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BRIEFING BOOK KEY ISSUES for the 45TH PARLIAMENT © Commonwealth of Australia 2016 BRIEFING BOOK KEY ISSUES FOR THE 45TH PARLIAMENT © Commonwealth of Australia 2016 Creative Commons With the exception of the Commonwealth Inquiries regarding the licence and any Coat of Arms, and to the extent that use of the publication are welcome copyright subsists in a third party, this to [email protected]. publication, its logo and front page design are licensed under a Creative This work has been prepared to support Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ the work of the Australian Parliament NoDerivs 3.0 Australia licence. using information available at the time of production. The views expressed In essence, you are free to copy and do not reflect an official position of communicate this work in its current form for the Parliamentary Library, nor do they all non‑commercial purposes, as long as you constitute professional legal opinion. attribute the work to the author and abide by the other licence terms. The work cannot be Feedback is welcome and may be provided adapted or modified in any way. Content from to: [email protected]. Any this publication should be attributed in the concerns or complaints should be directed following way: Author(s), Title of publication, to the Parliamentary Librarian. Parliamentary Series Name and No, Publisher, Date. Library staff are available to discuss the contents of publications with Senators and To the extent that copyright subsists Members and their staff. To access this in third party quotes it remains with service, clients may contact the author or the original owner and permission may the Library‘s Central Entry Point for referral. be required to reuse the material. i PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY BRIEFING BOOK | KEY ISSUES FOR THE 45TH PARLIAMENT Foreword by the Parliamentary Librarian that were prominent during the election campaign or in the legislative agenda flagged by the Government. Others are chosen on the basis of milestones occurring during the early part of the parliament. Lastly, we have picked some longer term trends that may be of interest to Senators and Members. We recognise the challenges that Senators and Members face in staying abreast of the deluge of information and opinion that flows into Parliament House. In a fast-moving political debate, a significant challenge is to keep track of the history of an issue—the events, reports, inquiries and Welcome to the 45th Parliament legislative amendments that have led to the current position. These briefings aim to The Library’s role is to provide high give this context in a succinct overview. quality information, analysis and advice to support you in your parliamentary In doing so, the Briefing Book also and representational roles. serves to highlight something of the breadth of specialist expertise among We offer a wide range of services and the Library’s researchers which is resources to help you navigate the myriad of available to parliamentarians. issues which you face as parliamentarians. This includes a dedicated research service You and your staff can also draw on the that is experienced in providing confidential, wide range of information services offered by impartial and authoritative responses to the Library, including news services, social your questions. We also publish a variety media analysis tools, and academic and of research papers on topical issues and technical journals. In this IT age, we also detailed analyses of legislation before the should not forget the Library’s print books, chambers, all written with your needs in mind. which are continually curated to ensure the collection remains up to date and relevant. As we do for each new parliament, the Library has prepared a volume providing The Parliamentary Library exists exclusively snapshots of issues expected to figure during to serve the Australian Parliament. We the Parliament’s first months. The articles do our utmost to deliver the information, give a high level perspective of key public analysis and advice that you need and policy issues, including relevant background, in the format you need it, to meet the context and legislative history as well as often difficult timeframes required by outlining some of the policy and legislative parliamentary business. I encourage you directions raised in the public debate. to discuss your needs with our staff and to explore what our services have to offer. The Briefing Book is organised in broad themes, covering the gamut of public policy issues, from schools funding to foreign Dr Dianne Heriot affairs. Many of the articles reflect issues Parliamentary Librarian ii Contents Foreword by the Parliamentary Librarian ii Introduction to the Parliamentary Library vi Library research contacts viii The 45th Parliament 1 The 2016 federal election 2 Senate voting reform and