is shown. used for depicting spatial distribution of nutrients on the maps. Conceptual model of the project be will geo-statistics Appropriate GIS. in developed being is samples collected each of history management and status nutrient location, geographic of consisting Database nutrients. micro positioning system (GPS). Samples are being analyzed for soil pH, surface texture and macro and Global through collected be will point sampling each of location Geographical scale. 1:50,000 on India of Govt. of sheet topographical of base the on grids meter 500 at Dumka)collected been has 18000 and Hazaribagh 21000 Jamtara, (8090 samples thousand seven forty Around of Jharkhandfor helpinginformulating optimum landuseplan. districtsHazaribaghJamtaraDumka,for and wise texturesurface block and pH soil of maps the nutrients (Organic carbon, available N, P, K, S and available Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B and Mo) along with including maps parameters soil wise block aided GIS prepare to is project the of objective The for Dumka, Jamtara andHazaribagh districts for Optimum LandUsePlan”. entitled state “Assessment Jharkhand and in Mapping of projectSome Important Soil model Parameters a including Macro up & Micro takenNutrients has Jharkhand, of Govt. Development, cane & Agriculture of Department and Ranchi Chemistry,BAU,Agricultural and Science Soil of Department the with collaboration in Kolkata Centre, Regional and LUP,Nagpur & NBSS gaps meter) is appropriate to capture all kind of variability in nutrient status. For bridging the outlined However, for translating the map information for planning. farm district planningfor utilized being soilis samplingmap resultantkilometer. The half at and two closer of interval interval the (500 at samples soil collecting by past the in attempted was level district at mapping nutrient Soil food will jeopardize security andagricultural health sustainability. soil poor and productivity farm low in results This technologies. innew investments toenhance of farmers enthusiasm the influence adversely to bound are recommendation blanket of account on economics Unfavorable pollution. environmental and water emission, gas house green acidity, depletion, nutrient and carbon organic soil in of of soil degradation terms risk the andenhanced the variability widen further recommendations nutrient Blanket history. to the parent fertilization and pattern cropping been attributed landforms, has topography, material, nutrients including parameters soil in variability Spatial 13.1.1 :GISbasedBlocklevel soilnutrient mapping 13.1 :Salient highlights ofResearch

7 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 8 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) Table 1.District wisefertility status ofJharkhandsoils. Gumla Godda Giridih Garhwa Simdega East Singhbum Dumka Saraikela Sahebganj Ranchi Palamu Pakur Lohardaga Latehar Koderma Jamtra Hazaribagh Dhanbad Deogarh Chatra Bokaro District Jharkhand West Singhbhum 33.3 16.6 56.6 15.7 19.6 17.9 12.4 26.1 15.8 72.6 24.3 22.1 20.2 33.9 20.7 14.3 1.8 8.3 8.6 8.5 3.1 4.1 5.8 L Nitrogen (%) 64.8 73.7 88.7 82.4 41.6 74.7 83.9 70.0 69.4 80.2 67.2 68.3 25.7 63.1 62.1 76.5 66.1 87.9 56.1 63.1 57.6 74.2 86.4 M 10.5 17.5 11.3 11.7 14.7 17.0 15.3 24.2 1.2 8.6 7.7 8.2 7.3 5.1 8.3 5.1 4.5 0.4 0.0 7.0 8.3 6.9 0.8 H 80.4 36.6 92.2 79.0 90.5 53.4 88.7 65.8 57.8 94.9 40.1 15.6 73.1 70.9 46.8 75.3 46.3 76.8 12.8 68.8 78.3 66.0 95.3 L Phosphorus (%) 18.0 48.8 19.8 30.7 27.7 56.2 19.3 23.6 38.5 21.2 43.4 22.5 46.7 22.1 54.8 26.5 20.5 30.1 6.0 8.2 8.9 2.7 3.8 M 13.5 13.6 63.8 30.7 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 4.5 1.5 0.0 1.5 0.1 0.0 5.2 0.2 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 H 17.5 25.5 19.2 11.8 35.0 17.9 13.0 25.8 21.3 11.6 27.4 26.6 25.1 22.0 10.7 48.4 21.5 30.9 8.6 6.1 5.5 9.2 7.3 L Potassium (%) 57.8 65.1 58.6 43.7 43.9 42.1 53.0 50.9 57.1 47.1 61.3 48.1 64.8 41.2 55.9 46.3 42.0 32.8 26.7 49.6 37.9 57.9 57.3 M 24.0 25.2 14.1 36.0 49.0 43.8 29.2 27.7 25.8 14.1 38.0 24.3 34.0 26.6 47.9 44.1 60.9 42.2 16.7 10.9 9.6 5.5 9.0 H Table 2.District wisefertility status ofJharkhandsoils Simdega Saraikela Sahebganj Ranchi Palamu Pakur Lohardaga Latehar Koderma Jamtra Jharkhand West Singhbhum Hazaribagh Gumla Godda Giridih Garhwa East Singhbum Dumka Dhanbad Deogarh Chatra Bokaro 15.9 21.8 46.2 15.1 11.6 25.3 15.4 37.6 22.1 30.6 24.6 37.3 35.4 15.0 24.6 29.9 26.2 15.9 8.6 9.8 2.7 9.9 4.5 L ow Organic carbon (%) Medium 20.9 17.4 25.6 39.4 22.2 15.8 28.7 37.4 28.2 21.2 16.1 24.7 21.6 11.7 26.1 33.5 23.5 37.1 25.3 20.5 35.8 14.8 7.4 69\8.5 High 64.5 50.6 13.4 60.4 64.7 43.8 42.6 32.9 55.9 52.2 47.4 67.7 83.3 61.6 83.4 28.5 40.0 46.8 47.8 47.9 37.1 65.4 33.8 38.0 25.8 40.9 56.3 36.7 20.4 42.2 77.9 70.9 33.1 25.8 61.6 36.6 46.6 13.9 34.8 25.2 29.5 42.2 35.3 28.1 28.3 L ow A vailable Sulphur(%) Medium 30.4 31.1 42.3 26.2 19.5 30.5 26.1 41.4 20.4 25.7 19.1 39.7 28.9 42.1 31.3 31.7 35.1 23.7 31.3 44.3 21.5 38.3 30.4 High 33.6 28.8 30.9 30.6 16.3 30.6 48.9 14.4 46.7 31.2 19.5 19.7 49.7 29.4 50.0 38.1 11.2 41.5 32.7 37.4 0.4 2.5 8.6

9 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 10 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) Table 3.District wisemicronutrient status ofJharkhandsoils Simdega Saraikela Sahebganj Ranchi Palamu Pakur Gumla Godda Lohardaga Latehar Giridih Garhwa East Singhbum Dumka Dhanbad Deogarh Chatra Bokaro Koderma Jamtra Hazaribagh Jharkhand West Singhbhum Deficient 13.5 13.8 14.7 16.9 0.4 3.6 2.3 4.1 9.7 0.7 8.7 3.5 3.9 1.1 6.7 2.1 6.6 7.2 1.1 7.4 5.5 3.8 4.2 Zinc (%) Sufficient 84.5 98.6 91.1 89.8 93.7 85.7 84.9 84.2 98.6 89.5 82.0 95.6 95.0 96.5 91.0 93.2 91.7 91.9 95.0 90.6 93.6 92.9 93.6 Deficient 16.8 0.7 2.3 5.4 1.8 5.6 1.3 9.9 2.4 0.7 9.9 6.9 4.5 0.9 5.5 0.3 7.5 1.5 4.7 4.3 2.2 0.9 5.5 Copper (%) Sufficient 97.3 96.7 92.3 90.3 92.2 94.1 81.9 89.0 96.9 97.5 89.0 92.2 94.4 96.7 92.2 95.0 90.8 97.6 91.4 93.6 96.9 95.8 92.3 Deficient 27.2 45.7 54.9 38.5 42.8 67.7 71.5 46.6 48.8 24.7 23.9 84.5 70.8 77.3 27.3 45.1 35.4 22.5 44.5 38.0 23.0 38.9 9.1 Boron (%) Sufficient 70.8 53.3 42.8 53.6 55.0 27.7 27.2 52.3 50.5 7.35 75.0 14.6 28.1 20.3 70.4 53.2 63.7 73.6 86.2 53.4 61.1 73.7 58.9

acidity, soilorganic carbon andavailable N,P, K,S,B, Zn,Cu,Fe,Mn. soil of status the in districts among variations spread wide that revealState the of maps soil level District Refining Database Soil sampleAnalysis for Soil samplecollection Soil parameters Base map

Fig.1.Conceptual model Feed back GIS Soil parameter Report writing Geo-statistics User meet/ status map Interaction Database Utility

11 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 12 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) GIS based State level soil nutrientmap GIS based State level soil nutrientmap

13 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 14 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) GIS based State level soil nutrientmap GIS based Block level soil nutrientmap

15 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 16 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) (<108 kg/ha) (<10 kg/ha) A A Attributes vailable K vailable P (<0.5%) (<5.5) OC pH (57.3) (67.7) (10.7) (32.9) 217.6 257.1 125.1 Jama 40.7 NUTRIENT STATUS OFDUMKADISTRICT GIS based Block level soil nutrientmap Sikaripara (11.3) (54.8) (72.8) (16.6) 248.9 330.2 51.1 75.6 Area insq.km.(%) Saraiyahat (10.1) (53.2) (60.8) (19.3) 164.7 188.2 31.3 59.9 Kathikund (29.2) (63.1) (81.9) 212.2 275.4 (9.4) 31.5 98.3 Jarmundi (37.4) (79.9) 148.1 316.1 (1.4) (8.6) 34.2 5.7 GIS based Block level soil nutrientmap

