DOCSLIB.ORG

The Founding Fathers: a Reform Caucus in Action

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Founding Fathers: a Reform Caucus in Action American Political Science Review, Vol. 55, No. 4 (Dec., 1961) THE FOUNDING FATHERS: A REFORM CAUCUS IN ACTION JOHN P. ROCHE Brandeis University Over the last century and a half, the work of disembodied conservatives or Agents of His- the Constitutional Convention and the motives tory-and as recent research into the nature of of the Founding Fathers have been analyzed American politics in the 1780s confirms,1 they under a number of different ideological aus- were committed (perhaps willy-nilly) to work- pices. To one generation of historians, the hand ing within the democratic framework, within a of God was moving in the assembly; under a universe of public approval. Charles Beard and later dispensation, the dialectic (at various the filiopietists to the contrary notwithstand- levels of philosophical sophistication) replaced ing, the Philadelphia Convention was not a the Deity: "relationships of production" moved College of Cardinals or a council of Platonic into the niche previously reserved for Love of guardians working within a manipulative, pre- Country. Thus in counterpoint to the Zeit- democratic framework; it was a nationalist geist, the Framers have undergone miraculous reform caucus which had to operate with great metamorphoses: at one time acclaimed as delicacy and skill in a political cosmos full of liberals and bold social engineers, today they enemies to achieve the one definitive goal- appear in the guise of sound Burkean con- popular approbation. servatives, men who in our time would sub- Perhaps the time has come, to borrow scribe to Fortune, look to Walter Lippmann for Walton Hamilton's fine phrase, to raise the political theory, and chuckle patronizingly at Framers from immortality to mortality, to give the antics of Barry Goldwater. The implicit them credit for their magnificent demonstra- assumption is that if James Madison were tion of the art of democratic politics. The point among us, he would be President of the Ford must be reemphasized; they made history and Foundation, while Alexander Hamilton would did it within the limits of consensus. There was chair the Committee for Economic Develop- nothing inevitable about the future in 1787; ment. the Zeitgeist, that fine Hegelian technique of The "Fathers" have thus been admitted to begging causal questions, could only be dis- our best circles; the revolutionary ferocity cerned in retrospect. What they did was to which confiscated all Tory property in reach hammer out a pragmatic compromise which and populated New Brunswick with outlaws would both bolster the "National interest" has been converted by the "Miltown School" and be acceptable to the people. What inspira- of American historians into a benign dedication tion they got came from their collective experi- to "consensus" and "prescriptive rights." The ence as professional politicians in a democratic Daughters of the American Revolution have, society. As John Dickinson put it to his fellow through the ministrations of Professors Boor- delegates on August 13, "Experience must be stin, Hartz, and Rossiter, at last found ances- our guide. Reason may mislead us." tors worthy of their descendants. It is not my In this context, let us examine the problems purpose here to argue that the "Fathers" were, they confronted and the solutions they evolved. in fact, radical revolutionaries; that proposition The Convention has been described pictur- has been brilliantly demonstrated by Robert R. esquely as a counter-revolutionary junta and Palmer in his Age of the Democratic Revolution. My concern is with the further position that I The view that the right to vote in the states not only were they revolutionaries, but also was severely circumscribed by property qualifica- they were democrats. Indeed, in my view, there tions has been thoroughly discredited in recent is one fundamental truth about the Founding years. See Chilton Williamson, American Suffrage Fathers that every generation of Zeitgeisters from Property to Democracy, 1760-1860 (Prince- has done its best to obscure: they were first and ton, 1960). The contemporary position is that foremost superb democratic politicians. I sus- John Dickinson actually knew what he was talk- pect that in a contemporary setting, James ing about when he argued that there would be Madison would be Speaker of the House of little opposition to vesting the right of suffrage in Representatives and Hamilton would be the freeholders since "The great mass of our Citizens eminence rise dominating (pace Theodore is composed at this time of freeholders, and will Sorenson or Sherman Adams) the Executive be pleased with it." Max Farrand, Records of the Office of the President. They were, with their Federal Convention, Vol. 2, p. 202 (New Haven, colleagues, political men--not metaphysicians, 1911). (Henceforth cited as Farrand.) 