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Home , Alice Boughton, Anna Atkins, Camille Silvy, Edward Steichen, Equivalents, Maxime Du Camp

Dedication V Rural Practice 42 Preface vii The Daguerreotype and the Landscape 42 The Daguerreotype and Science 43 CHAPTER ONE o John Whipple Advancing toward : The Birth CHAPTER THREE z of 3 Calotype Rising: H A Desire for Visual Representation 3 The Arrival of Photography 49 W Perspective 4 The Calotype^ 49 z Thinking of Photography 4 William Camera Vision. 5 Early Calotype Activity 52 H The Demand for Picturemaking Systems 6 David Octavius Hill; Robert Adamson; C/5 Proto-Photographers: Chemical Action of Sir William Newton; Thomas Keith Light 7 Calotypists Establish a Practice 59 Modernity: New Visual Realities 9 Louis-Desire Blanquart-Evrard; Thomas Sutton; Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre ; Charles Negre Calotype and Architecture: Mission Optical Devices 10 Heliographique 63 Images through Light: A Struggle for Permanence 11 ; Edouard Baldus; Joseph Nicephore Niepce; Sir John Fredrick William The End of the Calotype and the Future of Photography 67 Herschel; William Henry Fox Talbot; Other Distinct Originators 18 CHAPTER FOUR ; Mungo Ponton; Hercules Florence Pictures on Glass: CHAPTER TWO The Wet-Plate Process 71 The Daguerreotype: The Albumen Process 71 Image and Object 25 Frederick Scott Archer The New Transparent Look 72 What Is a Daguerreotype? 27 The Ambrotype 74 Samuel F. B. Morse Pictures on Tin 77 The Daguerreotype Comes to America 28 The Carte-de-Visite and the Photo Album 78 The Early Practitioners 29 Andre Disderi;John Jabez Edwin Mayall Early Daguerreian Portrait Making 29 The Cabinet Photograph: Post-Mortem Portraits 33 The Picture Gets Bigger 82 Technical Improvements 33 The Studio Tradition 84 Expanding U.S. Portrait Studios 34 ; ;Antoine Samuel Adam- John Plumbe Jr.; Albert Sands Southworth;Josiah Salomon; Napoleon Sarony Johnson Hawes; Matthew B. Brady Retouching and Enlargements 88 The Art of the Daguerreian Portrait 35 Charles Piazzi Smyth Daguerreian Portrait Galleries and Picture The Stereoscope 91 Factories 38 The Stereo 92 African-American Operators 40 Charles Wheatstone; Sir David Brewster; Antoine James Presley Ball Claudet; Oliver Wendell Holmes CHAPTER FIVE The American West: The Narrative Prevailing Events/ and the Sublime 148 Picturing Calamity 97 Carleton E. Watkins; William Henry Jackson; Andrew J. Russell; Eadweard Muybridge; Frank Jay Current Events 98 Haynes;John K. Hillers Early War Coverage 99 ;James Robertson; Felice A. Beato CHAPTER EIGHT The American Civil War 102 New Ways of Visualizing Mathew Brady; Alexander Gardner; Timothy Time and Space 165 O'Sullivan; George N. Barnard; Andrew Joseph The Inadequacy of Human Vision 165 Russell; William Bell Locomotion 166 How Photographs Were Circulated 110 Eadweard Muybridge; Thomas Eakins; Etienne-Jules CHAPTER SIX Marey; Ottomar Anschutz Transforming Aesthetics: Technical A New Medium Breakthroughs 171 of Communication: The Hand-Held Camera and the Snapshot 172 Art or Industry? 115 Emile Zola; Edgar Degas Lady Elizabeth Eastlake Time and Motion as an •Discovering a Photographic Language 120 Extended Continuum 176 Lady Clementina Hawarden; Lady Filmer; Lewis Paul Nadar Carroll; Oscar Gustave Rejlander; Henry Peach Moving Pictures 177 Robinson; Color 178 Americans and the Art of Nature 129 Levi L. Hill;James Clerk Maxwell Positivism 130 Dr. Hugh Welch Diamond; Dr. Thomas John CHAPTER NINE Barnardo Suggesting the Subject:The

