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History of Kedah

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History of Kedah HISTORY OF KEDAH. BY E. 0. WIXSTEIIT. An Arab royager 11.111 I~hordaclzl~eh(846 S.D.) n.rote in his. Kitab nl-masc~.likrcn-l nza?nalik of an islallcl called '(Rila11 " nrhicl~ contaiilecl ./,in~lai?zes and banll~ooforests. Another iir~l).croyager- Snlaiman (851 AD), editecl ai~out020 AD. by one ikl)~~Zaiil of Siral, wratc of " I<adah-l.)ar," as " a dependenc~rof Zabej," 11~1lich is pro.1>al>lySri\7ija~'a i.e. I'aleml~ang :-Chao Ju Iiua in 1290 A.D. recorclecl that lia.nglcasulia (ie. Icedah) , Trenggann, Pahang autl Kelantan were all subject to Pa1ellzl)allg. ("Encyclopaedie van Neclerlandscll-Indie " szib " 'l'oc;l.ten," " Li\lrcs cli~Allerreilles cle. , l'Inde, Leyden 1883-6, pp. 255-264 .and Reinand's " Eelations cles voyages faits par les Brabes et les Persans," 1111. LSII, LXXXV, 7, 93, 9) I1111 14nhalha1, who flourished about 941 A.11. (hut ~~d~oseaccount is of doubtful authenticity), describes " l<a!ahn as the last place visited by ships going eastmard, a great city nit11 high walls ancl garclens and canals, "~vhereare the mines of 1ca.d " or tin " cslllecl Iialc~'i, .r\lllich is found in no part of tile world ercept ICalah; " a p1a:ce famous for the best " swords " in Iilclia ; its in- habitants were Bucldhists. ".ICilah" or " li'alah " is generally identifier1 as I<~eilah: the lllentioil of till-n~illesplaces it certainly in t.11e Malla~rPeninsula, as Bangka oras discovered 111ucll later. And p~.oba.blythis " ICalah " is icleiiti~calwith '! IZora " or " Kala " of tlle Cllinese cllronicles of the T'ang Dgllasty (61s-91G) :-1)p- 211-3, TTol. 1, Series 11, " Essays relating to Inclo~China" : " Jcora." had a king whose family-nanle was Sri l'ura and his pc~sonalname Misi Pura; "the dead were buried ancl their ashes put into n jar and sunk ill the sea; the custoills of the people were allout; the same as in Siam." The history of the Liang dynasty (502-665 A.D.) (ib. pp. 135-7) girres an account of a country called Langgasu or I2a.n:ga, -whose people said that their collntry hail becn establishecl 400 years. earlier: its inhabitants nrere ardent Bnilclhists. This, it is some- times said, is a reference to Langhasul<a, the dcl name of IZedal~ recordecl in the Hikayat lla?.o~zgill nhalcangsa a~ldin popular folk- tales-("Fasciculi Malayenses," pt. I1 (a), pp. 29-6; Skeat's. " Fables from an Easter11 Forest," pp. 49-51 and 81) " hedall 111ny very well be the old na.tive llanle of the country and Langkasu1;a its literary name. Many places in Further India ancl the Islalids bear. two names : thus, Pegu nras stylecl Hal~zsa~\rati,Tumasil< was called ~Singapura:similarly Siali (in Swnatra) i.s known as SBri Indra-- pura, and nlaily other such instances could be given. A11 this- nlerely illustrates the varnisll of Inclian culture, nrhich spread over these regions during the first dozen centuries or SO of 0111 era.". Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 81, 1920- (Elagden, J. R. A. S., Jnly 1901). One ma.y a(1d to these in- stances Indrapnra the 0.ld court ila~lne for Pallang. The term Lallglrasulia now surviues onljr as the n.ame of a slnall tri1~uta.r~to the upper reaches of the Feral< river. 'CIYle flt. illal-ong ALccha- zoangsa relates hour Sri l'lal~~anrangsa,the third ruler of ICeclall, ren~n~led(to Serolial~l) fro111 Langl;asulia, because it lvas too far fro111 the sen.. (J. R. A. S., S. B. 72, p. 64) : "it lyllear Gnnong -Jerai " (ib. KO. 53, 12. 14s). The Javanese poem, the ATctqa?-n- .X.?.etci.gc~nzci.colllposecl in 1365 A.D., ~lielltions both Iieilall alld Lang1;asnlra alnollg a. list of I?e~lillsulnrsettlellieilts tributary to i\!Itxja~rllit (ib. 1111. 145-9). BLI~though Laagkasulia 7vns an old nalne for Iiedah, the Chinese Langa-jra-hsiu is more likely to have Iseel1 Tenasserim. Of tlle prevalence of the BndcLhist religion eviriilence exists in certaiil illscriptions found in Kecfah ailcl Prooiilce TT'elleslejr, going ba.cl; according to Kern to 400 A.D. (ib. No. 49, pp. 95-101) and having :a. So~~the~nIllcliail Sanskrit a1,phabet; anil again in inscribed clay tablets found in l<edah in a cave, nine feet above the floor, written accordillg to Kern in Naga.ri of tlle 10th century alld Nlerefore fro111 A'o~tl~ernI~ldia. (ib. No. 39, 1). 