799 800 THE AMERICAN POLITICALT SCIENCE REVIEW the Constitution as a coup d'etat,2 but this has take the following steps: (1) agree to send been accomplished by withdrawing the whole delegates to the Philadelphia Convention; (2) history of the movement for constitutional provide maintenance for these delegates (these reform from its true context. No doubt the were distinct stages: New Hampshire was early goals of the constitutional elite were "subver- in naming delegates, but did not provide for sive" to the existing political order, but it is their maintenance until July); (3) set up the overlooked that their subversion could only special ad hoc convention to decide on ratifica- have succeeded if the people of the United tion; and (4) conce(le to the decision of the ad States endorsed it by regularized procedures. hoc convention that New York should par- Indubitably they were "plotting" to establish a ticipate. New York admittedly was a tricky much stronger central government than existed state, with a strong interest in a status quo under the Articles, but only in the sense in which permitted her to exploit New Jersey and which one could argue equally well that John F. Connecticut, but the same legal hurdles existed Kennedy was, from 1956 to 1960, "plotting" to in every state. And at the risk of becoming become President. In short, on the fundamental boring, it must be reiterated that the only procedural level, the Constitutionalists had to weapon in the Constitutionalist arsenal was an work according to the prevailing rules of the effective mobilization of public opinion. game. Whether they liked it or not is a topic The group which undertook this struggle was for spiritualists-and is irrelevant: one may be an interesting amalgam of a few dedicated quite certain that had Washington agreed to nationalists with the self-interested spokesmen play the De Gaulle (as the Cincinnati once of various parochial bailiwicks. The Georgians, urged), Hamilton would willingly have held his for example, wanted a strong central authority horse, but such fertile speculation in no way to provide military protection for their huge, alters the actual context in which events took underpopulated state against the Creek Con- place. federacy; Jerseymen and Connecticuters wanted to escape from economic bondage to I New York; the Virginians hoped to establish a When the Constitutionalists went forth to system which would give that great state its subvert the Confederation, they utilized the rightful place in the councils of the republic. mechanisms of political legitimacy. And the The dominant figures in the politics of these roadblocks which confronted them were for- states therefore cooperated in the call for the midable. At the same time, they were endowed Convention.' In other states, the thrust to- with certain potent political assets. The history wards national reform was taken up by opposi- of the United States from 1786 to 1790 was tion groups who added the "national interest" largely one of a masterful employment of politi- to their weapons system; in Pennsylvania, for cal expertise by the Constitutionalists as instance, the group fighting to revise the Con- against bumbling, erratic behavior by the stitution of 1776 came out four-square behind opponents of reform. Effectively, the Constitu- the Constitutionalists, and in New York, Ham- tionalists had to induce the states, by demo- ilton and the Schuyler ambiance took the same cratic techniques of coercion, to emasculate tack against George Clinton.4 There was, of themselves. To be specific, if New York had course, a large element of personality in the refused to join the new Union, the project was affair: there is reason to suspect that Patrick doomed; yet before New York was safely in, Henry's opposition to the Convention and the the reluctant state legislature had sua sponte to 3 A basic volume, which, like other works by 2 The classic statement of the coup d'etat theory Warren, provides evidence with which one can Charles is, of course, Charles A. Beard, An Economic evaluate the author's own opinions, is Interpretation of the Constitution of the United Warren, The Making of the Constitution (Boston, forces States (New York, 1913), and this theme was 1928). The best brief summary of the Chap- echoed by Vernon L. Parrington, Merrill Jensen behind the movement for centralization is and others in "populist" historiographical tradi- ter 1 of Warren (as it will be cited hereafter). Brunhouse, tion. For a sharp critique of this thesis see 4On Pennsylvania see Robert L. Robert E. Brown, Charles Beard and the Constitu- Counter-Revolution in Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, Wilson tion (Princeton, 1956). See also Forrest Mc- 1942) and Charles P. Smith, James which Donald, We the People (Chicago, 1958); the (Chapel Hill, 1956), cel. 15; for New York, Pennsylvania trailblazing work in this genre was Douglas needs the same sort of microanalysis Spauld- Adair, "The Tenth Federalist Revisited," William has received, the best study is E. Wilder 1783-1789 and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. VIII ing, New York in the Critical Period, (1951), pp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How Bad Were the Official Records of the Federal Convention?
