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Pédologie Agriculture Québec Du Comté De Portneuf

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Pédologie Agriculture Québec Du Comté De Portneuf Pédologie Agriculture Québec du comté de Portneuf René Raymond Gérard Laflamme Gérard Godbout agronomes- pédologues ~lIPIUI lll ( ll4llllfflllll~I i j/,fi ,lll ll ;~~~~F,urrrl~inj ut Illllllllllll llll Mlll ,111111111111411lui r Bulletin technique no 18 Pédologie Agriculture Québec du comté de Portneuf René Raymond Gérard Laflamme Gérard Godbout agronomes.pédologues Direction générale de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement 1976 Cet ouvrage est dédié en hommage à monsieur Auguste Mailloux, l'u n des pionniers de l'étude et de la cartographie des sols du Québec, che f de la Division des Sols de 1966 à 1972 . Décédé soudainement le 21 mar s 1974. Cette publication est une contribution du Service des Sols Dr Marton TABI, agronome Chef Direction générale de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Dr Bertrand FOREST, agronom e Directeur général Dépôt légal - Bibliothèque nationale du Québec TABLE DES MATIÈRES SOMMAIRE/SUMMARY 9 AVANT-PROPOS 1 3 INTRODUCTION 1 5 PREMIÈRE PARTIE LE MILIEU NATUREL CHAPITRE PREMIER : Description générale du comté de Portneuf 1 7 1) Situation et étendue 1 7 2) Démographie 1 7 3) Systèmes de communications principaux ' 1 7 CHAPITRE DEUXIÈME : Le milieu physique 2 1 1) Géologie générale 2 1 a) La roche consolidée 2 1 b) Les dépôts meubles 22 2) Hydrographie 2 3 3) Climatologie 25 4) Végétation _ 2 8 DEUXIÈME PARTIE LES SOLS CHAPITRE PREMIER : Genèse des sols du comté de Portneuf 30 1) Notions préliminaires 30 a) Le sol 30 b) La formation du sol 30 2) La classification morpho-génétique des sols 30 3) Unités taxonomiques vs unités cartographiques 34 CHAPITRE DEUXIÈME : Taxonomie des sols du comté de Portneuf 35 1) Classement des sols du comté de Portneuf suivant l'origine et l a nature de la roche-mère et de l'état naturel du drainage 35 3 2) Clef taxonomique des sols du comté de Portneuf 3) Description morphologique des sols du comté de Portneuf Série Batiscan Série Chaloupe Série Champlain Série Grondines Série Lachute . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Série Rideau Série Sainte-Rosalie Série Saint-Laurent Série Pontiac Série Brébeuf Série Chapeau Série Dalhousie Série Brandon Série Sorel Série Morin Série Pont-Rouge Série Uplands Série Saint-Jude Série Deligny Série Saint-Samuel Série Saint-Louis Série Saint-Thomas Série Achigan Série Vaudreuil Série Saint-Antoine Série Saint-Raymond Série Tilly Série Joly Série Platon Série Chicot Série Botreaux Série MacDonald ' 4 Série Mont-Rolland Série Matambin Série Saint-Faustin Série Ivey Série Bevin Série Cap-Santé Série Neuville Série Terrebonne Série Saint-Bernard Série Sainte-Agathe Série Sergent Les terres noires : Les tourbes Les savanes et les marécages Le terrain Saint-Colomban Le terrain Farmington Les alluvions non-différenciées : Les terrains alluvio-colluvionnaires Les affleurements rocheux Le pavage de cailloux TROISIÈME PARTI E VALEUR AGRICOLE COMPARATIVE DES SOLS DU COMTÉ DE PORTNEU F Valeur agricole comparative des sols minéraux classifiés 123 ANNEXES Annexe I - Méthodes analytiques 127 Annexe II - Fiches analytiques 128 Annexe III - Tableau des éléments d'unités cartographiques, de leur symbole cartographique et, des superficies en acres et e n hectares 156 Annexe IV - Nomenclature des différents types d'érosion 15 8 Annexe V - Classes d'utilisations du sol 159 Annexe VI - Signification et interprétation des couleurs des cartes pédo- logiques 162 5 ILLUSTRATION S 1 - Situation géographique du comté de Portneuf 1 6 2 - Carte illustrant le territoire prospecté dans le comté de Portneuf 1 8 3 - Carte des réseaux routiers et ferroviaires, des villes et des villages ainsi que des postes météorologiques 20 4 - Principaux éléments du réseau hydrographique du territoire à l'étude 24 TABLEAUX 1 Études pédologiques déjà publiées (par comté ou groupe de comtés) 1 2 2 Population totale, en regard de la population des fermes, du nombr e de fermes et de la superficie totale de la terre agricole 1 7 3 Formations géologiques 2 1 4 Stations météorologiques, coordonnées géographiques, altitudes et bassins hydrographiques 25 5 Températures moyennes en degrés Fahrenheit aux postes météorolo- giques du comté de Portneuf 26 6 Dates des derniers gels de printemps, des premiers gels d 'automne et de la période sans gel à certains postes météorologiques de Portneuf 27 7 Mesures de précipitation 28 8 Signification des couleurs des cartes pédologiques 162 PLANCHES Planche I A) Profil de la série Batiscan (Saint-Casimir ouest) 97 B) Profil de la série Chaloupe (Saint-Marc-des-Carrières sud-est) 97 Planche II A) Profil de la série Lachute (Chute-Panet) 98 B) Profil de la série Sainte-Rosalie (Saint-Alban nord) 9 8 Planche III A) Érosion par décollement sur le Rideau (Saint-Thuribe sud) 99 B) Érosion en rigolets sur le Rideau (Saint-Thuribe nord-est) 99 6 Planche IV A) Profil de la série Saint-Laurent (Saint-Casimir) 100 B) Profil de la série Brébeuf (Pont-Rouge, route du Lac Sergent) 100 Planche V A) Profil de la série Pontiac (Saint-Ubald) 10 1 B) Profil de la série Dalhousie (Saint-Ubald) 10 1 Planche VI A) Profil de la série Sorel (Saint-Alban est) 102 B) Profil de la .série Saint-Jude (route Saint-Marc vers Saint-Casimir) 10 2 Planche VII A) Pendage des lits dans un dépôt identifiant la série Morin (route Pont-Rouge - Sainte-Catherine) 103 B) Profil de la série Pont-Rouge (rang Bourg-Louis, Saint-Raymond) 10 3 Planche VIII A) Profil de la série Deligny (rang Bourg-Louis, Saint-Raymond) 104 B) Profil de la série Saint-Louis (Saint-Raymond sud) 104 Planche IX A) Profil de la série Uplands (Portneuf) 105 B) Profil de la série Saint-Raymond (Saint-Raymond nord) 105 Planche X A) Culture de la pomme de terre sur le Saint-Thomas (Saint-Ubald) 106 B) Profil de la série Saint-Thomas (Saint-Ubald) 106 Planche XI A) Profil de la série Tilly (Cap-Santé) 107 B) Roche-mère du Tilly (Donnacona) 107 Planche XII A) Profil de la série Chicot (route Cap-Santé à Saint-Basile Station) 10 8 B) Profil de la série Mont-Rolland (route Notre-Dame-des-Anges) . 108 7 Planche XIII A) Profil de la série Ivey (Matambin sud) 109 B) Profil de la série Cap-Santé (Cap-Santé) 109 Planche XIV A) Profil de la série Neuville (route Saint-Basile à Portneuf) 110 B) Profil de la série Terrebonne (Saint-Augustin ouest) 110 Planche XV A) Profil de la série Saint-Bernard (Saint-Augustin ouest) 11 1 B) Terrain Farmington (Grondines) 11 1 Planche XVI A) Profil de la série Sainte-Agathe (Portneuf Station) 11 2 B) Coupe dans les matériaux de la série Sergent (Lac-Sept-Iles) 11 2 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 163 8 SOMMAIRE / SUMMARY « Pédologie du comté de Portneuf » fait suite à l'étude pédologique des comté s voisins de Champlain et de Laviolette . Elle comprend un rapport qui trait e d'abord de la description générale du territoire, vient ensuite l'étude détaillée de s sols et de leurs caractères distinctifs et enfin suit un bref chapitre sur la valeu r agricole comparative des sols selon leur indice de productivité . Le tout s'accom- pagne de quatre cartes pédologiques à l 'échelle d'environ un pouce et quart au mille (1 :50,000) et à portée régionale . Selon la systématique canadienne des sols (1970) ceux-ci ont été classés e n divers grands-groupes et représentés sur la carte à un niveau de classification qu i permet de tenir compte à la fois et du développement et des caractères des diffé- rents matériaux originels : c'est la série avec ses différents types de sols . Les principaux grands-groupes reconnus et les séries qui les représentent dans le comté de Portneuf sont : 1) le luvisol gris : série Saint-Laurent ; 2) le podzol ferro - humique : séries Sergent et Matambin ; 3) le podzol humo-ferrique : séries Bré- beuf, Ivey, Mont-Rolland, Morin, Pont-Rouge, Saint-Antoine, Saint-Faustin, Saint-Raymond, Saint-Thomas, Sainte-Agathe, Sorel, Tilly, Batiscan, Uplands, Achigan, Bevin, Deligny, Saint-Jude ; 4) le brunisol mélanique : série Saint- Bernard ; 5) le brunisol dystrique : séries Cap-Santé, Pontiac, Chicot ; 6) le régo- sol : Chapeau, Lachute et alluvions récentes non-différenciées ; 7) le gleysol humique : séries Botreaux, Brandon, Chaloupe, McDonald, Neuville, Platon , Saint-Louis, Saint-Samuel, Sainte-Rosalie, Terrebonne, Champlain, Vaudreuil ; 8) le gleysol : séries Dalhousie, Joly, Grondines, Rideau ; 9) le fibrisol : sols orga- niques peu décomposés ; 10) le mésisol : sols organiques semi-décomposés ; 11) le humisol : sols organiques bien décomposés . Certains sols n'ont pas été différen- ciés selon les critères de séries, ce sont les terrains Farmington et Saint-Colomban , et d'autres ont un caractère particulier, ce sont les éboulis, les savanes et le s marécages et, le pavage de cailloux . Enfin, les non-sols, ainsi appelés à cause d'u n matériel trop mince sur roc ou l'apparition du roc lui-même à la surface ont ét é appelés les affleurements rocheux . La valeur agricole des sols a été appréciée en attribuant une valeur numé- rique à onze facteurs les plus susceptibles d'influencer la productivité de ces sol s et rencontrés au niveau de la série, du type et de la phase du sol . Les sols les plus productifs ont un indice de productivité au-delà de 70 . Certains d'entre eux, sous de bonnes conditions d'exploitation, ont un indice dépassant 80 . Seulement 37.59% des sols sériés, soit 120,178 acres ou 47422 hectares, ont été classé s dans les sols très bons à moyens . Ceci veut dire que les sols les plus rentables ne représentent que 17 .14% de la portion du territoire cartographié puisque le der - nier recensement de 1971 montre que la superficie des sols agricoles s'établit à 210,204 acres.
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