Observation of Elliptically Polarized Light from Total Internal Reflection in Bubbles
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Lab 8: Polarization of Light
Lab 8: Polarization of Light 1 Introduction Refer to Appendix D for photos of the appara- tus Polarization is a fundamental property of light and a very important concept of physical optics. Not all sources of light are polarized; for instance, light from an ordinary light bulb is not polarized. In addition to unpolarized light, there is partially polarized light and totally polarized light. Light from a rainbow, reflected sunlight, and coherent laser light are examples of po- larized light. There are three di®erent types of po- larization states: linear, circular and elliptical. Each of these commonly encountered states is characterized Figure 1: (a)Oscillation of E vector, (b)An electromagnetic by a di®ering motion of the electric ¯eld vector with ¯eld. respect to the direction of propagation of the light wave. It is useful to be able to di®erentiate between 2 Background the di®erent types of polarization. Some common de- vices for measuring polarization are linear polarizers and retarders. Polaroid sunglasses are examples of po- Light is a transverse electromagnetic wave. Its prop- larizers. They block certain radiations such as glare agation can therefore be explained by recalling the from reflected sunlight. Polarizers are useful in ob- properties of transverse waves. Picture a transverse taining and analyzing linear polarization. Retarders wave as traced by a point that oscillates sinusoidally (also called wave plates) can alter the type of polar- in a plane, such that the direction of oscillation is ization and/or rotate its direction. They are used in perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the controlling and analyzing polarization states. -
A Monte Carlo Ray Tracing Study of Polarized Light Propagation in Liquid Foams
ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 104 (2007) 277–287 www.elsevier.com/locate/jqsrt A Monte Carlo ray tracing study of polarized light propagation in liquid foams J.N. Swamya,Ã, Czarena Crofchecka, M. Pinar Mengu¨c- b,ÃÃ aDepartment of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, 128 C E Barnhart Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, 269 Ralph G. Anderson Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA Received 10 July 2006; accepted 28 July 2006 Abstract A Monte Carlo ray tracing scheme is used to investigate the propagation of an incident collimated beam of polarized light in liquid foams. Cellular structures like foam are expected to change the polarization characteristics due to multiple scattering events, where such changes can be used to monitor foam dynamics. A statistical model utilizing some of the recent developments in foam physics is coupled with a vector Monte Carlo scheme to compute the depolarization ratios via Stokes–Mueller formalism. For the simulations, the incident Stokes vector corresponding to horizontal linear polarization and right circular polarization are considered. It is observed that bubble size and the polydispersity parameter have a significant effect on the depolarization ratios. This is partially owing to the number of total internal reflection events in the Plateau borders. The results are discussed in terms of applicability of polarized light as a diagnostic tool for monitoring foams. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Polarized light scattering; Liquid foams; Bubble size; Polydispersity; Foam characterization; Foam diagnostics; Cellular structures 1. Introduction Liquid foams are random packing of bubbles in a small amount of immiscible liquid [1] and can be found in a wide variety of applications. -
The Synergistic Effect of Focused Ultrasound and Biophotonics to Overcome the Barrier of Light Transmittance in Biological Tissue
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 33 (2021) 102173 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pdpdt The synergistic effect of focused ultrasound and biophotonics to overcome the barrier of light transmittance in biological tissue Jaehyuk Kim a,b, Jaewoo Shin c, Chanho Kong c, Sung-Ho Lee a, Won Seok Chang c, Seung Hee Han a,d,* a Molecular Imaging, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada b Health and Medical Equipment, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Suwon, Republic of Korea c Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea d Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Optical technology is a tool to diagnose and treat human diseases. Shallow penetration depth caused by the high Light transmission enhancement optical scattering nature of biological tissues is a significantobstacle to utilizing light in the biomedical field. In Focused Ultrasound this paper, light transmission enhancement in the rat brain induced by focused ultrasound (FUS) was observed Air bubble and the cause of observed enhancement was analyzed. Both air bubbles and mechanical deformation generated Mechanical deformation by FUS were cited as the cause. The Monte Carlo simulation was performed to investigate effects on transmission Rat brain by air bubbles and finiteelement method was also used to describe mechanical deformation induced by motions of acoustic particles. As a result, it was found that the mechanical deformation was more suitable to describe the transmission change according to the FUS pulse observed in the experiment. 1. -