    How Bad Were the Official Records of the Federal Convention? Mary Sarah Bilder* ABSTRACT The official records of the ConstitutionalConvention of 1787 have been neglected and dismissed by scholars for the last century, largely to due to Max Farrand'scriticisms of both the records and the man responsible for keeping them-Secretary of the Convention William Jackson. This Article disagrees with Farrand'sconclusion that the Convention records were bad, and aims to resurrect the records and Jackson's reputation. The Article suggests that the endurance of Farrand'scritique arises in part from misinterpretationsof cer- tain proceduralcomponents of the Convention and failure to appreciate the significance of others, understandable consideringthe inaccessibility of the of- ficial records. The Article also describes the story of the records after the Con- vention but before they were published, including the physical limbo of the records in the aftermath of the Convention and the eventual deposit of the records in March 1796 amidst the rapid development of disagreements over constitutional interpretation. Finally, the Article offers a few cautionary re- flections about the lessons to be drawn from the official records. Particularly, it recommends using caution with Max Farrand's records, paying increased attention to the procedural context of the Convention, and recognizing that Constitutionalinterpretation postdated the Constitution. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................... 1621 A NOTE ON THE RECORDS .....................................
    [Show full text]
  • Committee Releases Report Examining DPW's Efficiency
    Ad Populos, Non Aditus, Pervenimus Published Every Thursday Since September 3, 1890 (908) 232-4407 USPS 680020 Thursday, September 22, 2005 OUR 115th YEAR – ISSUE NO. 38-2005 Periodical – Postage Paid at Westfield, N.J. www.goleader.com press@goleader.com SIXTY CENTS Committee Releases Report Examining DPW’s Efficiency By PAUL J. PEYTON the division, a redesign of the DPW’s wide mailings, and an annual report Specially Written for The Westfield Leader North Avenue facility’s front entry to would enhance the division’s efforts, WESTFIELD -- A volunteer include a receptionist area for the the report states. Regular reports to citizen’s committee report reviewing division and a change in the phone the town council and a division name the operations of the maintenance system to properly direct calls to the are also encouraged, as are weekly and construction division of the de- administrative assistant. E-mail via staff meetings to discuss work priori- partment of public works (DPW) in- the town’s website for work orders is ties and monthly meetings with user cludes 14 recommendation on en- also recommended. groups including town sports leagues, hancing division productivity, com- Customer service training pro- the board of education, Westfield Area munication and customer service. The grams for all employees, establish- Chamber of Commerce, Downtown report was presented to the mayor ment of performance schedules for Westfield Corporation and the recre- amd town council Tuesday night. completion of work on trees, roads, ation department are recommended The committee recommends the parks and fields, etc., and the installa- to better plan for future DPW projects.
    [Show full text]
  • The Major Debates of the Constitutional Convention
    CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS FOUNDATION BILL OFRIGHTS INACTION FALL 2009 VOLUME 25 NUMBER 2 The Major Debates at the Constitutional Convention In February 1787, Congress decided that a convention should be con- vened to revise the Articles of Confederation, the nation’s first constitution. In May, 55 delegates came to Philadelphia, and the Constitutional Convention began. Debates erupted over representation in Congress, over slavery, and over the new executive branch. The debates continued through four hot and muggy months. But eventually the delegates reached compromises, Delegates at the Constitutional Convention wait their turns to sign the U.S. Constitution. (Library and on September 17, they produced of Congress) the U.S. Constitution, replacing the Articles with the governing docu- be held in Philadelphia “for the sole and express purpose of ment that has functioned effectively for more than 200 revising the Articles of Confederation . and to render the years. Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of Government and the preservation of the Union.” n 1781 in the midst of the Revolutionary War, the I13 states had agreed to establish a new central gov- (Continued on next page) ernment under the Articles of Confederation and Building Democracy Perpetual Union. The Articles created a confederation U The process of building democracy and democratic institutions of states: Each state retained “its sovereignty, free- is long and ongoing. Articles in this edition of Bill of Rights in dom, and independence.” The weak central govern- Action examine historical and current examples of this process. S ment consisted of Congress, a single house in which The first article looks at the debates over the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Ruth Prawer Jhabvala's Adapted Screenplays
    Absorbing the Worlds of Others: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala’s Adapted Screenplays By Laura Fryer Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of a PhD degree at De Montfort University, Leicester. Funded by Midlands 3 Cities and the Arts and Humanities Research Council. June 2020 i Abstract Despite being a prolific and well-decorated adapter and screenwriter, the screenplays of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala are largely overlooked in adaptation studies. This is likely, in part, because her life and career are characterised by the paradox of being an outsider on the inside: whether that be as a European writing in and about India, as a novelist in film or as a woman in industry. The aims of this thesis are threefold: to explore the reasons behind her neglect in criticism, to uncover her contributions to the film adaptations she worked on and to draw together the fields of screenwriting and adaptation studies. Surveying both existing academic studies in film history, screenwriting and adaptation in Chapter 1 -- as well as publicity materials in Chapter 2 -- reveals that screenwriting in general is on the periphery of considerations of film authorship. In Chapter 2, I employ Sandra Gilbert’s and Susan Gubar’s notions of ‘the madwoman in the attic’ and ‘the angel in the house’ to portrayals of screenwriters, arguing that Jhabvala purposely cultivates an impression of herself as the latter -- a submissive screenwriter, of no threat to patriarchal or directorial power -- to protect herself from any negative attention as the former. However, the archival materials examined in Chapter 3 which include screenplay drafts, reveal her to have made significant contributions to problem-solving, characterisation and tone.