the 2016 Senate election 6 Electronic voting at federal elections 10 Australia by numbers 13 Australia in pictures 14 Australia’s trade in figures 16 Trends in apprenticeships and traineeships 20 The Australian Government’s debt position 22 Employment in Australia 24 The national economy 29 Insolvency laws in Australia 30 Influencing decisions to retire 32 Influences on superannuation policy settings 34 Competition policy 36 Public finances 39 Tax expenditures 40 Paying for the National Disability Insurance Scheme 42 The Australian Public Service 44 Government procurement and free trade agreements 48 iii PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY BRIEFING BOOK | KEY ISSUES FOR THE 45TH PARLIAMENT Australian society 51 The future of school funding 52 Early childhood education and care 55 Increasing participation in tertiary education 58 Aged care—reforming the aged care system 61 Medicare and health system challenges 63 A new way to address chronic disease in primary care 66 Migration—Australian migration flows and population 69 Migration—issues for Australia’s migration program 72 Immigration—issues for Australia’s humanitarian program 74 Welfare—what does it cost? 77 Welfare—where to for reform? 79 Gambling—a reprise for reform? 83 Housing affordability in Australia 86 Employment—Measuring and improving outcomes for young Australians 90 Closing the Gap 94 Australia’s environment 97 Climate change—a science overview 98 Climate Change—the international approach 102 Climate change—reducing Australia’s emissions 104 Commonwealth Environmental Regulation 108 Great Barrier Reef 110 Marine environment 113 Water management 117 Land and Forests 119 Infrastructure, energy and resources 123 Energy market challenges 124 Renewable energy policy: retreat, renewal and revitalisation? 128 National Broadband Network 131 Infrastructure decision making 133 Revenue from road use 135 Financing infrastructure by value capture 137 Unconventional gas 139 Radioactive waste management 142 iv Australia in the world 145 Australia and the South China Sea: debates and dilemmas 146 China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ initiative 148 The 19th National Congress of China’s Communist Party 152 External powers in the Pacific: implications for Australia 154 Australia and Iran: post‑nuclear agreement 156 United Nations: whither reform? 158 Iraq and Syria: far from simple 162 Defence capability 166 The current state of trade policies in Australia 168 Law, justice and national security 171 Countering terrorism and violent extremism 172 National security and counter‑terrorism laws 176 National security—cybersecurity 179 Money laundering and terrorism financing 181 Corruption and integrity issues 184 Same‑sex marriage 188 The Commonwealth’s role in animal welfare 190 Regulating live exports 192 Family law reform and family violence 194 v PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY BRIEFING BOOK | KEY ISSUES FOR THE 45TH PARLIAMENT Introduction to the Parliamentary Library We provide information, analysis and advice on all subjects of interest including: The Office of the Parliamentary Librarian is established by section 38 of the Parliamentary Service Act 1999. general briefings on matters of The Parliamentary Library provides public interest high quality information, analysis and explanation of bills advice to senators and members information for policy development of the Parliament of Australia in delegation briefings support of their parliamentary and representational roles. statistical information customised electorate maps We also provide: Who are we? access to print, online and The Parliamentary Library has a staff broadcast media of around 130 expert researchers, social media monitoring librarians, library technicians and regular lectures and seminars and support staff to assist our clients. books, ebooks and journals. We provide services to: Library staff will discuss your enquiry with you to ensure they can deliver a response all senators and members of the in a format and a timeframe that suits you. Parliament of Australia the staff of senators and members when undertaking work on behalf of a senator or member and For assistance contact the the staff of parliamentary committees, Central Enquiry Point: when undertaking work on behalf of their committee. Phone: 02 6277 2500 Email: [email protected] All services are provided in an impartial manner and are strictly confidential. vi Where can you find us? There are two libraries in Parliament House: Main Library is located on the 2nd floor of the Ministerial wing. Opening hours 8:30am–5:00pm Mon–Fri non‑sitting days 8:30am–8:00pm Mon–Wed sitting days 8:30am–5:00pm Thurs–Fri sitting days Senators’ and Members’ Reading Room is located on the House of Representatives’ side, between the Members’ Hall and the Ministerial wing. Opening hours 8:30am–5:00pm
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