CHAPTER SEVEN Evolution of 185 Roots of Pictorialism 185 Standardizing the Practice: Pictorialism and Naturalism 186 A Transparent Truth 135 Peter Henry Emerson Mechanical Photography 135 The Development of Pictorial Effect 188 The Traveling Camera 137 George Davison ;John Beasly Greene; Auguste The Movement and the Rise of Salzmann;John Shaw Smith; ; Robert Photography Clubs 188 MacPherson;James Anderson; Fratelli Alinari; The Brotherhood of Bisson Brothers; Laid Deen Dayal Picturing Industrialization 143 The Aesthetic Club Movement 190 ; Robert Howlett;Joseph Working Pictorially: A Variety of Approaches 190 Cundall; Edouard Baldus; Camille Silvy; ; Heinrich Ku'hn; Frederick H. Evans; Urban Life 146 American Perspectives 194 John Thomson; Thomas Annan ; William Fraser The Other 147 The Photo-Secession 197 Thomas M. Easterly Joseph T. Keily The Decadent Movement andTonalism 198 Steichen Goes Commercial 240 Fred Holland Day; Frank Meadow Sutdiffe;Alvin Langdon Coburn Form as Essence 241 Women Pictorialists 201 Edward Henry Weston Ann Brigman; Gertrude Kdsebier; Straight, Modernistic Photography 245 The Pictorial Epoch/The Stieglitz Group 202 Group f/64; ; Imogen Cunningham; William Mortensen Edward Jean Steichen; Adolfde Meyer; ; Clarence Hudson White Film und Foto and New Objectivity 251 The Decline of Pictorialism 207 Albert Renger-Patzsch; Karl Blossfeldt; Eugene Atget Experimentally Modern 255 CHAPTER TEN Ldszlo Moholy-Nagy; Lucia Moholy : Industrial New Vision 257 Beauty 213 Florence Henri; Gyorgy Kepes; Lottejacobi Pathways of Light: Time, Space, and Form 259 214 Barbara Morgan; Frantisek Drtikol; Francis Joseph Alfred Stieglitz Bruguiere High and Low Art 217 Surrealistic Themes 260 217 Hans Bellmer; Georges Hugnet; Man Ray; Raoul Anton Giulio Bragaglia;Arturo Bragaglia Ubac Time, Movement, and the Machine 218 Frank B. Gilbreth; Lillian M. Gilbreth CHAPTER TWELVE Towards a Modern Practice: Social Documents 267 Distilling Form 220 An American Urge: Social Uplift 267 ; Jacob A. Riis; Lewis Wickes Hine 222 Ethnological Approaches 271 Christian Schad Adam Clark Vroman; Edward Sheriff Curtis; Francis Exploring Space and Time: The Return of the Benjamin Johnston; EJ. Bellocq; Tina Modotti 224 Emerging Ethnic Consciousness 277 Man Ray; Ldszlo Moholy-Nagy Horace Poolaw;James Van Der Zee; Eudora Welty 227 The Physiognomic Approach 280 Collage 227 August Sander Max Ernst; Raoul Hausmann;John Heartfield; The Great Depression:The Economics of Hannah Hoch Photography 283 Suprematisra 229 Dorthea Lange; Walker Evans; Arthur Rothstein; Aleksandr Rodchenko Russell Lee; ; Gordon Parks; Marion Art,Technology, and a New Faith 233 Post Wolcott Bauhaus; Morton Schamberg; Charles Sheeler The FAP Project: Changing New York 292 Paul Strand and : Bernice Abbott; Purity of Use 234 Mass Observation 293 Humphry Spender CHAPTER ELEVEN The Film and Photo League 294 The New Culture of Light 237 Sid Grossman; Aaron Siskind Teaching Modernism:The American Impulse 237 ; Margaret Bourke- White Stieglitz s "" 238 CHAPTER THIRTEEN Family of Man 354 Nabbing Time: Photography and Alienation 355 Anticipating the Moment 299 ; William Klein; Mario Giacomelli Jacques-Henri Lartigue; Erich Salomon; Andre Making a Big Jump 361 Kertesz; Brassa'i; Henri Cartier-Bresson; Bill Henry Holmes Smith; Richard Hamilton; Wallace Brandt; Manuel Alvarez Bravo; Lisette Model; Berman Helen Levitt; Wright Morris; Harold Edgerton; The Subjective Documentary 364 Felix H. Man Robert Doisneau; Roy DeCarava; Eliot Porter The Terror of Riches 366 CHAPTER FOURTEEN Photography and the CHAPTER SIXTEEN Halftone 315 New Frontiers: Expanding Pictures and Printers Ink 315 Boundaries 371 The Photo Magazine 317 Structuralism: Reading a Photograph 371 John Heartfield; Alfred Eisenstaedt; The Found Image:The Beginnings of The Separation of Art and Commerce: 373 Advertising and