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Jurnal Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan Indonesia Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia Indonesian Journal of Medicine and Health Journal homepage : www.journal.uii.ac.id/index.php/JKKI Chemical compounds and antibacterial activity of Garcinia dulcis (Roxb)kurz. Hady Anshory Tamhid*1 1Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Article Review ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO Garcinia dulcis is a medicinal plant used traditionally to treat various Keywords: diseases including infections of wounds and ulcers. The antibacterial Garcinia dulcis, activity of this plant has also been widely reported, but the most potent antibacterial, compounds as an antibacterial agent are not widely reported, even chemical compounds, xanthones, though the compounds contained in this plant is well known. This paper reviews the compounds contained in G. dulcis plants and their potential benzophenone as antibacterial agents. Each part of this plant, such as leaves, fruits, *Correspondingflavonoids, author: [email protected] are potential antibacterial agents. Here are described the compounds DOI : 10.20885/JKKI.Vol10.Iss1.art11 flowers, seeds, stems, and roots, contains secondary metabolites which History: contained in each part of the plant, such as xanthones, the most Received: February 4, 2019 Accepted: April 4, 2019 triterpenoid. Their antibacterial activity is also described, especially those Online: April 30, 2019 thatdominant have strong compounds, activity then against flavonoids, bacteria. benzophenones, The molecular structure chromones, and and the Copyright @2019 Authors. possibilities of how the antibacterial mechanism are also discussed. Eleven This is an open access article compounds that have the potential to be used as antibacterial agents for distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons At- tribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (54) are compounds that have the most vigorous activity against S. aureus International Licence (http:// andthe treatmentMRSA compared of infectious to the diseases. other Garcigerincompounds. A (27)The Compoundsand α-mangostin that creativecommons.org/licences/ have strong activity can be used as antibacterial agents for anti-infective by-nc/4.0/). therapy, although they must go through various further studies. Garcinia dulcis merupakan tanaman obat yang digunakan secara tradisional untuk mengobati berbagai macam penyakit termasuk infeksi luka dan bisul. Aktivitas antibakteri dari tanaman ini juga sudah banyak dilaporkan. Namun senyawa aktif dari tanaman ini yang paling bertanggung jawab memberikan efek antibakteri belum pernah dilaporkan, padahal kandungan senyawa dalam tanaman ini sudah banyak diketahui. Paper ini mereview senyawa-senyawa yang terkandung dalam tanaman G.dulcis serta potensinya sebagai agen antibakteri. Setiap bagian dari tanaman ini, seperti daun, buah, bunga, biji, batang dan akar mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yang berpotensi sebagai agen antibakteri. Hasil review menunjukkan senyawa yang paling banyak terdapat dalam tiap bagian tanaman ini adalah golongan santon, kemudian golongan flavonoid, benzofenon, kromon, dan triterpenoid. Aktivitas antibakteri dari senyawa-senyawa ini juga diuraikan, terutama yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang kuat. Struktur senyawa dan mekanisme aksinya sebagai antibakteri juga dibahas. Terdapat sebelas senyawa yang dengan aktivitas yang kuat dan berpotensi sebagai agen antibakteri untuk mengobati penyakit infeksi. Senyawa garcigerin (27) dan α-mangostana (54) adalah dua senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang paling kuat terhadap S.aureus dan MRSA dibanding dengan senyawa-senyawa lain yang diperoleh dari tanaman ini. Kedua senyawa ini sangat berpotensi digunakan sebagai agen antibakteri untuk terapi penyakit infeksi, namun perlu dilakukan penelitian lanjut secara invivo maupun klinis untuk melihat efektivitas, farmakokinetk, dan farmakodinamiknya. 71 JKKI 2019;10(1):71-85 INTRODUCTION riverside in the areas of Java, Sulawesi and The use of medicinal plants as an alternative Maluku.17 Garcinia dulcis is known to contain therapy is now overgrowing, starting from the various kinds of secondary metabolites including use of fresh plants, dry plants, extract, and active compound isolates. In Asian, including Indonesia, chromones, xanthones and triterpenoids. In the use of plants as traditional medicine is so high thisbenzophenones, article, we will flavonoids,discuss the compounds bioflavonoids, that that almost every country has clear regulations have been successfully isolated from Garcinia regarding the use of medicinal plants as herbal dulcis along with chemical structure and their therapy.1 The use of medicinal plants as a therapy antibacterial activity. for