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juuiuedat , s3WS uoNaedooO sol-. r v -.-y NNVO|| ;aJau)uoJ.................. CIINOMa-aazqi3, , X - )INV LIU~.JV~JiJ . INI' OT Public Disclosure Authorized (VOVilit Ko,, lUQ43N .U i (v :IIqSqjylim gJo u?oumjpio0z ol.j Io~ sl1w anb!qruezoWjo )u9WUlJaAO9 - - a* 7 Public Disclosure Authorized E~~ A * j r~~ r : JI . ; ^11'=~~~ 4*F,,z 6Z-} Z I Public Disclosure Authorized . > ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Y Public Disclosure Authorized Proceedings of the National Workshop on INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE Proceedings of the National Workshop on INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE Inhaca Island and Maputo, Mozambique, May 5-10, 1996 Published by The World Bank Land, Water and Natural Habitats Division Environmental Department Sida Marine Science Program Department for Research Cooperation, SAREC ISBN 91-586-6068-2 Editors Carl Gustaf Lundin Olof Linden Cover by Lena Wennersten Cover photographs by C. G. Lundin Produced by Jessica Lindstrom Battle, Ord & Vetande AB, Uppsala 1997 Layout by Tryckfaktorn AB, Hans Melchersson, Stockholm Printed by Graphic System 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 5 STATUS OF THE COASTAL ZONE OF MOZAMBIQUE 7 Alfredo Massinga and John Hatton CASE STUDIES Territorial Planning of the Coastal Zone of Mozambique - Methodology 69 Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs - MICOA Mecufi Coastal Zone Management Project 76 Alfredo Massinga Integrated Administration of the Coastal Zone of the Island of Inhaca 90 Domingos Z. Gove Environmental Profile of the Bazaruto Archipelago 99 Samiro Magane Tourism, Land Use and Conflicts. Bilene - Xai-Xai - Chongoene 108 John Hatton, Custodio Voabil and Arlindo Manj'ate Beira - Main Environmental Problems and Potential Solutions 123 Hassan Environmental Profile of the Island of Mocambique 131 Rui Fonseca THE ARUSHA RESOLUTION 139 THE SEYCHELLES CONFERENCE STATEMENT 143 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 147 FOREWORD Eastern Africa and the island states of the Western Indian Ocean is a diverse region - culturally, politically and ecologically. The region consists of the mainland states Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the island states Madagascar, the Comoros, Mauritius, La Reunion and the Seychelles. Approximately 30 to 35 million people live in the coastal areas of the region, and the shoreline extends a distance of some 11 000 kilometres. Widespread poverty, together with rapid population growth and inappropriate or poorly planned development, have resul- ted in environmental degradation and resource depletion in many areas along the coast. This has resulted in increasing conflicts among coastal inhabitants. To address issues of coastal destruction and resource overuse, better methods for environmental and natural resources management are needed. Such methods and principles have already been used in other parts of the world, and are generally referred to as Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) or Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM). These methods were one of the topics at the Earth Summit (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (Chapter 17 of Agenda 21). Further- more, the governments of the region agreed to adopt and implement the concept of ICZM in their countries at the Policy Conference on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Eastern Africa including Island States, held in Arusha, Tanzania, in April 1993 (The Arusha Resolution on Integrated Coastal Zone Management, see page XX of this volume). In order to reassess the successes and failures of the Arusha Resolution, the governments of the region met again in October 1996 in the Seychelles. The outcome of that meeting was an agreement on further actions to improve the situation (The Seychelles Conference Statement, see page XY of this volume). To address the issues of coastal management in Eastern Africa, a joint program was initiated between the Swedish Government through Sida (the Swe- dish International Development Cooperation Agency') and the Environment De- partment, Land, Water and Natural Habitats Division at the World Bank. The objective of the program is to initiate a national process in the countries of the region, to improve the management of the coastal areas and assist in capacity building in this field. One way of increasing awareness of the need for improved coastal management at the political and executive level in the countries of the region, is to arrange seminars and workshops, where policy-makers, heads of government agencies and others The program was originally started by SAREC (the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries). In 1995, SAREC merged with several other Swedish agencies to form Sida. 5 can meet to discuss the issues. At these workshops, with the assistance of internatio- nal experts, various national experts, interest groups and local stakeholders are invited to discuss, exchange information and apply the concepts of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in a local setting. An example of the outcome of these workshops is the inclusion of coastal management programs