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A Case Study of Libya, Iraq and Somalia by Siphesihle Qinise

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A Case Study of Libya, Iraq and Somalia by Siphesihle Qinise The UNSC and the Elusive Search for Global Peace and Security: a Case study of Libya, Iraq and Somalia By Siphesihle Qinisela Sigwebela 210526331 A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Social Science in International Relations, International and Public Affairs Cluster, College of Humanities, School of Social Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Supervisor: Mr. Biniam Misgun Date December 2016 i DECLARATION - PLAGIARISM I, Siphesihle Qinisela Sigwebela, Student No. 210526331, author of the thesis titled “The UNSC and the Elusive Search for Global Peace and Security: a case study of Libya, Iraq and Somalia” declare that 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, and is my original research. 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from those persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons' writings, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced. b. Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in italics and inside quotation marks, and referenced. 5. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the References sections. Signed ……………………………… ……………………… Mr. S.Q. Sigwebela Date ii Dedication This work is dedicated: To the Almighty God for giving me the opportunity to embark on and complete this thesis; To Mr. Sigwebela ‘Nondaba Omkhulu,’ my late father who passed away on the 14th of September 2016 and Mrs. Sigwebela, for being there for me during challenging times to tell this story; To all those who died defending and protecting people from crimes of aggression; and To those who continue to play an active role in resolving international conflicts. iii Acknowledgements On the journey, I embarked on in carrying out this research project, from the initial stages right through to its completion, I have encountered various challenges. There are many people who have assisted me significantly and to whom I would like to extend my gratitude. I would like to extend my genuine appreciation to the greatest supervisor I have ever had, Mr. Biniam Misgun: an intellectual, a scholar who contributed overwhelmingly towards the growth of my intellectual capacity. I can never express how much I am grateful to his support from the beginning. Mr. Misgun has been there for me as a pillar of strength, and he made sure that he discovers the best in me. I must say that he brought light whenever I needed it the most. May he continue to be a hub of knowledge! I am grateful for the support I was given by my family through their consistent support. Mr. Sithembiso Chris-Michael Sigwebela my late father who did not live to reap his contributions and Mrs. Ntombizanele Sigwebela, you both played a crucial role, both financial and psychological. My siblings, Lungelo, Nolwazi, and Nontokozo, I felt inspired to have them around and witnessing their achievements. I also cannot forget my peers, Dumisani Mthethwa “my friend, leadership, Chief.” I recall all the moments we shared during the journey. He was always available to answer any questions I had regarding this work. Miss. Hlengiwe Phetha, who encouraged me during tough times and Miss. Chubeka Khulu. Without these compatriots, I could never have finished this work; they all gave me the reasons to complete this dissertation. I like to thank Thobeka Sibisi for making me want to become a better person, thank you for your special presence in my life. I would also like to extend my outmost gratification to Prof. Bheki R. Mngomezulu. “Dlakadla”! He played a significant role from the beginning of this journey and he eased all my frustrations. I recall when I had difficulties in phrasing my topic, his suggestions and advises always made a difference. I emailed my work to him he replied even when he was working under pressure. I even walked into his office anytime he just welcomed me with open arms and attended to my problems. Finally, I would like to thank the University of KwaZulu-Natal for giving this platform and resources in order to tell my story and the support staff from the School of Social Sciences at Howard College, Mr. Nqobizizwe Memela and Miss. Mbali Buthelezi who has since left to serve elsewhere at the university. The help I received from them will always be appreciated. iv Acronyms and Abbreviations AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia ARFOR Army Force ASF African Standby Force AU African Union AUPSC African Union Peace and Security Council BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CEWS Continued Early Warning System CIA Central Intelligence Agency DFS Department of Field Support DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DSC Democratization Steering Committee ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EU European Union EUFOR European Union Force EUTM European Training Mission EWRS Early Warning Response System FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GA General Assembly GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCC Gulf Cooperation Council HOC Humanitarian Operations Centre HSM Harakat Al Shabab al Mufuhiden ICC International Criminal Court ICISS International Commission on Intervention and State ICJ International Court of Justice IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGASOM Inter-Governmental Authority Peace and Support Mission in v IMEF I Marine Expeditionary Force IMF International Monetary Fund JTF Joint Task Force LAS League of Arab States MNF Multinational Force NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NTC National Transitional Council OAU Organization of African Unity OPDS Offshore Petroleum Discharge Systems OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Organization P 5 Permanent Five [Five Permanent Members of the UNSC] PLO Palestine Liberation Organization PSC Peace and Security Council R2P Responsibility to Protect RUF Revolutionary United Front SAPs Structural Adjustment Programmes SC Security Council SOF Special Operations Forces TFG Transitional Federal Government TNC Transitional National Council TNG Transitional National Government UAE United Arab Emirates UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNAMI United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ii UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNITA United National Union for the Total Independence of Angola UNITAF Unified Task Team Force UNMISS United Mission in the Republic of South Sudan UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somalia UNPKO United Nations Peacekeeping Operation UNSC United Nations Security Council UNSCOM United Nations Special Commission UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolutions UNSMIL United Nations Supported Mission in Libya US United States USA United States of America USAID United States Agency for International Development USCENTCOM United States Central Command USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction WWI World War One ii List of Figures Figure Page Figure 6. 1: Map of Somalia Showing Factions between the clan leaders. 83 Figure 2: Map of Libya representing division of ethnic groups. 110 iii Abstract Anarchy and conflict globally have triggered the need for establishing an international governance mechanism to settle conflicts. The international organization that was established at the end of WWI was the League of Nations, which failed to perform its duties. In 1945, the United Nations was established to replace the League. Paradoxically, 70 years later, the world remains palpably dangerous and unstable. Several conflicts are active in most parts of the world, witnessing collapsed and war ridden states. The UNSC has, in many instances, failed to perform its tasks and fulfill its primary objective. Using the content analysis as the methodology and the realist approach as the theoretical framework, this study sought to examine the pitfalls, challenges and opportunities of the UNSC in international peace and security building. The study utilized case studies of Libya, Somalia and Iraq to undertake a critical appraisal of the nexus between the international power games, interventions and the UNSC’s role as a global governance mechanism to ensure international peace and security. This study further unravels the underlying motive for the use of R2P and the idea of potential threats in the cases of Libya and Somalia, and the taunting dangers of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) in Iraq, which was coordinated with the highest level of global politics to justify foreign intervention and eventually to secure regime change, followed by failed attempts in state building and stability in each of these cases. This study reveals the failure of the UNSC to maintain global peace and security. It reveals that most of the resolutions were fronted to engage in the unnecessary foreign intervention by
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