17 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 18 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) GIS based Block level soil nutrientmap given intable 4to 7. levelBlock mapsfor Jamtara Dumkaand have resultsdeveloped.the been Jamtaraof of Some are Table 7.Available Potassium status ofKundahit Block. Table 6.A Table 5.Available Pstatus ofJamtara Block Table 4.Organic Carbon(%)inJamtara Block. Total area Miscellaneous Total Total area Miscellaneous >280 Total >20 108-280 10-20 <108 <10 Range (kgK2O/ha) Range (ppm) Total area Miscellaneous Total >25 10-25 <10 Range (ppm) Classes Total Area Miscellaneous Medium (0.5-0.75) Low (<0.5) vailable Sulphurstatus ofNarayanpur Block. Area (sq.km) Area (ha) Area (sq.km.) Area (sq.km.) 47100 10043 33737 3320 471.0 437.8 133.6 284.3 33.2 19.9 454.3 448.8 341.8 122.7 336.3 187.6 210.9 138.5 112.9 12.5 5.5 5.5 100.0 TGA (%) 21.3 71.6 7.0 (%) TGA (%) TGA (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.0 28.4 60.4 7.0 4.2 98.8 27.0 98.4 41.3 61.7 30.5 33.0 1.2 1.6 3.7

19 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 20 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) maize-wheat cropping systems, respectively. and soybean-wheat maize-wheat, under experiments 1991) (since, (CRM), Management Residue Crop and 1972) (since, (LTFE) experiment fertilizer term Long 1956); Permanent (since, (PMT) viz., trial manurial experiments permanent on-going three the from collected were samples Soil Table 8.Nutrient balanceundersoybean-wheat cropping sequence NPK withFYM)for soybean-wheat cropping system. or lime with (NPK practice management best the under even soil in K and N of balance negative was There treatments. other in balance negative while plots N(S)PK 100% & NP NPK, 100% NPK, 150% 100% in P of balance positive a indicated uptake) (nutrient output and applied) (nutrient basisofthe the on removal by grain and straw of the plants which, were was calculated harvested. Perusal of data (Table-8) balance on inputs use.Nutrient andnutrient to cropping due fertility soil of buildup or depletion the see to soil in apparent balance nutrient the essential study to is It Nutrient balanceinsoybean-wheat cropping sequence important rainfed cropping of systems (Long Term Studies) Sustainability & productivity crop quality, Soil : 13.1.2 T T 100% N Control 150% NPK 100% NP T 100% N(S)PK 100% NPK(T 50% NPK 2 2 2 +FYM +Lime +HW Treatments 2 ) 145 0.0 217.5 145 145 145 145 145 145 72.5 through fertilizers (kg N Nutrient additions ha 0.0 0.0 39.4 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 13.2 -1 P yr -1 ) 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 33.3 K 60.05 42.83 235.45 139.98 172.01 218.47 295.67 270.97 209.11 162.59 soybean -wheat (kgha N Nutrient removal by 5.96 4.04 26.17 16.66 18.64 22.93 35.69 30.98 22.24 18.34 yr P -1 ) 22.31 21.43 143.58 89.98 91.66 99.52 184.97 132.48 138.45 79.14 K -1

84.95 -42.83 -17.95 5.02 -27.01 -73.47 -150.67 -125.97 -64.11 -90.09 harvest ofwheat(kg ha Nutrient balanceafter N -5.96 -4.04 13.23 9.54 7.56 3.27 -9.49 -4.78 3.96 -5.14 yr -1 P ) -22.31 -21.43 -43.58 -89.98 -24.96 -32.82 -118.27 -65.78 -71.75 -45.84 K -1

PMT(Since,1956) Table 10.Details ofthetreatments underthesethree experiments. Table 10. in listed three are study above these the for of selected treatments the each of Details treatments selected. were eightexperiments experiments, permanent on-going three above the Of Table 9.Someoftheinitialsoilproperties ofthe experimental sites Some oftheimportant initialsoilproperties ofthe experimental sites are given in Table-9. of the The soilexperimental sites redis acidic withlow loam toavailable mediumin nutrients. Soil T T T T T T T T Tr.No. Exch. Mg(cmol(p+)kg Available K(ppm) Available P(ppm) Available N(%) Total N(%) Organic carbon (%) Exch. Ca(cmol(p+)kg C.E.C. (cmol(p+)kg pH Hydraulic conductivity (cm/hr) Total pore space(%) Specific gravity(g/cc) Bulk density(g/cc) Textural class Physical properties 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ½ (N+FYM) + Lime +N Lime +NPK FYM NPK NP N Control Treatments -1 ) -1

-1 ) P ) (A-X/2)

+ K

(B-Y/2) FYM &Urea Urea Urea FYM Urea Urea Urea - Source ofnutrients N SSP - SSP - SSP SSP - - P MOP - MOP - MOP - - - K P and K i.e. 90 kg P kg 90 i.e. K and P A and Bstand for dose of full @4q/ha to kharifcrop only. kg K g qha N kg toN basis on applied meet 110 presentFYM of dose full in Y representand these amount 2 O qha Sandy loam 0.025-0.07 0.45-0.52 1.43-1.47 120-360 7.8-10.5 0.05-07 -1 2.5-6.0 6.0-8.0 1.7-2.5 5.5-5.6 3.7-4.0 37-40 . Limewas. applied 2.67 -1 respectively and X 2 O 5 and70

21 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 22 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) Crop residue management (since,1991) Long term fertilizer experiment (since,1972) T T The recommended dose of fertilizer (100%NPK) for both the crops maize and wheat was 80:60:40 was and wheat maize N:P the crops both for (100%NPK) fertilizer of dose recommended The T T T T T T T N:P The recommended dose of fertilizer (100%NPK) for soybean and wheat is 25:60:40 and 80:60:40 T T T T T T T 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 100%NPK 75%NPK 50%NPK 100%NPK+CW 75%NPK+CW 50%NPK+CW Crop waste (CW) Control 100%NPK+FYM 100%NPK+lime 150%NPK 50%NPK 100%NPK 100%NP 100%N Control 2 2 Treatments O O 5 5 K K 2 Treatments 2 O kg/ha. O kg/ha for soybean andwheat, respectively.O kg/ha Urea Urea Urea Urea Urea Urea Urea - N Urea Urea Urea Urea Urea Urea N - - DAP DAP DAP DAP DAP DAP - - P SSP MOP MOP MOP MOP MOP - - - SSP SSP SSP SSP SSP P - - K MOP FYM @15t/hato kharifcrop only Lime @4q/hato kharifcrop only No No No No No No MOP MOP MOP MOP MOP K - - No Crop residue ofpreceding FYM/Lime crop incorporated Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No givenexperiment. quantitativeSYIa is measure sustainability guaranteed of minimum implies and yield obtained underaset ofmanagement practice any in ofthe treatment inany ofthe years ina on Wheat Equivalent Yield (q/ha) inthree longterm experiments ofRanchi. Table 11. Long term effect of continuous cropping fertilizer, manure and lime application yield ofthecrops over theyears. grain in reduction was there as option viable a not systemis croppingmaize-wheat in wastecrop FYM or chemical fertilizersof 50% through fertilizers. Substitution NPK recommended with along residue incorporation & a big farmer may achieve higher yield target by crop residue incorporation fertilizerof dose cropby incorporationresidues marginal while alone, farmer can N with save 25% fertilizer 50% to poor produce25 farmers equivalent of Thus recommended the get 50% N. can to the on going experiments it was observed that incorporation of crop residue From systems. cropping different under grains of q/ha/yr 50-68 of yield grain mean achieving for problems, so it is suggestive of integrated use of lime/FYM/crop waste along acidity marginal with having are soils inorganic and subhumid subtropical is fertilizers condition climatic the (TableAs 11). in monetary terms and the wheat equivalent yield was calculated for all the treatmentsthree cropping systems the of effect residual the affected the second crop so the treatment effect sequence on crop productivity of the system was crop estimated on conducted experiments term long In Crop productivity Results ofthestudy: crops ofdifferent crops kharifas well as rabi crops was calculated following theequation. The sustainable yield index (SYI) is the derivative of actual yield over the years. The SYI of individual Sustainability Where Y is mean yield of respective treatment, T T T T T T T T Tr. No. 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 6

SYI =(Y-s P ½ (N+FYM)+ Lime +NPK NPK NP N Control Lime +N FYM (A-X/2) n-1 +K PMT Maize-wheat )/Y (B-Y/2) m

68.3 28.8 22.5 4.7 13.1 57.3 38.6 46.7 WEY 150% NPK 100%NPK 100%NP 100%N Control 100% NPK+FYM 100% NPK+lime 50% NPK Soybean-wheat LTFE s n-1 is the standard deviation and Y 51.5 51.2 37.5 8.2 16.0 61.7 58.6 39.4 WEY 50% NPK 75% NPK+CW 50% NPK+CW Crop waste (CW) Control 100% NPK 75% NPK 100% NPK+CW CRM Maize-wheat in situ in m results saving of is the maximum is 32.3 49.8 40.6 34.4 24.1 50.0 43.6 59.6 WEY

23 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 24 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) unless thosefactors limitingyield were taken care of. micronutrientswere becominglimiting obtainedfactors be adequate not and N could of response yield andhad in decline greatest deleterious effect on long term produced yield sustainability and soil quality, indicating that other major and Nalone of use continuous and Imbalanced NPK. recommended with along applied was waste lime/FYM/crop of application where observed was Ranchi. of (SYI) Index Yield Sustainable 13. Table Table 12. Sustainable Yield Index (SYI) of Table13 12 and Table for in and presented yield maximum to relative obtained be can that yield T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Tr. No. Tr. No. 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 6 6

and rabi kharif and ½ (N+FYM)+ Lime +NPK NPK NP N Control Lime +N FYM P ½ (N+FYM)+ Lime +NPK NPK NP N Control Lime +N FYM (A-X/2) +K PMT PMT Maize-wheat crops, respectively. For all the three situations higher sustainable yield index yield sustainable higher situations three the all respectively. For crops, Maize-wheat + K (B-Y/2) P

