HISTORY OF KEDAH.

BY E. 0. WIXSTEIIT.

An Arab royager 11.111 I~hordaclzl~eh(846 S.D.) n.rote in his. Kitab nl-masc~.likrcn-l nza?nalik of an islallcl called '(Rila11 " nrhicl~ contaiilecl ./,in~lai?zes and banll~ooforests. Another iir~l).croyager- Snlaiman (851 AD), editecl ai~out020 AD. by one ikl)~~Zaiil of Siral, wratc of " Ial>lySri\7ija~'a i.e. I'aleml~ang :-Chao Ju Iiua in 1290 A.D. recorclecl that lia.nglcasulia (ie. Icedah) , Trenggann, Pahang autl Kelantan were all subject to Pa1ellzl)allg. ("Encyclopaedie van

Neclerlandscll-Indie " szib " 'l'oc;l.ten," " Li\lrcs cli~Allerreilles cle. , l'Inde, Leyden 1883-6, pp. 255-264 .and Reinand's " Eelations cles voyages faits par les Brabes et les Persans," 1111. LSII, LXXXV, 7, 93, 9) I1111 14nhalha1, who flourished about 941 A.11. (hut ~~d~oseaccount is of doubtful authenticity), describes " lIndia ancl the Islalids bear. two names : thus, Pegu nras stylecl Hal~zsa~\rati,Tumasil< was called ~Singapura:similarly Siali (in Swnatra) i.s known as SBri Indra-- pura, and nlaily other such instances could be given. A11 this- nlerely illustrates the varnisll of Inclian culture, nrhich spread over these regions during the first dozen centuries or SO of 0111 era.".

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 81, 1920- (Elagden, J. R. A. S., Jnly 1901). One ma.y a(1d to these in- stances Indrapnra the 0.ld court ila~lne for Pallang. The term Lallglrasulia now surviues onljr as the n.ame of a slnall tri1~uta.r~to the upper reaches of the Feral< river. 'CIYle flt. illal-ong ALccha- zoangsa relates hour Sri l'lal~~anrangsa,the third ruler of ICeclall, ren~n~led(to Serolial~l) fro111 Langl;asulia, because it lvas too far fro111 the sen.. (J. R. A. S., S. B. 72, p. 64) : "it lyllear Gnnong -Jerai " (ib. KO. 53, 12. 14s). The Javanese poem, the ATctqa?-n- .X.?.etci.gc~nzci.colllposecl in 1365 A.D., ~lielltions both Iieilall alld Lang1;asnlra alnollg a. list of I?e~lillsulnrsettlellieilts tributary to i\!Itxja~rllit (ib. 1111. 145-9). BLI~though Laagkasulia 7vns an old nalne for Iiedah, the Chinese Langa-jra-hsiu is more likely to have Iseel1 Tenasserim. Of tlle prevalence of the BndcLhist religion eviriilence exists in certaiil illscriptions found in Kecfah ailcl Prooiilce TT'elleslejr, going ba.cl; according to Kern to 400 A.D. (ib. No. 49, pp. 95-101) and having :a. So~~the~nIllcliail Sanskrit a1,phabet; anil again in inscribed clay tablets found in lMajapahit claiiiled suzerainty over it. Tl~e.EIikci?jat iilarong ill~~l~a~cangsccor " Iiedah Annals," as the morlr is termed, records seven pre-i\iIuhammacl,?a rulers of 1Zetla.h bearing the SanslrritJSiai~iesetitles o-f Marong Mnhan~angsa,Marong 'lit.al-~apodisa.t,Sri Jilal~a.~\~aagsa,$ri Indrawangs~~, Maha l'marita Baria. (Raja B,i.reiong), Phra Ong Maha Poclisa.t, and of I'llra. Ong l!lrcha- nral~gsa~vlio bocanle its first I!l~i~I~ammadanruler tulder the style of Jfnclzaffal Shah. Some of these titles are not Indiail but Indo- Chinese ; ' Poclisat ' for example is ' Bodisat ' anil the cllasge of .sound from soliallts to surds is neither Illiliall nor Malay but ~cl~aracteristicallgInclo-Chinese occnrrilzg in &Ion, Iihmer, Siamese .and Bunnese. This is e~ii1enc.ethat IMalacca, who mas clriven OLI~by the Fortugliese. concluest in 15,ll AD.and (lie(1 ill 1,513 8.D. (Lejrde~l's" Malay Aimals," pp. $321-3). It is reasona1)le to suppose that the ruler. of Ifalay. Tlie Portng~ieseBanbosa, n~hosemanuscript is dated Lisbon 1516, describes ISultan Snlaiman Shah (J. 1:. A. .S., S. E. 72, p. 122). .kchin- ese in.fluence lasted some years. (J. I. A. 1'11, 1). 480). The. i " Hedah .4nnals " have a curious julllblecl story that on the con-- ~ersionof iSu1ta.n 3II~1dzaffalSlrah to Islan~~the Iring of Aclieen allcl one Shailth Nuru'd-din sent liini two religious treatises the. Si~atzi'l-~~zzutakin%and the Rabu'n-Nikalr.. Now the iSi~utz~'1- 11zzrstnki7iz was done into Malay by the said Shai~lih Nurnd-clin ~fnhammac1Jilaui ibil Ali ibn I-Iasanyi ibn Mulinminnd I-IamicT a'r-Railiri in the year 1634 A.D. (Jugll~boll's " Catalogile of Malay 1fS.S. in Leiilen Universitjr Library," 1). 257). 'l'h.at detail helps us to fix a date for the composition (or more prohably a late recension) of the Ilt. illal-on9 ill'al1,nlca~z!7sa..Bnt consi.derill~not only that the Achinese annals and the SFja1.uk fiiln~yzigoint to the close of the ST[th century as the time of Kedal~'s conversi.on to. .Islain but also that S11ltan Muilzaffal Shall the first convert is always regarcled as the great-great-great-gra11~1fzt11er of .Sultan Sulaiilla~l5hali n~hovras taken to Acheen in 1G19 AD., it is a detail ~vllicll discreclits entirely the cliroi~ology of the "I

