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The Sanctuaries of Early Bronze Age Palestine Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 1971 The Sanctuaries of Early Bronze Age Palestine David L. Newlands Wilfrid Laurier University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons Recommended Citation Newlands, David L., "The Sanctuaries of Early Bronze Age Palestine" (1971). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1589. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1589 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE sAicrymgs OF THE E^LV mmZE MM. FALEITiMIs by OAVX*) U MEWUHDS A Th«*l* submitted in partial fulfillment of til* requirmaaats far the a#gr*# of faster ©f Art* in .4ear hasterxi ^tudiea ifATERLOO LUTHify^ IWWHiSXTV rfat#rl«x»t Ontario March* 1971 Property of the Library Waterloo University College UMI Number: EC56402 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI EC56402 Copyright 2012 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ACKNUWLEIXiMEtffe 1 wisn to express my appreciation to ttr. Lawrence £. Toombs, my advisor, for nis counsel and encouragement during the preparation of this thesis. The award of a ^ion Researcn foundation fellowsnip for the summer of 1970 made it possible to return to Israel and to snare in the activities of the Joint archaeological expedition to »Ai let-Tell). Jr. Joseph A. Callaway, director of the •«! expedition, extended an invitation to rue and my wife to participate in the technical and research **ork of the »^i expedition, ni&o, gratitude is expressed to JX. ituth Amiran, of the Israel Museum, who kindly permitted me to use proof copies of the pottery plates from her forth* coming hook, ^M^l.Mtf* The descriptions and conclusions of this thesis are those of the autnor and do not necessarily represent the views of the individuals and Foundation noted above. David inlands ii TABLE a* amsms M^MMiM&mm^ .............. ii Uat OF IU&STRAT10MS . • . iv ItCrftOOJCTIOli .••••••... 1 Chapter I. A M£TWJft)LOiV M§4 T«£ STUDY UF &AfCTumil» . 8 ii. TME i^vaametii a# THE mimum B£f^tfc THE THXRiJ MiLLSililtJte 11 ill. TWOLAOCAL 3TUy¥ Or* £AHL¥ iftJUZi **ig OimmsmiBi 20 Introduction The ,*ar©ad~h©Mse,, Type Sanctuary The *Ai Sanctuary Type Ine i-uJolic Building Type Sanctuary Sanctuaries after the Early Bronze Age IV. TH£ FOTTgRY AND OTHia *>aj£CTS ftfclft fiAHLY anmde Aa£ smmiMUzs 75 introduction Pottery from Megidd© XIX (Locua 4030} lottery £ro» baratang^s Jericho Level VII lottery from Tali el-i*ar«aa (Loci 671 and 633} lottery from the Sanctuary at •Arad Strata 11*111 Pottery from the *Ai Sanctuary Pottery fro® the Acropolis at «Ai lottery fro® Mefiddo 401? High **lac# Conclusions V. THE aJLTUEE Of fttUa?2H£ IN THE THXftU «iu.e«4iii4 ................. im siflLiooaAPify ..................... ia9 Hi LIST Of ILLUSTRATIONS gure Page 1. Sketch imp Showing the Known Sanctuaries of Early Bronze Age falestine ......... 7 2. Megiddo .a.-: {Locus 4050} Sanctuary ...... 24 3. Photograph of Excavated sanctuary of Megiddo XIX (Locus 4050} .......... 24 4. Sketch of Megiddo XIX Sanctuary Showing Earlier (original) atid La tar (Secondary} Aitara «.....*•*»»••••.».. 2*# 5. Altar of Earlier Phasa of Megidd© XIX Sanctuary .....*............ 25 6. View of Two Hows of Post Bases In Megiddo XIX Sanctuary .«............*•.* 27 7. Close-up View of Later Altar and Stones of Post Base .................. 27 a. Jericho Yll Shrine .............. 29 9. Plan of Jericho VII Shrine .......... 29 10. &to«e objects Found ^ear Jericho VII Shxtne . 31 11. The sanctuary (Locus 671} oi Early Brora* Period 1 at Tell el•Far*an ......... 32 12. The Third Phase of the sanctuary (Locus 633) of Early Sronre Period 3 at Tell ei*Farf«h 34 13. Sketch of Tell *.\rad Tanpl* of Stratum II * , • 38 14. Plan of iianctuaries B and A at *Ai (et-Tell} (Callaway} ................. 42 15. (a/ Sanctuary C at fAy (at-Tell} (ttarqpet* toauseii ib) Sanctuary B at fAy i*t*Teil) (Marquet-Krause) .............. 43 iv Page 16- £*i*gr*» of Sanctuary A at •Ay (*t*Tell> U:»arquet-Urause) .............. 44 17. uiagraa of Sanctuary A at f Ay (et-Tell} I reconstructed; U^rquet-ivxause) •••••• 48 18. Plan of the •At (et*Tell} Excavations of Sit* U, the Acropolis ............ 54 19. Plan of the Acropolis Building U-arquet- Krause) ......•*...•.•....* 56 20. (a) Altar 4017 of Stratus XV11, feegiddos (b) Altar 4017 of Stratum XVI, ttegidd© ... 64 21* Altar 4017 of Stratum XVI* ttegiddo ...... 65 22. Potsherds and Animal Bones in debris Around Altar 4017 at Megiddo ........ 65 23. Pottery front Pavement 4009 of Stratus XIII B, Meglddo ............... 67 24. Eestored Plan of kegiddo .stratum XV Sacred Area ................. 69 25. Sacred Area of Jaeglddo Stratusi XV ...... 