Kepemimpinan Tradisional Masyarakat Minangkabau Pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang ======Oleh: Siti Fatimah

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Kepemimpinan Tradisional Masyarakat Minangkabau Pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang ======Oleh: Siti Fatimah Kepemimpinan Tradisional Masyarakat Minangkabau pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang ================================================= Oleh: Siti Fatimah ABSTARCT As an ethnic group Minangkabau people was influenced by many conditions developed around them, like scio-cultural, value system they had, beliefs and religious, and status and roles they played. Based on those conditions, Minangkabau people has been well- known with their unique community structure and leadership pattern in the past. This condition had been running in harmony until the coming of Japanese colonialism in 1943. This pattern of leadership had been changed and tended to be disfunctional. In their colonialism era, Japanese tried to use the Tungku Tigo Sajarangan (the pattern of Minangkabau traditional leadership) as a tool for maintaining their power over Minangkabau colony. Kata Kunci: Kepemimpinan, pola dan sistem kepemimpinan, kepemimpinan tradisional, Minangkabau, I. PENDAHULUAN Telaah tentang pola-pola dan sistem sosial budaya yang serba kompleks, kepemimpinan adalah suatu hal yang suku minangkabau sudah dikenal menarik, karena konsep mengenai mempunyai struktur masyarakat yang kepemimpinan seringkali sangat erat teratur pada masa lalu. Dalam hubungannya dengan kondisi-kondisi berbagai sumber yang terdapat, baik politik, perubahan-perubahan sosial, tertulis maupun tidak, masyarakat pergeseran dinamika-dinamika lain- minangkabau telah diperkenalkan nya yang berlaku di tengah-tengah dengan sistem pola kemasyarakatan/ suatu masyarakat. Di sisi lain pola- pemerintahan yang secara umum pola kepemimpinan yang berlangsung dikenal yaitu; Bodhi Caniago dan di tengah-tengah suatu masyarakat Koto Piliang. Di Minangkabau sering tertentu tidak pula terlepas dari dikenal ”orang yang dituakan”, berbagai faktor yang mendukung kalaulah istilah orang yang dituakan masyarakat itu sendiri, umpamanya ini tidak identik, tetapi konsep ini kondisi sosial budaya, sistem nilai biasa diberikan terhadap seseorang yang dimiliki, agama dan kepercayaan yang dianggap sebagai pemimpin, yang dianut, peranan dan status yang apakah itu dalam kelompok (communal) terkecil maupun kelom- diembannya. Minangkabau sebagai salah satu pok yang lebih luas. kelompok etnis tertentu, tidak terlepas Dalam perkembangan sejarah dari persoalan di atas. Dengan kondisi Minangkabau, pola-pola kepemim- pinan tradisional terlihat berjalan Kepemimpinan Tradisional Masyarakat Minangkabau.... 75 dengan harmonis sampai dengan berbeda, dalam segi-segi apakah ia masuknya pengaruh-pengaruh luar berbeda dan bagaimanakah perbedaan atau kekuatan-kekuatan asing. Namun tersebut khusus terhadap sistem setelah dominasi kekuatan asing, pola kepemimpinan tradisional yang kepemimpinan masyarakat tradisio- berlaku di Minangkabau? nal menjadi rusak. Reaksi terhadap itu Masalah utama adalah me- ditunjukkan oleh terjadinya berulang nyangkut sekitar sistem kepemim- kali pergolakan sosial dan intelektual.1 pinan tradisional masyarakat Minang- Anthoni Reid dalam