(B-Y/2) (A-X/2)

0.50 0.02 -0.02 -0.05 0.03 0.28 0.32 0.41 0.38 0.16 0.10 -0.01 0.09 0.16 0.23 0.32 SY SY I I 150% NPK 100%NPK 100%NP 100%N Control 100% NPK+lime 50% NPK 100% NPK+FYM kharif crops in three long term experiments of Ranchi. 150% NPK 100%NPK 100%NP 100%N Control 100% NPK+lime 50% NPK 100% NPK+FYM Soybean-wheat LTFE Soybean-wheat crop in three long term experiments of of experiments term long three in crop rabi LTFE 0.46 0.37 0.21 0.01 0.10 0.60 0.48 0.62 SY 0.35 0.35 0.28 0.02 0.03 0.40 0.25 0.42 SY I I 50% NPK 75% NPK+CW 50% NPK+CW Crop waste (CW) Control 75% NPK 100% NPK+CW 100% NPK 50% NPK 75% NPK+CW 50% NPK+CW Crop waste (CW) Control 75% NPK 100% NPK+CW 100% NPK CRM Maize-wheat CRM Maize-wheat 0.24 0.43 0.35 0.31 0.18 0.37 0.56 0.49 0.29 0.42 0.35 0.22 0.21 0.36 0.47 0.44 SY SY I I Results : oxidizable soilcarbon POSC)andestimated colorimetrically. permanganate and carbon permanganate oxidizable by estimated was carbon Labile NO3-N. and Potentially mineralizable nitrogen was estimated by anaerobic incubation and estimated for NH4-N the 0.54. of valueKw NO3-N, using (1985) al. Brookeset and by outlined method NH4-N the by determined were values and (1:10) KCl 2M with extracted were samples (SMBN), soil fumigated unfumigatednitrogen biomassand For microbial 0.45. of Kc value using method fumigation chloroform by (SMBC) carbon biomass microbial soil for analysed were samples soil harvest Post To assessnutrient andenergy flow insoil systems, role ofsoilmicrobial biomassis important.very insoil. and microbialbiomass correlated respirationof are with total enzymes Activities soil. of activity and reflects on a labile pool of C, N, P, S and micronutrients. These processes are governed by enzymatic substances of all transformation of agent an as flow, acts energy reflects study biomass microbial Soil avoided to avoid wasteful expenditure. costlycaredue so inputs applicationon essential. is inputs these of applicationExcess Pof be may are These inputs. contributing yield most the be to foundwere K and P N, (Table quality 14-20). soil as well as soils of capacity supplying nutrient the improves which ameliorant as act also but FYM/crop waste is essential which not only controls hidden hunger of secondary and micronutrients environmenttoleading quality. enhancementsoil of lime/ nutrients,of addition the In addition to biological and a chemical favourable creates fertilizer application balanced with along wastecrop Analysis of post harvest soil samples for soil quality parameters show that application of lime/FYM/ Soil Quality P P P P P P P P P P formation of TPF fromTTC. Higher the biological activity, faster will be the of formation rate of as TPF. expressed and assayed was dehydrogenase The time. given a at soil of activity respiratory enzymes whichand are integral part of of the dehydrogenases, soil organisms, will Monitoring give a the organisms. measures of of biological efficiency physiological the it as reflects soil of activity biological the rate index of The an respiration as of used be can and enzyme activitiesinsoil. fertilized soil. This indicates that organic manures give extra benefit of carbon, carbohydrate & continuously cropped in carbon labile improved crop the residues or FYM of Application had apositive impactonthisparameter. years the over soil in incorporation Residue experiments. PMT LTFEand both in PMN the reduced drastically nutrients plant f useshowed use Imbalanced fertilizer plots. lime + and NPK in value increased cropping with continuous in soil N mineralizable Potentially or residue incorporation increased SMBNas compared to inorganic nutrient sources. Manure SMBC. of case in as trend similar showed (SMBN) nitrogen biomass microbial Soil Lime sources. nutrient plant inorganic application in acid soils increased to SMBC. Crop residue incorporation also compared increased the SMBC. SMBC higher in resulted Manuring

25 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 26 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) Table 14.SoilpHafter harvest ofrabicrops inthree longterm experiments ofRanchi. amendment for acidicsoils&balancedNPKuse. integratedas by compost,lime managementinvolvingdecomposedpossible nutrientwell plant is This level. ahigh at be to need activities enzymatic and biomass microbial productivity, soil improvedcrop for soil of use sustained for Thus region. the of soils acid were treated carbon FYM/lime in & labile higher activity Dehydrogenase PMN, SMBN, SMBC, that out point thus Results Table 15. Long term effect of continuous cropping fertilizer, manure and lime application T T T T T T T T Initial T T T T T T T T Tr. No. Tr. No. 7 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 8 6 6

½ (N+FYM)+ Lime +NPK NPK NP N Control Lime +N FYM long term experiments ofRanchi. on organic carbon (g/kg) content of soil after harvest of harvest after soil of content (g/kg) carbon organic on Lime +N FYM N Control P ½ (N+FYM)+ Lime +NPK NPK NP (A-X/2) +K PMT Maize-wheat PMT (B-Y/2) Maize-wheat (B-Y/2) P (A-X/2) +K 9.53 11.77 6.51 5.48 8.85 6.79 5.81 8.22 O.C. 5.21 5.21 5.89 5.92 4.27 5.54 5.28 4.06 pH 100% NPK+lime 50% NPK 100%N Control 150% NPK 100%NPK 100%NP 100% NPK+FYM NPK+FYM 100% 150% NPK 100%NPK 100%NP 100%N Control NPK+lime 100% 50% NPK Soybean-wheat LTFE Soybean-wheat LTFE 3.96 3.71 4.31 3.25 4.68 3.87 3.73 5.53 O.C. 5.03 4.53 4.75 4.81 4.53 5.56 5.77 5.12 pH 75% NPK 100% NPK+CW Crop waste (CW) Control 50% NPK 75% NPK+CW 50% NPK+CW 100% NPK 100% NPK 50% NPK 75% NPK+CW 50% NPK+CW Crop waste (CW) Control 75% NPK 100% NPK+CW CRM CRM rabi Maize-wheat Maize-wheat crops in three 5.15 5.01 5.25 5.30 5.37 5.49 5.10 5.15 6.72 6.75 6.42 6.09 6.04 6.88 6.34 6.47 O.C. pH SMBC -Soilmicrobial biomasscarbon Table 16. Hot water soluble - B (mg kg Table 17. SMBC (mg kg Tr. No. T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Tr. No. 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 6 6

term experiments ofRanchi. Ranchi. P ½ (N+FYM)+ Lime +NPK NPK NP N Control Lime +N FYM Lime +NPK NPK NP N Control PMT Maize-wheat P ½ (N+FYM)+ Lime +N FYM (A-X/2) (A-X/2) +K +K PMT Maize-wheat (B-Y/2) (B-Y/2)

-1 ) after harvest of 0.75 0.55 0.55 0.45 0.68 0.28 0.99 0.50 226.0 165.0 359.7 134.7 205.0 126.0 SMBC 298.0 148.7 HWS-B NPK+FYM 100% 150% NPK 100%NPK 100%NP 100%N Control NPK+lime 100% 50% NPK 100% NPK+FYM Soybean-wheat 150% NPK 100%NPK 100%NP 100%N Control LTFE 100% NPK+lime 50% NPK -1 ) in soil after harvest of rabi Soybean-wheat LTFE crops in the three long term experiments of 0.39 0.38 0.44 0.40 0.40 0.31 0.60 0.34 HWS-B 284.0 172.0 199.0 180.0 182.0 139.5 SMBC 269.5 153.0 100% NPK 50% NPK 75% NPK+CW 50% NPK+CW Crop waste (CW) Control 75% NPK 100% NPK+CW rabi Maize-wheat 100% NPK 50% NPK 75% NPK+CW 50% NPK+CW (CW) Crop waste Control CRM 75% NPK 100% NPK+CW crops in the threelong CRM Maize-wheat 0.88 0.54 0.68 0.66 0.81 0.87 0.59 0.62 239.0 267.0 228.7 231.7 243.7 233.7 SMBC 233.7 222.7 HWS-B

27 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 28 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) SMBN -Soilmicrobial biomassnitrogen Tablekg 19.PMN(mg PMN -Potentially mineralisable nitrogen. Table 18.SMBN (mg kg T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Tr. No. Tr. No. 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 6 6

Lime +N FYM NPK NP N Control P ½ (N+FYM)+ Lime +NPK P ½ (N+FYM)+ Lime +NPK NPK NP N Control Lime +N FYM of Ranchi. of Ranchi. (A-X/2) (A-X/2) +K PMT +K Maize-wheat PMT Maize-wheat (B-Y/2) (B-Y/2) -1 ) in soil after harvest of -1 ) after harvest of harvest after ) 16.58 20.58 22.04 22.63 17.50 16.75 22.08 20.96 SMBN 6.15 8.83 3.23 8.82 8.05 15.20 6.63 7.65 PMN 150% NPK 100%NPK 100%NP 100%N Control 100% NPK+lime 50% NPK 100% NPK+FYM NPK+lime 100% 50% NPK 100%NPK 100%NP 100%N Control 150% NPK NPK+FYM 100% Soybean-wheat Soybean-wheat LTFE rabi LTFE rabi crops in the three long term experiments term long three the in crops crops in the three long term experiments 12.30 13.27 12.13 13.73 12.68 13.92 10.75 12.78 PMN 26.88 30.33 34.33 37.88 34.79 39.08 33.17 42.88 SMBN 75% NPK 100% NPK+CW 75% NPK+CW 50% NPK+CW Crop waste (CW) Control 50% NPK 100% NPK 50% NPK 75% NPK+CW 50% NPK+CW Crop waste (CW) Control 75% NPK 100% NPK+CW 100% NPK CRM CRM Maize-wheat Maize-wheat 29.58 25.42 25.83 29.46 32.38 25.46 26.04 30.00 SMBN 10.18 10.42 10.17 10.33 11.78 12.95 11.83 12.00 PMN DHA -Dehydrogenase activity of harvest after soil in soil/24hrs) (TPF/g activity Dehydrogenase Table20. T T T T T T T T Tr. No. 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 6

