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Community Gardens: Food Security & Cultural Preservation

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Community Gardens: Food Security & Cultural Preservation COMMUNITY GARDENS: FOOD SECURITY & CULTURAL PRESERVATION A mixed-methods approach to food systems analysis in the New American population in Syracuse, New York A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Renée Crown University Honors Program at Syracuse University April Hill Candidate for Bachelor of Science and Renée Crown University Honors Spring 2020 Honors Thesis in Nutrition and Citizenship and Civic Engagement Thesis Advisor: _______________________ Dr. Anne Mosher, Chair of Citizenship and Civic Engagement Thesis Reader: _______________________ Matthew Potteiger, Professor of Landscape Architecture Honors Director: _______________________ Dr. Danielle Smith, Director ABSTRACT New Americans experience food insecurity at twice the rate of other communities due to barriers including limited resources, limited access to higher-paying jobs, and limited social networks. This study takes a mixed-methods approach to examine the impact of community gardens on food security and cultural preservation in New Americans. Study One evaluates the food environment on the North Side of Syracuse through food acquisition site (FAS) audits. There were 42 identified FAS. Ethnic markets (n=16) were more likely to sell fresh fruits (p≤0.001) and vegetables (p≤0.001), but less likely to sell milk products (p≤0.001). Mean fresh vegetable (7.64±5.99), bean/legume (11.5±6.24), and frozen vegetable (5.33±3.44) options were higher at ethnic markets (p≤0.05). Prices were difficult to obtained, which could inhibiting comparative shopping and lead to people purchasing more expensive products without their knowledge. Study Two assesses New Americans’ food experiences in their home country and in the United States through interviews and food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). Seven interviews of current community garden participants were conducted, focusing on food security, dietary acculturation, and community gardening. About half of participants were male (57.1%), primarily Hindu (71.4%), and all had lived in the United States at least 6 years. Participants reported low dietary acculturation, maintaining their traditional diets that are high in vegetables and rice, with occasional meat consumption. All participants exhibited food insecurity at least some time in the past year. Barriers to food security included limited resources and high prices at ethnic markets. Participation in the community garden improved access to adequate amounts of food and cultural foods. These findings demonstrate the importance of community gardens for New Americans and can be used to direct community garden initiatives to enhance impact. Keywords: Food insecurity, community garden, New Americans i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This thesis is an exploration of the food environment and resources available to New Americans that either promote or hinder their ability to achieve food security. Syracuse is home to a large New American population, which is a population at increased risk of food insecurity and hunger for a variety of reasons. Refugee is an internationally recognized legal status for someone who has fled their home country for fear of persecution, legally filed for refugee status, and underwent a rigorous vetting process (The UN Refugee Agency, n.d.). Although the term “refugee” is correct, there has been a move use the term “New Americans” to denote belonging. In CHAPTER 1:, I present an overview of the factors that contribute to the food environment in Syracuse and how it may impact the health of New Americans. There are two components of my study, and I outline each component. Part one looks to determine if food is available, culturally appropriate, healthy, and affordable in neighborhoods where New Americans live. The second component of my study looks to answer the question: How do acculturation and food security impact dietary intake, and what role do community gardens play in mediating food security? involved interviews with New Americans and a visual food frequency questionnaire. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is a list of foods, and the participant responds whether they eat a food or not and how frequently. Then, I combine both components and position my research in the greater body of nutrition research. CHAPTER 2: is divided into three main sections: an overview of refugees in the United States, a description of the socioeconomic determinants of health, and a review of current literature surrounding the impact of community gardens on New Americans. Throughout, I define the key terms I use when discussing food insecurity and dietary acculturation. ii Particularly, it is important to understand the various pillars of food security. According to Guptil et. al (2012), food security is typically understood as a four-pillar concept. 1.) Availability: adequate nutritious and preferential food is physically present. 2.) Accessibility: adequate access to said food items, whether via transportation, economics, or other factors is possible. 3.) Utilization: adequacy of the diet for health, clean water, and proper sanitation. 4.) Stability: the food source is stable and consistent from day to day and there is no worry that food will run out. In nutrition literature, food security also encompasses access to nutritious and culturally acceptable food. People who are food secure are more likely to eat a healthier diet, which helps prevent disease. Food insecurity is associated with increased health expenses, increased prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCCDs), and worsened management of NCCDs (Seligman, Laraia, & Kushel, 2010; Crews, et al., 2013). NCCDs are non-contagious diseases that persist over a long period of time, like diabetes (high blood sugar), hypertension (high blood pressure), and dyslipidemia (low HDL “good cholesterol”, high LDL “bad cholesterol, or both). These diseases are linked to nutrition, so food insecurity has a large impact on disease prevention and management. In CHAPTER 3:, I describe the methods I used to collect and analyze my data. I used mixed-methods, meaning I combined quantitative data with qualitative data. Primarily, my research relied on semi-structured in-person interviews, FFQ data, and environmental audit information. CHAPTER 4: gives more detail about the process of conducting the environmental audits, such as tool development and the geographic area of study. I focus my analysis on the iii differences between ethnic markets and traditional food acquisition sites, since preliminary data analysis suggested each type of store contributes differently to the food environment. Ethnic markets provide more fresh produce and important cultural ingredients than traditional food acquisition sites. I discuss the implications that ethnic markets have on the food environment, including making ethnic foods available and fostering social networks. However, since price information was limited, ethnic markets might be economically inaccessible, so I also address the potential complications that ethnic markets introduce into a community. CHAPTER 5: covers findings from the seven in-person interviews and FFQs. Thematically, I divided my data into several topics: diets prior to migration, dietary acculturation in the United States, food insecurity, and community garden participation. I defined dietary acculturation as similarity between a New American’s current diet and their diet in the home country. Dietary acculturation is low in this sample of New Americans, and food insecurity is prevalent. This chapter addresses the perceptions of New Americans regarding the food environment and the impact of community garden participation on their ability to access healthy and culturally appropriate foods. I also address limitations and future areas of research. In CHAPTER 6:, I end by summarizing my findings and drawing conclusions based on information from both studies. This study promotes community gardens as a legitimate mediator of food security and cultural preservation for New Americans, particularly by increasing food access. Information from this study will hopefully lead to more exploration and action in areas like food security and health for New Americans here in Syracuse and throughout the United States. Although there are many systemic contributors that should also be addressed, using community gardens to mediate food insecurity and access to ethnic and cultural heritage could provide necessary assistance and connection for New Americans. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................... i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Goals and Objectives
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