bukunya kabau. Karena begitu luasnya ”The Japanese and Rival Indonesian persoalan ini, maka penulis mem- Elite: Sumatera 1942-1949”2 menje- batasinya sekitar pada periode Jepang laskan bahwa inovasi yang sungguh (1942-1945). Dalam hal ini ditekan- luar biasa dari pemerintahan Jepang kan pada persoalan sejauh mana adalah diajaknya semua sumber- pengaruh Jepang menimbulkan sumber kepemimpinan yang ada perubahan-perubahan terhadap kepe- untuk masuk ke dalam berbagai badan mimpinan tradisional masyarakat administratif, penasehat, propaganda, Minangkabau pada masa itu. tempat mereka sedikit banyaknya Bagaimanapun juga, tulisan ini harus bekerjasama. Bertitik tolak dari bertujuan untuk: (1) memahami pendapat Reid dapat diduga bahwa secara lebih jelas bagaimana persisn- Jepang yang dikenal dengan promosi ya pola-pola kepemimpinan tradi- 3Anya (Jepang cahaya Asia, Jepang sional masyarakat Minangkabau Pemimpin Asia dan Jepang Pelindung sebagai suatu proses sejarah pada Asia) ternyata tidak jauh berbeda tingkat mikro; (2) mengungkapkan dengan pendatang sebelumnya dalam pengaruh Jepang terhadap pergeseran- pelaksanaan politik kolonialnya. pergeseran pola kepemimpinan Hanya yang menjadi persoalan adalah masyarakat Minangkabau; dan (3) apakah dalam penerapannya model- membandingkan pola kepemimpinan model yang diterapkan Jepang tradisional masyarakat Minangkabau berbeda dengan sebelumnya? Bila pada masa Jepang dengan periode sebelumnya. 1 Taufik Abdullah. 1972. Modernization in the Minangkabau World; West Sumatera In II.BEBERAPA KONSEPSI TENTANG Early of the twentienth Century. London, TEORI KEPEMIMPINAN Ithaca, London: Cornel University Press; Taufik Abdullah. 1972. Schools and Guna memperjelas konsep ”Kepe- Politics: The Kaum Muda Moyement in mimpinan Tradisional” maka dicoba West Sumatera. New York: Ithaca Cornell meminjam tipologi Weber mengenai University Press; Taufik Abdullah. 1966. “Adat and Islam An examination of konsepsi kepemimpinan itu sendiri. conflict in Minangkabau” dalam Indonesia, Menurut Weber ada tiga tipe No. 2 Oktober 1966; Schrieke. 1973. kepemimpinan umat manusia: Pergolakan Agama di Sumatera Barat: tradisional, rasional-legal, dan kharis- Sebuah Sumbangan Bibliografi (terjemahan matik3. Tipologi Weber ini dilihat oleh: Soergata Poerbakawatja. Jakarta: Bharata. 2 Dalam Schrieke. 1973. Ibid. 3 Max Weber. 1947. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (translated by A.M 76 TINGKAP Vol. VII No. 1 Th. 2011 berdasarkan bentuk-bentuk aksi sosial Pada masyarakat Minangkabau dan dengan hubungan-hubungan bentuk kepemimpinan tradisional dapat sosial yang menjadi ciri khas berbagai dilihat dalam institusi-institusi adat masyarakat tertentu. yang ada. Berbeda dengan di Jawa, di Kepemimpinan tradisional me- Minangkabau pemimpin tertinggi tidak nurut Weber adalah orde sosial yang terletak di tangan raja melainkan di bersandar kepada kebiasaan- tangan penghulu, sekalipun di daerah kebiasaan kuno dengan mana status Minangkabau pernah terdapat suatu dan hak-hak pemimpin juga sangat kerajaan di masa lalu. Kepemimpinan ditentukan oleh adat kebiasaan4. tradisional ini adalah berdasarkan Kepemimpinan tradisional juga stelsel martilinial menurut tingkatannya memerlukan unsur-unsur kesetiaan masing-masing. Pada umumnya pribadi yang menghubungkan hamba pemimpin rumah tangga disebut