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Selected Topics in General and Inorganic Chemistry Table of Topics

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Selected Topics in General and Inorganic Chemistry Table of Topics Selected Topics in General and Inorganic Chemistry Table of topics: 1. Composition of the matter 2. Basic chemical laws and rules, formulae, equations 3. Structure of atoms 4. Periodic table of elements Lectures notes and interac9ve teaching by 5. Molecular structures & basic theories of chemical bonding 6. Principles of thermodynamics Jozef Noga 7. States of the matter at Faculty of Natural Sciences, 8. Introduction to chemical kinetics 9. Acids and bases Comenius University, Braslava 10. Introduction to electrochemistry 11. Elements and their basic compounds 12. Coordination chemistry 13. Organometallic compounds Podmienky na absolvovanie predmetu (Grading policy): What is Chemistry? There will be two running written tests examinations An introduction to chemical science (maximum 20 points each) during the semester course. Final exam will consist of a 60-point test. Only those students will be admitted to final examination who achieve at least Chemistry is such a broad subject and one so full of 60 % of the points from tests and 60 % of laboratory work detail that it is easy for a newcomer to find it evaluation. For grade A, it is necessary to obtain at least 92 %, somewhat overwhelming, if not intimidating. The best for grade B at least 84 %, for grade C at least 76 %, for way around this is to look at Chemistry from a variety grade D at least 68 % and for grade E at least 60 % of of viewpoints:! all points. Credits will not be assigned to a student, who will • How Chemistry relates to other sciences and to the world not earn at least 60% from running tests, or who will not earn in general! at least 60% from laboratory work and to student, who will not • What are some of the fundamental concepts that extend earn at least 60 % from final exam. throughout Chemistry?! • What are some of the major currents of modern-day Chemistry?! 1 The scope of chemical science Chemistry is too universal physics might be considered more dynamically-changing "fundamental" major focus: the structure and properties of substances on the changes that they undergo The real importance of Chemistry is that it serves as the interface to practically all of the other sciences Chemist‘s view Mainly theore9cal to Mainly prac9cal Why do parcular combinaons of What are the properes of a certain atoms hold together, but not compound? others? How can I predict the shape of a How can I prepare a certain molecule? compound? Why are some reacons slow, while Does a certain reacon proceed to others occur rapidly? comple9on? Is a certain reac9on possible? How can I determine the Chemistry can be approached in different ways, each composi9on of an unknown yielding a different, valid, (and yet hopelessly incomplete) substance? view of the subject. 2 Chemistry is the study of substances; their properties, structure, and the changes they undergo. Macroscopic Microscopic Observation: Direct Indirect Realm: Macroscopic Microscopic Stochiometric ratio, structures of solids, Composition formulae, mixtures ... molecules, and atoms ... Thermal and other Changes stas1cs of energy energetic effects, (Energetics) distribu1on equilibria Changes (dynamics) Reaction rates Mechanisms Dynamics refers to the HISTORY details of that rearrangem- ents of atoms that occur Chemistry is a branch of science that has been around for a during chemical change, long time. In fact, chemistry is known to date back to as far as and that affect the rate the prehistoric times. Due to the amount of time chemistry at which change occurs. takes up on the timeline, the science is split into four general chronological categories. Energetics refers to the thermodynamics of che- The four categories are: mical change, relating to prehistoric times - beginning of the Christian era (black magic) the uptake or release of heat. beginning of the Christian era - end of 17th century (alchemy) end of 17th century - mid 19th century (traditional chemistry) mid 19th century - present (modern chemistry) 3 Milestones in the history of Chemistry History of Chemistry Prehistoric Times – Beginning of the Christian Era ~300 BC - End of 17th Century (Alchemy) Fire – Smoke – Ceramics 300 BC-300 AD the Advent of the Alchemists ~3300 BC Bronze Age (alloy consisting primarily of attempt to transmute cheap metals to gold. The copper, with tin as the main additive) substance used for this conversion was called the Philosopher's Stone 1700 BC 6th Babylonian king Hammurabi’s reign – known metals were recorded and listed 13th-15th century intensive effort; in conjunction with heavenly bodies pope John XXII (1316-34) issued an edict against ~1300 BC Iron Age gold-making 430 BC Democritus proclaims the atom to be the Despite the alchemists' efforts, transmutation of cheap simplest unit of matter metals to gold never happened within this time period. 