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Leveraging Text-Chart Links to Support Authoring of Data-Driven Leveraging Text-Chart Links to Support Authoring of Data-Driven Articles with VizFlow Nicole Sultanum Zoya Bylinskii Zhicheng Liu Fanny Chevalier Adobe Research University of Maryland University of Toronto Cambridge, MA, USA College Park, MD, USA {nicolebs,fanny}@cs.toronto.edu [email protected] [email protected] Source article: https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2016/12/21/14-brits-think-they-are-santas-naughty-list Figure 1: Transforming (A) a static data-driven article (with text and supporting charts) into a dynamic article by leveraging text-chart links. Given (B) a text segment, authors can link it to (C) a related chart, and add related chart highlights (in pink); these links are then used by various (D) storytelling layouts that authors may use to generate (E) dynamic renditions of the text-chart content to be (F) displayed on various platforms. ABSTRACT VizFlow, and a reading study with 24 participants comparing ver- Data-driven articles—i.e., articles featuring text and supporting sions of the same article with different VizFlow intervention levels. charts—play a key role in communicating information to the pub- Assessments showed our approach enabled a rapid and expressive lic. New storytelling formats like scrollytelling apply compelling authoring experience, and informed key design recommendations dynamics to these articles to help walk readers through complex for future efforts in the space. insights, but are challenging to craft. In this work, we investigate ways to support authors of data-driven articles using such sto- CCS CONCEPTS rytelling forms via a text-chart linking strategy. From formative • Human-centered computing ! Information visualization; interviews with 6 authors and an assessment of 43 scrollytelling sto- Visualization systems and tools; Empirical studies in visual- ries, we built VizFlow, a prototype system that uses text-chart links ization; • Applied computing ! Publishing. to support a range of dynamic layouts. We validate our text-chart linking approach via an authoring study with 12 participants using KEYWORDS Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or Scrollytelling, Data Stories, Data-Driven Articles, Text-Chart Links classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed ACM Reference Format: for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the Nicole Sultanum, Fanny Chevalier, Zoya Bylinskii, and Zhicheng Liu. 2021. author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or Leveraging Text-Chart Links to Support Authoring of Data-Driven Articles republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission with VizFlow. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. (CHI ’21), May 8–13, 2021, Yokohama, Japan. ACM, New York, NY, USA, CHI ’21, May 8–13, 2021, Yokohama, Japan 17 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445354 © 2021 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-8096-6/21/05...$15.00 https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445354 CHI ’21, May 8–13, 2021, Yokohama, Japan Sultanum et al. 1 INTRODUCTION us to shift focus to scrollytelling stories. We followed with a sur- We live in an era of information overload and fast pace of infor- vey of scrollytelling articles, which informed content presentation mation exchange based on data. Forming an opinion on complex requirements and common layouts (x3.2). To consolidate insights topics such as climate change, gun control, or the state of a pan- gathered from these investigations on supporting the authoring demic, often requires consuming a range of data-driven articles from of dynamic data-driven articles, we designed a prototype system verified news sources to personal blogs. Also known as “textual called VizFlow (x4). VizFlow makes use of author-defined text-chart narratives” [50] and “magazine style narrative visualizations” [41], links to render content according to a range of layouts (Fig. 1). we define data-driven articles as visual data stories [31] that feature To evaluate VizFlow, we recruited 12 professional communica- primarily textual narratives, containing claims and insights backed tors and researchers in relevant fields to create dynamic versions of by data and illustrated with data visualizations. While traditionally existing static data-driven articles (x5.1). Authors crafted dynamic static, these articles have become increasingly interactive over the articles within a short amount of time, appreciated the ease-of-use years as communicators experimented with a variety of storytelling of VizFlow and the balance of speed and expressiveness enabled by genres and narrative patterns such as infographics [46], interactive the tool, and commented on the tool’s potential for supporting com- slide shows [41], and data videos [2] to help readers understand municators. We also evaluated VizFlow from a reader’s perspective, data [3, 33, 41, 50]. inviting 24 participants from the general population to comment Scrollytelling [42, 43] is one such emerging approach where dy- on 3 versions of the same article, including 2 VizFlow versions with namic updates to the article content are triggered by scrolling; different levels of dynamic behaviour and a static baselinex ( 5.2). notable examples include the New York Times article called “Snow Most participants (75%) preferred the VizFlow versions and found Fall: The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek"1 (which is attributed as a pi- them more helpful and appealing.They also provided context on oneer of the genre [42]) and the popular educational article “A what dynamic features supported their preferences and why. Com- visual introduction to machine learning"2. A key design idea in these bined results of these studies helped validate our modular approach dynamic data-driven articles is connecting portions of the text to authoring. Beyond serving as a test bed for our text-chart linking body to corroborating chart components using visual cues, such approach, evaluations of VizFlow also surfaced design lessons and as highlighting and animations. Through these carefully crafted relevant avenues of future work (x6), including spaces for automa- connections, authors create a compelling and enjoyable experience tion, opportunities to support readers, and author guidance towards for readers while also guiding them through complex insights and more balanced storytelling choices. supporting data understanding. Our contributions include: (1) design directions for the author- Curating such dynamic experiences requires significant pro- ing of dynamic data-driven articles, based on an assessment of gramming skills with current solutions. This demands an interdis- scrollytelling articles and author feedback; (2) VizFlow, a prototype ciplinary team with technical, design, and communication back- system and test bed for the use of text-chart links to guide different grounds working on a single piece for a considerable period of storytelling layouts; (3) evaluations of VizFlow with authors and time, making the process overly complex and time consuming [11]. readers, demonstrating the utility, expressiveness, and effectiveness While prior research has focused on the authoring of visualiza- of our approach, which helped inform (4) a set of lessons learned as tions [38, 54], fewer works have looked at data-driven articles as additional design recommendations for future authoring systems. a target authoring medium, and most works examined them from a reader’s perspective, e.g., assessing reader engagement across 2 RELATED WORK different content presentation styles [33, 57]. To our knowledge, Terms like “data stories” and “data-driven stories” have been broadly no works have looked at holistically supporting authors to create used to refer to journalistic pieces based on data analysis [48], which dynamic data-driven articles more easily. may or may not include graphical components. In visualization re- In this work, we seek to lower the barriers to create dynamic search, Lee et al. [31] define “visual data stories” as including aset data-driven articles without programming expertise. We build on of story pieces “backed up by data” where pieces are “visualized the key notion of text and chart connections, or text-chart links, to to support an intended message” and “presented in a meaningful separate content from presentation (i.e., chart interventions and order”. Within that, we define data-driven articles as visual data sto- storytelling layouts) and enable a more modular and extensible ries that are primarily guided by text and supported by visualizations. approach to authoring of data-driven storytelling. The separation Terms like “magazine style” [41], and “textual narratives” [50] have between semantics and presentation has been proposed in a visu- also been used for stories featuring “visualizations embedded in alization authoring context [37] and the notion of text-chart links narrative text” [53]; in contrast, our scope also entails more analyt- has been applied to data-driven articles to some extent [14, 35, 57], ical data-rich documents [4] (e.g., data analysis reports) that might but they have yet to be explored in the context of authoring and not have an inherent narrative structure but are still data-driven. controlling
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