Lime +N FYM P ½ (N+FYM)+ Lime +NPK NPK NP N Control the three longterm experiments ofRanchi. (A-X/2) +K PMT Maize-wheat (B-Y/2) 25.25 26.25 24.44 23.34 16.67 27.57 8.17 13.20 DHA NPK+lime 100% 50% NPK NPK+FYM 100% 150% NPK 100%NPK 100%NP 100%N Control Soybean-wheat LTFE 23.3 20.1 19.2 17.6 16.0 15.0 14.3 19.4 DHA 75% NPK 100% NPK+CW 100% NPK 50% NPK 75% NPK+CW 50% NPK+CW Crop waste (CW) Control CRM Maize-wheat rabi 21.5 29.4 19.6 18.6 24.1 29.5 26.3 26.3 crops in DHA

29 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 30 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) variables were analyzed to study which parameter contributes significantly for the SYI under SYI the for different cropping systems significantly &management practices inacidsoils(Fig.2 to7). contributes parameter which study to analyzed were variables The regression analysis using SYI as dependent variable and soil quality parameters as independent Soil properties andYield Sustainability Fig. 2.Influence ofpHon SYI ofcrops asinfluenced by continuous cropping inacid soils ofRanch i. crops asinfluenced by continuous cropping inacidsoils ofRanchi. Fig. 3.Influence oforganic carbon content on SYI of (g/kg) ofsoil of crops as influenced by continuous cropping inacidsoilsof Fig. 4.Influence of available P content on SYI ofsoil(kg/ha) Ranchi. influenced by continuous cropping inacid soilsofRanchi. Fig. 5.Influence ofSMBCsoil(ppm)on SYI ofcrops as

31 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 32 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) influenced by continuous cropping inacid soilsofRanchi. Fig. 6.Influence ofSMBNsoil(ppm) on SYI ofcrops as SYI ofcrops asinfluenced by continuous cropping inacidsoils Fig. 7.Influence ofDHAactivityinsoil (TPF/gsoil/24 hrs) on of Ranchi. (ratio of total Cpoolinsamplesoil to total Cpoolin reference soil)is calculated as: than the loss of same quantity of C loss from a soil with a large C pool size. To account for this, a CPI (CPI): Index Pool Carbon permanganate) consumed duringreaction withsoil. decomposable or labile C in soil (POSC) is determined by the quantity of oxidizing agent (potassium readily The soil. in matter organic of decomposition microbiological the with associated process respectively. systems cropping soybean-wheat and maize-wheat NPK in LTFE,index pool in carbon and higher recorded NPK FYM + + Lime PMT, In 22. and 21 tables in presented are obtained results The CPI =Total Cinreference Total Cinsample ofKMnO action oxidative the that principle the on based is permanganate potassium using etal.,1995 carbon soil Blair labile of of determination for method The (POSC) oxidation bypermanganate C labile of Determination soil qualityandsustainability sensitive indicators and fractions hence early as and serve SOC management change in of induced C Labile properties. soil related biologically other many and cycling nutrient influence hence and web food soil fuel C pools active or Labile SOC. in changes management-induced to sensitive are and time) turnover (short rates turnover high have generally pool) oxidizable easily breakdown; and levels natural soil background variability. high In contrast, labile of C fractions because (readily decomposable; susceptible detectable to microbial seldom hence and seasons period cropping short few in of small are use land or practices management of result a as TOC in changes But, interventions. management appropriate on decisions make to important is change land-use and management to response in change SOC the stage early an at detect studieson to Ability inthe dynamics. used SOM were or TOC method) andBlack (Walkley carbon Traditionally, Organic Carbon Management The loss C from a soil with a small C pool size is of greaterconsequence of is size pool C small a with soil a from C loss The 4 (under neutral condition) is comparable to the oxidative to comparable is condition) neutral (under

33 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 34 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) Tableeffectterm continuous Long of cropping fertilizer,22. application lime and manure Table 21.Permanganatesoil organic carbon (ppm) in soil of thethreelong term T Tr. No. T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Tr. No. 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 6 6

Lime +N FYM PMT NP N Control Maize-wheat P ½ (N+FYM)+ Lime +NPK NPK P ½ (N+FYM)+ Lime +NPK NPK NP N Control Lime +N FYM on carbon poolindex (CPI)ofthethree longterm experiments ofRanchi. experiments ofRanchi. (A-X/2) (A-X/2) +K +K PMT Maize-wheat (B-Y/2) (B-Y/2)

0.96 1.12 CPI 0.75 0.89 0.68 0.58 0.65 0.55 523 602 755 503 538 455 623 503 POSC NPK+lime 100% 50% NPK LTFE Soybean-wheat NPK+FYM 100% 150% NPK 100%NPK 100%NP 100%N Control NPK+FYM 100% 150% NPK 100%NPK 100%NP 100%N Control NPK+lime 100% 50% NPK Soybean-wheat LTFE 0.77 0.72 CPI 1.08 1.05 0.75 0.73 0.84 0.63 356 294 255 278 271 267 299 383 POSC Maize-wheat 75% NPK 100% NPK+CW CRM 100% NPK 50% NPK 75% NPK+CW 50% NPK+CW Crop waste (CW) Control 100% NPK 50% NPK 75% NPK+CW 50% NPK+CW Crop waste (CW) Control 75% NPK 100% NPK+CW CRM Maize-wheat 360 368 443 435 370 317 442 431 POSC 0.67 0.68 CPI 0.65 0.60 0.69 0.63 0.64 0.61 chemical analysis. further for bags polythene small in stored were samples powdered The blender. warring blade 60 at oven circulation air hot water, in distilled dried in rinsed Total No.ofPlants =20 pairs ofleaves were separated andto beanalyzed for thenutrients. than two leaves from any one shoot. 30 leaves will be collected from a single tree and the different tree. Leaf was collected from the interior portion of the tree at shoulderheight or higher, no more The leaves were collected from the mid section of terminal shoots located on different sides of the Plandu (Ranchi). HARP,of farm experimental the from analysis nutrient leaf for randomly selected were China) of fromMarch6th 2006 to 6 collected were sample Leaf practices. culturaluniform to subjected were experimentalplants the Observations were recorded from healthy and bearing litchi trees of uniform growth and vigour. All uniform cultural practices duringtheperiodof experimentation. were almost uniform, healthyfree and from pestthe treesAll diseases. and were subjected to plants the All experiment. the for used were China and Shahi cultivar Litchi of plants old years 27 Details ofthefieldexperiment Objectives: 13.1.3 :Temporal andaxial variability ofnutrients inLitchi leaves. P P P P P P P P P P Leaf samples were collected from each tree and washed with acidified detergent solution, acidified with washed and tree each fromcollectedwere samples Leaf {No oftrees (20)xpairs ofLeaves (4)x Months (12)} Total Noof Leaf Samples =960 To determinate therelationship between theleaf nutrient levels &crop productivity period ofLitchi growth the during levels nutrients & Plant Soil the between relationship the out find To To study thetemporal changes onsoilproperties ina year. Litchi inthisregion. for recommendation fertilizer for leaves of pair & time suitable most the determineTo Mn &Zn)inLitchi leaf. Cu, Fe, S, P, Mg, (N, Ca, nutrients K, of variability axial & temporal in changesTo the study th February 2007. Twenty plants of litchi (10 Plants of Shahi & 10 Plants 10 & Shahi of PlantsTwenty (10 2007. litchiFebruary of plants

0 C and pulverized in stainless steel stainless in pulverized and C

35 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 36 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) Ca & Mg was 1.2 to 1.8 and 0.07 to 1.4 C mol (P mol C 1.4 to 0.07 and 1.8 to 1.2 was Mg & Ca Nitrogen: of leaves where as P & K was higher in 1 in higher wasK & leavesP of whereas pair second the observedN leaves. for concentration litchi was Higher respectively in of 0.79%, to & 0.69 0.16% to 0.08 %, 1.2 to 1.08 Kfrom varied & P Concentration N, litchi. cultivars of of China Results indicate that yield of Litchi varied from 40 to 46 & 62 to 85 kg /plant respectively in Shahi & Result Analysis Plant Analytical Procedure : 269, 18 to 85 and 300 to 415 kg ha 400 ppm, 125 ppm & 100 ppm for Cu, Fe, Mn & Zn, respectively. Available nutrient in soil was 194 to & 0.075% for N, P,K, Ca, Mg & S respectively, for micronutrients critical concentration was 25 ppm, different pairs of litchi leaves. Critical nutrient concentration was 1.1%, 0.12%, 0.72%, 0.16%, 0.06% ppm, 75 to 175 ppm & 58 to 140 pmm respectively, and there was no significant difference among different pair in of Litchirespectively leaves. ConcentrationS, of& Fe, Cu,Mg Mn & ZnCa, varied forfrom 1920.76% to 614 ppm,to 5 to0.069 46 & 0.114% to 0.050 0.225%, to 0.098 from varied method. PowderSelenium wasdigestionIt (100:10:1).Kjeldahl determined of help distillationthe and with to 39ppm. Fe, Cu,Mn&Zn: Sulphur : Ca &Mg:Itwas determined titrimetrically by versenate titration method. K : P : P P P P P P through filter paper. A blank was also carried out in the same way having no plant material. glass distilled water and final volume was made to 50ml. the dissolved material was filtered in was dissolved The residue left. was residue white till digestion the continued and heat and 4 parts HClO parts 4 and The powdered plant materials were digested in diacid mixture consisting of 10 parts HNO parts 10 of consisting mixture diacid werematerialsdigestedpowderedin plant The added to it. was transferred to aneatly washeddried test and mixture10 mlofdiacid tubeand was material plant of gm 0.5 all, of First Zn. and Mn Cu, Fe, S, digestion for Mg, Diacid Ca, K, P, dried at 70 The leaves were separated asper the pairnumberandkept for followed airdrying by oven It was determined withthehelpofflamePhotometer. It was determined calorimetrically. Sulphuric Sulphuric acid digestion in presence of digestion mixture comprising of K It was determined Turbidimetrically asdescribedby Chesninand Yien, 1971. º C. Determined by Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer. 4 (Jackson, 1967). Then it was placed on a hot plate for digestion on slow on digestion forplate hot a on placed was it Then 1967). (Jackson, -1 for N, P and K respectively for primary nutrients. Exchangeable st pair of leaves.concentrationof The nutrientspair secondary of + ) kg ) -1 respectively while available S varied from 6 from varied S available while respectively 2 SO 4 , CuSO 4 and 3