diseases is extensive, including infectious diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. Classification and Botanical It has been reported that 69% of antibiotics Garcinia dulcis is also known as Garcinia currently are from a natural product.2 But only elliptica Choisy, Garcinia longifolia Blume, a few are sourced from plants, even though it is Stalagmites dulcis, Xanthochymus dulcis Roxb, known that the potential of medicinal plants as and Xanthochymus javanensis, Blume. Some an anti-infective agent is enormous. A chemical regions in Indonesia recognise this plant with the compound of plantssuch as phenolic groups, name mundu, Malaysia also calls this plant the name mundu, while Thailand calls it the name shown to have vigorous antibacterial activity.3 On Ma Phut.18 This species originated from Java, theflavonoids, other hand, terpenoids, infectious and diseases alkaloids (especially have been Malaysia, Thailand, Borneo and Philippines. The by bacteria) are one of the highest causes of death in Indonesia.4 One more fact that bacterial below:18 resistance to antibiotics used today is increasing.5 taxonomic Kingdom classification : Plant of this plant is shown Based on these, the study of antibacterial Division : Spermatophyte compounds from medicinal plants needs to be Subdivision : Magnoliophyta improved so that it is not impossible that the Class : Magnoliopsida active compounds can be used as an alternative Order : Theales drug which more effective and safer to common Family : Clusiaceae drugs used today. Genus : Garcinia Garcinia dulcis or mundu is one of the Species : Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz. medicinal plants that is believed by the people These plants have a height of about 10-13 to cure various diseases, such as ulcer and meters, the stem is brown or dark grey, and the wound infections,6 besides that it is traditionally branches are green. The leaves are green to dark also believed to treat struma, lymphangitis, green, ovoid, oval, rounded with a length of 10-30 and parotitis.7 cm and a width of 3-15 cm. Flowers are small seeds are known to have antibacterial and and dense with yellowish green or yellowish antioxidant activity, Scientifically,8,9 the thebarks flowers have and an white petals. The fruit is slightly oval-shaped antimalarial effect,10 and the leaves and fruits round with a diameter of 5-8 cm, the surface are effective as antibacterial, antioxidant, and of the fruit is smooth green, and when ripe it anticholesterol.11–13 Its fruit extract is effective as an anti-cancer in liver cells,14 besides it can also reduce LDL levels and increase HDL cholesterol Thewill seedsbe yellow are brownto dark with yellow. a length The fruitof about flesh 2.5 is in mice,15 and can provide vasorelaxant effects in cm.slightly17,18 This fibrous plant but produces soft with one a sweet-sour period in a taste. year hypertensive rats.16 Indonesian people recognise in July-September,19 20 this plant with the name 'mundu' and include it from the garcinia family. This plant grows the stems shown in and Figure flowering 1. in April-May. in primary forests, lowland forests or on the The shape of the tree, leaves, fruit, flowers, and 72 Tamhid. Chemical compounds and ... Figure 1. Morphology of Garcinia dulcis. (A) Tree, (B) and seed appearance, (E) leaves, (F) freshly grown fruit,flowers and that (G) haven’t stem. (These bloomed images yet, are(C) authorbranch, collection (D) fruit pictures) Phytochemical Compound Secondary metabolites contained in a plant was found, it is 16 compounds. Triterpenoid is are very numerous, as well as those found in onlyand flowers.found in oneEven compound, in its roots, that only is in xanthonethe leaves the plant G.dulcis. Based on table 1, 68 types of and stems. The most common compound group compounds reported have been successfully G. dulcis. These chromone and triterpenoids respectively. The subsectionis xanthones, below then will flavonoids, discuss eachbenzophenone, compound isolated and identified from and their structure based on the class of xanthones,compounds areand grouped triterpenoids. into five typesThe xanthone of groups, compounds we have categorised. groupthat is benzophenones,was the major compound chromones, in flavonoids, this plant with 46 compounds, followed by 16 compounds a) Benzophenone The type of benzophenone group obtained chromone and triterpenoid groups are three, from the plant is a benzophenone-isoprenylation, twoof the and flavonoid one compound group. While respectively. the benzophenone, Every where this compound belongs to the phenol part of the plant is known to contain various group. Benzophenone-isoprenylation is a kinds of compounds. Garcinia dulcis leaves compound that is widely distributed in Garcinia sp, including G. dulcis.21 There are three types of triterpenoids. The primary compound
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