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Application of Product Modelling - Seen from a Work Preparation Viewpoint Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 18, 2017 Application of product modelling - seen from a work preparation viewpoint Hvam, Lars; Vesterager, Johan Publication date: 1996 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Hvam, L., & Vesterager, J. (1996). Application of product modelling - seen from a work preparation viewpoint. Technical University of Denmark (DTU). (IPV Publication; No. 96.13-A). General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. FOREWORD This thesis is the result of a Ph.D. project performed at the Production Engineering Depart- ment at the Technical University of Denmark under the supervision of Dr. Johan Vesterager. The project has been funded by the Danish Technical Research Council as part of the Inte-grated Production Systems (IPS) research project. In addition to working at the Production Engineering Department, I have also had more than a year's collaboration with Alfa Laval Separation A/S in Søborg, where the empirical part of the project has been carried out. I should therefore particularly like to thank their chief pro-duction engineer, Poul Erik Nielsen, who has followed the progress of this Ph.D. project and contributed to it with essential information and many interesting discussions. I should also like to thank the other members of the staff of Alfa Laval Separation who have been invol-ved in this project for showing their interest in what was going on, and for offering informa-tion and comments. I should also like to thank Johan Vesterager for his advice and for many exciting discussions, and my fellow Ph.D. students Geir Arngrimsson of the Production Engineering Department and Niels Henrik Mortensen of the Institute of Engineering Design, who have been heavily involved in the empirical work and have contributed much useful knowledge, and with whom I have had many exciting discussions about object-oriented modeling and the con-struction of design support systems respectively. In addition I would like to thank Lars Carstensen, a Master's thesis student at our department, for having performed the arduous task of programming the model described in this thesis. Finally I would like to thank the staff of the Production Engineering Department, and in particular Torsten Höök and Christian Glyrskov, who have helped me with illustrations and with the task of producing the thesis. Lyngby, August 1994. This version of the Ph.D. thesis is a translation to English of the original Danish version published in August 1994. Lyngby, June 1996. Lars Hvam i ABSTRACT Manufacturing companies spends an increasing amount of the total work resources in the manufacturing planning system with the activities of e.g. specifying products and methods, scheduling, procurement etc. By this the potential for obtaining increased productivity moves from the direct costs in the production to the indirect costs in the manufacturing planning system. This Ph.D.-project consider information technology (IT) to be an important means for obtai-ning increased productivity and efficiency in these functions. The project focuses on the use of IT to support the activities of specifying products and methods, as only a minor part of the engineering work in these functions in the planning system until now has been supported with IT. The aim is to develop methods for analysing which activities to support with IT, and in relation to this, define context and structure of the IT-systems to support the specifi-cation work. The theoretical fundament of the project include four elements. The first element (work pre-paration) consider methods for analysing and preparing the direct work in the production, pointing to an analogy between analysing the direct work in the production and the work in the planning systems. The other element covers general techniques for analysing and mode-ling knowledge and information, with special focus on object oriented modeling. The third element covers four different examples of product models. The product models are viewed as reference models for modeling knowledge and information used for specifying products and methods. The last element attach to the use of the task concept viewed as a means for expressing the demands to a given system in the company. In this case, systems for specifying products and methods. Based on the referred theory, the project provides a line of procedure for developing sys- tems to support the specification activities in the company using product models. The first phase in the procedure contain an analysis of the task of the system (called the product and methods specification task) leading to a definition of the context and structure of the system in the specific company. The following phases are based on the use of object oriented mode-ling and follow in outline the object oriented project life cycle. The empirical work in the project, carried out at Alfa Laval Separation A/S, covers all the phases in the line of procedure from analysing the task of the system, over building a model, and to the final programming of an application. It has been stressed out to carry out all the phases in the outline of procedure in the empirical work, one of the reasons being to prove that it is possible, with a reasonable consumption of resources, to build an application to support a part of the specification work in the company. ii CONTENTSI 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Procedure followed in the Project .......................................................................... 3 1.3 The Structure of the Report ........................................................................................... 7 2. Theoretical foundations ....................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Work study .................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Information technology in technical planning and control .................................. 11 2.1.2 An analogy to traditional analysis and the rationalisation of production work. .. 13 2.1.3 Summary .............................................................................................................. 19 2.2 Modeling of knowledge and information .................................................................... 21 2.2.1 Data and knowledge representation forms ........................................................... 22 2.2.2 Three-schema architecture and the project life cycle ........................................... 25 2.2.2.1 Three-schema architecture ............................................................................ 25 2.2.2.2 The ICAM project life cycle ......................................................................... 27 2.2.2.3 The object-oriented project life cycle ........................................................... 29 2.2.3 IDEF modeling ..................................................................................................... 31 2.2.3.1 Function modeling (IDEF0) .......................................................................... 31 2.2.3.2 Information modeling (IDEF1): .................................................................... 34 2.2.4 Object-oriented modeling..................................................................................... 38 2.2.4.1 Object-oriented analysis ................................................................................ 41 2.2.4.2 Identification and characterisation of objects (OOA) ................................... 42 2.2.4.3 Object-oriented design .................................................................................. 46 iii 2.2.4.4 Object-oriented programming ....................................................................... 47 2.2.5 The CIM/OSA reference model ........................................................................... 49 2.2.6 The STEP standard............................................................................................... 53 2.2.7 Summary .............................................................................................................. 59 2.3 Concurrent engineering and product modeling ........................................................... 61 2.3.1 Concurrent engineering ........................................................................................ 61 2.3.2 The concept of features ........................................................................................ 65 2.3.3 Product modeling ................................................................................................
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