Ocean Storage
277 6 Ocean storage Coordinating Lead Authors Ken Caldeira (United States), Makoto Akai (Japan) Lead Authors Peter Brewer (United States), Baixin Chen (China), Peter Haugan (Norway), Toru Iwama (Japan), Paul Johnston (United Kingdom), Haroon Kheshgi (United States), Qingquan Li (China), Takashi Ohsumi (Japan), Hans Pörtner (Germany), Chris Sabine (United States), Yoshihisa Shirayama (Japan), Jolyon Thomson (United Kingdom) Contributing Authors Jim Barry (United States), Lara Hansen (United States) Review Editors Brad De Young (Canada), Fortunat Joos (Switzerland) 278 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 279 6.7 Environmental impacts, risks, and risk management 298 6.1 Introduction and background 279 6.7.1 Introduction to biological impacts and risk 298 6.1.1 Intentional storage of CO2 in the ocean 279 6.7.2 Physiological effects of CO2 301 6.1.2 Relevant background in physical and chemical 6.7.3 From physiological mechanisms to ecosystems 305 oceanography 281 6.7.4 Biological consequences for water column release scenarios 306 6.2 Approaches to release CO2 into the ocean 282 6.7.5 Biological consequences associated with CO2 6.2.1 Approaches to releasing CO2 that has been captured, lakes 307 compressed, and transported into the ocean 282 6.7.6 Contaminants in CO2 streams 307 6.2.2 CO2 storage by dissolution of carbonate minerals 290 6.7.7 Risk management 307 6.2.3 Other ocean storage approaches 291 6.7.8 Social aspects; public and stakeholder perception 307 6.3 Capacity and fractions retained -
Ellipsometry
AALBORG UNIVERSITY Institute of Physics and Nanotechnology Pontoppidanstræde 103 - 9220 Aalborg Øst - Telephone 96 35 92 15 TITLE: Ellipsometry SYNOPSIS: This project concerns measurement of the re- fractive index of various materials and mea- PROJECT PERIOD: surement of the thickness of thin films on sili- September 1st - December 21st 2004 con substrates by use of ellipsometry. The el- lipsometer used in the experiments is the SE 850 photometric rotating analyzer ellipsome- ter from Sentech. THEME: After an introduction to ellipsometry and a Detection of Nanostructures problem description, the subjects of polar- ization and essential ellipsometry theory are covered. PROJECT GROUP: The index of refraction for silicon, alu- 116 minum, copper and silver are modelled us- ing the Drude-Lorentz harmonic oscillator model and afterwards measured by ellipsom- etry. The results based on the measurements GROUP MEMBERS: show a tendency towards, but are not ade- Jesper Jung quately close to, the table values. The mate- Jakob Bork rials are therefore modelled with a thin layer of oxide, and the refractive indexes are com- Tobias Holmgaard puted. This model yields good results for the Niels Anker Kortbek refractive index of silicon and copper. For aluminum the result is improved whereas the result for silver is not. SUPERVISOR: The thickness of a thin film of SiO2 on a sub- strate of silicon is measured by use of ellip- Kjeld Pedersen sometry. The result is 22.9 nm which deviates from the provided information by 6.5 %. The thickness of two thick (multiple wave- NUMBERS PRINTED: 7 lengths) thin polymer films are measured. The polymer films have been spin coated on REPORT PAGE NUMBER: 70 substrates of silicon and the uniformities of the surfaces are investigated. -
Bubble-Mania the Bubbling Clues to Magma Viscosity and Eruptions
Earthlearningidea - http://www.earthlearningidea.com/ Bubble-mania The bubbling clues to magma viscosity and eruptions Pour a viscous liquid (eg. honey, syrup) into Honey and a one transparent container and a pale-coloured soft drink – ready for soft drink (eg. ginger beer) or just coloured bubble-mania. water into another. Put both of these onto a plastic tray or table. Ask your pupils to use a drinking straw to blow bubbles into the soft Apparatus photo: drink, then ask them to ‘use the same blow’ to Chris King blow bubbles in the more viscous liquid. When nothing happens, ask them to blow harder until the liquid ‘erupts’. Ask: • How were the ‘eruptions’ different? • How were the bubbles different? • What caused the differences? • Some volcanoes have magmas that are Magma fountain ‘runny’ (like the soft drink) and some have within the crater much more viscous magmas (like the other of Volcan liquid) – how might these volcanoes erupt Villarrica, Pucón, differently? Chile. • Which sort of eruption would you most like to This file is see – one with low viscosity (runny) magma, licensed by Jonathan Lewis like the soft drink, or one with high viscosity under the Creative (thick) magma like the viscous liquid? Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The back up Title: Bubble-mania • How were the ‘eruptions’ different? It was easy to blow bubbles into the soft drink Subtitle: The bubbling clues to magma viscosity and it ‘fizzed’ a bit, but the bubbles soon and eruptions disappeared; it was much harder to blow bubbles into the viscous liquid and they grew Topic: A simple test of the viscosity of two similar- large and sometimes burst out of the container looking liquids, linked to volcanic eruption style. -
