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Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS) – Risk Mitigation, Epidemiology and Oshv-1 Biology

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Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS) – Risk Mitigation, Epidemiology and Oshv-1 Biology Aquatic Animal Health Subprogram: Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS) – risk mitigation, epidemiology and OsHV-1 biology R Whittington, P Hick, A Rubio, N Dhand, O Evans December 2015 FRDC Project No 2012/032 1 © 2015 The University of Sydney and Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN : 978 -1-74210-368-6 Aquatic Animal Health Subprogram: Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS) – risk mitigation, epidemiology and OsHV-1 biology FRDC 2012/032 December 2015 Ownership of Intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation and The University of Sydney This publication (and any information sourced from it) should be attributed to Whittington, R.J., Hick, P., Rubio, A., Dhand, N. and Evans, O. The University of Sydney. 2015. Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS) – risk mitigation, epidemiology and OsHV-1 biology, Sydney, July. Creative Commons licence All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence, save for content supplied by third parties, logos and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en. The full licence terms are available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/legalcode. Inquiries regarding the licence and any use of this document should be sent to: [email protected] Disclaimer The authors do not warrant that the information in this document is free from errors or omissions. The authors do not accept any form of liability, be it contractual, tortious, or otherwise, for the contents of this document or for any consequences arising from its use or any reliance placed upon it. The information, opinions and advice contained in this document may not relate, or be relevant, to a readers particular circumstances. Opinions expressed by the authors are the individual opinions expressed by those persons and are not necessarily those of the publisher, research provider or the FRDC. The Fisheries Research and Development Corporation plans, invests in and manages fisheries research and development throughout Australia. It is a statutory authority within the portfolio of the federal Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, jointly funded by the Australian Government and the fishing industry. Researcher Contact Details FRDC Contact Details Name: Richard Whittington Address: 25 Geils Court Address: 425 Werombi Road Deakin ACT 2600 Camden NSW 2570 Phone: 02 6285 0400 Phone: 02 9351 1619 Fax: 02 6285 0499 Fax: 02 9351 1618 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web: www.frdc.com.au Web: www.oysterhealthsydney.org In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to FRDC publishing this material in its edited form. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................... 7 Executive Summary................................................................................................................ 8 What the report is about ..................................................................................................... 8 Background ........................................................................................................................ 8 Aims/objectives .................................................................................................................. 8 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 8 Results/key findings ........................................................................................................... 9 Implications for relevant stakeholders ............................................................................... 9 Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 10 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 11 Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 13 Method ........................................................................................................................... 14 Results ........................................................................................................................... 34 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 90 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 107 Implications ......................................................................................................................... 109 Recommendations............................................................................................................... 109 Further development ...................................................................................................... 109 Extension and Adoption ..................................................................................................... 111 Project coverage.................................................................................................................. 113 Project materials developed ............................................................................................... 114 Appendices ......................................................................................................................... 115 Appendix 1 - List of researchers and project staff ......................................................... 115 Appendix 2 - POMS R&D Consensus Statement .......................................................... 116 Appendix 3 - References ................................................................................................ 119 3 List of Tables Table 1. Time and location of sampling of farmed and experimental oysters for OsHV-1 DNA sequencing . ............................................................................... 14 Table 2. Definitions of disease, infection and time period used in this study .................. 15 Table 3. Experimental design ........................................................................................... 20 Table 4. Oyster movements from the index case location in Mullet Creek . ................... 36 Table 5. Mortality in active oyster leases examined in Mullet Creek . ............................ 37 Table 6. Retrospective testing for OsHV-1 in sentinel oysters in the Hawkesbury River. .................................................................................................................. 40 Table 7. Prevalence of OsHV-1 in bays of the Hawkesbury River . ................................ 40 Table 8: Summary of environmental variables for the the index case ............................ 43 Table 9. Presence of Alexandrium catenella close to the sites of index cases. ................ 49 Table 10. Summary of water temperature at two probe locations close to the oyster sheds in Mooney Mooney ................................................................................. 57 Table 11. The window of POMS disease .......................................................................... 60 Table 12. Cumulative mortality. ........................................................................................ 61 Table 13. Prevalence of OsHV-1 infection in live oysters ................................................ 63 Table 14. Results of qPCR tests for OsHV-1 in wild Pacific oysters ............................... 70 Table 15. Results of qPCR tests for OsHV-1 in wild Sydney rock oysters ...................... 71 Table 16. Results of qPCR tests for OsHV-1 in various wild molluscs ............................ 72 Table 17. Stability of OsHV-1 in seawater at 20 C .......................................................... 74 Table 18. Stability of OsHV-1 in wet oyster tissue.⁰ .......................................................... 75 Table 19. Stability of OsHV-1 in dry oyster tissue at 20 C .............................................. 76 Table 20. Outline of upweller trial design and the results⁰ of qPCR tests . ........................ 78 Table 21. Disinfection of OsHV-1 in seawater and oyster tissues . ................................... 82 Table 22. Viral concentrations ........................................................................................... 85 Table 23. Wild molluscs and other wild species tested for OsHV-1 in FRDC project 2011/053 ............................................................................................. 101 4 List of Figures Figure 1. Locations for oyster sampling in the Hawkesbury River (left panel) and Georges River (right panel). .............................................................................. 14 Figure 2. Location of sites A, B and C and cultivation systems used in the trial . ............ 20 Figure 3. Layout of upwellers in treatment tanks ............................................................
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