1493 – 1541 Paracelsus – (Philippus von Hohenheim) 300 BC Aristotle declares the existence of only four Modern toxicology, pharmacology; elements: fire, air, water and earth Three principles: salt (solidity, inertness), properties: hot, cold, dry and wet sulfur (inflamability), mercury (fluidity, heaviness, metallicity) History of Chemistry ~1700 – ~1850 (Traditional Chemistry) 16th century Alchemists not only wanted to convert metals to Johann Joachim Becher – 1667 phlogiston theory gold, but they also wanted to find a chemical postulated a fire-like element called phlogiston, concoction that would enable people to live longer and cure all ailments. This elixir of life contained within combustible bodies, that is released during combustion (rusting). never happened either. 1774 Joseph Priestly heated calx of mercury, collect- th 17 century – 1661 Robert Boyle ed the colorless gas and burned different substances in this gas (discovery of oxygen) hypothesis that matter consisted of atoms and clusters of atoms in Antoine Lavoisier – oxygen (1778); hydrogen (1783) motion and that every phenomenon disproved the phlogiston theory; list of elements was the result of collisions of particles law of mass conservation - Father of Modern Chemistry in motion John Dalton – 1803 Atomic Theory which states sometimes called that all matter is composed of atoms, which are small founder of modern chemistry and indivisible 4 History of Chemistry ~1850 - present (Modern Chemistry) 2009, IBM scientists Imaging a real in Switzerland 1854 Heinrich Geissler creates the first vacuum tube. molecule! 1879 William Crookes – plasma - ZnS fluorescence cathode AFM: rays atomic force microscopy 1885 Eugen Goldstein - positive particles - protons atoms-thin metallic probe is drawn ever-so-slightly 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered X-rays above the surface of an 1896 Henri Becquerel - fluorescence of pitchblend – natural immobilized pentacene radioactivity – Nobel Prize in Physics1903 molecule cooled to nearly with Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie absolute zero. 1897 J.J. Thomson – discovery of the electron Currents of modern Chemistry Synthesis is both one of the oldest areas of chemistry and one of the most actively pursued: few of the areas that have emerged as being especially important in modern chemistry major threads Synthesis Separation science thread: something acting as the New-moleculecontinuous link orsynthesis theme of a - Identification and assay Chemistswhole are always challenged to come up Materials, polymers, Biochemistry and with molecules and nanotechnology Molecular biology containing novel features Theoretical and computational such as new shapes or chemistry unusual types of bonds. 5 Combinatorial chemistry Materials, polymers, nanotechnologies refers to a group of largely- automated techniques for generating tiny quantities of huge numbers of different Materials science attempts to molecules ("libraries") and relate the physical properties then picking out those having certain desired properties. and performance of engineering Although it is a major drug materials to their underlying discovery technique, it also has many other applications. chemical structure with the aim Green chemistry - synthetic methods of developing improved that focus on reducing or eliminating materials for various the use or release of toxic or non- biodegradable chemicals or applications. byproducts. Polymer chemistry Organic semiconductors developing polymeric number of potential ("plastic") advantages over materials for conventional metalloid- industrial uses. based devices. Connecting individual Nanodevice chemistry polymer molecules by constructing molecular- cross-links (red) scale assemblies for ordinary polyethylene is a fairly soft increases the specific tasks such as material with a low melting point, but strength of the computing, producing the cross-linked form is more rigid and material. resistant to heat. motions, etc. 6 Fullerenes, nanotubes and nanowires, Biosensors and biochips graphene Fullerenes were first identified in 1985 as products of experiments in which graphite was vaporized using a laser R. F. Curl, Jr., R. E. Smalley, and H. W. Kroto shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry the surfaces of metals and semiconductors Fullerene research is expected to lead to new "decorated" with biopolymers can serve as materials, lubricants, coatings, catalysts, electro- extremely sensitive detectors of biological optical devices, and medical applications substances and infectious agents Biochemistry and Molecular biology Drug design looks at interactions between enzymes and possible inhibitors Computer- modeling is an essential tool in this ranging from the fundamental chemistry of gene
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