    [Show full text]
  • Masonry and the Constitution
    THE IMPACT OF MASONRY ON THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION May - September 1787 by Stewart Wilson Miner, PGM The purpose of this paper is to suggest how and those restrictive purposes, they wrote relatively to what degree Freemasonry exerted an little. influence over the delegates and their work at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Nevertheless, many of Masonry's students, Pennsylvania, in the epochal year of 1787. A despite the fragmentary nature of the evidence number of Masons attended the Convention, as at hand, attribute great political importance to we know, and we are told that among the 39 the Craft during the Eighteenth Century. Among signers of the Fundamental Law that they those who have done so is Bernard Fay, a produced, 13 were at some time in their lives distinguished scholar who in 1935 wrote a associated with Masonry. Of that number, 11 lengthy opus entitled Revolution and were Freemasons at the time that they Freemasonry 1680-1800. In that work he participated in the Convention. Subsequent to remarked that from the Middle Ages, the Convention, two others, William Patterson Freemasonry in England was a social force. of New Jersey and James McHenry of "Through their technical secrets gathered from Maryland, became Masons in 1791 and 1806, all corners of the globe, the glory acquired by respectively. their achievements and the numerous great people who wished to be affiliated with that My interest, however, is not in numbers but in great guild," he said, "the Masons held ideas. What did the delegates think, and why did tremendous power." It was his observation that they think as they did? Were the thoughts of with the advent of the Renaissance, a period of Masons in the Convention distinguishable from decadence began, and in consequence the the thoughts of their non-Masonic counterparts Masons lost some of their power, though they and, if so, were their opinions shaped by their retained their popularity.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring2020.Pdf
    B A U M A N R A R E B O O K S Spring 2020 BaumanRareBooks.com 1-800-97-bauman (1-800-972-2862) or 212-751-0011 bRb@BAUMANRaREbooKS.Com New York 535 Madison Avenue (Between 54th & 55th Streets) New York, NY 10022 800-972-2862 or 212-751-0011 Monday - Saturday: 10am to 6pm Las Vegas Grand Canal Shoppes The Venetian | The Palazzo 3327 Las Vegas Blvd., South, Suite 2856 Las Vegas, NV 89109 888-982-2862 or 702-948-1617 Sunday - Thursday: 10am to 11pm Friday - Saturday: 10am to Midnight Philadelphia (by appointmEnt) 1608 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 215-546-6466 | (fax) 215-546-9064 Monday - Friday: 9am to 5pm all booKS aRE ShippEd on appRoval and aRE fully guaRantEEd. Any items may be returned within ten days for any reason (please notify us before returning). All reimbursements are limited to original purchase price. We accept all major credit cards. Shipping and insurance charges are additional. Packages will be shipped by UPS or Federal Express unless another carrier is requested. Next-day or second-day air service is available upon request. www.baumanrarebooks.com twitter.com/baumanrarebooks facebook.com/baumanrarebooks On the cover: Item no. 4. On this page: Item no. 79. Table of Contents 16 4 42 100 113 75 A Representative Selection 3 English History, Travel & Thought 20 Literature 38 Children’s Literature, Art & Architecture 58 Science, Economics & Natural History 70 Judaica 81 The American xperienceE 86 93 Index 103 A A Representative Selection R e p r e s e n t a t i v e S e l e c t i o n 4 S “Incomparably The Most Important Work In p The English Language”: The Fourth Folio Of r Shakespeare, 1685, An Exceptionally Lovely Copy i 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenilworth May 2019
    BUSINESS • LIFE ENILWORTH IFIssue 136E • May 2019 KPublished by Renna Media, LLC L SCHOOL DISTRICT 2018-2019 EDUCATORS OF THE YEAR Submitted by Angela Sandull On April 8, 2019, The Kenilworth Board of Education Anthony LaBruno, David Brearley High School Teacher SIGNATURE recognized the following teachers and educational services of the Year. Anthony began here in Kenilworth in 2012 as a REALTY NJ, LLC professionals as recipients of the 2019 Educator of the Year Teacher of Music. Anthony has been the Spring Music Largest sales volume boutique realty firm in recognition programs at their monthly board meeting: Festival Coordinator for the Morris Union Jointure central & northern New Jersey. Michael Klimchak, Harding Teacher of the Year. Michael Commission. He’s served as the middle school band director, 973-921-1111 is a 5th grade teacher at Harding Elementary. His tenure here assistant musical director, and a curriculum writer. began in 2008. He has helped to develop curriculum as a Regina O’Connor, Educational Services Professional of I need your curriculum writer for us and also served as a Family Math the Year for Harding Elementary School. Regina is a Speech property to sell teacher. He was also the recipient of our 2012 Teacher of the Language Specialist who began in Kenilworth in 2007. She’s Contact me! Year Award. been a professional development presenter for us, an Robert J. Donahue Nancy Bechtler, David Brearley Middle School Teacher extended school year Speech Therapist and a parent training Broker/Salesperson of the Year. Nancy began in the Kenilworth Schools in 1997. night presenter.