69 26. Temple 4040 of Stratum XVV lieglddo* Viewed from Northwest ............... 70 27. Temple 4040 with Altar 4017 Behind smd Teazle 5192 at Right. Stratus* XV. Viewed f roa dbrth 70 23. lottery from MegicMo XIX (Locus 4050} ..... 80 29. Pottery from Garstang*s Jericho Level VII ... BO 30. Pottery from tiarstang,s Jericho Level VII ... S5 31. Pottery from Tell el-Far*ah (Loci 671 ancs Q>«!«9/ .................. v«t 32. Pottery from Sanctuaries C and B at »Ai . 100 33. Pottery fro® Sanctuary A at *Ai ....... 10S v Page Pottery fro© Sanctuary A at fAi ........ Ill Pottery and ubjects from Sanctuary A at »Ai . • 117 Alabaster Objects and Ivory Knife Handles free* Sanctuary A at •Al ........... 119 Pottery fro® the Acropolis Building at *Ai . 137 tottery and Objects from the Acropolis Building at f*i (et-Tell) (Marquet-Krause} 13© Bowls from the Acropolis Buildings (Site si} at »Ai (et-Tell) (Callaway} ......... 139 ueep Bowls and rlatters fro» the Acropolis Buildings Uite u) at *Ai (et-Tell} (Callaway} ..... ...... 140 Jar Sherds from the Acropolis Buildings (Site U) at «M (et-Tall} (Callaway} .... 146 Jar Sherds* Body Sherds* Spout and Handles from the ncropolls Buildings (Site D) at •Ai (et-Tell} (Callaway} .......... 147 Pottery from *l*gl4de 4017 High Place ..... 12i4 vi IHTMOIAJCTION The fiarly ^ronre Age aar&s the beginning of urbanir- ation in Palestine. Sites which had been small settlements during the previous Proto-Urban period became functionally divided cities with well-built fortifications and architec­ turally distinct public buildings. In some areas new sites became inhabited and cities developed for the first time. Urbanization brought major changes in the physical setting of life and we can assume these are paralleled by economic, political and religious changes. The sanctuary building in the Early Bronze w§e provides iaportant evidence for understanding the ne*. urban life, H study of sanctuar­ ies, the central public building of each city, provides architectural and ceramic evidence of the new Ideas that developed witn urbanization, H comparative study of sanctu­ ary types during the fcarly Bronze nge should also provide evidence of the basic structural forms which were elaborated md modified in later Palestinian sanctuaries* iAiring the Early Bronze Age the great empires of Egypt* Syria end Mesopotamia were extending their influence by trade and political expansion. Palestine* the land- bridge between the three great powers, was influenced by the®, A study of sanctuary buildings provides us with 1 2 important information on the nature of this trade and polit­ ical expansion in Palestine. The importance of the sanctu­ ary for a Knowledge of foreign relations during the Early 1 Bronxe Age has already "amn recognized* uurlng the past forty years archaeological excava­ tors have uncovered all the known early Bronze Palestine sanctuaries, curing this period no detailed comparative study of these buildings has tomma made, althougn several survey articles on the temple in Palestine covering all per- iods have been published. Recently there has been a sug­ gestion that one of the structures called a sanctuary by ex­ cavators Is not such a structure, but that another building at the same site is to be considered a sanctuary in Its place. There is also sojae question about the identifica­ tion of &o«e of the earlier excavated structures, especially the snrine in Level VII at Jericho. A detailed stud/ of Early Bronxe Age sanctuaries will require the formulation of J. a. Hennessy* ]fo%tamlMllMKllW&MtM„MlttfUftkm uurina the, fcarly. Bronze AO* i Londom Bernard yuariten, Ltd., 1967J, p»p. 69-71. 2 See v». Ernest aright, "The significance of the Temple in the ancient ^ear Hast, rart 111: The Temple in Palestine-Syria," $^fa§h, MMbmttl<^*p VXi (J*c«wb*rt 1944), 65-88? M. V. Seton-^illiaas, "Palestinian Temples,* Iraq, .a (1949), 77-89. "nth* most recent presentation of the argument is in reference to »Ailet-Tell), in an unpublished pmpex by a. bmest Wright, "The Significance of »Al in the Third Millennium B.C." criteria for tneir identification.4 in 1933* ate*. Mar«ju*t-&rause, a French arcnaeolo- gist, began wors. at *^i (et»Teil)t two kilometers nortn- east of Beltin. ti^xm she uncovered a sanctuary complex inside and against the citadel, tne strengthened section of the fortifications along tne western side of the tell. At tne hlgnest point of tne tell* some 356 at* above sea level, m4 northeast of tne sanctuary was uncovered what tne considered tne main nuilding of tne city, a palace, t^arquet-wrause's interpretation of tnis structure (site sa) as a palace has not gone by unchallenged, aibright called it a teazle but gave no explanation for his decision.
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