The Life of a Surface Bubble
molecules Review The Life of a Surface Bubble Jonas Miguet 1,†, Florence Rouyer 2,† and Emmanuelle Rio 3,*,† 1 TIPS C.P.165/67, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; [email protected] 2 Laboratoire Navier, Université Gustave Eiffel, Ecole des Ponts, CNRS, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France; fl[email protected] 3 Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-1691-569-60 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Surface bubbles are present in many industrial processes and in nature, as well as in carbon- ated beverages. They have motivated many theoretical, numerical and experimental works. This paper presents the current knowledge on the physics of surface bubbles lifetime and shows the diversity of mechanisms at play that depend on the properties of the bath, the interfaces and the ambient air. In particular, we explore the role of drainage and evaporation on film thinning. We highlight the existence of two different scenarios depending on whether the cap film ruptures at large or small thickness compared to the thickness at which van der Waals interaction come in to play. Keywords: bubble; film; drainage; evaporation; lifetime 1. Introduction Bubbles have attracted much attention in the past for several reasons. First, their ephemeral Citation: Miguet, J.; Rouyer, F.; nature commonly awakes children’s interest and amusement. Their visual appeal has raised Rio, E. The Life of a Surface Bubble. interest in painting [1], in graphism [2] or in living art. -
Study on Bubble Cavitation in Liquids for Bubbles Arranged in a Columnar Bubble Group
applied sciences Article Study on Bubble Cavitation in Liquids for Bubbles Arranged in a Columnar Bubble Group Peng-li Zhang 1,2 and Shu-yu Lin 1,* 1 Institute of Applied Acoustics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China; [email protected] 2 College of Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-181-9273-7031 Received: 24 October 2019; Accepted: 29 November 2019; Published: 4 December 2019 Featured Application: This work will provide a reference for further simulations and help to promote the theoretical study of ultrasonic cavitation bubbles. Abstract: In liquids, bubbles usually exist in the form of bubble groups. Due to their interaction with other bubbles, the resonance frequency of bubbles decreases. In this paper, the resonance frequency of bubbles in a columnar bubble group is obtained by linear simplification of the bubbles’ dynamic equation. The correction coefficient between the resonance frequency of the bubbles in the columnar bubble group and the Minnaert frequency of a single bubble is given. The results show that the resonance frequency of bubbles in the bubble group is affected by many parameters such as the initial radius of bubbles, the number of bubbles in the bubble group, and the distance between bubbles. The initial radius of the bubbles and the distance between bubbles are found to have more significant influence on the resonance frequency of the bubbles. When the distance between bubbles increases to 20 times the bubbles’ initial radius, the coupling effect between bubbles can be ignored, and after that the bubbles’ resonance frequency in the bubble group tends to the resonance frequency of a single bubble’s resonance frequency. -
Understanding Polarization
Semrock Technical Note Series: Understanding Polarization The Standard in Optical Filters for Biotech & Analytical Instrumentation Understanding Polarization 1. Introduction Polarization is a fundamental property of light. While many optical applications are based on systems that are “blind” to polarization, a very large number are not. Some applications rely directly on polarization as a key measurement variable, such as those based on how much an object depolarizes or rotates a polarized probe beam. For other applications, variations due to polarization are a source of noise, and thus throughout the system light must maintain a fixed state of polarization – or remain completely depolarized – to eliminate these variations. And for applications based on interference of non-parallel light beams, polarization greatly impacts contrast. As a result, for a large number of applications control of polarization is just as critical as control of ray propagation, diffraction, or the spectrum of the light. Yet despite its importance, polarization is often considered a more esoteric property of light that is not so well understood. In this article our aim is to answer some basic questions about the polarization of light, including: what polarization is and how it is described, how it is controlled by optical components, and when it matters in optical systems. 2. A description of the polarization of light To understand the polarization of light, we must first recognize that light can be described as a classical wave. The most basic parameters that describe any wave are the amplitude and the wavelength. For example, the amplitude of a wave represents the longitudinal displacement of air molecules for a sound wave traveling through the air, or the transverse displacement of a string or water molecules for a wave on a guitar string or on the surface of a pond, respectively. -
