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Provincia Iudaea'da Yahudi Isyanlari T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANA BİLİM DALI ESKİÇAĞ TARİHİ BİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ PROVINCIA IUDAEA’DA YAHUDİ İSYANLARI Y. EMRE CEREN 2501150154 TEZ DANIŞMANI PROF. DR. HAMDİ ŞAHİN İSTANBUL-2019 ÖZ PROVINCIA IUDAEA’DA YAHUDİ İSYANLARI Y. EMRE CEREN Roma’nın Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus komutasında Doğu Akdeniz’e girmesiyle birlikte, bölgedeki egemen kültürler daha önce aşina olmadıkları Roma hükmü altında varlıklarını sürdürmeye çalışmışlardır. İlkin bölgede Roma ile sıkı bir uzlaşım varken, ilerleyen aşamada sınıfsal, kültürel ve siyasal çıkmazlar veya çıkarlar karşılaştığı anda isyanlara dönüşmüştür. Bu isyanlar içerisinde kendi sınıfsal çıkarından ötürü Roma ile birlikte hareket eden Yahudilerle birlikte, Yunan-Yahudi çatışması da ortaya çıkmıştır. Kültürel anlamda bölgede egemen konumda olan Yahudilerin isyan liderleri Tanah ve ona bağlı kültlerle bir arada tutup motive etmeye çalışmışlardır. Bu durum zaman zaman kendini mesih ilan etmeye ve zaman zaman da tanrının buyruğu adı altında mağlubiyeti ve sürgünü kabul etmeye dönüşmüştür. İsyanların her biri bir önceki isyanı temel alan ve oradaki hataları görerek gelişen bir ilerlemeye sahiptir. İsyanlar, hem Roma’ya hem de isyan eden Yahudi halkına ciddi tahribatlar yaratmıştır. Yaratılan tahribat neticesinde bulunduğu çağı ve çağlar ötesini ciddi anlamda etkileyecek demografik değişimler ve kültürel aktarımlar söz konusu olmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yahudi İsyanları, Göç, Sürgün, Yıkım, Hadrianus, Vespasianus, Traianus, Titus, Nero iii ABSTRACT JEWISH REVOLTS IN PROVINCIA JUDAEA Y. EMRE CEREN With the Levant conquest of Rome by the command under Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, ascendent cultures in the province tried to obtain under Roman rulership which previously not familiar. Initially, in the province there was serious agreement with Rome, in the proceeded stage when class, culture and politic antagonism or interests faced off, situation turned in to revolts. In this revolts there were Jews working with Rome for the own class interests and also the Jews- Greek cultural hegemonic struggle. Jewish culture was substantially dominating culture in the province and Jewish revolt leaders used Tanah and engaged cults for motivate to rebels and hold them together. This situation at times turned into announce himselft as Mesiah and accept exile and migration as a order of god. Each of revolts based on the previous one, and each of them had progression by tried to fix the mistakes of previous revolts. Revolts caused massive destructions both Rome and Jewish people. As a result of destruction demographic changes and cultural transmissions affected on that era and beyond that. Keywords: Jewish Revolts, Exile, Migration, Destruction, Hadrianus, Vespasianus, Traianus, Titus, Nero iv ÖNSÖZ Yahudilerin bölge içerisinde tarih boyunca yaşadıkları sürgünler, göçler ve olaylar ile gerek kendileri tarafından gerekse de bölgedeki diğer halklar veya bölgeye dışarıdan gelen devletler tarafından açılan savaşlar Yahudilerin Roma’ya yönelik isyanlarına giden süreçte büyük bir rol oynamıştır. Yahudiler bu isyanlar içerisinde geçmişte yaşanmış olayları ve mağlubiyetlerini de göz önünde bulundurarak hareket etmişlerdir. Mısır’dan Çıkış’tan Bar Kokhba İsyanı’nın bitimine dek süre gelen Yahudi gelenekleri, bir önceki hataları fark ederek ve onlar üzerine yoğunlaşarak ilerlemiştir ve Roma’ya karşı başlatılan isyanlar, genel anlamıyla önceki sonuçlar gösterilerek yürütülmüştür. Bu duruma bağlı olarak tez ilk olarak Yahudilerin bölgelerini yani coğrafyalarını tarihi coğrafya başlığıyla anlatarak başlamaktadır. Bu bölümde Yahudilerin genel olarak doğal, tarihsel ve siyasi coğrafyalarından bahsedilmiştir ve Iudaea’nın kendi iç bölgeleri aktarılmıştır. Ardından isyanların genelinin etrafında veya içinde geçtiği fiziki coğrafyadan ve bölgede öne çıkan kentler ve hisarlar anlatılmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise bölgenin diğer halklarla olan kimlik ve kültür probleminin ana sebebi olan ciddi farklılıklardan ve bölgenin genel hatlarıyla Roma’ya kadar olan tarihinden söz edilmiştir. Bölgenin genel hatlarıyla kültürünün aktarıldığı bu bölümde, sadece Yahudilik ve ona bağlı kültürel öğeler değil bölge içerisinde yer alan diğer kültürlerden de bahsedilmiştir. Bu diğer kültürlerle Yahudilik kültürü tarih boyunca sürekli bir çatışma içerisindedir. Bu çatışma nihai olarak isyanda diğer kültürleri Roma ile yanyana getirirken Yahudileri ise karşı cephede bulunmaya mecbur kılmıştır. Ardından ise bu bölümün B kısmında bölgenin Prehistorya’dan Roma’ya kadar olan tarihi