in national and environmental action plans, and making them part of national investment priorities. Another outcome is the establishment of pilot activities for the implementation of ICZM. A series of workshops are now being held in Eastern Africa and the island states of the Western Indian Ocean. So far, national workshops have been carried out in the Seychelles, Tanzania, Madagascar and Mozambique. This volume pre- sents the proceedings of the fourth national workshop, which was held on Inhaca Island and in Maputo, Mozambique. On behalf of Sida and the World Bank, we wish to thank the organisers, the Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) and the University Eduardo Mondlane, for their preparatory work which made the workshop a success. One proof of this success is the fact that several of the recommendations from the workshop are presently being implemented by MICOA and other concerned parties. Carl Gustaf Lundin Anders Granlund World Bank Sida Environment Department Department for Research Cooperation 6 STATUS OF THE COASTAL ZONE OF MOZAMBIQUE ALFREDO MASSINGA AND JOHN HATTON Introduction Background Mozambique is situated between latitudes 10020'S and 26°50'S. Its coastline of ca. 2 770 km is characterised by a wide diversity of habitats, including sandy beaches, coral reefs, estuarine systems, bays, mangroves and seagrass beds. The coast is the country's most valuable natural resource. Coastal resources - fisheries, agriculture, tourism and forestry - contribute significantly to the national income, and provide social and economic benefits to an estimated two-thirds of the popula- tion. These resources are allocated and managed on a sectoral basis with little coordination between the sectors - especially in the coastal areas, where both land and marine resources are involved. Consequently, there are overlaps and gaps with regards to institutional roles, jurisdictional competence, powers of enforcement etc., resulting in haphazard and uncontrolled development along much of the coastline. The National Environmental Management Plan (NEMP), approved by the Go- vernment of Mozambique and currently under review, highlights "the management and use of the coast and coastal marine resources" as one of three critical areas warranting special attention. Hopefully, the integrated management and sustaina- ble development of Mozambique's coastal zone may be achieved once the NEMP is implemented. CoastalRegions The Mozambique coast is a compound shoreline and can be divided into three main natural regions with one additional type of limited occurrence (Fig. 1). Coral Coast The northernmost section, extending about 770 km from the Rovuma River in the north to the Primeiro/Segundo Archipelago in the south (17°20'S), is essentially a coral coast. These reef-forming corals are classified as hermatypic, requiring a mean annual sea temperature of about 21°C. Corals also occur at intervals offshore from Bazaruto Island southward to South Africa, but these are found in relatively deeper waters than the reef corals and play little part in modifying the direct action of the sea and storms. The southern limit for shallow water fringing coral is reported from Inhaca Island, at latitude 26°S. 7 Swamp Coast The central section of Mozambique, ca. 978 km between Angoche (16°14'S) and Bazaruto Island (21°10'S), is classified as a swamp coast, with simple linear to arched beaches, swamps and estuaries. The sea along this coast is shallow and the waves are high but short, disturbing the bottom materials close to the beach; this is one of the causes of the high turbidity found in this region. Twenty-four rivers discharge into the Indian Ocean along this central section of the coast, each with an estuary supporting well established mangrove swamps. The beaches between Peba- ne and the Zambezi River mouth are of black sand and consequently fairly rich in the minerals ilmenite and rutile. The shore is characterised by low dunes known as cheniers, which run parallel to the coast. Parabolic Dune Coast The third coastal region stretches from Bazaruto Island southward to Ponta de Ouro and beyond to Natal at Mlalazi River (28°57'S) and is classified as a parabolic dune coast. This is a section of coast about 850 km long and is characterised by high parabolic dunes and north-oriented capes and barrier lakes. These dune systems attain heights of 120 m and are considered to the be highest vegetated dunes in the world. Delta Coast There are only two sections of the Mozambique coast that can be classified as delta coast, namely the Zambezi and Save River deltas. Currents Mozambique lies is separated from Madagascar Island by the Mozambique Chan- nel, which is 400 km wide at its narrowest point. Madagascar Island blocks off the influences of the open ocean, except in the extreme south (south of latitude 25°S) and in the extreme north, where Cabo Delgado lies open to the direct influence of the Indian Ocean and forms the dividing point of the South Equatorial Current (Fig. 1). The warm southward flowing branch of this current, known as the Mozambique Current, and further south as the Agulhas, has far-reaching influences on the climate and life of Southern Africa.
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