    [Show full text]
  • Founding Fathers on Screen: the Changing Relationship Between History and Film
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2012 Founding Fathers on Screen: The Changing Relationship between History and Film Jennifer Lynn Garrott College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Film and Media Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Garrott, Jennifer Lynn, "Founding Fathers on Screen: The Changing Relationship between History and Film" (2012). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626696. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-42hs-e363 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact scholarworks@wm.edu. Founding Fathers on Screen: The Changing Relationship between History and Film Jennifer Lynn Garrott Burke, Virginia Bachelor of Arts, College of William and Mary, 2010 A Thesis presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts Lyon.G. Tyler Department of History The College of William and Mary August 2012 APPROVAL PAGE This Thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts r Lynn Garrott Approved by the Committee, August, 2012 Committee Chair Associate Professor Leisa Meyer, Lyon Gardir/br Tyler History Department, The College of W illiam ^ Mary __________ Associate Professor Andrew Figjfer, Lyon Gardiner Tyler History Department, The College of William & Mary Visiting Assistant Professor Sharon ZuberI jlish and Film Studies The College of William' lary ABSTRACT PAGE While historians have often addressed, and occasionally dismissed historical films, the relationship between history and film is ever changing.
    [Show full text]
  • HIS 100: Introduction to Historical Methods: the World of Thomas Jefferson Fall 2010 Professor T. Slaughter Tuesday and Thursday
    HIS 100: Introduction to Historical Methods: The World of Thomas Jefferson Fall 2010 Professor T. Slaughter Tuesday and Thursday RR Library 456, 9:40-10:55. Office hours: Tuesday and Thursday 11-noon, and by appointment. 369B RR; 273-2799 thomas.slaughter@rochester.edu Thomas Jefferson is an ideal focus for discussions of the range of subjects that fascinated him, from gardening to food, wine, women, education, politics, philosophy, architecture, and plantation management. He provides an exquisite example of Enlightenment culture during the age of revolutions, and of a Founding Father who, as Secretary of State, Vice President, and President attempted to implement the revolutionary and constitutional principles on which the United States was founded. His private correspondence and public papers, his published writings and private musings, give access to Jefferson’s inner landscape as well as the world in which he lived. Through films, non-fiction and fiction, and primary source documents relating to case studies—The Declaration of Independence and its contrast to Thomas Paine’s Common Sense; the Burr Conspiracy; and Jefferson’s relationship with his slave Sally Hemings—we will explore historical research and interpretation, both our own and that of other historians. In particular, we will look at some of the ways that historical research can go wrong, and how historical writing is always a reflection of perspectives rather than of gathered facts, of interpretations rather than recovery, of creativity rather than objective engagement with sources. Your grades will be based on attendance; active, knowledgeable participation in class discussions; and three papers that you will re-write after the first drafts are returned to you.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beginning of the Constitutional Era: a Bicentennial Comparative Study of the American and French Constitutions
    The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law CUA Law Scholarship Repository Scholarly Articles and Other Contributions Faculty Scholarship 1989 The Beginning of the Constitutional Era: A Bicentennial Comparative Study of the American and French Constitutions Rett R. Ludwikowski The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/scholar Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Rett R. Ludwikowski, The Beginning of the Constitutional Era: A Bicentennial Comparative Study of the American and French Constitutions, 11 MICH. J. INT’L L. 167 (1989). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at CUA Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scholarly Articles and Other Contributions by an authorized administrator of CUA Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact edinger@law.edu. THE BEGINNING OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL ERA: A BICENTENNIAL COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE AMERICAN AND FRENCH CONSTITUTIONS Rett R. Ludwikowski* INTRODUCTION The expansion of constitutionalism is one of the most interesting phenomena of our time. Since World War II, a great number of states have either adopted new constitutions or changed their constitutional systems. The process of constitutional development was particularly intensified through the emergence of the socialist countries and the new states in Asia, Africa and the Near East.' The post-war constitutional experiences were, for the most part, dissatisfying. Without the extra-parliamentary means of constitu- tional control, the constitutions of the socialist countries operated more like political-philosophical declarations than legally binding norms.