dengan Tuhannya. Berbeda dengan tungganai, pemimpin kaum disebut tipe rasional-legal dimana semua mamak kaum, pemimpin suku adalah peraturan tertulis dengan jelas dan penghulu.7 diundangkan dengan tegas, maka Di sisi lain, dalam konsepsi batas wewenang para pejabat kepemimpinan Minangkabau dikenal ditentukan oleh aturan main; apa yang disebut dengan Tungku Tigo kepatuhan dan kesetiaan tidak Sajarangan, yang erat kaitannya ditujukan kepada pribadi para pejabat dengan pengelompokan sistem melainkan kepada lembaga yang kepemimpinan masyarakat Minang- bersifat impersonal.. Sedangkan kabau, yaitu kepemimpinan ninik analisis Weber tentang kepemimpinan mamak, kepemimpinan alim ulama, ’karismatik” adalah seorang pemim- dan kepemimpinan cerdik pandai.8 pin atau raja yang mempunyai sifat keramat.5 III.STRUKTUR KEPEMIMPINAN Adakalanya sulit memberikan TRADISIONAL MASYARAKAT batasan yang tegas antara tipe MINANGKABAU tradisional dengan karismatik, karena Struktur sosial Minangkabau tradi- dalam realitasnya tidak jarang seorang sional dapat dibagi dalam dua sistem pemimpin yang memiliki tipologi tradisional, sekaligus mengemban tipe karismatik. Untuk ini dapat ditemu- Sajarangan dan Tali Tigo Sapilin” dalam kan dalam beberapa kasus di Jawa A.A. Navis (Ed). 1983. Dialektika dan Minangkabau. 6 Minangkabau dalam Kemelut Sosial. Padang:Genta Singgalang Press. 7 Di Jawa umpamanya kepemimpinan sunan- Henderson and Talcott Parsons). New sunan, di mana mereka bertipe tradisional York: Oxford University Press. sekaligus juga bertipe kharismatik, di 4 April Carter. 1985. Otoritas dan Demokrasi. Minangkabau bisa terdapat pada Jakarta: Rajawali. kepemimpinan Penghulu dan kepemim- 5 Koentjaraningrat. 1986. ”Kepemimpinan pinan para ulama seperti sech-sech di dan Kekuasaan Tradisional, Masa Kini, Sumatera Barat. Untuk lebih jelasnya, baca resmi dan Tak Resmi” dalam Miriam Sartono Kartodirdjo. 1984. Ratu Adil Budiarjo. Aneka Penulisan tentang Kuasa Jakarta: Sinar Harapan. dan Wibawa. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan. 8 A.A Navis. 1984. Alam Takambang Jadi 6 Herman Sihombing. 1983. ”Hukum Adat Guru:Adat dan Kebudayaan Minangkabau. Minangkabau mengenai Tungku Tigo Jakarta: Grafiti Press. Kepemimpinan Tradisional Masyarakat Minangkabau.... 77 yang berbeda, yaitu: The Royal sebuah lembaga kampung yang Family System (Sistem keluarga biasanya adalah Primus Interpares. penguasa kerajaan/bangsawan) dan Tidak terdapat kaitan struktur secara The Commoners (rakyat biasa). formal antara nagari dengan nagari Bentuk pertama adalah sistem lainnya11. Oleh karena itu setiap nagarai patrilinial yang tak dapat dipisahkan berdiri sendiri di mana nagari satu dari alam Minangkabau. Ini juga terlepas dari nagari yang lainnya12. dapat dianggap sebagai perwakilan Dengan demikian orang sering dari The male principle. Sedangkan menyebutnya dengan republik Nagari. yang kedua dapa dikatakan mewakili Kampung biasanya dikepalai model sistem matrilinial (the fame oleh kepala kampung. Disamping itu principle). Namun kedua bentuk ini juga terdapat kepala dari masing- disatukan ke dalam a sacral marrige.9 masing suku. Biasanya ada beberapa Berdasarkan bukti-bukti sejarah buah suku yang termasuk ke dalam setelah abad ke-16, setelah peme- sebuah kampung. Kepala suku yang rintahan
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