anlatılmıştır. Bu yapılırken bölgeyi doğrudan veya dolaylı yollardan etkileyen, bölgede olmasa dahi bölge üzerinde hegemonik bir etki kuran çevre devletler ve bölgelerden de söz edilmiştir. Bu dönem içerisinde yaşanan göçler, isyanlar, sürgünler ve yıkımlar doğrudan Roma’ya yönelik ortaya çıkan isyanlardaki Yahudi kimliğini oluşturmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde ise Roma yönetimi altında Provincia Iudaea’dan söz edilmiştir. Provincia tanımı bölgeyi ve Roma’yı anlamak açısından elzem olduğundan bu tanımla başlayıp ardından Roma’nın bölgeyle ve Yahudilerle ilk illişkileri aktarılmıştır. Bunun ardından Roma eyaleti olan bölgenin isyanlara dek olan tarihi anlatılmıştır. Bölgenin yarı özerk yapısı anlatıldıktan sonra bölgeye yerleştirilen Roma dostu krallar ve doğrudan Roma’nın bölgeye gönderdiği memurlar aktarılmıştır. v Son bölümde ise Yahudilerin belli bir planla ve düzenli bir biçimde başlattıkları isyanlar verilmiştir. Bu isyanların ortaya çıkış nedenleri, karşılıklı kışkırtmalar ve isyanın boyutu anlatılmış ve bu isyanlara karşı Roma’nın tepkileri, savaşlar ve yıkımlar aktarıldıktan sonra, Roma’nın isyan üzerinden bütün bölgeyi ve Yahudileri cezalandırılması aktarılmıştır. Sonuç olaraksa isyanların sonuçlarının yarattığı etkiden bahsedilmiştir. Lisans eğitimim boyunca Eskiçağ tarihine dair ilgimi uyandıran ve daha sonrasında bu tarihi öğreten, eğiten ve bu tezi yöneten, geliştiren ve yönlendiren Prof. Dr. Hamdi Şahin’e ve tezi okuyup değerlendiren ve iyileştirilmesi açısından yapıcı önerilerde bulunup fikirler sunan Dr. Öğr. Görev. Gürkan Ergin’e teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca bu tez esnasında makale ve yayınlarını basılı halde gönderen Prof. Dr. Benjamin Isaac’a ve Prof. Dr. David Hendin’e; Bronz Çağı’na dair önerdiği ve paylaştığı kaynaklardan ötürü Doç. Dr. Hasan Peker’e, Metin Oral’a ve tüm tez boyunca desteklerini esirgemeyip, özellikle Bronz Çağı ve Akdeniz kültürlerinin anlanması açısından yardımcı olan eşim İlayda Sanin’e teşekkür ederim. vi İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ ....................................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................iv ÖNSÖZ ................................................................................................................................. v İÇİNDEKİLER ................................................................................................................. vii KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ .................................................................................................. x HARİTALAR LİSTESİ ......................................................................................................xi LEVHA LİSTELERİ ........................................................................................................ xii RESİMLER LİSTESİ ...................................................................................................... xiii GİRİŞ .................................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM BÖLGENİN TARİHİ COĞRAFYASI 1.1. Doğal ve Tarihsel Sınırları ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Siyasi Coğrafyası ve Bölgeleri................................................................................................................ 9 1.2.1.Bölgeleri ........................................................................................................................................ 14 1.2.1.1. Idumaea .................................................................................................................................. 14 1.2.1.2. Iudaea ..................................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.1.3. Samaria ................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.1.4. Galilaea .................................................................................................................................. 17 1.2.1.5. Ituraea..................................................................................................................................... 18 1.2.1.6. Nabataea ve Peraea ................................................................................................................. 18 1.2.1.7. Decapolis ................................................................................................................................ 19 1.2.1.8. Palaestina ................................................................................................................................ 20 1.3. Fiziki Coğrafyası.................................................................................................................................
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