Table 23. Temporal variability in Leaf Nutrient concentration ratio of Litchi during the during Litchi of ratio concentration Nutrient Leaf in Temporalvariability 23. Table micronutrients. for (Fe:Mn:Zn:Cu) 61.9:10.0:1.3:1.0 and (Mn:Zn) 7.6:1.0 (Cu:Zn), 0.5:1.0 (Cu:Mn), 0.1:1.0 (Fe:Zn), 23:1.0 (Fe:Mn), 3.3:1.0 (Fe:Cu), 61.9:1.0 and nutrients secondary (Mg:S) for (Ca:Mg:S) 1.2:1.0 2.0:1.0:0.8 (Ca:S), and 2.3:1.0 (Ca:Mg), 2.0:1.0 nutrients, o.1:1.0(P:K) primary (N:K), for 1.6:1.0 (N:P:K) (N:P), 13.4:1.0:10.0 and were 13.4:1.0 studies present the from obtained ratios The on theother, theratios ofdifferent leaf nutrient concentrations were computed (Table23&24). element one of effect the recognize to results analysis plant interpretation of of purpose the For Nutrient Cu/Mn Mn/Zn Ca/Mg Fe/Mn Cu/Zn Fe/Cu Fe/Zn Mg/S ratio Ca/S P P P N/K N/P P/K P P P 2nd pairofleaves duringthemonth ofFeb-April isidealfor plant analysis inlitchi. Coefficient of correlationand concentration (r) between yield value in leaves revealed that Cu, Fe, Mn&Znrespectively. for ppm & 100 ppm 125 ppm, 400 ppm, 25 concentration were critical micronutrientsFor Ca, Mg&Srespectively. & 0.075% N, nutrient Critical for 0.06% concentration 0.16%, 0.72%, 0.12%, 1.1%, was K, P, 13.757 1.590 0.120 1.989 3.035 1.527 44.197 20.944 2.435 0.060 8.896 0.500 January year 2007&2008 12.424 1.552 0.129 1.976 3.231 1.636 28.753 6.226 1.375 0.051 4.647 0.233 February 11.258 1.528 0.144 1.966 1.403 0.714 79.329 27.473 5.902 0.134 5.013 0.545 March 12.445 1.531 0.131 2.014 1.767 0.877 92.222 16.685 2.635 0.058 6.577 0.401 April 13.027 1.570 0.128 2.035 1.981 0.973 137.271 21.203 3.329 0.047 6.506 0.309 May 13.302 1.601 0.128 1.975 2.019 1.024 96.663 24.899 4.302 0.068 6.157 0.392 June 13.652 1.597 0.125 2.033 2.089 1.029 79.996 29.950 4.788 0.072 7.211 0.449 July 13.945 1.594 0.122 1.963 2.032 1.036 37.716 30.205 2.427 0.070 12.940 0.879 August 14.133 1.622 0.121 1.909 2.286 1.198 31.291 34.053 4.052 0.138 8.602 1.084 Sept. 13.700 1.624 0.124 2.101 2.541 1.211 31.569 15.875 2.216 0.080 7.196 0.569 Oct. 14.174 1.564 0.118 1.910 2.658 1.397 51.796 28.035 3.469 0.071 8.026 0.563 Nov. 14.641 1.567 0.113 2.109 2.801 1.328 31.665 20.127 2.226 0.075 9.201 0.665 Dec. 13.372 1.578 0.125 1.998 2.320 1.162 61.872 22.973 3.263 0.077 7.581 0.549 Mean

37 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 38 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 5.8:1.0 (Mn:Zn)and51.3:10.0:1.7:1.0 (Fe:Mn:Zn:Cu) for micronutrient. (Cu:Zn), 0.5:1.0 (Cu:Mn), 0.1:1.0 (Fe:Zn), 21.4:1.0 (Fe:Mn), 3.8:1.0 (Fe:Cu), 51.3:1.0 and nutrients secondary for (Ca:Mg:S) 1.9:1.0:0.6 and (Mg:S) 1.7:1.0 (Ca:S), 3.2:1.0 (Ca:Mg), 1.9:1.0 nutrients, 26. Theratios were 12.9:1.0(N:P), 1.4:1.0 (N:K), 0.1:1.0 (P:K) and12.9:1.0:10.0 (N:P:K) for primary ratios differentThe of nutrient concentrations leaf 25and are during validation presented in table present study. the of results the to similar were Zn) and Mn Cu, (Fe, micronutrient and S) and Mg (Ca, nutrient indifferent cultivars i.e. Purbi, Bedana, Kasava and Shahi for primary nutrient (N, P and K), secondary Morabadi) during the year 2009-10. The data obtained show that the temporal and axial variability orchards of litchi trees at different locations around Ranchi (HARP, Namkum, Kanke R.& K. Mission, Validation of the experiment as data was done from the collected leaf samples of different cultivar Validation ofexperimental results the during of litchi ratio concentration nutrient Leaf in variability Axial 24. Table Nutrient ratio Mn/Zn Cu/Zn Cu/Mn Fe/Zn Fe/Mn Fe/Cu Mg/S Ca/S Ca/Mg P/K N/K N/P year 2007&2008 23.805 57.976 12.788 1 1.537 8.284 0.611 0.077 3.031 1.144 2.262 1.988 0.128 st Pair 2 24.361 61.543 14.119 8.036 0.570 0.076 3.252 1.136 2.275 2.003 0.120 1.620 nd Pair Mean value 3 22.494 61.344 13.210 7.311 0.534 0.076 3.295 1.193 2.388 2.003 0.126 1.583 rd Pair 4 21.231 66.625 13.361 6.692 0.481 0.079 3.474 1.177 2.355 2.000 0.126 1.573 th Pair 03.077 22.973 61.872 13.372 Mean 7.581 0.549 3.263 1.162 2.320 1.998 0.125 1.578

Table 26.Validation of axial variability inLeaf nutrient concentration ratio of litchi Table 25.Validation of temporal variability inLeaf nutrient concentration ratio of litchi Mn/Zn Cu/Zn Cu/Mn Fe/Zn Fe/Mn Fe/Cu Mg/S Ca/S Ca/Mg P/K N/K N/P N/K N/P P/K Ca/Mg Ca/S Mg/S Fe/Mn Fe/Cu Cu/Mn Fe/Zn Cu/Zn Mn/Zn Ratio Ratio 3.775 0.462 0.124 22.832 6.020 50.651 1.249 2.363 1.891 0.130 1.362 10.538 March 12.258 38.311 19.743 1 1.377 0.114 1.905 3.215 1.682 3.671 0.104 0.574 5.531 st Pair 4.524 0.328 0.074 14.911 3.292 51.961 1.238 2.348 1.894 0.118 1.377 11.669 April 5.144 0.301 0.061 21.334 4.114 97.261 1.396 2.668 1.908 0.111 1.383 12.485 2 13.558 46.501 20.607 1.411 0.106 1.904 3.213 1.681 3.984 0.098 0.525 5.379 nd Pair May 7.863 0.946 0.122 32.028 4.065 34.020 1.860 3.575 1.919 0.099 1.449 14.800 Mean value Sept. 3 12.641 62.317 22.463 1.398 0.112 1.916 3.197 1.663 3.724 0.076 0.471 6.225 rd Pair 6.288 0.537 0.086 15.520 2.468 30.830 2.020 3.889 1.924 0.103 1.431 13.972 Octo. 4 13.014 58.269 22.857 1.407 0.110 1.918 3.219 1.675 4.015 0.086 0.510 5.893 th Pair 6.949 0.547 0.079 21.879 3.133 43.374 2.288 4.422 1.930 0.101 1.386 13.742 Nov. 12.868 51.350 21.417 5.757 0.520 0.091 21.417 3.849 51.350 1.675 3.211 1.911 0.110 1.308 12.868 Mean 1.398 0.110 1.911 3.211 1.675 3.849 0.091 0.520 5.757 Mean