Bubble Size and Bubble Concentration of a Microbubble Pump with Respect to Operating Conditions
energies Article Bubble Size and Bubble Concentration of a Microbubble Pump with Respect to Operating Conditions Seok-Yun Jeon 1,2, Joon-Yong Yoon 1 and Choon-Man Jang 2,* 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdeahak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea; [email protected] (S.-Y.J.); [email protected] (J.-Y.Y.) 2 Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283, Goyangdae-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10223, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-910-0494 Received: 8 June 2018; Accepted: 12 July 2018; Published: 17 July 2018 Abstract: The present paper describes some aspects of the bubble size and concentration of a microbubble pump with respect to flow and pressure conditions. The microbubble pump used in the present study has an open channel impeller of a regenerative pump, which generates micro-sized bubbles with the rotation of the impeller. The bubble characteristics are analyzed by measuring the bubble size and concentration using the experimental apparatus consisting of open-loop facilities; a regenerative pump, a particle counter, electronic flow meters, pressure sensors, flow control valves, a torque meter, and reservoir tanks. To control the intake, and the air flowrate upstream of the pump, a high precision flow control valve is introduced. The bubble characteristics have been analyzed by controlling the intake air flowrate and the pressure difference of the pump while the rotational frequency of the pump impeller was kept constant. All measurement data was stored on the computer through the NI (National Instrument) interface system. -
The Dual Effect of Viscosity on Bubble Column Hydrodynamics
Chemical Engineering Science 158 (2017) 509–538 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemical Engineering Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ces The dual effect of viscosity on bubble column hydrodynamics ⁎ crossmark Giorgio Besagnia, , Fabio Inzolia, Giorgia De Guidob, Laura Annamaria Pellegrinib a Politecnico di Milano, Department of Energy, Via Lambruschini 4a, 20156 Milano, Italy b Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Some authors, in the last decades, have observed the dual effect of viscosity on gas holdup and flow regime Bubble column transition in small-diameter and small-scale bubble columns. This work concerns the experimental investiga- Flow regime transition tion of the dual effect of viscosity on gas holdup and flow regime transition as well as bubble size distributions in Bubble size distributions and shapes a large-diameter and large-scale bubble column. The bubble column is 5.3 m in height, has an inner diameter of Gas holdup 0.24 m, and can be operated with gas superficial velocities in the range of 0.004–0.20 m/s. Air was used as the Viscosity dispersed phase, and various water-monoethylene glycol solutions were employed as the liquid phase. The Aspect ratio correlation water-monoethylene glycol solutions that were tested correspond to a viscosity between 0.9 mPa s and 7.97 mPa s, a density between 997.086 kg/m3 and 1094.801 kg/m3, a surface tension between 0.0715 N/m and 0.0502 N/m, and log10(Mo) between −10.77 and −6.55 (where Mo is the Morton number). -
On the Shape of Giant Soap Bubbles
On the shape of giant soap bubbles Caroline Cohena,1, Baptiste Darbois Texiera,1, Etienne Reyssatb,2, Jacco H. Snoeijerc,d,e, David Quer´ e´ b, and Christophe Claneta aLaboratoire d’Hydrodynamique de l’X, UMR 7646 CNRS, Ecole´ Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France; bLaboratoire de Physique et Mecanique´ des Milieux Het´ erog´ enes` (PMMH), UMR 7636 du CNRS, ESPCI Paris/Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University/Sorbonne Universites/Universit´ e´ Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France; cPhysics of Fluids Group, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; dMESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; and eDepartment of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Edited by David A. Weitz, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved January 19, 2017 (received for review October 14, 2016) We study the effect of gravity on giant soap bubbles and show The experimental setup dedicated to the study of such large 2 that it becomes dominant above the critical size ` = a =e0, where bubbles is presented in Experimental Setup, before information p e0 is the mean thickness of the soap film and a = γb/ρg is the on Experimental Results and Model. The discussion on the asymp- capillary length (γb stands for vapor–liquid surface tension, and ρ totic shape and the analogy with inflated structures is presented stands for the liquid density). We first show experimentally that in Analogy with Inflatable Structures. large soap bubbles do not retain a spherical shape but flatten when increasing their size. A theoretical model is then developed Experimental Setup to account for this effect, predicting the shape based on mechan- The soap solution is prepared by mixing two volumes of Dreft© ical equilibrium.