    [Show full text]
  • David Brearley Middle High School Opened in September 1997
    DAVID BREARLEY HIGH SCHOOL School Profile 2020-2021 CEEB Code: 310-663 401 Monroe Avenue, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 Telephone: 908.931.9696 Fax: 908.931.1618 Web Site: www.kenilworthschools.com Kyle Arlington, Superintendent Mr. Jeremy Davies, Principal Ms. Dawn Cuccolo, Director of Student Personnel Services Community: The suburban town of Kenilworth is located in central New Jersey, approximately 20 miles from New York City. It has approximately 7,600 residents. Residents are middle class and are employed in professional, managerial, skilled and self-employed positions. School: David Brearley Middle High School opened in September 1997. Previously one of the four high schools in the Union County Regional High School District #1, the school was closed in June of 1992. The regional district was dissolved in June of 1997, giving local control to the communities in which the schools were housed. David Brearley is Union County’s “Choice School” and has students attending from the communities of Kenilworth, Elizabeth, Hillside, Linden, Plainfield, Rahway, Roselle, Roselle Park, Garwood, Union, Clark and Winfield Park. David Brearley Middle High School has a strong academic program and an outstanding co- curricular program, encompassing athletics, drama, forensics, student government, music, fine arts, and several volunteer and service organizations. Accreditation: David Brearley Middle High School is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools and the New Jersey Department of Education. Curriculum: The schedule for the instructional day is divided into 7, fifty five minute periods. We are operating on a drop and rotate schedule. Kenilworth students are required to successfully complete four years of English and Physical Education; three years of Mathematics, Science and Electives, two years of United States History, one year of Global Studies, a Fine, a 21st Century and Careers and a World Language, and half a year of Financial Literacy and Information Processing.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenneth Hechler Papers, 1958-1976
    Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Guides to Manuscript Collections Search Our Collections 2010 0777: Kenneth Hechler Papers, 1958-1976 Marshall University Special Collections Follow this and additional works at: https://mds.marshall.edu/sc_finding_aids Part of the American Politics Commons, Appalachian Studies Commons, Fiction Commons, Nonfiction Commons, Other Political Science Commons, Political History Commons, and the Publishing Commons Recommended Citation Kenneth Hechler Papers, 1958-1976, Accession No. 2010/05.0777, Special Collections Department, Marshall University, Huntington, WV. This Finding Aid is brought to you for free and open access by the Search Our Collections at Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Guides to Manuscript Collections by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact zhangj@marshall.edu, beachgr@marshall.edu. Inventory of the Kenneth Hechler Papers, 1958-1976 Accession 2010/05.0777 Scope and Content: Personal family papers, photographs and correspondence. Includes research material for Hechler's book, "The Bridge at Remagen". Also includes campaign material for Congressional races, West Virginia Secretary of State and a bid for the governorship of West Virginia. For additional materials created by Kenneth Hechler, look at the following collections: 2014/10.0820 2010/05.0702 1977/01.0199 Series I Family Series Ia Ancestry Box 1 (52 folders total) Folders 1-3 Ken’s genealogy research Folder 4 Notes on Gottfried Hechler Family
    [Show full text]