39 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 40 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) in Garhwa district. Dhurki and Garhwa Ramna, Untari,Nagar were and district Palamau in Vishrampur and Satbarwa respectively in case of Garhwa district. Fluoride contaminated blocks were Daltonganj, Chhatarpur, per cent,56.52 42.11 and of tune respectively in of case 24.40percent, 15.00and while, Palamau crossedsafe borecent, the samples respectively and the Garhwawell open limit to in district. The safe limit) were 31.58 and 23.91 per cent, respectively in Palamau district and 30.00 and 42.22 per present study. during both districts in low (prescribed However, mg/l 1.5 to contained between 1.0 samples fluoride borewell and open the very was water surface in concentration Fluoride in water samplesofGarhwa district was comparatively low. respectively crossed the cent safe per limit (45 42.8 mg/l) in ;and Palamau 40.0 districts. that The indicate extent water of ground nitrate and contamination surface in content nitrate of Evaluation nitrate and content. fluoride for analysed and collected were wells) bore and wells (open groundwater and rivers) and (ponds water surface viz. sources different from samples water 260 together All as well as Garhwa districts during post monsoon (September 2009) and pre monsoon (April 2010). This study involved collection of 65 drinking and irrigation water samples from all blocks of Palamau 13.1.4.1 :Water quality inPalamu andGarhwa districts 13.1.4 :Water quality &water studies balance conclusions canbedrawn: Results thusrevealthatfromtheforegoingresultsofpresentinvestigation, the following P P P P P P Soil sampling at2/3 leaveswere in litchi positive. concentration and nutrient yield between coefficient Correlation litchi can serve asaguideto to nutrient useinthecrop grown theregion. September or in analysis April tissue leaf Thus, to analysis. plant and February soil for time month suitable most was November the during soil and leaf both for Sampling analysis. rd canopy distance from thetrunkwas observed tofor beideal soil

Table 28. Fluoride concentration (me/l) in drinking and irrigation water of Palamu and Palamu of water irrigation and drinking in (me/l) concentration Fluoride 28. Table Palamuand of water and irrigation in drinking (mg/l) concentration Nitrate 27. Table SD± Mean Range GARHWA SD± Mean Range PALAMU Range PALAMU Mean SD± Range GARHWA Mean SD± Source Source Garhwa districts ofJharkhand. Garhwa districts ofJharkhand. 0.12-0.35 0.24 0.11 0.13-0.90 0.43 0.41 4.89 45.61 40.0-49.02 5.51 40.33 35.0-46.0 POND SEPT POND SEPT SURFACE WATER SURFACE WATER 0.25-0.42 0.33 0.12 0.25-0.66 0.38 0.19 8.95 43.43 35.1-56.0 19.37 52.30 38.6-66.0 RIVER SEPT RIVER SEPT 0.06-0.37 0.24 0.09 0.11-1.58 0.35 0.34 7.77 43.40 33.0-64.3 8.43 37.00 25.0-58.3 SEPT SEPT OPEN WELL OPEN WELL 0.42-3.20 1.49 0.74 0.55-5.32 1.39 1.26 8.10 25.89 12.8-39.5 7.97 30.71 20.2-53.7 APRIL APRIL GR GR OUND W OUND W 0.07-1.25 0.36 0.20 0.14-1.60 0.48 0.37 9.76 30.13 14.0-58.0 8.73 32.01 15.0-52.2 A A SEPT TER SEPT TER BORE WELL BORE WELL 0.65-3.9 1.71 0.93 0.8-7.62 1.59 1.26 9.07 16.26 3.9-35.6 9.41 20.30 3.7-45.2 APRIL APRIL

41 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 42 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) problem. Thefarmers contacted were : Team members visited a number ofvillages and interacted with villagers about the The salient features ofthevisitmay beoutlinedasbelow: Sahebganj –Bhagalpur road) ofJharkhand. (in district of Sahebganj etc.) Rajgaon Hazipurbitha, Chhotikoderjana, Badikoderjana, Bholiyatala, Dr.and Professor,(Asstt. Kumar affected (Dehari, Patwartola, villages the Arvind visited Science) Soil Dumka) ZRS, Scientist, Soil (Senior Saha Dr. B. Science), P. Soil Scientist, (Chief P.Singh R. Dr. with along Agriculture Sarkar, Dean, K. Dr.A. by led University Agricultural Birsa of scientists of team A the recharge. drinking water is very serious and wide spread, particularly when ground water withdrawal exceeds system may not be so severe, but its contamination in the ground water leading to the pollution of production agriculture in pollution arsenic Although one. former the than toxic and mobile more formanionic the +5or+3oxidation in state asarsenate arsenite, and respectively. The latter being a metalloid,as described chemicalits but behaviour metal.a non as is soil, in It exits oxy-in soil in muscular disorder including cancer. Arsenic sources in the soil are mainly geogenic. Arsenic is often lesion, levels skin from suffering contaminatedarewaterarsenic to exposed people alarming The years. the over reached have water ground in contamination arsenic by caused problems The 13.1.4.2 :Water quality inSahebganj district: Sh. AnandiMandal Sh. UmeshChaurasia Sh. Jagarnath Paswan Sh. GaneshMandal Sh. RamLakhan Sh. DhiruRajak Sh. RamPujanPaswan Sh. AshokPaswan Sh. JaldharRajak Sh. RajakMalik Sh. BhimPaswan Sh. ChhenoMandal Sh. RamKailash Mandal Sh. MahabirRam Sh. Vidhya Mandal Sh. ManojYadav Sh. Rampresh Yadav Sh. Trithnath Yadav Name ofVillagers/Farmers Hazipurbitha Hazipurbitha Hazipurbitha Hazipurbitha Rajgaon Hazipurbitha Hazipurbitha Hazipurbitha Hazipurbitha Hazipurbitha Hazipurbitha Hazipurbitha Hazipurbitha Bholiyatola Patwartola Dehari Dehari Dehari Village Arsenic concentration of50µgL reported severe skinlesionsat acute level insomepersons. area of Sahebganj district of Jharkhand, several villagers were found having skin problems. Villages Arsenic is the causal factor of severe physiological disorders in human beings. In the Arsenic affected Visible impact of Arsenic contaminated drinking water on human health: limit permissible critical respectively. its µg/l, by judged as Arsenic high concentration was Hazipurbitha in source of water 0.17 to0.87, 0.035to 0.075, 0.040to0.420, 0.040to 0.640, 0.110 to30.0 toand 0.410 ppm 250 Trace and heavy metals like Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb and Arsenic in collected water samples ranged from found slightly inhigherrange andnotsuitable for saltsensitive crops. was EC Jharkhand. of district Sahebganj of area affected Arsenic from collected samples water in parametersCOWaterlike quality pH, Report onwater quality analysis : most of the deep tube-wells and hand pumps exceeded (100 to 250 µg from L Water visit. during Kit Arsenic Testing by analyzed were village different of samples Water Qualitative testing of Arsenic in water samples/water quality parameters: (mg/l), 340 toas CaCO(mg/l), 596 (mg/l) affected areas ofSahebganj. 3.94, 9.42 to 12.38, 1.48 toto 3.10, 1.26 0.20 to 4.56, 0.50 toand traces 1.84 to 0.18 46.40, ppm, torespectively in18.60 soilsfrom of Arsenicvaried were Co and Ni Pb, Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, of Content to 821,15to 37,36to 95,24to 65,15to 50,7to 12and1to 6ppm. Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Ni and Co content in plants collected from Arsenic affected area varied from 218 of Deharivillage andinstalled handpumps ofRajgaon village. Sh. Awadhesh Mandal Sh. Satya Mandal Sh. ShivlalMandal Sh. Dashrath Mandal Sh. Saintlal Paswan Name ofVillagers/Farmers

-1 0.10 (µg/l). It was less than permissible limit in recently constructed wellconstructed recently in limit permissible than less was It (µg/l). 0.10 permissiblelimitindrinkingwater WHO, 1993). 3 , 0.94 to 2.77 (mmhos/cm) and 0.504 respectivelyto 1.469 (g/l), 2 , alkalinity, EC and TDS varied from 6.28 to 7.62, 2.0 to 10.0 to 2.0 7.62, to 6.28 fromvaried alkalinity,TDS , and EC Chhoti koderjana Chhoti koderjana Badi koderjana Hazipurbitha Hazipurbitha -1 ) to maximum permissible Village

43 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 44 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) Arsenic contaminated water. almost all locations, fitted filters intube-well were not operative andvillagers were forced todrink In Government. Jharkhand attention of immediate needs This completed. be not could howany the plan to set up non contaminated water supply system in Arsenic affected areas but the project wrns ad osiuns aog h sm vlaes bu ti aue rbe hv been have problem acute this about villagers some the among consciousness and Awareness concentration L µg more (100 250 to than Arsenic high very had village of water, drinking side Contamination in other Arsenic. while no had tola) (Patwarroad concretenarrow a by divided village the of side one village, Hazipurbitha the in that note to was it Interesting neck. bottle major remained has monitoring and management fitting post But pumps. inhand with filters of inthese arsenic up fitting to limited mainly is which initiated areas, been have efforts organization Non-Governmental as well as Governmental Governmental andNGO’sInitiated effort Present situation ofArsenic contaminated water utilization AR -1 SENICOSIS ) in drinking water. drinking in ) Government Jharkhand started has This will have a far reaching consequence in years ahead when water – soil – plant – human – human animal chainwillbeaffected.– plant – soil – water when ahead years in consequence reaching far a have will This water frequently in house hold work, for their cattle, irrigation of crops and even drinking purpose. (2 to 3 Km) to their village. No doubt this is a hard task, so most of the villagers utilize contaminated created. They avoid drinking the Arsenic contaminated water and carrying safe water from far away Initiatives ofScientist Team :

P P P P P P P P I ad on Asnc ee mr ta prisbe ii i ms o te rnig water drinking the of most sources. in limit permissible than more level Arsenic found and KIT by villages Arsenic in the in drinkingQuantitative done of water been testing Arsenic have metals (Pb,Ni,Co, Fe, Cu,Mn, Zn etc.) inplant. field for analysis in laboratory to know the concentration and build up of Arsenic and heavy etc. Plant samples of wheat, mustard, and vegetable have been collected from the farmer’s In Rabi, major standing crops in the farmers field were wheat, mustard, Sugarcane, vegetables in laboratory. Number of water and soil samples were collected to analyse various parameters of pollution use to advised and discussion drinking water after quantitative testing of Arsenic in water sources. group through villagers the among awareness Created