Fashion 321 Robert Rauschenberg Edward Steichen; Lejaren a Hiller; Nicholas Muray; The Rise of 375 Cecil Walter Hardy Beaton; Horst P. Horst; Martin William S. Burroughs and Brion Gysin; Andy Munkacsi; Alexey Brodovitch; Irving Penn; Richard Warhol; Marshall McLuhan Avedon; Hiro Philippe Halsman;Yousuf Karsh; Challenging the Code 377 Arnold Newman Art Sinsabaugh; Syl Labrot Newspapers 328 The Social Landscape 379 Garry Winogrand; Lee Friedlander; Diane Nemerou War Reportage 330 Arbus Robert Capa; David Seymour; ; William New Journalism 382 Eugene Smith; Cornell Capa; Shomei Tomatsu; Bruce Davidson; Danny Lyon Hiromi Tsuchida; Don McCullin; Henry Frank Multiple Points of View 384 Leslie; "Larry" Burrows; Edward T.Adams The New Subjective Journalism 337 Duane Michals; Nathan Lyons; Ray K. Metzker; Jerry Uelsmann; Robert Heinecken; Carl Chiarenza Susan Meiselas; Mary Ellen Mark; Sebastiao Salgado The Rapid Growth of Bytes and Halftones 337 Photographic Education 389 Chuck Close CHAPTER FIFTEEN The Atomic Age 343 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Ansel Adams Changing Realities 395 The Surrealistic Metaphor 345 Alternative Visions 395 Clarence John Laughlin; Frederick Sommer; Val Robert Fichter; Doug Prince; Naomi Sauage; Sonia Telberg Landy Sheridan; Thomas Barrow; William Larson The Photograph as Spirit 349 Turning the Straight Photograph on Itself 400 Photo Education as Self-Expression 351 Ken Josephson;Joseph Jachna; Robert Flick; Barbara Harry Callahan; Aaron Siskind; Fotoform Crane Personal Accounts: Documentary Fiction 402 Deconstructing Myths 441 Ralph Eugene Meatyard; Les Krims; Lucas Richard Prince; Sherrie Levine; Michael Mandel; Samaras; Ralph Gibson; Larry Clark; Michael Larry Sultan; Barbara Kruger; Victor Burgin Lesy; Eugene Richards Gender Issues 444 The Snapshot 411 Judith Golden; Cindy Sherman; Eileen Cowin; Emmet Gowin;Judy Dater; Eliot Erwitt; Burk Laurie Simmons Uzzle; Bill Owens Fabrication 449 Post-Structuralism/New Topographies 413 Carl Chiarenza; James Casebere; Sandy Skoglund; Olivia Parker;Joel-Peter Witkin; Patrick Nagatani; Edward Ruscha; Lewis Baltz; Robert Adams Andree Tracey; Philip Lorca diCorda; Jeff Wall The Rephotographic Survey Project/Time Altering Time and Space 453 Changes 416 Lew Thomas; Hollis Frampton; Marion Faller; Mark Klett; Milton Rogovin Barbara Kasten; David Hockney; Michael Spano; Color Rising 417 Holly Roberts; Doug and Mike Starn; Adam Fuss; ; William Eggleston;Joel Meyerowitz; Abelardo Morell Jan Groover;John Pfahl;Joel Sternfeld; Mark Cohen Investigating the Body 456 Artists'Books 419 Andres Serrano; Robert Mapplethorpe;John Joan Lyons Coplans; Nan Goldin; Sally Mann Multiculturalism: Exploring Identity 462 Reconfiguring Information 420 Dinh Q. Le; Jeffrey Henson Scales; Guerrilla Girls; Ruth Thorne-Thomsen; Robert Hirsch; David Jo Spence; Terry Dennett; Annette Messager;Jolene Levinthal Rickard; Clarissa Sligh; Carrie Mae Weems; Lorna Expanding Markets 422 Simpson; KrzysztofWodiczko; David Wojnarowicz Critical Writing 423 A Personal Cultural Landscape 467 David T. Hanson; Richard Misrach; Peter Goin; CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Robert Dawson Thinking About The Digital Future 470 Photography 431 Nancy Burson; Tyrone Georgiou; Pedro Meyer; Conceptual Art: The Act of Choosing 431 Carol Selter Nam June Paik;John Baldessari Bibliography 485 Performance Art 435 Bruce Nauman; Arnulf Rainer; Anselm Keifer; Individual Artists 492 Christian Boltanski; Gilbert and George; William Technology 502 Wegman A Return to Typologies 438 Sources of Artists Books 503 Bernhard and Hilla Becher; Robert Gumming Index 504 Postmodernism 439 Bart Parker; Paul Berger; Manual