205 and c.F. J. and P., A. S. Bengal, Vol. 111, No. 7, July 1907, where Rad<shaldas Banerji has identifiecl five votir~etablets fro111 Trang as relics of a4a.hayaiza Builclhism belonging to the \vestern grouls of the Nortl~eril Illdiail Nagari dhahanacters -of the 11th celltury A.D., .resen~blingthe clraracters ,of the Ee~laresgrant of TCanlaclera allcl .the grants of the Ratliors of SCanauj.) Cllula (Corolllanilel) re- .cords claim t1ia.t Iiedah 114a.s coiiqt~ereclby a C11nla ki11g iin the 11th .centnrjr. Accordi~lglgwe l;1101\7 of Iiedah till the end of 14th century t11a.t it was fan~~ousas a mart for till ; its people were Bud~clhists,anil .the preilominant illfluellce was Inilian. Besicles this we k1101v that .first Pale111Isang ancl the Chul~kings ancl then the great Ja~ranese lcingdom 01 Majapahit claiiiled suzerainty over it. Tl~e.EIikci?jat iilarong ill~~l~a~cangsccor " Iiedah Annals," as the morlr is termed, records seven pre-i\iIuhammacl,?a rulers of 1Zetla.h bearing the SanslrritJSiai~iesetitles o-f Marong Mnhan~angsa,Marong 'lit.al-~apodisa.t,Sri Jilal~a.~\~aagsa,$ri Indrawangs~~, Maha l'marita Baria. (Raja B,i.reiong), Phra Ong Maha Poclisa.t, and of I'llra. Ong l!lrcha- nral~gsa~vlio bocanle its first I!l~i~I~ammadanruler tulder the style of Jfnclzaffal Shah. Some of these titles are not Indiail but Indo- Chinese ; ' Poclisat ' for example is ' Bodisat ' anil the cllasge of .sound from soliallts to surds is neither Illiliall nor Malay but ~cl~aracteristicallgInclo-Chinese occnrrilzg in &Ion, Iihmer, Siamese .and Bunnese. This is e~ii1enc.ethat I<edah fell, after the fall of Palei~ibangand the decay of Majapahit, under the influence of its 'Xortllern neigllbou~,the Siamese. A11 Acbinese account gives 1414 A.D. as the date of the con- .version of the first king of I<eclah to Islam (Journal of the Ilztlian Archipelago T701. 111, p. 480 and J. X. A. S., April 1909, 1,. 52'7)). Jour. Straits Branch And the lil<elihood of that date is confirmed by the story in the, SFj'jwnl~A?Ij&l~~yti of a Raja of Iiedah conling to Malaccs to asB hr the nobuf (or royal insignia) from rSultall Jlahm~~clShah, tlle last Malay rliler of Malacca, who mas clriven OLI~by the Fortugliese. concluest in 15,ll AD.and (lie(1 ill 1,513 8.D. (Lejrde~l's" Malay Aimals," pp. $321-3). It is reasona1)le to suppose that the ruler. of I<e(lah was then a h4alay. Here, one may ohserve that i11 popular. tales the Iiedall ilgeastjr begins with a tusliecl cannibal king, the so11 of an ogress; Blagden has sho~r~llthat the legend is borroned. from Inclia ancl is col)ied from the EndcLhist Jatalia tales (5. X. 1 A. S., S. B. No. 70) : it is possi,ble, ho~~rever,that the story nras. i adapted to sylllbolize that the alicestrg of the dynasty is not purely i >falay. Tlie Portng~ieseBanbosa, n~hosemanuscript is dated Lisbon 1516, describes I<eclah " as a. place of the Itingdom of Siain : " to. the 11o.rt "an infinite number of sllips resort, trading in all kinils of ~nerchan~lise.Here colne mn.ny 34oorish ships fro111 all quarters. I-Iere, too, is grovn mncll pepper, very good and fine nliich is con-. veyed to Malacca, ancl thenre to China.." (" Remusio," Pol. 1, 13.. 318). The illfluence of Sianl caullot have beell great to ~llonra Raja of Iieclah to go to 3falacca a.t the begilnling of the .lGth celltury to get regalia from a n'1aln.y suzerain! Nor was it great. eno~~gllto save I<edah froin attack by the Portnguese. In lGll according to De Pa.ria, Dioge cle Medoca Pnrtado sailing clown fro111 Tellasseriill to B'lalacca destroyeil the tourns of "Quedah and Parles"' with fire ancl s~rrorcl (Dnnuers' " Portuguese in India," Vol. 11, 13.. 1G4). C Again Sialllese in.fluence did not 1)aull; Acheen. In 1619. Sulta.11 Iskandar Afuda, or Mahkota A4am as 11e was styled, led j the rulers of Xedah and Peral; into oa1)tivity. The Icedah prince- t i mas Sultan Snlaiman Shah (J. 1:. A. .S., S. E. 72, p. 122). .kchin- ese in.fluence lasted some years. (J. I. A. 1'11, 1). 480). The. i " Hedah .4nnals " have a curious julllblecl story that on the con-- ~ersionof iSu1ta.n 3II~1dzaffalSlrah to Islan~~the Iring of Aclieen allcl one Shailth Nuru'd-din sent liini two religious treatises the. Si~atzi'l-~~zzutakin%and the Rabu'n-Nikalr.. Now the iSi~utz~'1- 11zzrstnki7iz was done into Malay by the said Shai~lih Nurnd-clin ~fnhammac1Jilaui ibil Ali ibn I-Iasanyi ibn Mulinminnd I-IamicT a'r-Railiri in the year 1634 A.D. (Jugll~boll's " Catalogile of Malay 1fS.S. in Leiilen Universitjr Library," 1). 257). 'l'h.at detail helps us to fix a date for the composition (or more prohably a late recension) of the Ilt.
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