Canaan were marked by intense conflicts and hostilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Letters from Mesopotamia
    oi.uchicago.edu LETTERS FROM MESOPOTAMIA Official, Business, and Private Letters on Clay Tablets from Two Millennia Translated and with an Introduction by A. Leo Oppenheim THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Chicago & London oi.uchicago.edu A publication of the Jjth Anniversary of The University of Chicago Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 6y—20576 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada © 1967 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved Published 196J Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu Foreword This book contains the translations of one hundred and fifty let­ ters written in Akkadian on clay tablets. The earliest date from the time of King Sargon of Akkad (about 2334-2279 B.C), the latest from the period of Persian domination over Mesopotamia (begin­ ning 539 B.C.). The tablets come either from Mesopotamia proper or from regions to the west, even from as far as Asia Minor, Cyprus, and Egypt. I have selected these letters from many thousands of published clay tablets of this type to provide a panoramic view of Meso- potamian civilization during this extended span of time. My pur­ pose in making such an anthology is to convey a more intimate and varied image of this civilization than that offered by the readily available translations of Akkadian epic texts, royal inscrip­ tions, and law codes. Although the selection is, ultimately, sub­ jective, two guiding principles were adopted: I chose the atypical rather than the typical to reproduce, however inadequately, the kaleidoscopic diversity of life as mirrored in these documents; and I concentrated on letters that are reasonably well preserved and that do not urgently require comment and elucidation.
    [Show full text]
  • Selections from the Tell-El-Amarna Letters
    TEXTS FOR STUDENTS. No. IS. SELECTIONS FROM THE rELL EL-AMARNA LETTERS BY PERCY HANDCOCK, M.A. Vice 4d. net. HELPS FOR STUDENTS OF HISTORY. No. 1. EPISCOPAL REGISTERS OP ENGLAND AND WALES. By R. C. Fowler, B.A., F.S.A. 6d. net. No. 2. MUNICIPAL RECORDS. By F. J. C. Hearnshaw, M.A. 6d. net. No. 3. MEDIEVAL RECKONINGS OF TIME. By Reginald L. Poole, LL.D., Litt.D. 6d. net. No. 4. THE PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE. By Charles Johnson. 6d. net. No. 5. THE CARE OF DOCUMENTS. By Charles Johnson. 6d. net. No. 6. THE LOGIC OF HISTORY. By C. G. Crump. 8d. net. No. 7. DOCUMENTS IN THE PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, DUBLIN. By R. H. Murray, LittD. 8d. net. No. 8. THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION. By Arthur A. Tilley, M.A. 6d. net. BY SIR A. W. WARD, Litt.D., F.B.A.:— No. 9. THE PERIOD OF CONGRESSES, I. Introductory. 8d. net. No. 10. THE PERIOD OF CONGRESSES, II. Vienna and the Second Peace of Paris, is. net. No. 11. THE PERIOD OF CONGRESSES, III. Aix-la-Chapelle to Verona, is. net. (Nos. g, io, and ii in one volume, cloth 3s. 6d. net.) No- 12. SECURITIES OF PEACE. A Retrospect (1848— 1914). Paper 2s. ; cloth 3s. net. [Continued on p. 3. TEXTS FOR STUDENTS. No. 10 D. Lit. GENERAL EDITORS: Caroline A. J. Skeel, ; P. Whitney, D.D., D.C.L. H. J. White, D.D. ; J. SELECTIONS FROM THE TELL EL-AMARNA LETTERS BY PERCY HANDCOCK, MA. BARRISTER-AT-l.AW FOKMEKLY ASSISTANT TO TIIE KEEPER OF EGVPTIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES.
    [Show full text]