45 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 46 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) weekly basis during entire growing period under three sowing dates. The capacity of sandy loam sandy of capacity The dates. sowing three under period growing entire during basis weekly rice, water requirement satisfactory index and amount and duration of surplus and deficit water on of requirement water the determine to used were coefficient crop ad model balance waterFAO Weekly water balance 13.1.4.3 :Water studies balance riceinred&lateritic inupland soils Long Term Strategies: To solve Arsenic problem to aconsiderable extent inShahebganj following steps are suggested. Suggested Remedies :

Detail analysis ofcollected water, plant andsoilsamplesinlaboratory willreflect anactualidea of translocation ofthispoisoningelement through Soil–Plant –AnimalHuman continuum. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Preparation ofdetail mapofArsenic infected zones ofSahebganj &otherdistricts. as arseniferous area. known around and in well tube the in contentArsenic of monitoring periodic Systemof A Analysis ofwater ofnew tube-wells for Arsenic before commissioning. Field trials by Agril. Scientists to devise Arsenic removal techniques from water, soil & plants. upkeep. Installation of Arsenic Removal Plant with people participation for proper maintenance and and gradation up through rivulet) lake,treatment withregular monitoring ofwater quality. pond, (well, resources available other of Use Minimiseuseofground water andavoiding over –exploitation for growing crops. maintain water and protect resources. to agencies &Government NGOs of people, Participation Dammingonrivulet for storage water. Rainwater harvesting to utiliseadequate rainfall. Awareness programme inaffected villages for useofsafe andArsenic free water. Public healthmonitoring. Project onwater supplyto affected areas installing supplylines. Construction of overhead reservoirs to store Arsenic free water

(345.5 mm)sown crops (Table 29). D3 and mm) (353.3 D2 by followed mm) (359 D1 for highest y wasrequirementwater Crop crop. D3 sown for stage vegetative and germination at observed was deficit water week one whereas satisfactory from sowing to maturity for D1 (24 D1 for maturity to sowing from satisfactory tosoil 150 mmwater hold per meter depth was taken into account. Cropwater requirement was D2 (6 from the rest two date sown crops resulted maximum grain yield. Among the three varieties of paddy, of varieties three the Among performance ofVandana yield. andBirsa Vikas Dhan109 was foud better (14.22 q/ha). grain maximum resulted crops sown date two rest the from higher much D2 in were per panicle effective Numbersof and fertile weight tillers, 1000 grains June). grain three date of sowing, yield of D2 (6 D2 of yield sowing, threedateof the Among 30). (table studied were yield ad (TDM) matter dry total weight, grain 1000 panicle, per grains Yield andyieldattributes Table 29.Weekly water balancepertaining to upland riceunderdifferent sowing date Matu-rity Milk-ing Sow-ing Germi- Flower Stages nation tative Vege- Total –ing th July) and D3 (15 Important yield attributing parameters like effective tillers, plant height, no. of fertile and chaffy offertile no. height, plant tillers, effective like parameters attributing yield Important 120 257 376 Ppt 30 10 46 28 23 20 46 36 40 5 PET 29 27 22 24 24 24 28 33 34 30 19 29 30 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.10 0.90 0.95 1.10 1.10 Ker 24 th th 359 WR July). Water deficit commenced during vegetative stage of D2 for 3 weeks 26 24 21 23 25 25 31 36 37 27 18 32 33 June 170 358 Spl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Def. th 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 July) was found highest (8.98 q/ha) followed by 7.24 q/ha for D1 (24 forD1 q/ha followed 7.24 q/ha) by found(8.98 washighest July) WR 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 SI 376 257 Ppt 46 30 10 46 28 23 40 20 36 5 0 PET th 30 29 19 22 24 24 24 28 30 34 23 33 29 June) in contrast to 2 and 1 week adequacy for adequacy week 1 and 2 to contrast in June) 18.05 21.85 26.1 20.9 25.2 25.2 26.4 30.8 30.6 36.3 31.9 WR 27 33 6 353.3 th July 358 Spl 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Def 7.8 2.7 5.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95.56 95.56 95.56 95.56 95.56 99.24 95.56 97.76 99.24 99.24 95.56 WR 100 100 SI 376 257 Ppt 46 10 46 28 40 23 20 36 15 5 0 PET 30 19 22 24 24 24 34 30 23 28 33 29 22 18.05 21.85 23.1 25.2 26.4 26.4 30.6 30.8 36.3 31.9 20.9 WR 27 27 15 345.5 th July 358 Spl 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Def 6.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 96.06 96.06 96.06 96.06 96.06 96.06 98.09 98.09 96.06 98.09 98.09 96.06 WR 100 SI th

47 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 48 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) infestation and formation ofchaffy grains. disease spot brown to due paddy of growth stunted to due mainly was yield in Reduction q/ha). (30-35 yield potential their to compared as low very different yielded dates, under sown varieties Birsa Vikas Dhan111underallthethree dates ofsowing. by followed variety vandana for highest found was intensity Disease reduction. yield qualitative and quantitative caused which vegetative stages and tillering of time the at 68-79%) II RH & 88% on 24 on Table 30.Yield andyieldattributes of Paddy varieties underdifferent sowing dates. Treatments 24 Vandana BV Dhan BV Dhan 15 6 th th 111 109 th July June th July June were severely affected due to higher temperature associated with high RH (RHI 86- (RHI RH high with associated temperature higher to due affected severely were June Delay in onset of monsoon and uneven distribution of rainfall followed by dry spells, all spells, dry by followed rainfall of distribution uneven and monsoon of onset in Delay All the three paddy varieties were affected by the Brown spot disease but paddy crops sown Effective tillers/ sq.mt. 240 264 235 115 315 309 panicle Fertile grain/ 33 33 38 28 41 36 panicle Chaffy grain/ 189 25 29 24 33 28 Date ofsowing Variety wt. (gm) wt. 13.57 14.22 14.22 10.91 15.44 15.67 grain 1000 Plant (cm) ht. 78 82 84 81 83 80 (q/ha) Yield 6.49 7.48 7.33 5.52 7.24 8.98 (gm/mt) TDM 164 207 145 137 259 234 T Plot size Replications Design ***FFP :Farmer’s fertilization practice Date ofharvesting Date ofsowing Variety Spacing T T Treatments: Maize practice inmaize-wheat cropping system farmersfertilization intensification and management ecological systemtermevaluation of Long Experiment A: 13.1.5 :Sitespecific nutrientmanagement studies T 4 3 2 1 : : : : FFP-N FFP*** 180 kgN(50/0/50),90P 0 kgN,90P : : : : : : : 2 O 5 &100kgK 10 x6m 3 RBD 28.9.2010 22.6.2010 Pioneer 30V92 70 x18cm 2 O 2 O 5 &100kg 2 K2O

49 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 50 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) T2 Date ofharvesting Date ofsowing Variety Spacing (R-R) Plot size Replications Design (FYM @2t/haandtop dressing ofurea twice@ 60kg/ha) ***FFP :Farmer’s fertilization practice T4 T3 : wheat (Var. DBW-17). by followed was This crop. of harvest after soil of status fertility soil the know to plot each from samples fromwas eachplot analysedtotal and uptake was calculated.samples were Soil collected grain and plant of concentration Nutrient area. plot net from recorded were straw and grain of available N, P, respectively. and 13.5 mg kg/ha 162 kg/ha 32.0 K, kg/ha, S viz. 242 kg/ha, Yield data during June to October in loamy – 30V92 sand textured soil having plH Pioneer 5.1, organic carbon 4.3 gm/kg, and Var. maize with out was carried Experiment 4 treatments. comprised practices fertilization farmers and management intensification ecological of evaluation system term Long Materials &Methods T1 Treatments for wheat: Wheat : : : 130 kgN(50%at basal&50%at CRI),70kgP FFP*** FFP-N 0 kgN,70P : : : : : : 2 11.4.2011 : DBW-17 25 cm(R-R) 10 x6m2 3 RBD O 5 &60kgK 1.12.2010 2 O/ha 2 O 5 &60kgK 2 O/ha Plot size Replications Design Experiment B:NtimingX rate Date ofharvesting Date ofsowing Variety Spacing Note :100kgP T12 T11 T10 T9 T8 T7 T6 T5 T4 T3 T2 T1 Treatments: Maize system. Effect ofdifferent rate andtimings ofnitrogen application in maize-wheat cropping Expt. B : : : : : : : : : : : : 240 kgN(50-0-50) 160 kgN(50-0-50) 80 kgN(50-0-50) 0 kgN 240 kgN(33-33-33LCC) 160 kgN(33-33-33LCC) 80 kgN(33-33-33LCC) 0 kgN 240 kgN(33-33-33) 160 kgN(33-33-33) 80 kgN(33-33-33) 0 kgN 2 O 5 and 100kgK : : : : : 10 x4.8m 3 RCBD 2.10.2010 : Pioneer 30V92 : 2 O/ha appliedto treatments. allthe 23.6.2010 70 x18cm 2

51 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 52 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) T T T T T T T T examined. Thiswas followed by wheat (Var. DBW-17). were plot of each of soils status fertility harvesting After recorded.were samples plant uptakeof and concentration nutrient October.data, of Yield month 30V92) the in harvested (Pioneer and June crop in sown maize was The respectively. kg/ha 13 and 133.0 46.0, 252, was S and K P, N, available and g/kg 4.3 carbon organic 5.43, pH having soil texturesandy-loam in October to June The experiment (comprising of 12 treatments) was conducted with Maize Var. Pioneer 30V92 during Materials &Methods Date ofharvesting Date ofsowing Variety Spacing (R-R) T6 T Treatments: Wheat Plot size Replications Design Note :90kgP T T 12 11 10 9 8 7 5 4 3 2 1