( ? h4ans11r Shah) I ~allmu'dShah I Snlailnan Shah *(carried to Acheen 1619 A.D.) It mns in the reigx wf 1Sulta.n Mua.zza.lll Shah, the seconcl RIuham- -ma.dan ruler of lle age incleed. But t11a.t there ]),nave been many recensions is clear not only fro111 the in- cident of Shaikh Nuru'cl-din's Si~atzi.'l-mzistukim,But also, as we shall see, from the completion of bile list of rulers dovn to very .recent tilnes (ib. 13. 122). illlother an~chro~~ilismI1la.y be the men- tion of IiuaLa Changgo~~g,if that nan~emeans R.angoon, ~~rllich la.tter name dates frmn 17.55 A.P. only. Jnst as Xi-amese influence l~adnot s~veclIcedah fro111 the Portugnese ancl the ,Achinese, so too it did not sare it from the 'Dutch. Having trade routes not only fro111 Singapore but fro111 Patani it was a very illlportant centre. ".On the 11th July 1.642, -the king of lMalay Peninsula," 1111. 49-87. ;Jnst before the Sianzese invasion. Redah acting 011 instructions fronz Siam had attadied Pel-ah- and in IS19 cla.imec1 to Iia~econ- .querecl it. Treated in 1786 as an inilependelzt, stahe, IPenang an.cl Pro~ince?\Telleslej as English c-oun;t.ries. It laic1 il.awn t11a.t Per& ~vasinilel~enden t nnil s11oulcl not be a ttaclied : the Xaja could send the gold and si1ye.r flowers to Siam if he lili~l. l'he Siamese were to renlain ix 1Ceil.d; and the English were not to allom the exiled I?aja of Keclah to settle in Pena.ng, Prorince Wellesley, Perak, Selangor or Bur.ina. (Iditchison's " Treaties, ]d Al)cln'I-Eamid Abdu'l-Aziz, BSuta.zaam .S;l~~al~. .I-Ialim shah. Raja n'Iuda. (d. 1881) (.d. 1907) Ke~r~bolclgiT7es the cli-~tesfor 17luhaiilmacl Jinw %8inal-al>idin ancl' Al~dullrllbut seam to have got the fain.ily relationshil~swrong. For the names and dates after Ahme,cl Tajn'd-din, ~v11o died about IS44 KT)., I ail1 indebted to a list conlpiled for Mr. E. A. G. S,tuart

" There is a coin of 'this ruler dated 1154 A.R. = 1741-2 (Milliesr 'Recherches snr les llocl~niescles Indigsnes de 1'Archipel Indien et de Peninsula Malaise' (lg'il), p. 133 ancl plate. Cf. J. Ib. A. S., S. B., NO- 27, p. 132). Jour. Stl-aits Branch i_ HISTORY 017 IPerlis ruled by Sa.yic1 EIusain Jamaln'd-din, '(A) 1<11bang ~'RSILI-LI~~C~ by Tu11liu Llnui~~.In six years the popu- lation was reducecl from lSO,OO0- to 6,000. In 18-31Sultan Ahmncl Taju'il-(tiin ~vasren~ovocl to IJ\.lniacca; in 1536 having got peramission to lewe Malacca :for cx visit to Deli he vest to Gruas and prepared to a.ttacli Iiedah, rnllcll a British gun-hont captured and took him to 13,ellang. In IS43 Icecla'll, k11e division, was restored to him under Siainese protection ancl he returned to reign at Kota Iiu,da Muda, as Alor Star \bras oyergromn with forest. Ile was buriecl at Lang- gar. Later Kubang Rusn was restored- to Kecla11, blit Perlis remains inclcpendent ancl Setnl is st.ill :L part of Siamese territory. I11 1.909 snzerainty over Icedah and Perlis was transferred by -Sianl to Great Britain. There me two illteresti~lgpoints in the "~Iieda11;Innals " nrhich ,tIesenle remark. Allusioll is ,11lade to the fact t11a.t C+lulong Geriang, Ciunong J6ra:i and Gunong Jal~~tl~ulwere once islands (J-. B.. A. S'., S. B. 72, 11. 69). Mow geologists tell us this is true. hut it was t,l~ousandsof years ago, coo fa.r back for trailit.ion to 1la.ve conle -clown; so that presanlably Ma1a.y~a~nst have obser~eclthe evideace -of sea-shells inland and drawn haphazard the correct conclusion. Again, the " Annals" record a. T

R..\ Soc., So. 51, 19'20.