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Cultural Encounters and Transformation of Early Historical Polities on Lubang Island, the Philippines, Ca

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Cultural Encounters and Transformation of Early Historical Polities on Lubang Island, the Philippines, Ca CULTURAL ENCOUNTERS AND TRANSFORMATION OF EARLY HISTORICAL POLITIES ON LUBANG ISLAND, THE PHILIPPINES, CA. A.D. 1200-1800 Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Villanueva, Zandro Vasquez Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 20:16:47 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195058 CULTURAL ENCOUNTERS AND TRANSFORMATION OF EARLY HISTORICAL POLITIES ON LUBANG ISLAND, THE PHILIPPINES, CA. A.D. 1200-1800 by Zandro Vasquez Villanueva _____________________ Copyright © Zandro Vasquez Villanueva 2009 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2009 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Zandro Vasquez Villanueva entitled Cultural Encounters and Transformation of Early Historical Polities on Lubang Island, the Philippines, ca. A.D. 1200-1800 and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 5/5/08 John W. Olsen _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 5/5/08 Teresita Majewski _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 5/5/08 Barnet Pavao-Zuckerman _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 5/5/08 William A. Longacre Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 5/5/08 Dissertation Director: John W. Olsen 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Zandro Vasquez Villanueva 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In this dissertation, I have received so much support from different sources. I would like to thank formally, in writing, all the institutions and people whose assistance made this project possible. First, I want to express my deepest gratitude to the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research for the three-year financial support to fund my education at the University of Arizona, under the Professional Development International Fellowship (now called Wadsworth International Fellowship Program). I was fortunate enough to receive an additional year of support to write the manuscript under the Dissertation Write-Up program which facilitated the completion of this dissertation. Second, my utmost appreciation goes to the Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona. Financial support from the department includes: Emil W. Haury Grant, Fred A. Riecker Grant, Graduate College Fellowship, and Graduate Tuition Scholarship. To the administrative staff for facilitating the release of these resources, thank you. Also, I am indebted to the Archaeological Studies Program (ASP) at the University of the Philippines for their support. They served as my host institution when I needed one. I appreciate Victor J. Paz, director, and the faculty, staff, and students of ASP for treating me as part of the local archaeological community. The officials, particularly Wilfredo Ronquillo and staff of the Philippine National Museum, deserve recognition for their support and for granting me permission to excavate the archaeological site. In addition, I acknowledge the local Government of Lubang for their support of the project. Despite the political upheaval on the island, Mayor Policarpio Tesorio fully supported the project by providing logistics and transportation services to the archaeological team during the initial visit to the island. I am forever grateful to Jose De Lemos and family as my local hosts on Lubang Island. Numerous individuals deserve recognition for their help with various aspects of this dissertation. I am, however, claiming full responsibility for the interpretations that I presented in this study. Chris Roos, then a graduate student in the Anthropology Department at the University of Arizona pretreated the samples for ASM dating. Ching Yang Chao, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, identified the Chinese ceramics. Yishing Chung, University of Arizona, Tucson, and I consumed countless hours of interesting discussions about archaeology. Philip Piper (ASP) identified most of the faunal samples. Taj Vitales identified the shell samples. Armand Mijares voluntarily shared references on the latest archaeological research in the Philippines. Special thanks to Francisco A. Datar and UPAFS 96 for their support through the years. Thanks to Hecky Villanueva for introducing me to Rafa Montilla and Dick Roces, who accommodated us in his place during our initial visit in the island. Thanks also to Rene Orayani, owner of Fort Santa Catalina for allowing us to study his property. Mike Malasa, field assistant, deserves my appreciation for saying yes to my invitation to join the 5 project. Finally, I thank the archaeological field crew from ASP and the local crew, namely: Vito Hernandez, Pamela Faylona, Taj Vitales, Emil Robles, Abigail Hinto, Mang Emer Legazpi, and Mang Elmer Zurita. Before I conclude this section, let me express my deepest appreciation and gratitude to my dissertation committee. Since the beginning, William A. Longacre has been the anchor of my graduate studies. His endless generosity has been the talk of the department for years, not only among the international students but by all Anthropology graduate students, both in Arizona and in the Philippines. Tito Bill, as Filipino students address him, never fails to give his support anywhere, anytime. For those who know him personally, he also never fails to share stories that are full of lessons both in anthropology and in life. Obviously, he has been a major influence in my life as my mentor in archaeology. Generations of my lineage will honor him for a long time. I also want to thank John W. Olsen for his utmost patience and support over the years during my graduate career. I appreciate all the time and effort he poured into reading this dissertation. His suggestions resulted in an enormous improvement in its outcome and readability factor. Another person I want to thank is Teresita Majewski. She has been a major influence in my thinking about historical archaeology. I appreciate the critical suggestions she gave to improve my grounding in theory and methods. Lastly, I thank Barnet Pavao-Zuckerman for her helpful comments and deciding to work with me even on late notice. Finally, I cannot end this section without thanking the most important person in my life, my wife Elaine Del Castillo-Villanueva. She has been my source of inspiration and comfort during my decade-long adventure abroad. While she had the choice of staying comfortably as a supportive wife while I was studying in the United States, she opted to go back to the Philippines and selflessly serve its people as a medical doctor in the largest government- subsidized hospital facility in the country. When I was doing the final revisions, she even had the time to motivate my weary soul and help me with some editing. What else could I ask for? Maraming Salamat sa inyong lahat! 6 DEDICATION To my loved ones who went ahead of us; Mama Gregg who lived to show courage, faith, and forgiveness Mama Ester for your endless generosity and love for family Zofie for sharing the best nine months of our lives To Elaine, my compass in life, To my family, To the people of Lubang, and To YOU who took the time to read this and are obviously interested in the past, I dedicate this dissertation. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 LIST OF TABLES………………………………….…………………………………………………………. 11 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………….………………………………….………. 12 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................... 14 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..……. 14 Lubang Island in the crossroads of history….…………………….…… 16 Review of Literature………………………………………………………………………….. 19 Research Problems…………………………………………….………………………….… 21 Organization of Dissertation…………………………………………………………. 24 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES......................... 27 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 Culture Contact and Colonialism…………....………………………………… 28 Social Complexity …………..……………………………….………………………………. 38 Agency ……………………………………………………..….………………………………………. 43 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS AND DESIGN................ 47 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..……………… 47 Research
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