: : : : : : : : : : : : 2 O 50 kgN(33B–33CRIPILCC) 0 kgN 150 kgN(33B–33CRIPILCC) 100 kgN(33B–33CRIPILCC) 0 kgN 150 kgN(33B–33CRIPI) 100 kgN(33B–33CRIPI) 50 kgN(33B–33CRIPI) 0 kgN 150 kgN(50B–50CRI) 100 kgN(50B–50CRI) 50 kgN(50B–CRI) 5 and80kgK : : : : : : : 2 12.4.2011 2.12.2010 DBW-17 25 cm(R–R) 10 x4.8m 3 RCBD O/ha appliedtotreatments allthe 2 T T3 Omission plot/quefts’ calibration inmaize-wheat cropping system Experiment C: T Date ofharvesting Date ofsowing Variety Spacing Plot size Replications Design T Treatments: Maize T5 T1 Treatments: Wheat T Date ofharvesting Date of sowing Variety Spacing (R-R) T4 T2 Plot size Replications Design T 1 3 2 5 4

: : : : : : : : : : (-P), 150kgN(50%at basal&50%at CRI)&100kgK (-P), 250kgN(50-0-50)&120K (-N), 120kgP NPK 250kgN(50-0-50),120P SSNM (200kgN,90P (-K), 250kgN(50-0-50)&120P SSNM 120kgN(50%at basal&50%at CRI),70kgP NPK 150kgN(50%at basal&50%at CRI),110kgP (-K), 150kgN(50%at basal&50%at CRI)&110kgP (-N), 110kgP : : : : : : : 2 2 O O 3.10.2010 24.6.2010 Pioneer 30V92 70 x18cm 10 x6.6m2 4 RCBD : : : : : : : 5 5 &120kgK &100kgK 14.4.2011 3.12.2010 DBW-17 25 cm(R-R) 10 x6.6m 4 RCBD 2 O 5 &100kgK 2 2 O O 2 2 O 2 2 O O 5 &120kgK 5 2 O) 2 O 2 2 O O 2 2 O O 5 5 &100kgK &60kgK 5 2 2 O O

53 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 54 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) application. Plant uptakeAlfisols. N, of the by system S and K P, drastically N was of omission the with reduced (maize equivalent yield) q ha q yield) equivalent (maize ha yield (Tablesystem N kg 150 treatment,compared and check as 240 tothe application32), was of highestwith maize-wheat in (254) increase cent Per status. initial its from 19% to 11 by status S and K N, the decreased doses split three and two in application N of level higher that showed Maize yield was highest (6.4 t/ha) in the prototype SSNM plot. Omission of nutrients from the ample NPK fromtreatment showed that nutrients N was the most of limiting nutrient, followed Omission by P and K (Tableplot. 33) SSNM prototype the in t/ha) (6.4 highest was yield Maize Experiment C: farm economics. for efficiency use increase nutrient better to as improve well critical as to application is yields N of of N management, along with balanced application of other limiting nutrients. The rate and timing Maize-wheat system yield can be doubled in the rainfed tracts of eastern India through optimization Conclusion ha t (6.8 yield grain Maximum Experiment B: Resultsreveal that maize grain ha q (70.9 yield Experiment A: Results : status ofpost harvested soilwere recorded. Thiswas followed by wheat (DBW-17). was protected from Stem-borer by the application of Furadon. Yield data, nutrient uptake and fertility protectionplant Necessary measures were takenkg/ha). (14 care of.S and Maizekg/ha) crop(139.0 K kg/ha), (32.0 P kg/ha), (272.0 N available and g/kg 4.9 carbon organic 5.2, havingtexture in loam sandy was soil experimentalOctober. toThe June of month the during out carried was Experiment Materials &Methods guided by leaf colour chart (LCC) (Table 32). Wheat yield was highest (5 t ha kg ha kg only 39.28 q ha 39.28 q only K save environment andimprove NUE. for N application based on periodic assessment the plant N status to minimize losses of fertilizer N, 52.4 per cent reduction in yield of the system. FFP produced 66 q ha q 66 produced system. FFP the of yield in reduction cent per 52.4 2 O/ha yield of wheat at 130 kg N, 70 kg P -1 in maize and wheat respectively, applied in two or three splits based. Results suggest the need -1 of N in three splits. Post harvest nutrients status of soil after one cycle of maize and wheat maize and of cycle after one soil statusPostnutrientsof harvest splits. three in N of -1 signifying that N was the most limiting plant nutrient in Maize-wheat system in system Maize-wheat in nutrient plant limiting most the was N that signifying -1 with NPK application in both crops. Omission of N brought about brought N of Omission crops. both in application NPK with -1 ) of maize was recorded at 160 kg N ha N kg 160 at recorded was maize of ) 2 O 5 and 60 kg K -1 ) was) highest P kg 90 N, kg 180 with 2 O/ha wasO/ha 41qha -1 MEY while FFP-Nproduced while MEY -1 -1 applied in threein applied splits -1 . System wasyield 135 ) at application of 150 2 O 5 and 100 kg 100 and difference thereby plots, NPK and SSNM in saving P kg 30 N, kg 50 significant no was there that indicate clearly maize-wheat of yield System maize. for rates SSNM formulating while account into taken be to need water) irrigation (residue, contribution nutrient external such that suggests This response. actual the masked K water However, irrigation from soil. contribution the in content nutrient available soil low the considering K for response yield higher expected We yield. a target achieve to rate nutrient estimating of approach alternate an provide could experiment the from obtained data response the maize, of produce) economic of kg 1000 per matter dry plant above-ground in content (nutrient efficiency internalreciprocal the and efficiency agronomic target a with combined respectively. When t/ha, 1.3 and t/ha 1.9 t/ha, results33). The showed that expectedresponses N,Kyield P and at theexperimentalsite are 4.3 nutrients major (Table the all uptake for restrictions caused nutrients of Omission location. the in Table 31. Grain yield and total nutrient uptake by maize-wheat system as affected by affected as system maize-wheat by uptake nutrient total and yield Grain 31. Table profit andenvironmental sustainability. farm productivity, higher for India Eastern in farmers maize to strategies management nutrient specific site disseminate help can This maize. nutrient for rates specific site estimating of method circumventsit thatinfrastructural alternate providestestingthe an and soil associated with issues is capacity supplying nutrient soil estimating of approach plot omission advantagesof the of One Conclusion Sellingpriceofmaize –900/q,wheat –1400/q 30 kgN,40P CD (0.05) FFP FFP-N NPK PK(-N) Treat-ments ecological intensification management. 2 4.53 32.4 21.8 70.9 16.9 O Maize 5 and 40kgK Grain yield(q/ha) 4.20 21.60 11.24 41.25 9.35 Wheat 2 O/ha inwheat by following SSNM. 11.06 66.00 39.28 135.07 31.44 System (MEY) - -40.5 104.6 -52.4 increase/ decrease % 25.28 82.76 54.79 145.68 37.9 Nutrient uptake insystem (kg/ha) N 2 O 5 and 20 kg K kg 20 and 7.39 19.65 14.31 38.01 16.71 P 18.74 100.48 70.28 180.92 69.45 2 O/ha in maizein O/ha & K 5.12 14.85 8.48 30.96 8.41 S

55 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) 56 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012) Table 32. CD (0.05) (50-0-50) 240/150 kg N (50-0-50) 160/100 kg N (50-0-50) 80/50 kgN 0/0 kgN LCC) (33-33-33 240/150 kg N LCC) (33-33-33 160/100 kg N LCC) (33-33-33 80/50 kgN 0/0 kgN (33-33-33) 240/150 kg N (33-33-33) 160/100 kg N (33-33-33) 80/50 kgN 0/0 kgN Treatments Effect of rate and time of nitrogen application on yield and total nutrient uptake of maize-wheat system. 9.21 71.29 67.07 54.70 26.16 59.26 68.67 48.1 27.96 66.2 67.56 52.56 19.75 Maize Grain yield(q/ha) 6.7 50.77 40.98 23.13 11.8 46.13 35.85 24.94 11.18 44.32 34.53 21.54 11.81 Wheat 19.63 150.27 130.82 90.68 44.52 131.02 124.44 86.90 45.35 135.14 121.27 86.07 38.12 (MEY) System - 294.2 243.2 137.9 16.8 243.7 226.4 128.0 19.0 254.5 218.1 125.8 - % increase 44.4 180.56 166.15 120.24 71.69 161.87 162.1 117.7 57.37 173.19 175.84 105.56 53.88 Nutrient uptake insystem (kg/ha) N 8.1 31.82 30.67 22.37 13.96 27.61 28.98 22.23 12.86 30.68 30.06 20.94 10.85 P 39.5 198.03 172.64 132.99 93.1 181.91 173.45 139.31 89.36 179.79 167.21 115.94 88.37 K 8.1 38.38 31.03 21.73 14.4 32.18 30.51 24.6 14.67 33.25 29.02 21.67 14.65 S Table 33. Treatment NPK (-N) (-P) (-K) SSNM CD (0.05) Effect of site-specific nutrient management on yield and total nutrient uptake nutrient total and yield on management nutrient site-specific of Effect of maize-wheat system. 61.72 9.89 31.14 45.82 64.76 6.4 Maize Grain yield(q/ha) Fig. :Available nutrient supplyin fertilized andnutrient omissionplots 47.39 8.17 25.99 32.22 37.13 6.36 Wheat 135.44 22.60 71.57 95.94 122.52 16.29 System (MEY) ------20.4 -79.9 -36.4 -14.7 - % increase/ Decrease 17.92 35.08 106.05 161.72 164.81 Nutrient uptake insystem (kg/ha) N 38.72 9.09 19.13 28.21 34.51 P 306.07 72.19 171.28 21.36 258.04 K 60.34 13.43 33.47 52.66 47.92 S

57 NAE CONSOLIDATED REPORT (2007-2012)